Article(id=1308459303816422004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0473, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1751731200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789890608028, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1757606400000, pubDateStr=2025-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789890608028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789890608028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789890608028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308459188263342104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='2649', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757606400000', pubDateStr='2025-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789890580478, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893297273, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2798, endPage=2806, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308459304017748597, articleId=1308459303816422004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of linalool-colistin combination against mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread dissemination of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1, colistin resistance has spread globally, severely threatening the last line of defense in global anti-infective therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance-reversing effects of linalool combined with colistin against mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, aiming to propose a therapeutic strategy to combat colistin resistance. The synergistic antibacterial effects in vitro were determined using the broth microdilution checkerboard method and time-kill curves, and biofilm assays. Further investigations elucidated the underlying mechanisms by assessing inner/outer membrane permeability, membrane potential (ΔΨ), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), proton gradient (ΔpH), ATP levels, and mcr-1 gene expression. Finally, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of linalool in combination with colistin against Galleria mellonella infection and mouse acute peritonitis models. Results demonstrated that linalool-colistin combination exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against mcr-1-positive E. coli both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, linalool directly damaged the bacterial outer membrane, reduced ΔΨ, and increased inner membrane permeability. Moreover, linalool inhibited DHA activity, disrupted ΔpH establishment, ultimately impairing ATP production. Additionally, linalool significantly downregulated the mcr-1 expression, suppressing lipid A modification in resistant strains. These effects collectively enhanced colistin penetration, triggering membrane disruption and energy metabolism collapse, ultimately achieving synergistic antibacterial efficacy. In vivo, combination therapy significantly improved survival rates in both infection models. In conclusion, linalool restores colistin susceptibility in mcr-1-positive E. coli through synergistic mechanisms, providing a promising therapeutic strategy against colistin resistance. All animal experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Xiangnan University (approval No.: 2023DWLL029).

, authors=Yu-juan LI1, Ting ZHOU1, Jing ZHOU1, Jie HU3, Yi YANG3, Jing LIU2, Chao JIANG1, Hui-long FANG1, Jun-jie WANG2, *, Qing LIU2, *, authorsList=Yu-juan LI, Ting ZHOU, Jing ZHOU, Jie HU, Yi YANG, Jing LIU, Chao JIANG, Hui-long FANG, Jun-jie WANG, Qing LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-jie WANG, Qing LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308459305297011330, articleId=1308459303816422004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=芳樟醇与黏菌素联用对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌的协同抗菌作用及机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

质粒介导的黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1广泛传播, 导致黏菌素耐药性在全世界蔓延, 严重威胁全球抗感染治疗的最后防线。本研究通过评价芳樟醇联合黏菌素对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli) 耐药性的逆转效果及相关机制, 以期提出应对黏菌素耐药性的用药组合。研究采用微量棋盘稀释法、时间-杀菌曲线、生物被膜检测等方法评价了芳樟醇和黏菌素的体外联合抗菌效果; 进一步通过检测细菌内外膜通透性、膜电位(ΔΨ)、呼吸链脱氢酶活性(dehydrogenase, DHA)、质子梯度(ΔpH)、ATP、mcr-1的表达量揭示其协同抗菌的作用机制; 最后采用大蜡螟幼虫感染模型和小鼠急性腹膜炎感染模型评价芳樟醇与黏菌素在体内联合治疗的效果。结果显示, 芳樟醇联合黏菌素对mcr-1阳性E. coli在体内外均具协同抗菌效果。机制研究表明, 芳樟醇可直接损伤细菌外膜结构, 降低ΔΨ并增加内膜通透性; 同时芳樟醇通过抑制DHA活性, 干扰ΔpH的建立, 导致ATP合成受阻; 此外芳樟醇还能下调mcr-1基因表达, 抑制耐药菌外膜脂质A的修饰。这些效应增强了黏菌素的穿透能力, 引发膜结构崩解与能量代谢崩溃, 最终实现协同抗菌作用。在体内感染模型中, 芳樟醇与黏菌素联合治疗可显著提高动物感染模型的存活率。综上, 芳樟醇与黏菌素联用可恢复mcr-1阳性E. coli对黏菌素的敏感性, 发挥协同抗菌功效, 为临床应对黏菌素耐药难题提供理论依据和潜在治疗策略。本研究所涉及的动物实验操作流程均经湘南学院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2023DWLL029)。

, authors=李玉娟1, 周婷1, 周静1, 胡杰3, 杨艺3, 刘敬2, 江超1, 方会龙1, 王俊杰2, *, 刘青2, *, authorsList=李玉娟, 周婷, 周静, 胡杰, 杨艺, 刘敬, 江超, 方会龙, 王俊杰, 刘青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王俊杰, 刘青, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李玉娟、周婷、周静负责实验设计、实验开展及论文撰写; 胡杰、杨艺、刘敬负责协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 刘青、王俊杰、江超、方会龙负责论文指导及修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王俊杰, E-mail:
刘青, Tel: 86-735-2278323, E-mail:
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A: Dehydrogenase activity assay (DHA); B: Proton gradient (ΔpH) test; C: ATP content detection. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control; ###P < 0.001 vs colistin, figureFileSmall=cYEmGGbweNdCovrcQzfo6A==, figureFileBig=JTyh0JRduWE52sVhJohPzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498580508344881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459303816422004, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jUdJkMk0yfRwqs+uZlpYXA==, figureFileBig=z11/ACpyvcJBLHQ3n5j8zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498580575453746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459303816422004, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of colistin, linalool and their combinations on mcr-1 mRNA expression. n = 3, x ± s. ***P < 0.001 vs control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs colistin, figureFileSmall=jUdJkMk0yfRwqs+uZlpYXA==, figureFileBig=z11/ACpyvcJBLHQ3n5j8zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498580650951219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459303816422004, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DjcCWsabRhKVRvzuX8VRdg==, figureFileBig=1iqNX2NgIlkpEM/gSDZFCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498580713865780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459303816422004, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Linalool rescues the therapeutic efficacy of colistin in two animal infected models. 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StrainColistin MIC/μg·mL-1Linalool MIC/mg·mL-1FICIEffect
SingleCombinationSingleCombination
LN175 (mcr-1)80.51.60.10.125Synergistic
Ag227 (mcr-1)80.50.40.050.188Synergistic
Ag186 (mcr-1)6440.40.10.313Synergistic
Ag210 (mcr-1)80.50.40.10.313Synergistic
AD21R0.2500.062 50.80.10.375Synergistic
Cg0710.1250.031 30.40.10.500Synergistic
H73W0.2500.1250.80.10.625Additive
I1140.1250.062 50.40.10.750Additive
), ArticleFig(id=1308498580848083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459303816422004, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The synergistic antibacterial effect of linalool combined with colistin on mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to the lowest concentration of colistin to inhibit the E. coli strain growth. According to CLSI 2024 guidelines[12], MIC ≥ 4 μg·mL-1 is classified as clinical resistance to colistin. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was to evaluate the combination effect of linalool and colistin, when FICI ≤ 0.5, synergistic; 0.5 < FICI ≤ 1, additive; 1 < FICI ≤ 2, no effect; and FICI > 2.0, antagonistic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainColistin MIC/μg·mL-1Linalool MIC/mg·mL-1FICIEffect
SingleCombinationSingleCombination
LN175 (mcr-1)80.51.60.10.125Synergistic
Ag227 (mcr-1)80.50.40.050.188Synergistic
Ag186 (mcr-1)6440.40.10.313Synergistic
Ag210 (mcr-1)80.50.40.10.313Synergistic
AD21R0.2500.062 50.80.10.375Synergistic
Cg0710.1250.031 30.40.10.500Synergistic
H73W0.2500.1250.80.10.625Additive
I1140.1250.062 50.40.10.750Additive
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芳樟醇与黏菌素联用对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌的协同抗菌作用及机制研究
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李玉娟 1 , 周婷 1 , 周静 1 , 胡杰 3 , 杨艺 3 , 刘敬 2 , 江超 1 , 方会龙 1 , 王俊杰 2, * , 刘青 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(9): 2798-2806
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (9) : 2798 -2806
芳樟醇与黏菌素联用对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌的协同抗菌作用及机制研究
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李玉娟1, 周婷1, 周静1, 胡杰3, 杨艺3, 刘敬2, 江超1, 方会龙1, 王俊杰2, * , 刘青2, *
作者信息
  • 1湘南学院基础医学院, 湖南 郴州 423000
  • 2湘南学院药学院, 湖南 郴州 423000
  • 3湘南学院第一临床医院, 湖南 郴州 423000
通讯作者:
王俊杰, E-mail:
刘青, Tel: 86-735-2278323, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李玉娟、周婷、周静负责实验设计、实验开展及论文撰写; 胡杰、杨艺、刘敬负责协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 刘青、王俊杰、江超、方会龙负责论文指导及修改。

Synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of linalool-colistin combination against mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli
Yu-juan LI1, Ting ZHOU1, Jing ZHOU1, Jie HU3, Yi YANG3, Jing LIU2, Chao JIANG1, Hui-long FANG1, Jun-jie WANG2, * , Qing LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Basic Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
  • 2College of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
  • 3The First Clinical College, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0473
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质粒介导的黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1广泛传播, 导致黏菌素耐药性在全世界蔓延, 严重威胁全球抗感染治疗的最后防线。本研究通过评价芳樟醇联合黏菌素对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli) 耐药性的逆转效果及相关机制, 以期提出应对黏菌素耐药性的用药组合。研究采用微量棋盘稀释法、时间-杀菌曲线、生物被膜检测等方法评价了芳樟醇和黏菌素的体外联合抗菌效果; 进一步通过检测细菌内外膜通透性、膜电位(ΔΨ)、呼吸链脱氢酶活性(dehydrogenase, DHA)、质子梯度(ΔpH)、ATP、mcr-1的表达量揭示其协同抗菌的作用机制; 最后采用大蜡螟幼虫感染模型和小鼠急性腹膜炎感染模型评价芳樟醇与黏菌素在体内联合治疗的效果。结果显示, 芳樟醇联合黏菌素对mcr-1阳性E. coli在体内外均具协同抗菌效果。机制研究表明, 芳樟醇可直接损伤细菌外膜结构, 降低ΔΨ并增加内膜通透性; 同时芳樟醇通过抑制DHA活性, 干扰ΔpH的建立, 导致ATP合成受阻; 此外芳樟醇还能下调mcr-1基因表达, 抑制耐药菌外膜脂质A的修饰。这些效应增强了黏菌素的穿透能力, 引发膜结构崩解与能量代谢崩溃, 最终实现协同抗菌作用。在体内感染模型中, 芳樟醇与黏菌素联合治疗可显著提高动物感染模型的存活率。综上, 芳樟醇与黏菌素联用可恢复mcr-1阳性E. coli对黏菌素的敏感性, 发挥协同抗菌功效, 为临床应对黏菌素耐药难题提供理论依据和潜在治疗策略。本研究所涉及的动物实验操作流程均经湘南学院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2023DWLL029)。

芳樟醇  /  黏菌素  /  细菌耐药性  /  mcr-1  /  大肠杆菌

With the widespread dissemination of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1, colistin resistance has spread globally, severely threatening the last line of defense in global anti-infective therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance-reversing effects of linalool combined with colistin against mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, aiming to propose a therapeutic strategy to combat colistin resistance. The synergistic antibacterial effects in vitro were determined using the broth microdilution checkerboard method and time-kill curves, and biofilm assays. Further investigations elucidated the underlying mechanisms by assessing inner/outer membrane permeability, membrane potential (ΔΨ), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), proton gradient (ΔpH), ATP levels, and mcr-1 gene expression. Finally, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of linalool in combination with colistin against Galleria mellonella infection and mouse acute peritonitis models. Results demonstrated that linalool-colistin combination exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against mcr-1-positive E. coli both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, linalool directly damaged the bacterial outer membrane, reduced ΔΨ, and increased inner membrane permeability. Moreover, linalool inhibited DHA activity, disrupted ΔpH establishment, ultimately impairing ATP production. Additionally, linalool significantly downregulated the mcr-1 expression, suppressing lipid A modification in resistant strains. These effects collectively enhanced colistin penetration, triggering membrane disruption and energy metabolism collapse, ultimately achieving synergistic antibacterial efficacy. In vivo, combination therapy significantly improved survival rates in both infection models. In conclusion, linalool restores colistin susceptibility in mcr-1-positive E. coli through synergistic mechanisms, providing a promising therapeutic strategy against colistin resistance. All animal experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Xiangnan University (approval No.: 2023DWLL029).

linalool  /  colistin  /  antibiotic resistance  /  mcr-1  /  Escherichia coli
李玉娟, 周婷, 周静, 胡杰, 杨艺, 刘敬, 江超, 方会龙, 王俊杰, 刘青. 芳樟醇与黏菌素联用对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌的协同抗菌作用及机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2798 -2806 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0473
Yu-juan LI, Ting ZHOU, Jing ZHOU, Jie HU, Yi YANG, Jing LIU, Chao JIANG, Hui-long FANG, Jun-jie WANG, Qing LIU. Synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of linalool-colistin combination against mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2798 -2806 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0473
抗微生物药物耐药性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR) 作为21世纪全球公共卫生领域的重大挑战, 其防控形势日趋严峻[1]。其中, 多重耐药菌和碳青霉烯类肠杆菌的广泛传播已威胁到人类和动物的健康, 临床抗感染治疗也陷入困境。黏菌素(colistin) 又称多黏菌素E (polymyxin E), 为阳离子多肽类抗生素, 因其独特的抗菌机制, 已成为临床应对多重耐药革兰阴性菌感染的终极治疗选择, 被誉为“最后防线抗生素”[2, 3]。然而, 随着质粒介导的mcr-1耐药基因的出现及扩散, 黏菌素的治疗效果大幅降低, 对临床治疗感染性疾病提出了巨大挑战[4]。
mcr-1基因编码的磷酸乙醇胺转移酶(phosphoethanolamine transferase, PET) 可修饰细菌脂质A分子结构, 显著降低黏菌素与细菌外膜的亲和力, 建立药物屏障导致细菌对黏菌素耐药[5]。值得警惕的是, 该基因可通过质粒的接合与转移, 在不同菌株间实现水平转移, 导致耐药性在全球范围内迅速扩散[4]。以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli) 为代表的临床重要条件致病菌对黏菌素耐药现象日趋严重, 新型耐药逆转剂或抗菌佐剂亟待开发, 以应对黏菌素耐药这一危机。
基于天然产物的联合治疗方案为破解耐药困局提供了新思路。植物源功能活性化合物因其多靶点作用特性, 与传统抗生素联用时可产生协同抗菌效应, 在耐药逆转领域展现出独特优势[6, 7]。芳樟醇(3, 7-二甲基-1, 6-辛二烯-3-醇, linalool) 是一种无环单萜叔醇, 广泛分布于天然精油中。药理学研究显示, 芳樟醇具有显著的生物活性, 包括抗炎、抗癌、抗菌、镇痛和抗抑郁等作用[8-10], 近年来, 芳樟醇抗菌特性受到关注, 如含芳樟醇的植物复方制剂对禽致病性E. coli表现出较好的抑制效果[11]。但目前研究主要集中于芳樟醇的基础抗菌特性, 关于芳樟醇在逆转或降低细菌耐药性方面的潜在作用仍缺乏系统研究, 这一关键科学问题亟待深入探索。
本研究创新性地构建了芳樟醇-黏菌素联合用药体系, 针对mcr-1阳性E. coli开展协同抗菌机制研究, 为应对质粒介导的黏菌素耐药提供理论支撑。
实验菌株  E. coli标准菌株(ATCC25922) 购于上海保藏微生物中心、mcr-1阳性耐药E. coli (LN175、AG227、AG186、AG210) 和mcr-1阴性耐药E. coli (AD21R、Cg071、H73W、I114) 由实验室分离鉴定、耐药背景清晰且完成基因组测序。
试剂  芳樟醇(货号: L106905)、黏菌素硫酸盐(货号: C114323)、BCECF AM (货号: B744102)、N-苯基-1-萘胺(NPN, 货号: P110559)、3, 3-二丙基硫二羰花青碘化物[DiSC3(5), 货号: D131515] 均购自阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 水解酪蛋白胨肉汤(MH, 货号: CM901)、胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(TSB, 货号: CM301) 购自北京陆桥技术股份有限公司; DMEM (货号: C11995500BT) 购自美国Gibco Life Sciences公司; 胎牛血清(FBS, 货号: BS1011) 购自奥普赛生物科技有限公司; 电镜固定液(货号: G1102)、PBS缓冲液(货号: G0002) 均购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 结晶紫(货号: 548-62-9) 购自西陇科学股份有限公司; 碘化丙啶(PI, 货号: BL708A) 购自白鲨生物科技有限公司; ATP检测试剂盒(货号: MA0330-1)、CCK-8细胞增殖及毒性检测试剂盒(货号: MA0218) 均购自大连美仑生物技术有限公司; 呼吸链脱氢酶(dehydrogenase, DHA) 活性试剂盒(货号: ml076966) 购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司; Unizol总RNA提取试剂盒Plus (货号: RE702) 购自北京金沙生物科技有限公司; All-in-One 5× RT MasterMix (G592)、BlasTaqTM 2×qPCR MasterMix (G891) 均购自加拿大Applied Biological Materials公司。
仪器  恒温培养箱(LY13-420, 上海福玛实验设备有限公司); 台式恒温振荡器(IS-RSD3, 苏州捷美电子有限公司); 实时荧光定量PCR仪(LightCycler® 96, Roche公司); 多功能酶标仪(Cytation 5, BioTek公司); 高速冷冻离心机(OSE-HC-02)、TGem Ultra全波长分光光度计(OSE-260-06), 天根生化有限公司; 超声波细胞破碎仪(JY92-IIDN, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 扫描电子显微镜(SU8100, Hatachi公司); 基因扩增仪(EDC-810, 东胜创新科技有限公司)。
实验动物  实验专用健康大蜡螟幼虫96条, 体重250~300 mg, 购于天津惠裕德生物科技有限公司。SPF级6周龄昆明小鼠60只, 体重20 ± 2 g, 雌雄各半, 购于湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司, 动物生产许可证号: SCXK (湘) 2019-0004。洁净级动物房饲养适应1周后开始试验。所有实验操作流程均获得湘南学院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2023DWLL029)。
细菌培养  将保存的菌株在含MH固体培养基的平板中复苏, 挑取单克隆菌落接种至MH肉汤中, 37 ℃、180 r·min-1恒温振荡培养至对数生长期。采用细菌浊度仪, 调整菌液浊度至0.5麦氏单位, 为后续实验提供待测菌液。
微量棋盘稀释法药敏试验  待测菌液按1∶1 000比例稀释, 以ATCC25922为E. coli质控菌株, 采用微量肉汤法检测黏菌素和芳樟醇对mcr-1阳性耐药E. coli (LN175、AG227、AG186、AG210) 以及mcr-1阴性耐药E. coli (AD21R、Cg071、H73W、I114) 的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)[12]。根据MIC结果, 采用微量棋盘稀释法检测分级抑菌浓度指数(fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI)[13]。将芳樟醇和黏菌素倍比稀释为6个浓度梯度(0、1/8MIC、1/4MIC、1/2MIC、1MIC、2MIC)。96孔板加入相应浓度的两种药物各50 μL及菌液100 μL, 使各孔药物达设定的终浓度。37 ℃培养24 h后, 使用酶标仪检测600 nm处的吸光值, 计算联合抑菌指数FICI = MIC联合用药/MIC抗生素单用+MIC联合用药/MIC药物单用。判定标准: FICI ≤ 0.5协同作用, 0.5 < FICI ≤ 1相加作用, 1 < FICI ≤ 2无关作用, FICI > 2拮抗作用。
时间-杀菌曲线测定  采用终浓度为2 μg·mL-1黏菌素(1/4MIC) 和0.4 mg·mL-1芳樟醇(1/4MIC) 单独或联合处理E. coli LN175菌悬液, 于37 ℃、180 r·min-1振荡培养。在药物处理0、4、8、12、24 h处取样。取样后采用10倍梯度稀释法稀释样本, 分别取100 μL各梯度稀释液涂布于MH琼脂平板, 37 ℃培养24 h后统计菌落数, 计算每个时间段细菌浓度CFU·mL-1并绘制时间-杀菌曲线。
生物被膜含量检测  取E. coli LN175对数生长期菌液, 使用生物被膜专用培养基TSB肉汤调整菌液浊度至0.5麦氏单位。实验分设对照组、黏菌素组(1/4MIC)、芳樟醇组(1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC)、黏菌素(1/4MIC) 与芳樟醇(1/2MIC、1/4MIC、1/8MIC) 联合组。96孔板中加入菌液及设定的药物浓度处理24 h后, 弃去未结合板底的菌液, 包音氏固定液固定1 h, PBS清洗后加0.05%结晶紫染色30 min, 再次清洗后加入95%乙醇溶解, 多功能酶标仪595 nm下检测各组吸光值, 计算生物被膜抑制率[14]。
耐药诱导实验  参考Liu等[15]的实验方法, 选择E. coli ATCC25922标准菌株待测菌液, 按1∶1 000比例稀释制备菌悬液。实验设置黏菌素组(0.125 μg·mL-1, 1/4MIC)、联合组(0.125 μg·mL-1黏菌素+ 0.2 mg·mL-1芳樟醇, 1/4MIC), 菌液加入预设的药物浓度后, 于37 ℃培养, 每24 h监测各组细菌MIC值并更换培养基及药物, 连续传代28天, 期间按照MIC的变化调整培养基中的药物浓度。
细胞毒性测定  采用CCK-8试剂测定芳樟醇对小鼠成纤维细胞L929的毒性。L929细胞以1×104个/孔接种至96孔板中, 使用含5% FBS的DMEM培养基培养12 h后加入芳樟醇, 终浓度分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2、6.4、12.8、25.6、51.2 mg·mL-1。37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱孵育24 h后加入10 μL CCK-8, 继续孵育1 h, 多功能酶标仪450 nm检测吸光值(A), 计算细胞存活率(%) = (A药物-A空白孔) / (A对照组-A空白孔) ×100%及IC50值。
细菌形态学检查  取E. coli LN175对数生长期菌液, 调整浊度至0.5麦氏单位。实验分设对照组、黏菌素组(1/4MIC)、芳樟醇组(1/4MIC)、联合组(1/4MIC), 各组菌液加入设定的药物浓度后于37 ℃恒温培养箱孵育1 h, 4 000 ×g离心5 min弃上清, 使用PBS清洗细菌沉淀, 加入2.5%戊二醛进行固定, 脱水, 干燥后, 将样本紧贴于导电碳膜双面胶上放入离子溅射仪样品台上喷金30 s, 在扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 下观察细菌形态学变化。
细菌外膜、内膜通透性检测  采用荧光探针NPN测定细菌外膜通透性[16]。离心收集生长至对数期的E. coli LN175菌液, PBS缓冲液洗涤并重悬, 调整菌液浊度至0.5麦氏单位后, 加入终浓度为10 μmol·L-1 NPN荧光探针37 ℃避光孵育30 min。孵育好探针的菌液每孔190 μL移取至黑色96孔酶标板。同生物被膜检测实验进行分组, 各孔加入10 μL不同浓度的芳樟醇和黏菌素, 使药物达到设定的终浓度, 37 ℃避光孵育1 h, 多功能酶标仪检测荧光强度(激发波长Ex 350 nm, 发射波长Em 420 nm)。采用荧光探针PI测定细菌内膜通透性[17], 细菌处理同细菌外膜检测, 荧光探针PI孵育细菌的终浓度为10 μmol·L-1, 多功能酶标仪检测荧光强度(激发波长Ex 535 nm, 发射波长Em 615 nm)。
细菌膜电位检测  采用荧光探针DiSC3(5) 测定细菌膜电位[15], 离心收集生长至对数期的E. coli LN175菌液, HEPES缓冲液洗涤并重悬, 调整菌液浊度至0.5麦氏单位后, 加入终浓度为0.5 μmol·L-1 DiSC3(5) 荧光探针, 37 ℃避光孵育10 min。将孵育好的菌液每孔190 μL移至黑色96孔酶标板。同生物被膜检测试验进行分组, 各孔加入10 μL对应浓度的芳樟醇和黏菌素, 使药物达到设定的终浓度, 多功能酶标仪动态检测1 h内的荧光强度变化趋势(激发波长Ex 622 nm; 发射波长Em 670 nm)。
DHA活性测定  采用脱氢酶活性试剂盒检测细菌DHA活性, 分组设置同生物被膜检测实验, 药物处理对数生长期的E. coli LN175菌液1 h, 离心弃上清, 加入氢受体试剂2, 3, 5-氯化三苯基四氮唑, 充分混匀后37 ℃培养24 h, 多功能酶标仪485 nm检测吸光值[18]。
质子梯度检测  采用pH敏感荧光探针BCECF AM测定细菌细胞膜质子梯度, 离心收集生长至对数期的E. coli LN175菌液, HEPES缓冲液重悬, 调整菌液至浊度0.5麦氏单位, 加入终浓度为5 μmol·L-1探针, 37 ℃避光孵育30 min。将孵育好的菌液离心重悬洗去多余探针, 每孔190 μL移至黑色96孔酶标板。同生物被膜检测实验进行分组, 使用25 μmol·L-1葡萄糖溶液作为阳性对照, 各孔加入10 μL对应浓度的药物, 使药物达到设定的终浓度, 多功能酶标仪检测各孔荧光强度(激发波长Ex 500 nm; 发射波长Em 522 nm)。
细菌胞内ATP含量测定  采用ATP检测试剂盒检测细菌内ATP含量, 分组设置同生物被膜检测实验, 药物处理对数生长期的E. coli LN175菌液1 h后离心弃上清, 裂解液4 ℃裂解细菌1 h后10 000 ×g离心5 min。取上清10 μL加入至含100 μL ATP检测试剂的96孔黑色酶标板中, 多功能酶标仪检测各样本的化学发光RLU值。
RT-qPCR检测细菌mcr-1的mRNA表达  取生长至对数期的E. coli LN175菌液, 同生物被膜检测实验进行分组。加入药物处理1 h后, 试剂盒提取RNA并逆转录为cDNA, LightCycler® 96 Instrument荧光定量PCR仪上机检测。反应条件: 95 ℃预变性3 min, 1个循环; 95 ℃变性15 s; 60 ℃退火/延伸1 min, 40个循环。反应结束获取mcr-1和内参基因16S rRNA的循环阈值(Ct值), 根据2-ΔΔCt公式计算基因相对表达量。相关引物由E. coli LN175基因组测序结果进行设计, 北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。mcr-1引物序列为F: 5'-GACCAAGCCGAGACCAAGGA-3'和R: 5'-CCACGATCAAGCCCAATCGG-3'、16S rRNA引物序列为F: 5'-GGGCATCGGCGGGTAAGTCT-3'和R: 5'-GCTGGCGTGGGTAAAGGAAG-3'。
体内治疗效果  96只大蜡螟幼虫随机分为6组, 16只/组, 分设空白组、生理盐水组、模型组、黏菌素组(30 mg·kg-1)、芳樟醇组(300 mg·kg-1) 和联合用药组(30 mg·kg-1黏菌素与300 mg·kg-1芳樟醇联用)。各组均从左下第一腹足注射E. coli LN175菌液(10 μL, 3.0×108 CFU), 其中空白组不做处理, 生理盐水组同步注射生理盐水。治疗组注射相应剂量的药物, 记录5天内大蜡螟幼虫的死亡情况, 并绘制成生存曲线。
60只昆明小鼠随机分为5组, 12只/组, 分设空白组、模型组、黏菌素组(8 mg·kg-1)、芳樟醇组(40 mg·kg-1)、联合用药组(8 mg·kg-1黏菌素与40 mg·kg-1芳樟醇联用)。除空白组外, 均腹腔注射菌液(200 µL, 3.0×108 CFU), 感染1 h后, 腹腔注射相应药物剂量进行治疗。记录给药7天内小鼠死亡情况, 并绘制生存曲线。每组取6只小鼠进行解剖, 无菌操作收集肝、肾、脾及腹水样本, 进行匀浆和梯度稀释, 涂布计算脏器载菌量。
统计学分析  实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行统计分析, 所有实验均以n ≥ 3次生物学重复进行, 数据采用平均值±标准差(standard deviation, SD) 表示, 组间单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 进行比较, 统计学意义: P < 0.05为有统计学差异, P < 0.01为有显著统计学差异, P < 0.001为有极其显著统计学差异。
微量棋盘稀释法测定显示(表1), 4株mcr-1阳性菌的FICI分别为0.125、0.188、0.313、0.313, 而4株mcr-1阴性菌分别为0.375、0.500、0.625、0.750。芳樟醇与黏菌素联用对mcr-1阳性菌株均呈显著协同效应(FICI < 0.5), 对mcr-1阴性菌株表现为协同或相加效果, 且效果弱于mcr-1阳性菌株。选取协同效果最明显的E. coli LN175菌株(图1A) 进行时间-杀菌曲线分析, 结果显示(图1B), 单独使用1/4MIC黏菌素(2 μg·mL-1) 或芳樟醇(0.4 mg·mL-1) 均无杀菌效果, 但联合使用12 h内活菌数下降大于2 log10CFU·mL-1, 再次验证了芳樟醇与黏菌素联用的协同抗菌效应[19, 20]。采用结晶紫法测定细菌生物被膜, 结果表明(图1C), 芳樟醇单用可抑制47.8%生物被膜形成, 联用组抑制率达80.1%, 证实其可抑制生物被膜的生成。为评估芳樟醇对黏菌素诱导细菌耐药性发展的影响, 采用亚抑菌浓度(1/4MIC) 黏菌素对E. coli ATCC25922进行28天诱导实验(图1D)。结果显示, 单用黏菌素组MIC增加32倍, 而联用组仅升高4倍, 证实芳樟醇可显著延缓黏菌素耐药性的产生。进一步采用L929小鼠成纤维细胞检测芳樟醇的细胞毒性, 结果显示(图1E) 芳樟醇对L929细胞的IC50值为6.909 mg·mL-1, 本研究中所采用的芳樟醇抗菌浓度(≤ 1.6 mg·mL-1) 的细胞存活率均维持在90%以上, 在有效抗菌浓度范围内其具有良好的安全性。
SEM观察显示(图2), 与单用黏菌素组相比, 芳樟醇处理组和联合用药组均可致E. coli外膜发生穿孔损伤, 其中联合用药组的损伤程度显著加剧。NPN荧光探针检测细菌外膜通透性(图3A), 其中芳樟醇组和联合用药组荧光强度均显著性升高(P < 0.001) 且增幅一致, 而黏菌素组无显著影响, 结果提示芳樟醇是介导外膜的损伤的关键成分。
DiSC3(5) 探针动态监测细菌跨膜电位(ΔΨ) 结果显示(图3B), 芳樟醇组和联合用药组的荧光强度均明显升高, 1 h后升高幅度相近, 但联合用药组升高速度更快。DiSC3(5) 在ΔΨ降低时可从内膜释放导致荧光增强, 证实芳樟醇可有效降低细菌ΔΨ, 破坏细菌内膜稳态, 削弱细菌的防御功能[21]。进一步通过PI探针检测发现(图3C), 芳樟醇组与联合用药组可呈浓度依赖性增加内膜通透性, 在0.4、0.8 mg·mL-1均具有显著性差异(P < 0.05); 而黏菌素组单独处理则无显著性影响。结果表明, 芳樟醇可浓度依赖性破坏耐药细菌内膜完整性。
研究表明, 细菌细胞膜呼吸链是细菌能量代谢的核心枢纽, 通过氧化还原反应建立质子梯度, 为ATP的合成提供势能, 呼吸链脱氢酶的活性可反映呼吸链的功能[22]。为探究芳樟醇对呼吸链的影响, 本研究检测了DHA的活性, 结果显示(图4A), 芳樟醇呈浓度依赖性抑制DHA的活性, 0.4和0.8 mg·mL-1处理组的DHA活性分别被抑制47.4%和66.6% (P < 0.001); 值得注意的是, 黏菌素组DHA活性显著性提高27.0% (P < 0.01); 与黏菌素组相比, 联合组在芳樟醇0.4和0.8 mg·mL-1与黏菌素联用时DHA活性分别抑制28.3%和75.2% (P < 0.001)。进一步采用BCECF AM探针检测细菌ΔpH (图4B), 芳樟醇组与联合用药组的荧光强度均表现出浓度依赖性下降(P < 0.001); 而黏菌素处理组未引起ΔpH的显著改变。结果表明, 芳樟醇通过降低DHA活性来抑制电子传递功能, 破坏ΔpH的建立, 影响细菌的能量来源。
采用荧光素酶法检测细菌内ATP含量(图4C), 黏菌素处理可显著刺激细菌ATP的合成, 使ATP较对照组升高5.9倍(P < 0.001)。而芳樟醇则呈现浓度依赖性抑制作用, 在0.8 mg·mL-1时ATP含量极显著降低(P < 0.001)。值得注意的是, 联合用药可干预黏菌素诱导的ATP合成, 在芳樟醇0.8 mg·mL-1联用时, 能使黏菌素诱导的ATP合成量降低76.1% (P < 0.001)。这些数据表明, 芳樟醇可干扰ATP合成通路, 有效抑制耐药细菌的能量补偿机制。
RT-qPCR分析显示(图5), 黏菌素处理细菌可显著上调mcr-1基因的表达(P < 0.001)。mcr-1基因可编码磷酸乙醇胺转移酶, 通过修饰细菌外膜降低黏菌素的亲和力。有趣的是, 当芳樟醇与黏菌素联合用药时, 黏菌素所致的mcr-1基因上调现象均被显著抑制(P < 0.05)。这一结果表明, 芳樟醇通过抑制黏菌素诱导的mcr-1基因上调, 阻断黏菌素通过mcr-1介导的外膜修饰路径, 有效减少细菌对黏菌素的耐药性。
采用大蜡螟幼虫感染模型和小鼠急性腹膜炎模型评价芳樟醇对耐药细菌感染的体内治疗效果。大蜡螟幼虫感染模型结果显示(图6A), 模型组存活率仅12.5%, 而联合治疗组存活率达87.5%, 显著优于黏菌素组(25%) 和芳樟醇组(18.8%) 的治疗效果。小鼠急性腹膜炎模型显示(图6B), 模型组小鼠全部死亡, 联合用药组存活率达75.0%, 显著高于黏菌素组(33.3%) 和芳樟醇组(16.7%) 的治疗效果。脏器载菌量分析表明(图6C), 联合治疗组肝、脾、肾及腹水中的细菌负荷均降至检测限以下(P < 0.001), 而黏菌素组和芳樟醇组均仅部分器官载菌量显著降低。以上结果证实, 虽然单药组治疗效果有限, 但芳樟醇与黏菌素联用可显著提高感染动物的存活率, 并有效清除脏器载菌量。
E. coli作为常见的革兰阴性致病菌, 不仅是导致人类和动物急性腹泻的主要病原体, 还可引发多种胃肠道外组织感染[23]。在质粒介导耐药基因的水平转移及抗生素选择压力的双重作用下, E. coli已发展成为耐药基因的重要储存和传播载体[24]。当前, 致病性耐药E. coli不仅给我国养殖业造成重大经济损失, 也对人类健康造成潜在威胁。抗生素是防控E. coli不可或缺的药物, 随着β-内酰胺类和碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性的普遍出现, 黏菌素已成为对抗多重耐药革兰阴性菌(特别是碳青霉烯类耐药菌) 的“最后一道防线”抗生素[25]。其抗菌机制在于通过竞争性结合LPS上的脂质A, 破坏细菌外膜稳定性, 导致细胞膜通透性升高和内容物的泄漏, 最终引发细菌死亡[26-28]。然而, 黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1表达的蛋白可对脂质A进行修饰, 从而抵抗黏菌素对细胞壁的破坏[4], 这提示针对细胞膜稳定性的研究可能是恢复黏菌素敏感性的重要突破口。
本研究发现芳樟醇联合黏菌素可显著抑制mcr-1阳性E. coli的生物被膜形成, 且不易产生抗生素耐药性, 具有显著的协同抗菌效果和较低的细胞毒性。通过扫描电镜及细菌外膜通透性检测实验, 发现芳樟醇可引起显著的外膜穿孔性损伤, 为黏菌素穿透细菌屏障创造了有利条件, 这与文献[29]报道的植物活性成分增效机制相一致。细菌的呼吸链位于细胞内膜, 电子传递链通过一系列氧化还原反应将质子转移至内外膜的间隙, 以维持膜电位, 产生的质子梯度用于ATP的合成[30]。其中, 细菌质子动力势(proton motive force, PMF) 是细菌细胞膜能量代谢的核心驱动力, 其构成包含膜电位(ΔΨ) 和质子梯度(ΔpH) 两个关键组分[31]。这一跨膜电化学势能不仅为细菌细胞膜系统提供能量转换基础, 更是维持ATP合成、物质的主动运输和信号转导等关键生理功能的重要保障[32]。近年来, 基于PMF在耐药机制中的枢纽作用, 已将其作为控制细菌耐药性的新靶点。已有研究报道, 二甲双胍、柠檬醛、褪黑素等化合物可通过扰乱细菌PMF, 破坏外排泵和ATP的合成, 从而逆转耐药细菌对抗生素的敏感性[1, 4, 33]。本研究对细菌内膜通透性及细菌ΔΨ、ΔpH等实验结果分析, 发现芳樟醇可导致ΔΨ的下降及内膜通透性异常升高, 降低细菌DHA活性, 进一步影响细胞膜呼吸链的质子传递过程, 显著破坏耐药细菌的PMF。有研究报道, ΔpH对细菌内环境至关重要, 适宜的pH可确保细胞膜上的酶发挥正常功能[31]。芳樟醇对DHA的抑制作用是否与pH有关仍需进一步研究。值得注意的是, 亚抑菌浓度的黏菌素处理可诱导耐药菌胞内ATP水平激增, 该现象可能与其耐药基因激活及代谢复苏机制相关[34]。而芳樟醇通过破坏细菌PMF电化学梯度, 使ATP合成酶受阻(ATP量下降), 从根本上影响了细菌的能量供给。ATP是维持细菌膜电位稳态、外排泵启动、DNA修复等生命活动的必需能源[35], 其耗竭状态导致菌体无法启动黏菌素耐药防御程序, 最终通过膜结构崩解与能量代谢崩溃实现协同杀菌效应。
本项目研究了芳樟醇联合黏菌素对黏菌素耐药E. coli的协同抗菌作用及机制。研究发现芳樟醇可通过以下途径发挥作用: ①破坏细菌外膜结构完整性; ②降低内膜ΔΨ导致内膜通透性异常增加; ③破坏细菌ΔpH建立导致ATP合成障碍; ④下调mcr-1耐药基因的表达水平, 降低对细胞外膜脂质A修饰。这种多模态协同机制可增强黏菌素与内膜的结合力及穿透能力, 导致膜电位崩溃及细胞内容物泄漏。在体内药效学实验中, 芳樟醇与黏菌素联合治疗方案使大蜡螟幼虫感染模型及小鼠急性腹膜炎模型存活率显著升高。综上所述, 本课题组认为芳樟醇与黏菌素联用是控制mcr-1阳性E. coli诱发感染的有效药物组合, 为临床治疗黏菌素耐药菌感染提供理论依据和潜在治疗策略。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0473
  • 接收时间:2025-04-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-24
  • 修回日期:2025-07-06
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    1湘南学院基础医学院, 湖南 郴州 423000
    2湘南学院药学院, 湖南 郴州 423000
    3湘南学院第一临床医院, 湖南 郴州 423000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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