Article(id=1308459210837090429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0400, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789890585859, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1757606400000, pubDateStr=2025-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789890585859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789890585859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789890585859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308459188263342104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='2649', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757606400000', pubDateStr='2025-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789890580478, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893297273, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2649, endPage=2657, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308459212653224062, articleId=1308459210837090429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progresses of plant-derived natural products against Candida albicans biofilm, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent conditionally pathogenic fungus implicated in clinical fungal infections. The formation of biofilms is a critical contributor to the pathogenicity of C. albicans, facilitating its invasion and the subsequent spread of infection. Biofilm-associated C. albicans exhibits reduced susceptibility to commonly used antifungal agents, leading to prolonged treatment durations, high rates of recurrence, and the emergence of drug resistance. Consequently, the development of antifungals that are both low in toxicity and effective in inhibiting biofilm formation is of paramount importance. Plant-derived natural products have emerged as a vital resource for drug discovery, owing to their diverse chemical structures and myriad biological activities. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of plant-derived natural products with demonstrated anti-biofilm activity against C. albicans, as reported over the past five years. This includes an examination of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenes, quinones, organic acids, and essential oils, thereby offering insights that may advance the development of novel anti-fungal therapeutics targeting C. albicans.

, authors=Dan-dan WANG1, Wen-jing SHI2, Bing-chen LI2, Juan-juan LIU1, Yan LI2, *, Xue-ning JING1, *, authorsList=Dan-dan WANG, Wen-jing SHI, Bing-chen LI, Juan-juan LIU, Yan LI, Xue-ning JING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan LI, Xue-ning JING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308459217883521183, articleId=1308459210837090429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗白念珠菌生物膜的植物来源天然产物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白念珠菌是临床真菌感染中最为常见的条件致病真菌, 生物膜的形成是白念珠菌侵袭致病和播散传染的重要因素。形成生物膜的白念珠菌对临床抗真菌药物的敏感性降低, 造成抗真菌治疗病程长、易复发和耐药性的产生, 因此低毒高效的具有生物膜抑制活性的抗真菌药物的研发十分重要。植物来源的天然产物因其多样化的化学结构和生物活性, 一直是药物研发的重要资源。本文总结了近5年报道的具有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性的植物来源的天然产物, 主要包括生物碱、多酚、萜类、醌类、有机酸和精油等, 为新型抗白念珠菌药物的开发提供参考。

, authors=王丹丹1, 时文静2, 李冰晨2, 刘娟娟1, 李妍2, *, 荆雪宁1, *, authorsList=王丹丹, 时文静, 李冰晨, 刘娟娟, 李妍, 荆雪宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李妍, 荆雪宁, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王丹丹负责论文的撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 时文静、李冰晨、刘娟娟负责文献收集与分析; 荆雪宁负责论文的选题、构思并指导文章的撰写; 李妍、荆雪宁负责稿件的修改与校对。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李妍, Tel: 13391513480, E-mail:
荆雪宁, Tel: 13589792967, E-mail:
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MoleculeChemical structureMIC/μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
Piperine > 1 0248—Inhibition of hyphae formation and fungal morphological transformation[22]
SHE80 1616—Inhibition of fungal morphological transformation through interference with the sphingolipid pathway[23]
CHT 4264Inhibition of hyphae formation, fungal morphological transformation and proteins and polysaccharides levels in EPS[24]
MET 161616Inhibition of hyphae formation and fungal morphological transformation[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497977715557243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459210837090429, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Promising plant derived natural products for inhibition of biofilm formation or eradication in alkaloids. MIC: The minimum inhibitory concentration that inhibits yeast of growth; BIC50: Concentration that inhibits 50% of biofilm formation; BEC50: Concentration that eradicates 50% of the biofilm formed; CHT: Chelerythrine; MET: Methylaervine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MoleculeChemical structureMIC/μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
Piperine > 1 0248—Inhibition of hyphae formation and fungal morphological transformation[22]
SHE80 1616—Inhibition of fungal morphological transformation through interference with the sphingolipid pathway[23]
CHT 4264Inhibition of hyphae formation, fungal morphological transformation and proteins and polysaccharides levels in EPS[24]
MET 161616Inhibition of hyphae formation and fungal morphological transformation[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497977786860412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459210837090429, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MoleculeChemical structureMIC /μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
THA 2-8816Inhibition of hyphae formation; cell death by production of ROS and CaMCA1-mediated high caspase activity[30]
IBC 8432Rupture of the cell wall and membrane integrity; induction of apoptosis and autophagy associated cell death[31]
Luteolin 3216256Inhibition of adhesion and the generation of EPS[32]
QC 38.689.67—Inhibition of hyphae formation by inhibiting the ASK1/MKK4 signaling pathway[33]
CBD > 40012.56.25Inhibition the generation of EPS; altering the fungal morphology and the cell wall; increasing ROS production and the plasma membrane permeability[34]
Rottlerin 62.531.25—Inhibition of hyphae formation and the generation of EPS[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497977853969277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459210837090429, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Promising plant derived natural products for inhibition of biofilm formation or eradication in polyphenols. THA: Thonningianin A; IBC: Isobavachalcone; QC: Quercetin; CBD: Cannabidiol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MoleculeChemical structureMIC /μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
THA 2-8816Inhibition of hyphae formation; cell death by production of ROS and CaMCA1-mediated high caspase activity[30]
IBC 8432Rupture of the cell wall and membrane integrity; induction of apoptosis and autophagy associated cell death[31]
Luteolin 3216256Inhibition of adhesion and the generation of EPS[32]
QC 38.689.67—Inhibition of hyphae formation by inhibiting the ASK1/MKK4 signaling pathway[33]
CBD > 40012.56.25Inhibition the generation of EPS; altering the fungal morphology and the cell wall; increasing ROS production and the plasma membrane permeability[34]
Rottlerin 62.531.25—Inhibition of hyphae formation and the generation of EPS[35]
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MoleculeChemical structureMIC/μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
Ala 72936Inhibition of adhesion, fungal morphological transformation and the generation of phospholipase and EPS[43]
Menthol 1010—Inhibition of quorum sensing mediated virulence factors; ROS generation and biofilm development by targeting TUP1[44]
(-)-Fenchone 84——[45]
PB3 12.512.525-100Inhibition of expression of adhesins; the oxidative damage and inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cells[46]
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Promising plant derived natural products for inhibition of biofilm formation or eradication in terpenes. Ala: Alantolactone; PB3: Pulchinenoside B3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MoleculeChemical structureMIC/μg·mL-1BIC50/μg·mL-1BEC50/μg·mL-1MechanismRef.
Ala 72936Inhibition of adhesion, fungal morphological transformation and the generation of phospholipase and EPS[43]
Menthol 1010—Inhibition of quorum sensing mediated virulence factors; ROS generation and biofilm development by targeting TUP1[44]
(-)-Fenchone 84——[45]
PB3 12.512.525-100Inhibition of expression of adhesins; the oxidative damage and inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cells[46]
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抗白念珠菌生物膜的植物来源天然产物研究进展
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王丹丹 1 , 时文静 2 , 李冰晨 2 , 刘娟娟 1 , 李妍 2, * , 荆雪宁 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(9): 2649-2657
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (9) : 2649 -2657
抗白念珠菌生物膜的植物来源天然产物研究进展
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王丹丹1, 时文静2, 李冰晨2, 刘娟娟1, 李妍2, * , 荆雪宁1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药高等专科学校医学系, 山东 烟台 264199
  • 2中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 国家新药 (微生物) 筛选实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
李妍, Tel: 13391513480, E-mail:
荆雪宁, Tel: 13589792967, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王丹丹负责论文的撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 时文静、李冰晨、刘娟娟负责文献收集与分析; 荆雪宁负责论文的选题、构思并指导文章的撰写; 李妍、荆雪宁负责稿件的修改与校对。

Progresses of plant-derived natural products against Candida albicans biofilm
Dan-dan WANG1, Wen-jing SHI2, Bing-chen LI2, Juan-juan LIU1, Yan LI2, * , Xue-ning JING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264199, China
  • 2National Laboratory for Screening of New Drugs (Microbial), Beijing Key Laboratory of Technology and Application for Anti-Infective New Drugs Research and Development, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0400
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白念珠菌是临床真菌感染中最为常见的条件致病真菌, 生物膜的形成是白念珠菌侵袭致病和播散传染的重要因素。形成生物膜的白念珠菌对临床抗真菌药物的敏感性降低, 造成抗真菌治疗病程长、易复发和耐药性的产生, 因此低毒高效的具有生物膜抑制活性的抗真菌药物的研发十分重要。植物来源的天然产物因其多样化的化学结构和生物活性, 一直是药物研发的重要资源。本文总结了近5年报道的具有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性的植物来源的天然产物, 主要包括生物碱、多酚、萜类、醌类、有机酸和精油等, 为新型抗白念珠菌药物的开发提供参考。

白念珠菌  /  生物膜  /  植物来源  /  天然产物  /  耐药

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent conditionally pathogenic fungus implicated in clinical fungal infections. The formation of biofilms is a critical contributor to the pathogenicity of C. albicans, facilitating its invasion and the subsequent spread of infection. Biofilm-associated C. albicans exhibits reduced susceptibility to commonly used antifungal agents, leading to prolonged treatment durations, high rates of recurrence, and the emergence of drug resistance. Consequently, the development of antifungals that are both low in toxicity and effective in inhibiting biofilm formation is of paramount importance. Plant-derived natural products have emerged as a vital resource for drug discovery, owing to their diverse chemical structures and myriad biological activities. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of plant-derived natural products with demonstrated anti-biofilm activity against C. albicans, as reported over the past five years. This includes an examination of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenes, quinones, organic acids, and essential oils, thereby offering insights that may advance the development of novel anti-fungal therapeutics targeting C. albicans.

Candida albicans  /  biofilm  /  plant-derived  /  natural product  /  drug resistance
王丹丹, 时文静, 李冰晨, 刘娟娟, 李妍, 荆雪宁. 抗白念珠菌生物膜的植物来源天然产物研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2649 -2657 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0400
Dan-dan WANG, Wen-jing SHI, Bing-chen LI, Juan-juan LIU, Yan LI, Xue-ning JING. Progresses of plant-derived natural products against Candida albicans biofilm[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2649 -2657 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0400
据统计, 每年侵袭性真菌造成650万人感染和380万人死亡[1]。由于HIV感染、免疫抑制治疗和糖尿病导致的易感人群的增加、真菌感染诊断困难、耐药性的产生及抗真菌药物的缺乏导致真菌感染和死亡率持续增加。2022年, 世界卫生组织(WHO) 首次发布真菌重点病原体清单, 其中, 白念珠菌被列入严重优先级[2]。
白念珠菌是人体内常见的真菌, 多定植于皮肤和黏膜表面, 通常是无害的, 但是在宿主免疫环境破坏或功能障碍时, 可引起局部或全身感染[3]。白念珠菌形成生物膜的能力是其主要毒力因子, 生物膜是由白念珠菌细胞和细胞外基质交织而成的微生物群落, 附着在生物或非生物表面, 可以保护菌体免受宿主免疫反应的影响, 并逃避抗真菌药物的杀伤作用, 提高菌体对各种抗真菌药物的耐药性, 从而造成慢性且难治愈的感染。此外, 成熟生物膜中的细胞和碎片释放出来, 在体内迁移扩散, 也导致感染反复发作。生物膜的存在已成为临床抗真菌治疗和防控的一大难题, 因此, 寻找高效低毒的具有生物膜抑制活性的新型抗真菌药物十分重要。
全球医药市场的规模约为1.1万亿美元, 大约35%的药物来自天然产物[4]。天然产物是由不同栖息地的生物产生的类型多样的化学分子, 来源主要包括植物、微生物和动物。其中, 植物来源的天然产物是抗生素的重要来源, 其结构的多样性有助于开发新的先导化合物, 本文总结了近5年报道的具有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性的植物来源的天然产物, 为新型抗真菌生物膜药物的开发提供参考。
白念珠菌的生物膜由细胞外基质(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) 包围的酵母、假菌丝和真菌丝组成, 是白念珠菌抵御外界环境的保护性屏障[5, 6]。白念珠菌生物膜形成包括4个步骤: 黏附、起始、成熟和扩散, 整个过程持续24~48 h[7]。首先, 酵母样细胞黏附在生物或非生物表面, 这种黏附依赖于非特异性的细胞因素, 如细胞表面的疏水性和静电力, 以及一些被乳清蛋白和唾液因子识别的真菌表面蛋白[8, 9]。随后, 酵母样细胞转变为假菌丝和菌丝, 菌丝的形成进一步增加细胞对介质表面的黏附, 促进生物膜的发育。接着, 细胞外基质在生物膜的细胞层中积累, 生物膜不断发育成熟[10]。当生物膜成熟到一定程度时, 新的酵母细胞和生物膜碎片释放出来, 形成新的感染灶[11] (图1)。
目前研究发现, 在生物膜形成过程中, 至少有51个转录调节因子和上百个非调控基因发挥了调控作用, 它们与下游调控的上千个效应基因共同构成了一个庞大、复杂且相互交织的基因网络框架, 在生物膜发展的不同过程中发挥着独特的作用, 如黏附、菌丝形成、药物抗性和胞外基质的产生等[10, 11]。
生物膜的形成与白念珠菌造成的感染息息相关(图2)。黏附、侵袭和组织损伤是白念珠菌的主要致病过程。黏附是白念珠菌生物膜形成的先决条件, 也是其引发条件致病性感染的第一步[12]。黏附促进菌丝的形成, 而酵母样细胞到菌丝的转变是侵袭性产生的关键毒力因素, 产生菌丝的念珠菌素能够破坏黏膜组织, 促进真菌对上皮组织的侵袭, 以及后续感染进程中对巨噬细胞的逃逸[13, 14]。在感染的入侵阶段, 念珠菌分泌一系列水解酶, 如溶血素、蛋白酶和磷脂酶, 消化宿主细胞膜并防御宿主的免疫反应, 造成组织损伤[15-17]。
生物膜的形成不仅是白念珠菌重要的致病因素, 也是耐药性产生的重要原因[11]。在生物膜成熟过程中, 产生由多糖、核酸(eDNA和eRNA)、蛋白质、脂质和其他生物分子形成的EPS, 推动生物膜内部细胞之间的黏附和粘连, 形成致密的结构[18, 19]。EPS的存在阻碍了抗真菌药物进入生物膜中的细胞内部, 发挥其抗真菌活性, 因此成熟生物膜对抗真菌药物多具有强耐受性。目前, 临床上常用的抗真菌药物如氟康唑、两性霉素B和棘白菌素等, 要根除成熟的生物膜, 它们的有效浓度需要比对抗浮游酵母细胞的浓度高出1 000倍[20]。EPS的存在也会影响中性粒细胞、单核-巨噬细胞的免疫反应, 造成免疫逃逸[18, 19]。生物膜崩解后, 受保护的酵母样细胞会释放出来, 从而形成新的感染性病灶。总之, 生物膜的形成给有限的抗真菌药物的治疗策略带来了更大的挑战, 导致真菌感染疗程延长、易复发及较高的深部真菌感染死亡率[21]。此外, 白念珠菌容易在医疗器械上形成生物膜结构且难以清除, 这也给医院内真菌感染的预防带来更大的挑战。
鉴于生物膜在白念珠菌感染和防治中的重要作用, 生物膜抑制活性评价已成为药物抗真菌活性评价中的重要指标, 目前已有多种生物膜特异性的抑制剂被报道。植物来源的天然产物由于具有结构多样性和广泛的生物活性, 是药物研发的重要资源。在生物膜抑制剂研究中, 本课题组发现多类型的植物来源天然产物具有良好的生物膜抑制活性。具有抗真菌活性的化合物往往抑制生物膜的形成, 但是对成熟生物膜的清除活性较低, 而成熟生物膜的破坏对抗真菌药物的研发具有更重要的意义。因此, 本文重点关注了生物膜形成特异性抑制剂, 以及具有成熟生物膜清除活性的天然产物, 对生物膜抑制浓度(BIC) 低于或等于最低抑菌浓度(MIC) 的分子、本身没有抗真菌活性但有抗生物膜活性以及能有效清除成熟生物膜的植物来源天然产物进行了论述。
生物碱是存在于自然界中的一类含氮的碱性有机化合物, 多种该类天然产物被报道具有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性(表1)[22-25]。
胡椒碱是胡椒粉种子中的一种主要的生物碱, 本身没有抗真菌活性(MIC > 1 024 μg·mL-1), 但对白念珠菌生物膜有特异的抑制活性, 浓度为8 μg·mL-1时, 生物膜形成的抑制率达到50%, 能够明显提高白念珠菌感染的秀丽隐杆线虫存活率, 在128 μg·mL-1下对人颊上皮细胞(HBECs) 没有毒性。机制研究发现, 胡椒碱能够抑制酵母向菌丝的转变和菌丝的生长, 下调多种生物膜形成相关的特异性基因(ALS3、HWP1、EFG1、CPH1等) 的表达, 它的低毒性和体内疗效表明其可用于预防和治疗口腔念珠菌病[22]。胡椒碱与百里酚、胡椒碱和肉桂醛具有协同抗白念珠菌生物膜活性, 作用机制与抑制念珠菌黏附、菌丝的生长和酵母向菌丝的转变有关[26, 27]。双蕊野扇花(变种) (学名Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna Franch) 是中国传统药材, 常被西南部的苗族人用于解毒和伤口愈合, 它的提取物SHE80抑制耐氟康唑的白念珠菌生物膜的形成, 抑制真菌形态转化。SHE80对白念珠菌的MIC为16 μg·mL-1, 在该浓度下, 其对生物膜形成的抑制率为54%, 运用网络药理学预测结合代谢组学分析SHE80的作用机制发现, 其能够抑制鞘脂成分神经酰胺的产生, 诱导脂筏错误定位, 从而抑制菌丝的形成[23, 28]。
成熟生物膜的清除活性对于生物膜抑制剂的研究具有更重要的意义。白屈菜红碱(chelerythrine, CHT) 在1/2 MIC (2 μg·mL-1) 下对C. albicans SC5314生物膜形成抑制率已经达到90%, 64 μg·mL-1 CHT能够清除90%以上的成熟生物膜, 并增加加替沙星对生物膜的敏感性, CHT的作用机制为抑制菌丝的形成和酵母向菌丝的转变, 降低细胞外基质中的蛋白质和多糖水平。由于CHT已经被证实在小鼠体内具有抗肿瘤活性[29], 表明其体内生物利用率较高, 因此它可能具有临床治疗单种和混合生物膜相关感染的潜力[24]。Methylaervine (MET) 能有效抑制生物膜的形成, 且剂量依赖性地破坏成熟的生物膜, MET对白念珠菌ATCC 90029的MIC为16 μg·mL-1, 在该浓度下, MET对生物膜形成的抑制率为70%, 成熟生物膜的清除率为57%, 16 MIC (256 μg·mL-1) 时, 没有出现明显的溶血, ProTox 3.0预测MET的毒性LD50为450 mg·kg-1, 且对肝脏、肾脏、呼吸系统和心脏也没有器官毒性。其作用机制与抑制菌丝的形成和酵母向菌丝的转变有关[25]。
多酚类化合物是指分子结构中有若干个酚性羟基的植物成分的总称, 包括黄酮类、酚酸类和花色苷类等, 是药用植物中具有生物活性的次级代谢物之一, 多种成分有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性(表2)[30-35]。
Thonningianin A (THA) 是一种广泛存在于天然植物中的单宁类黄酮, THA对白念珠菌的MIC为2~8 μg·mL-1, 在8 μg·mL-1下生物膜形成的抑制率为50%, 在16 μg·mL-1下成熟生物膜清除率为50%以上, 在G. mellonella感染模型中, 5 mg·kg-1 THA可明显延长生存期和降低真菌负荷, 其作用机制与抑制菌丝生长、活性氧(ROS) 的产生及CaMCA1介导的高caspase活性有关[30]。补骨脂乙素(isobavachalcone, IBC) 是一种具有多种药理特性的天然黄酮类化合物, 在1/2 MIC (4 μg·mL-1) 下, 生物膜形成的抑制率为49.2%, 在32 μg·mL-1下成熟生物膜清除率为76.7%, 8 μg·mL-1 IBC明显增加了白念珠菌感染的C. elegans的寿命, 并在32 μg·mL-1时未见明显毒性。机制研究发现, IBC通过破坏细胞壁和细胞膜来抑制白念珠菌的生长, 同时上调Hsp90的表达, 改变参与Atg1复合物形成和自噬前体结构的自噬相关基因, 诱导细胞凋亡和自噬, 从而引起细胞死亡[31]。木犀草素在1/2 MIC (16 μg·mL-1) 下生物膜形成抑制率为51.7%~62.0%, 在256 μg·mL-1浓度下显著破坏成熟生物膜, 机制与抑制细胞黏附和影响EPS的产生有关[32]。槲皮素(quercetin, QC) 广泛存在于多种植物中, 在治疗白念珠菌介导的阴道念珠菌病(VVC) 中表现出一定的潜力, Tan等[33]研究发现, 在小鼠VVC模型中QC能够减轻白念珠菌诱导的炎症以及维持阴道黏膜的完整性, QC在1/4 MIC (9.67 μg·mL-1) 下生物膜形成的抑制率达到80%, 口服给药小鼠的体重、生化指标、器官病理和血细胞计数均正常, 表明其在体内无毒性作用。机制研究发现, QC通过抑制ASK1/MKK4通路来抑制白念珠菌菌丝的形成。
植物衍生化合物与抗生素的联用具有协同抗生物膜效应, 如芒果苷(mangiferin, MG) 能增强卡泊芬净(caspofungin, CAS) 对生物膜的抑制活性和对成熟生物膜的破坏活性, 16 μg·mL-1 MG和0.25 μg·mL-1 CAS联合处理时生物膜形成的抑制率达50%以上, 16 μg·mL-1 MG和0.5 μg·mL-1 CAS联用时成熟生物膜的清除率为73%, 该浓度下MG和CAS单用均未发现明显的生物膜形成的抑制活性和对成熟生物膜的破坏活性。机制研究发现, 联合使用抑制了鸟氨酸脱羧酶(SPE1) 的表达, 破坏多胺积累, 导致氧化损伤和细胞死亡[36]。
大麻二酚(cannabidiol, CBD) 是从大麻植物中提取的非精神活性大麻素, 已被证明人体对其具有良好的耐受性[37, 38], CBD对白念珠菌没有生长抑制活性(MIC > 400 μg·mL-1), 但在12.5 μg·mL-1下生物膜形成的抑制率为50%, 在6.25 μg·mL-1下成熟生物膜清除率为50%左右。CBD在多个层面上发挥抗生物膜作用, 包括减少EPS的产生、改变真菌形态、增加ROS的产生、改变细胞壁并增加质膜通透性[34]。此外, 粗糠柴苦素在1/2 MIC (31.25 μg·mL-1) 下生物膜形成的抑制率达到50%, 而其对白念珠菌生物膜细胞活力的IC50达到2.24 μg·mL-1。32.5 μg·mL-1粗糠柴苦素能够将白念珠菌感染的C. elegans larvae的生存率提高到80%以上, 并且在最高治疗浓度500 μg·mL-1时未见明显毒性, 提示其良好的潜在应用价值。其机制与抑制菌丝和细胞外基质的产生有关[35]。
萜类化合物也被称为异戊二烯, 其多样化结构使其表现出较好的抗真菌活性[39, 40], 它的作用机制尚不完全清楚, 但推测与亲脂性结构破坏细胞膜和蛋白质动力等因素有关[41, 42]。近几年陆续发现萜类化合物也有抗白念珠菌生物膜活性(表3)[43-46]。
土木香内酯(alantolactone, Ala) 是倍半萜内酯(菊科) 的主要活性成分, 在1/8 MIC (9 μg·mL-1) 下生物膜形成的抑制率达到50%, 在36 μg·mL-1下成熟生物膜的清除率达到65%, Ala抑制白念珠菌的毒力因子, 包括形态的转变、黏附和EPS的产生[43]。
生物膜中细胞之间的通信可以通过群体感应系统和离子介导的电信号来完成, 许多天然产物已经被报道为白念珠菌的群体感应抑制剂[47, 48]。薄荷醇是最有效的广谱群体感应抑制剂分子, 属于环单萜醇[49]。薄荷醇可以抑制氟康唑耐药的白念珠菌的生物膜形成, 在MIC (10 μg·mL-1) 下对白念珠菌生物膜形成的抑制率为59.67%。机制研究发现, 薄荷醇靶向群体感应相关基因TUP1 (转录抑制因子), 抑制群体反应毒力因子(蛋白酶和磷脂酶) 和ROS的产生[44]。此外, (-)-葑酮在1/2 MIC (4 μg·mL-1) 下对生物膜形成的抑制率达到80%以上。人红细胞溶血活性检测发现, 其在高浓度100 μg·mL-1时对人红细胞的溶血活性低于40%, 表明其毒性低[45]。
白头翁(P. chinensis) 数千年来作为中药用于治疗多种感染性疾病。白头翁典型的生物活性成分为三萜皂苷, 齐墩果酸型皂苷为主要化学成分, Tan等[46]提取了28种齐墩果酸型皂苷, 发现皂苷pulchinenoside B3 (PB3) 有较高的抗生物膜活性, 12.5 μg·mL-1 PB3对生物膜形成的抑制率大约为50%, 25~100 μg·mL-1下成熟生物膜的清除率为38.77%~64.50%。机制研究发现, PB3能够下调BCR1依赖的黏附素途径、生物膜形成相关转录因子(BCR1、EFG1、NDT80、BRG1、ROB1和TEC1) 和黏附相关靶基因(HWP1、ALS1和ALS3) 的表达, 成熟生物膜的清除与氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的诱导相关。
Song等[50]通过结晶紫法从26种蒽醌类物质中筛选出具有生物膜抑制活性的2-乙基蒽醌, 其在40 μg·mL-1下对生物膜形成的抑制率为56.48%, 不影响酵母型真菌的生长, 但能显著影响与EPS和菌丝形成相关的基因(PMT6、IFD6和HWP1、ECE1、EFG1) 的表达。紫草宁是从紫草中提取并呈现出紫红色的萘醌类化合物, 紫草宁在1/2 MIC (16 μg·mL-1) 下对生物膜形成的抑制率为50%, 紫草宁浓度依赖性地诱导白念珠菌细胞凋亡和坏死, 作用机制可能与麦角甾醇络合有关[51]。
Muthamil等[52]从Murraya koenigii中提取的油酸, 本身没有抗白念珠菌活性(MIC > 640 μg·mL-1), 但在80 μg·mL-1下对生物膜形成的抑制率为80%左右, 其作用机制涉及酵母向菌丝的转变、细胞的黏附、EPS和水解酶的产生, 与葡萄糖代谢、麦角甾醇生物合成、脂肪酶产生、铁稳态和氨基酸生物合成等通路相关。
精油是从叶子、花、种子、树皮、根、茎和果实中获得, 由植物次生代谢产生的挥发性化学物质组成[53, 54]。精油的亲脂性和低分子量容易破坏细胞膜, 使其具有抗菌活性, 且精油的毒性低[55, 56]。Lavandula dentata L. essential oil (LD-EO) 主要成分为桉树醇、樟脑和芬可酮, LD-EO在1/2 MIC (4 μg·mL-1) 下对生物膜形成的抑制率超过80%, 该产物在50 μg·mL-1时对人红细胞表现出较低的溶血活性(< 40%)[57]。此外, 肉桂醛类似物、香茅精油和香茅醛以及Lavandula dentata essential oil (L-EO) 等也具有微弱的白念珠菌生物膜形成抑制活性[58-60]。
Adenophora triphylla var. japonica在韩国、中国和日本被用作草药, 它的提取物对白念珠菌没有抗真菌活性(MIC > 100 μg·mL-1), 但在6.25 μg·mL-1下对白念珠菌生物膜形成的抑制率为50%, 在100 μg·mL-1下对人源细胞(HaCaT细胞和巨噬细胞THP-1) 没有明显的细胞毒性。机制研究表明, 该提取物抑制了对HaCaT细胞的黏附和酵母向菌丝的形态转变, 阻断了菌丝相关基因、细胞外基质基因、Ras1-cAMP-PKA通路基因、Cph2-Tec1通路基因和MAP激酶通路基因的表达[61]。
某些结构不明的中药提取物用于临床治疗白念珠菌感染, 如曹黄桂香和抗白念洗剂, 它们表现出对生物膜形成的抑制活性, 但活性很低(BIC > 5 mg·mL-1), 因此对这些中药活性成分进行分离纯化, 以明确具有抗真菌生物膜的产物结构具有重要的意义[62, 63]。
随着白念珠菌生物膜研究的深入, 生物膜在真菌致病机制和耐药性方面的重要性日益得到重视, 生物膜抑制活性的评价已经成为抗真菌药物活性评价的重要方面, 生物膜特异性抑制剂的研究也受到更多的重视。本研究以白念珠菌为研究对象, 对其生物膜的形成及其在致病性和耐药性中的重要作用进行了叙述, 并以植物来源的天然产物为重点, 综述了目前具有生物膜抑制活性的天然产物及其作用机制。
由于生物膜对抗真菌药物的拮抗, 抗真菌药物的生物膜抑制活性通常低于其对酵母样真菌细胞的抑制活性, 尤其是对成熟的生物膜, 药物的抑制活性大幅下降, 甚至丧失。破坏成熟的生物膜可以控制已有的感染, 减少由生物膜细胞扩散造成的新的感染灶, 因此能破坏成熟生物膜形成的抑制剂具有更重要的意义。多个天然产物具有较好的成熟生物膜清除活性, 如化合物THA[30]、IBC[31]和Ala[43]等。此外, 在研究中也发现多种产物, 如化合物CHT[24]、(-)-葑酮[45]和LD-EO[57]等, 其BIC低于MIC, 它们的抗生物膜活性不受抗真菌活性的影响, 不仅能够抑制生物膜的形成, 还可以用于预防生物膜的出现。而一些天然产物, 如胡椒碱[22]、CBD[34]、MG[36]和油酸[52]等, 本身并不具有抗真菌活性, 但是能特异性抑制生物膜的产生, 它们与生物膜耐药的抗真菌药物联用能够发挥更好的抗真菌活性, 因此这种特异性的生物膜抑制剂具有更重要的研究意义。虽然生物膜抑制剂的研究多有报道, 但是目前抑制剂的发现多来自抗真菌活性研究中的生物膜抑制活性评价, 针对性的抑制剂的高通量筛选却很稀缺。生物膜抑制活性的评价主要基于结晶紫和XTT, 这两种评价方法虽然可以适用于96孔板的微量评价, 但实际操作比较繁琐, 容易造成实验环境的污染, 同时操作过程中大量的洗脱步骤会造成实验偏差较大, 假阳性的产生, 在一定程度上限制了高通量筛选的应用。
在天然产物生物膜作用机制探索中, 绝大多数研究仅局限于浅显的生物膜形成阶段的抑制活性, 如对黏附、菌丝形成和细胞结构(细胞壁和细胞膜) 的表观影响, 其内在、具体的作用靶标的探索极少, 仅仅局限于相关基因表达变化。这种局限与生物膜形成的复杂调控网络和相关作用机制研究的不深入有关。这使得可靠的靶向性筛选存在很多的困难, 因此, 对于特异性生物膜抑制剂的发现, 生物膜形成的分子机制研究, 尤其是必需调控因子的研究更为重要。
目前,抗白念珠菌生物膜抑制剂的研究大部分只局限在体外, 抑制剂在体内单独使用是否发挥抗真菌活性依然是一个需要审视的问题。随着药物联用越来越受到重视, 生物膜抑制剂和抗真菌抗生素联用可能是一种根除白念珠菌感染的更为有效的策略。

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2025年第60卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0400
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
  • 修回日期:2025-05-09
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    1山东中医药高等专科学校医学系, 山东 烟台 264199
    2中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 国家新药 (微生物) 筛选实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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