Article(id=1308467882002768826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0370, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=1752854400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892653227, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892653227, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892653227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892653227, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3396, endPage=3407, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467882237649851, articleId=1308467882002768826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research advances on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its inhibitors in central nervous system diseases, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal regulatory role in the onset and progression of various central nervous system diseases. As a key immune sensor, the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, upon activation, can exacerbate neuroinflammation, leading to neuronal injury and death, thereby accelerating the pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Consequently, the NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as an important therapeutic target for modulating neuroinflammation. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. Numerous novel inhibitors have been identified that effectively reduce inflammatory responses and protect neurons from damage, demonstrating promising efficacy in animal models, particularly in improving cognitive and motor functions. This review will summarize the canonical activation mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome, explore its pathogenic roles in central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression, and provide an overview of recent advances in NLRP3-targeted drug development, aiming to offer new insights and strategies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

, authors=Yi-ming LUO1, Jing-yuan SONG1, Zhong-jin YANG2, Ping SUN1, Pan-lin SHAO1, *, Wen-hui HU1, *, authorsList=Yi-ming LUO, Jing-yuan SONG, Zhong-jin YANG, Ping SUN, Pan-lin SHAO, Wen-hui HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pan-lin SHAO, Wen-hui HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467890475262943, articleId=1308467882002768826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=NLRP3炎症小体及其抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

神经炎症在多种中枢神经系统疾病的发生和发展中发挥着枢纽性调控作用。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族pyrin结构域蛋白3 (NLRP3) 炎症小体作为一种关键的免疫传感器, 它的激活能够加剧神经炎症, 引发神经元的损伤及死亡, 从而加剧阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的病理进程。因此, NLRP3炎症小体被视为调控神经炎症的重要靶点。近年来, NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的研究取得了显著进展, 众多新型的NLRP3抑制剂被发现能够减少炎症反应并保护神经元免受损伤, 在动物模型中展现出良好的疗效, 特别是在改善认知和运动功能方面展现出潜力。本文将综述NLRP3炎症小体的经典激活机制, 探讨NLRP3炎症小体在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化及抑郁症等中枢神经系统疾病中的致病机制, 总结抑制剂在新药研究中的进展, 为中枢神经系统疾病的药物开发提供新的思路和策略。

, authors=罗一鸣1, 宋静远1, 杨忠金2, 孙平1, 邵攀霖1, *, 胡文辉1, *, authorsList=罗一鸣, 宋静远, 杨忠金, 孙平, 邵攀霖, 胡文辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邵攀霖, 胡文辉, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

罗一鸣负责综述整体撰写工作; 宋静远负责文章补充及修改工作; 杨忠金、孙平负责文章校对工作; 邵攀霖、胡文辉负责文章审核工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
邵攀霖, Tel: 13691971983, E-mail:
胡文辉, Tel: 13822166681, E-mail:
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Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21: 4223. 图文摘要: ., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497729177870555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497729190453468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, companyId=1308497729177870555, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497729203036381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, companyId=1308497729177870555, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广州医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 511436)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497729295311070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497729303699679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, companyId=1308497729295311070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497729316282592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, companyId=1308497729295311070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2天津理工大学化学化工学院, 天津 300384)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308497735284777227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DaLxfoaSDF3gBEfPfqldoA==, figureFileBig=p/3oLbNYTK4KnTbx8ml0Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497735381246220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Research on NLRP3 inflammasome in central nervous system diseases (illustrated by BioRender). DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TNFR: Tumor necrosis factor receptor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; IL-1R: Interleukin-1 receptor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3; Aβ: Amyloid-β; AD: Alzheimer's disease; PD: Parkinson's disease; MS: Multiple sclerosis, figureFileSmall=DaLxfoaSDF3gBEfPfqldoA==, figureFileBig=p/3oLbNYTK4KnTbx8ml0Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497737084133645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R3s2Y5KvAP3wTSwGqxZ/hQ==, figureFileBig=FN5OOFwH/S+ESboEhUh1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497737180602638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (illustrated by BioRender). MYD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; IRAK-1: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; TRIF: TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β; FADD: Fas-associated protein with death domain; ASC: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain; GSDMD: Gasdermin D, figureFileSmall=R3s2Y5KvAP3wTSwGqxZ/hQ==, figureFileBig=FN5OOFwH/S+ESboEhUh1Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497737268683023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=szBM5dQ/Y8afsm71YftwZA==, figureFileBig=H/EjebaLLmFwaurlB0WX3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497737344180496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in central nervous system diseases (illustrated by BioRender), figureFileSmall=szBM5dQ/Y8afsm71YftwZA==, figureFileBig=H/EjebaLLmFwaurlB0WX3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497737574867217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameChemical structural formulaIC50Inhibition mechanismReference
MCC950 8 nmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Directly interacts with the Walker B motif of the NACHT domain, altering the conformation of NLRP3. Blocks NLRP3-dependent ASC oligomerization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inhibits ATPase activity[64, 65]
NT-0796 0.32 nmol·L-1 (hPBMC)Mechanism unknown[66]
Dapansutrile (OLT1177) 1 nmol·L-1 (J774A.1)Inhibits NLRP3 ATPase activity and blocks NLRP3 inflammasome activation[67, 68]
CY-09 5-6 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)CY-09 binds to the Walker A motif of NLRP3 to prevent ATP binding, thereby blocking its ATPase activity[69]
Tranilast 25-50 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Directly binds to the NACHT domain of NLRP3 and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by blocking NLRP3 oligomerization[70]
Oridonin 0.5 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Irreversibly binds to NLRP3 at Cys279, inhibiting the NLRP3-NEK7 interaction[71]
MNS 2 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[72]
Bay 11-7082 5 μmol·L-1ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[69, 73]
BOT-4-one 0.59-1.28 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs and THP-1 cells)Alkylates NLRP3 and acts as an ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[74]
Parthenolide 5 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)NACHT ATPase inhibitor and caspase-1 inhibitor[69, 73]
INF39 25 μmol·L-1 (THP-1 cells)ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[75]
ZYIL-1 13 nmol·L-1 (THP-1 cells); 4.5 nmol·L-1 (hPBMCs)Blocks NLRP3-induced ASC oligomerization, thereby inhibiting the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome[76]
SB-222200 NAInhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by targeting the NEK7-NLRP3 interaction and preventing NLRP3 oligomerization[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497737662947602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467882002768826, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; BMDMs: Bone marrow-derived macrophages; NACHT: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; hPBMC: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameChemical structural formulaIC50Inhibition mechanismReference
MCC950 8 nmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Directly interacts with the Walker B motif of the NACHT domain, altering the conformation of NLRP3. Blocks NLRP3-dependent ASC oligomerization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inhibits ATPase activity[64, 65]
NT-0796 0.32 nmol·L-1 (hPBMC)Mechanism unknown[66]
Dapansutrile (OLT1177) 1 nmol·L-1 (J774A.1)Inhibits NLRP3 ATPase activity and blocks NLRP3 inflammasome activation[67, 68]
CY-09 5-6 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)CY-09 binds to the Walker A motif of NLRP3 to prevent ATP binding, thereby blocking its ATPase activity[69]
Tranilast 25-50 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Directly binds to the NACHT domain of NLRP3 and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by blocking NLRP3 oligomerization[70]
Oridonin 0.5 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)Irreversibly binds to NLRP3 at Cys279, inhibiting the NLRP3-NEK7 interaction[71]
MNS 2 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[72]
Bay 11-7082 5 μmol·L-1ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[69, 73]
BOT-4-one 0.59-1.28 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs and THP-1 cells)Alkylates NLRP3 and acts as an ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[74]
Parthenolide 5 μmol·L-1 (BMDMs)NACHT ATPase inhibitor and caspase-1 inhibitor[69, 73]
INF39 25 μmol·L-1 (THP-1 cells)ATPase inhibitor targeting the NACHT domain[75]
ZYIL-1 13 nmol·L-1 (THP-1 cells); 4.5 nmol·L-1 (hPBMCs)Blocks NLRP3-induced ASC oligomerization, thereby inhibiting the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome[76]
SB-222200 NAInhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by targeting the NEK7-NLRP3 interaction and preventing NLRP3 oligomerization[77]
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NLRP3炎症小体及其抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展
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罗一鸣 1 , 宋静远 1 , 杨忠金 2 , 孙平 1 , 邵攀霖 1, * , 胡文辉 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(11): 3396-3407
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (11) : 3396 -3407
NLRP3炎症小体及其抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展
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罗一鸣1, 宋静远1, 杨忠金2, 孙平1, 邵攀霖1, * , 胡文辉1, *
作者信息
  • 1广州医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 511436
  • 2天津理工大学化学化工学院, 天津 300384
通讯作者:
邵攀霖, Tel: 13691971983, E-mail:
胡文辉, Tel: 13822166681, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

罗一鸣负责综述整体撰写工作; 宋静远负责文章补充及修改工作; 杨忠金、孙平负责文章校对工作; 邵攀霖、胡文辉负责文章审核工作。

Research advances on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its inhibitors in central nervous system diseases
Yi-ming LUO1, Jing-yuan SONG1, Zhong-jin YANG2, Ping SUN1, Pan-lin SHAO1, * , Wen-hui HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
  • 2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0370
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神经炎症在多种中枢神经系统疾病的发生和发展中发挥着枢纽性调控作用。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族pyrin结构域蛋白3 (NLRP3) 炎症小体作为一种关键的免疫传感器, 它的激活能够加剧神经炎症, 引发神经元的损伤及死亡, 从而加剧阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的病理进程。因此, NLRP3炎症小体被视为调控神经炎症的重要靶点。近年来, NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的研究取得了显著进展, 众多新型的NLRP3抑制剂被发现能够减少炎症反应并保护神经元免受损伤, 在动物模型中展现出良好的疗效, 特别是在改善认知和运动功能方面展现出潜力。本文将综述NLRP3炎症小体的经典激活机制, 探讨NLRP3炎症小体在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化及抑郁症等中枢神经系统疾病中的致病机制, 总结抑制剂在新药研究中的进展, 为中枢神经系统疾病的药物开发提供新的思路和策略。

NLRP3炎症小体  /  抑制剂  /  神经炎症  /  阿尔茨海默病  /  帕金森病  /  多发性硬化

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal regulatory role in the onset and progression of various central nervous system diseases. As a key immune sensor, the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, upon activation, can exacerbate neuroinflammation, leading to neuronal injury and death, thereby accelerating the pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Consequently, the NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as an important therapeutic target for modulating neuroinflammation. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. Numerous novel inhibitors have been identified that effectively reduce inflammatory responses and protect neurons from damage, demonstrating promising efficacy in animal models, particularly in improving cognitive and motor functions. This review will summarize the canonical activation mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome, explore its pathogenic roles in central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression, and provide an overview of recent advances in NLRP3-targeted drug development, aiming to offer new insights and strategies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

NLRP3 inflammasome  /  inhibitor  /  neuroinflammation  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  Parkinson's disease  /  multiple sclerosis
罗一鸣, 宋静远, 杨忠金, 孙平, 邵攀霖, 胡文辉. NLRP3炎症小体及其抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3396 -3407 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0370
Yi-ming LUO, Jing-yuan SONG, Zhong-jin YANG, Ping SUN, Pan-lin SHAO, Wen-hui HU. Research advances on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its inhibitors in central nervous system diseases[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3396 -3407 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0370
神经炎症是指发生在中枢神经系统(脑、脊髓) 或周围神经系统中的炎症反应, 是免疫系统对感染、损伤、毒素、自身免疫异常或退行性病变等刺激的应答。炎症小体作为重要的炎症调节因子, 通过对炎症小体在中枢神经系统疾病上致病机制进行研究有助于对应靶点药物的开发。人体常见的炎症小体包括核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体(NOD-like receptor, NLR) 家族中的NLRP1、NLRP3和NLRC4炎症小体, 以及半胱天冬酶募集结构域蛋白8 (caspase recruitment domain 8, CARD8)、黑色素瘤缺失因子2 (absent in melanoma 2, AIM2) 和Pyrin炎症小体[1]。在各类炎症小体中, NLRP3炎症小体与炎症和神经退行性疾病密切相关, 由NLRP3蛋白、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, ASC) (含半胱天冬酶募集结构域) 和半胱天冬酶-1 (caspase-1) 蛋白共同组成, 其中NLRP3蛋白包含亮氨酸富集重复序列(leucine-rich repeat, LRR)、核苷酸结合结构域(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, NACHT) 和pyrin结构域(pyrin domain, PYD)[2]。如图1所示, 本文围绕“机制-疾病-干预”轴展开, 重点解析NLRP3在中枢神经系统疾病中的枢纽作用。
在中枢神经系统疾病的研究中, NLRP3炎症小体的经典激活路径包括初始启动步骤和后续激活步骤(图2)[3]。
巨噬细胞通过模式识别受体, (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) 家族如TLRs、NLRs或细胞质受体识别病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) 或损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), 导致转录因子核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB) 激活, 随之通过Myddasome复合物转运至细胞核内[4, 5], 从而刺激细胞高度表达NLRP3和pro-IL-1β。该复合物包括髓系分化原始反应88 (MyD88)、白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, IRAK-1)、含TIR结构域适配器干扰素β (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β, TRIF)、Fas相关死亡结构域蛋白(Fas-associated protein with death domain, FADD) 和半胱天冬酶-8 (caspase-8), 这些都对NF-κB的激活及后续NLRP3和pro-IL-1β的上调至关重要[6]。
在启动步骤提供物质准备的前提下, NLRP3作为传感器在多种刺激诱导下, 通过同型NACHT结构域相互作用发生自身寡聚化。寡聚化的NLRP3通过同型PYD-PYD结构域相互作用招募ASC, 并诱导ASC聚集成大分子焦点。随后, 组装的ASC通过同型CARD-CARD结构域相互作用招募caspase-1, 形成NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1蛋白复合物, 即NLRP3炎症小体[7]。NLRP3炎症小体一旦被激活, 就会诱导pro-caspase-1的自我剪切和激活, 进而导致促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β) 和白细胞介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18) 的成熟。此外, 活化的caspase-1裂解消皮素D (gasdermin D, GSDMD) 并释放其N端结构域, 转移到细胞膜上形成孔道, 介导细胞内容物的释放, 包括炎性细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18, 最终诱导细胞焦亡[7]。刺激因素包括离子跨膜转运(包括K+外流、Ca2+调动、Cl-外流和Na+内流)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体功能障碍及溶酶体损伤[6]。
Núñez团队[8]早期研究表明, K+外流是激活NLRP3炎症小体的常见现象。NLRP3激活剂首先引发细胞膜对K+和Na+的通透性改变, 进而激活NLRP3炎症小体。细胞内K+浓度的轻微降低即可激活NLRP3炎症小体, 而细胞内Na+浓度的升高虽参与调控但并非NLRP3激活的必要条件。通过P2X7受体通道介导的K+外流是激活NLRP3炎症小体的高效途径[9]。P2X7受体通道是一种由细胞外ATP直接激活的质膜通道。ATP与P2X7受体结合形成损伤相关分子模式, 激活该通道后导致K+外流, 最终激活NLRP3炎症小体。此外, K+外流介导NLRP3炎症小体激活的机制涉及有丝分裂缺失相关激酶7 (NIMA-related kinase 7, NEK7) 与NLRP3的结合。NEK7在细胞质中与NLRP3形成分子复合物, 其催化结构域直接结合NLRP3蛋白, 从而在激活过程中发挥关键作用[10]。然而目前尚无证据表明K+能够直接与NLRP3蛋白结合, K+激活NLRP3炎症小体的确切机制仍需进一步研究。
线粒体功能障碍也是激活NLRP3炎症小体的重要机制之一。线粒体损伤释放的信号主要包括线粒体DNA (mtDNA) 和线粒体活性氧(mtROS)。NLRP3作为敏感的感受器, 能够识别线粒体损伤相关的细胞危险信号, 进而激活caspase-1并释放炎症因子IL-1β[11, 12]。Shimada等[13]首次提出, 凋亡过程中氧化型线粒体DNA (OX-mtDNA) 可诱导NLRP3炎症小体的激活。在NF-κB的参与下, ATP诱导线粒体功能障碍和细胞凋亡可导致OX-mtDNA释放至细胞质中, 进而与NLRP3结合并激活NLRP3炎症小体。后续研究表明, 胞苷单磷酸激酶2 (CMPK2) 参与胞质OX-mtDNA诱导的NLRP3炎症小体激活。CMPK2通过转录为mtDNA合成提供脱氧核糖核苷酸, 为NLRP3激活剂刺激OX-mtDNA生成奠定基础[14]。Jia等[15]进一步证实, 大鼠肝脏中OX-mtDNA水平升高及线粒体自噬加剧可激活NLRP3炎症小体。以上结果表明, 胞质内的OX-mtDNA能够有效激活NLRP3炎症小体。此外, mtROS不仅直接调控炎症小体的组装, 还可通过影响胞质蛋白间接调节其活性[16]。另有研究发现, 线粒体功能障碍可通过磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol) 合成激活NLRP3炎症小体, 且该机制与ROS无关。磷脂酰甘油可直接结合NLRP3, 从而选择性阻断NLRP3炎症小体的活化[17]。
在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 小鼠模型中, 纤维状β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ) 被溶酶体吞噬后导致溶酶体损伤和组织蛋白酶B (cathepsin B) 释放, 继而激活NLRP3炎症小体[18]。组织蛋白酶B的释放不仅直接激活NLRP3炎症小体, 还可通过介导线粒体功能障碍, 引发mtROS依赖的NLRP3炎症小体激活[19]。类似地, 在肝纤维化小鼠模型研究中, 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)/ATP处理可增加组织蛋白酶B与ROS水平, 并激活NLRP3炎症小体, 而联用LPS/ATP与组织蛋白酶B抑制剂则无法升高NLRP3和IL-1β的表达水平[20]。
综上所述, NLRP3炎症小体的激活涉及多种细胞内外信号与复杂的调控机制。当前的研究已初步揭示了关键的激活通路, 但其精确机制仍不完全明确。靶向NLRP3炎症小体的干预策略需兼顾靶向性与安全性, 这一挑战也成为NLRP3抑制剂开发的核心难点。
近年研究表明, 以AD和帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 为代表的神经退行性疾病[21, 22], 以及多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis, MS)、抑郁症等中枢神经系统疾病[23], 其发生发展均与神经炎症机制密切相关。如图3所示, NLRP3通过“传感-组装-效应”三级调控网络影响疾病进程, 进一步探索NLRP3炎症小体在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用机制, 有利于寻找治疗相关疾病的重要靶点以及NLRP3抑制剂的进一步开发。
AD是一种神经退行性疾病, 也是老年人群体中最常见的痴呆类型, 占所有痴呆病例中的60%~80%[24]。其在大脑中的病理特征包括细胞外Aβ的沉积、淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein, APP)的裂解产物, 以及含有微管相关蛋白Tau蛋白的细胞内纤维缠结[25]。越来越多的研究表明, NLRP3炎症小体通过影响相关的病理标志物在AD病理进程中发挥着重要的作用。
2013年, Youm等[26]发现NLRP3炎症小体作为年龄相关DAMPs聚集的感受器在炎症性衰老中发挥着关键作用。抑制或剔除NLRP3炎症小体可减缓年龄相关的转录组变化、先天免疫激活、神经炎症及功能衰退, 从而降低老年人患上阿尔茨海默病的风险。
2008年, Halle等[18]的研究证实, NLRP3炎症小体可作为Aβ的感受器, 一旦被激活, 便会促进组织蛋白酶B的释放并导致溶酶体损伤。他们的数据表明, 小胶质细胞吞噬Aβ后会激活NLRP3炎症小体, 进而诱导caspase-1的活化、促进成熟IL-1β的释放, 并促进其他促炎细胞因子/趋化因子的分泌。此外, 与健康的受试者相比, AD患者大脑(海马、皮层) 中炎症小体标志物(IL-1β、ASC好热caspase-1) 的表达水平显著升高[27, 28]。这些研究表明, NLRP3炎症小体可能在AD的发病机制中起到关键作用, 为其作为潜在治疗靶点提供了重要依据。随后, Heneka等[29]的研究同样论证了NLRP3炎症小体是与AD相关的神经炎症的重要来源。在体内研究中, 发现AD、早发性AD和轻度认知障碍患者的大脑样本(皮层或海马裂解液) 中, 裂解型caspase-1的含量较健康对照组显著升高。
2017年, Venegas等[30]研究认为, ASC聚集形成类似朊病毒的ASC斑点可通过交叉种子机制加重Aβ病理。此外, Tau种子可激活小胶质细胞中的NLRP3-ASC依赖性炎症小体, 促进外源Tau沉积, 进一步揭示了Tau和Aβ在小胶质细胞中共同激活NLRP3炎症小体的密切联系[31]。Vontell等[32]研究指出, DAMPs可招募小胶质细胞至大脑中的Aβ沉积部位, 并在AD早期病理阶段, 小胶质细胞中炎症小体相关标志物(NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、caspase-1和ASC) 的表达水平显著升高。综上研究可推测, NLRP3介导的小胶质细胞神经炎症可能是阿尔茨海默病发病过程中的早期事件, 它可能促进Tau蛋白和Aβ在大脑中沉积, 从而加速AD进程。
与此同时, NLRP3炎症小体已被证实在AD中驱动Tau相关病理变化[33, 34]。Ising等[33]的研究发现, Tau蛋白可激活NLRP3炎症小体, 而在THY-Tau22转基因小鼠(一种AD模型, 其中Tau发生病理变化但无运动功能损伤) 中, 缺失NLRP3炎症小体功能可通过调控Tau蛋白磷酸酶和激酶, 从而减少Tau蛋白聚集和过度磷酸化。在TauP301S (PS19) 转基因小鼠模型(该模型表现出脑萎缩、神经元丧失、神经原纤维缠结及Tau病理) 中, NLRP3缺失显著减少了Tau蛋白的播散与沉积[34]。
综上所述, AD的核心病理特征包括Aβ沉积、Tau蛋白异常聚集及神经炎症, 而NLRP3炎症小体可通过多重机制驱动AD进展。首先, NLRP3激活后释放IL-1β等促炎因子, 加剧神经炎症, 其标志物(如caspase-1) 在AD患者脑内显著升高; 其次, NLRP3通过直接感知Aβ或间接通过ASC斑点促进Aβ聚集, 且炎症反应可能早于斑块形成; 此外, NLRP3与Tau病理呈双向作用, Tau蛋白激活NLRP3的同时, NLRP3通过调控Tau蛋白磷酸化加速其散播。研究还揭示NLRP3是炎症性衰老的关键介质, 而衰老相关慢性炎症是AD的重要风险因素。动物模型中抑制NLRP3可显著改善Aβ/Tau病理及认知功能, 提示其作为治疗靶点的潜力。
PD是世界上第二常见的神经退行性疾病。它是一种功能性疾病, 其特点是黑质多巴胺能神经元的逐渐丧失以及脑内路易小体(Lewy bodies, LBs) 的积累, 临床表现主要为运动功能障碍[35]。
2013年, Codolo等[36]报道α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein) 的纤维化形式可被小胶质细胞吞噬, 诱导线粒体产生ROS和cathepsin B的释放, 从而激活NLRP3炎症小体, 导致炎症级联反应, 进一步加剧神经元的退行性病变。2015年, Gustot等[37]发现在PD患者中, α-突触核蛋白的异常聚集是激活NLRP3炎症小体的主要因素之一。此外, 糖原合成酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β) 在NLRP3炎症小体的激活过程中也起着重要作用。GSK-3β可通过促进NLRP3的表达和组装, 增强炎症反应[38, 39]。2022年, Zou研究团队[40]研究论证了GSK-3β的活性增加可抑制核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 信号通路, 导致氧化应激水平升高, 进一步激活NLRP3炎症小体。另外值得注意的是, parkin蛋白作为E3泛素连接酶, 可通过介导NLRP3的泛素化降解, 负向调节其活性。在PD模型中, parkin的功能缺失会导致NLRP3炎症小体过度激活, 加剧神经元损伤。因此, 恢复或增强parkin的功能可能有助于抑制NLRP3介导的神经炎症, 减缓PD的进展[41]。
综上所述, NLRP3炎症小体在PD的发病过程中起着至关重要的作用。针对NLRP3炎症小体及其相关通路的调控, 如α-synuclein聚集、GSK-3β活性和parkin功能等, 可能为PD的治疗提供新的思路和靶点。
MS是以中枢神经系统炎症和免疫介导的神经退行性病变为特征的疾病。尽管MS的确切病因尚未阐明, 但该疾病与NLRP3炎症小体相关成分(如IL-1β、IL-18、ASC和caspase-1) 水平的升高密切相关[42]。
2010年, Shaw等[43]利用实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE) 模型发现, ASC和caspase-1的缺失显著延缓了EAE的进程, 而NLRP3敲除小鼠却表现出与野生型小鼠类似的EAE进程, 这一发现强调了ASC在EAE病理中的关键作用。然而, NLRP3炎症小体的激活同样对MS的病理进展具有促进作用: 在EAE模型中, NLRP3缺失小鼠表现出IL-18和IL-1β水平的下降, 这种变化限制了Th1和Th17免疫反应的发育, 进而减缓了疾病进程。此外, NLRP3炎症小体的激活还通过上调细胞迁移相关基因, 促进T细胞向中枢神经系统的迁移, 加剧了神经炎症反应[44, 45]。
尿酸作为一种激活NLRP3炎症小体的危险信号, 在MS的发病中也发挥着关键作用。Piancone等[46]研究显示, 与健康个体相比, 原发性进展型MS患者血清中尿酸水平显著升高。同时, 在对患者外周血单核细胞进行LPS预处理和单钠尿酸盐刺激后, 观察到NLRP3和ASC基因表达的显著上调, 该结果提示尿酸可能通过激活NLRP3炎症小体参与原发性进展型MS的发病过程。
遗传因素也会影响MS的严重程度和进展。NLRP3突变为Q705K, IL-1β突变为-511 C > T, 这两种获得性功能增强突变均与MS病情加重相关[47]。
综上所述, NLRP3炎症小体在MS的发病机制中扮演着多重角色。其激活可通过尿酸等危险信号引发炎症细胞因子的产生, 还将影响T细胞的迁移和免疫反应, 进而参与调控MS的炎症过程。针对NLRP3炎症小体及其相关信号通路的深入研究, 不仅有助于揭示MS的发病机制, 还为开发新的诊断和治疗策略提供了潜在靶点。
抑郁症是一种常见的慢性复发性和致残性精神疾病[48]。现有大量实验研究显示, 神经炎症在抑郁症的发病和进展中起着关键作用[49]。抑郁症患者常伴随炎症反应的激活, 而这种炎症状态正是促使病情发展的重要因素之一[50]。因此, 在应激诱导的神经炎症背景下, 明确其关键介质显得尤为重要。
NLRP3炎症小体在中枢神经系统的炎症反应中扮演着核心角色[51]。成熟的NLRP3炎症小体通过裂解促使caspase-1成熟, 进而触发GSDMD蛋白的裂解[52]。在动物实验中, 对GSDMD、caspase-1和NLRP3炎症小体进行基因敲除后, 小鼠的抑郁样行为明显改善[53]。这些研究结果表明, NLRP3不仅是神经炎症的重要调控因子, 也成为缓解抑郁症神经炎症的潜在治疗靶点。脂多糖抑郁模型被广泛用于炎症相关抑郁的研究[54, 55]。LPS诱导的动物抑郁样行为是由增加的促炎细胞因子介导的, 这表明促炎细胞因子在炎症性抑郁样行为的发展和持续中起着关键作用。在给予LPS后, NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1的表达会显著增加[56]。此外, NLRP3炎症小体有助于激活反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞。抑制NLRP3炎症小体可以减轻外周和大脑炎症, 从而改善LPS暴露小鼠的长期行为学变化[50]。
下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA) 轴在应激反应中发挥关键作用, 其功能失调可能导致应激诱导NLRP3炎症小体激活。抑郁症患者常表现为HPA轴过度活跃和皮质醇水平升高。在大鼠模型中, 应激会显著增加促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF)、促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) 及皮质酮(corticosterone, CORT) 的分泌[57]。反复给予CORT能显著提高海马区的NLRP3蛋白浓度, 从而增强LPS诱导的促炎反应[58, 59]。此外, CORT引发的NLRP3炎症小体激活还促进了神经细胞系PC12和HT-22细胞的焦亡过程[59, 60]。
综上所述, NLRP3炎症小体在应激诱导的神经炎症及其相关的抑郁症病理过程中扮演了至关重要的角色。HPA轴功能的异常与NLRP3炎症小体的激活相互作用, 共同促进了炎症反应的发生与维持, 这为深入理解抑郁症的发病机制及寻找新的治疗靶点提供了重要线索。
炎症可根据发生部位和核心机制分为外周炎症(主要发生于中枢神经系统以外的组织或器官, 如皮肤、肠道、关节及肺部, 通常由病原体感染或组织损伤引发) 和中枢神经炎症(特指中枢神经系统内的炎症反应, 多由神经元损伤、感染或自身免疫失调触发)。NLRP3炎症小体作为炎症反应的核心调控元件, 是开发抗炎疗法的关键靶点。作者所在团队围绕NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的开发开展了多项研究: 化合物W16通过直接结合NLRP3蛋白阻断其炎症小体的组装与活化[61]; 化合物10V通过抑制NLRP3与ASC的相互作用阻碍炎症小体激活[62]; 化合物NIC-0102则通过诱导NLRP3多泛素化, 破坏NLRP3-ASC复合体形成及ASC寡聚化, 最终抑制炎症小体激活[63]。在小鼠急性结肠炎模型中, 化合物W16、10V及NIC-0102均表现出显著的改善作用。
然而, 血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 透过性差、靶向性不足及药物稳定性不佳等问题, 限制了这些化合物在神经系统疾病中的应用, 目前本团队正在通过基于透过BBB的结构优化试图将这些化合物应用于神经系统疾病的治疗。本文总结归纳了系列NLRP3抑制剂(表1)[64-77], 并重点分析MCC950、NT-0796与dapansutrile等标志性抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用机制, 以揭示其治疗中枢神经系统疾病的潜质。
MCC950是一种二芳基磺酰脲类化合物, 可与NLRP3的NACHT结构域中的Walker B基序直接结合, 作为NLRP3炎症小体激活和随后形成的有效抑制剂。目前学术界普遍认为MCC950不干扰AIM2、NLRC4或NLRP1炎症小体的激活, 而是靶向NLRP3炎症小体的激活阶段。这种作用不依赖于钾离子外流[64], 也不改变NEK7的催化活性和磷酸化[10, 78]。MCC950通过阻止ATP水解, 有效地抑制NLRP3的ATP酶活性[65, 79, 80]。这种靶向抑制NLRP炎症小体的方法为NLRP3炎症小体特异性抑制剂的开发提供了广阔的前景。
MCC950作为靶向NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的热门分子, 针对中枢神经系统疾病, 目前已有大量研究工作得以开展。在AD模型中, 多项研究验证了MCC950对小胶质细胞炎症的精确抑制作用[81-83]。如在Aβ和原纤维刺激的原代小胶质细胞中, MCC950抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 导致caspase-1和IL-1β水平的下降。此外, MCC950在体外刺激Aβ的吞噬作用。这些发现与在APP/PS1 AD小鼠模型中的研究结果一致, MCC950不仅能抑制NLRP3炎症小体和小胶质细胞的激活, 还减少Aβ的聚集, 从而改善大脑的认知功能[81]。另外, 神经炎症也是Tau蛋白病变的重要指征, Tau蛋白的病理进程与AD的发展密切相关, 长期在脑内使用MCC950可抑制外源性Tau病理[83]。在LPS和Tau诱导的原代小胶质细胞中, MCC950可以有效减少Tau蛋白病理表达。在Tau转基因小鼠中, 具有Tau种子活性的Tau缠结可通过NLRP3-ASC轴加剧外源性和内源性接种的Tau病理表达[83]。然而, MCC950可通过抑制NLRP3有效地抑制这一过程的发生。此外, 在中年Long Evans大鼠脑内注射Aβ寡聚体(amyloid-β oligomers, AβO) 后, 随之使用MCC950能显著改善小胶质细胞的激活、恢复神经元抑制性配体表达、增加血清IL-10水平, 并逆转了雌激素受体α (estrogen receptor α, ERα) 的下调, 从而改善了AβO引起的记忆障碍[82]。
在Aβ1-42刺激的原代小鼠星形胶质细胞中, MCC950能够有效降低NLRP3的过度表达, 减少caspase-1和IL-1β的表达[84]。此外, 在人类原代神经元中, 使用MCC950进行预处理能显著减少Aβ1-42引起的神经毒性, 抑制神经元焦亡。同样, 在SAMP8小鼠中, 应用MCC950能够抑制神经元焦亡, 增强空间记忆能力, 并通过靶向NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD轴减少脑内Aβ沉积[85]。与此同时, MCC950在其他AD模型中的治疗效果也得到了验证。如在表现出经典AD特征的异戊二烯化肽1和2条件性双敲除小鼠模型中, 使用MCC950能逆转Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化, 并降低了NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1的蛋白水平, 以及IL-1β和IL-18的mRNA水平[83]。
NT-0796是一种选择性的NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂, 它影响细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18的释放, 而不是IL-6或TNFα。同时该研究证明NT-0796是一种强效的、选择性的、CNS穿透性的NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂[66]。它作为一种潜在的治疗中枢神经系统疾病的化合物, 已在临床试验取得进展。2022年9月, 第一阶段试验宣布完成, 其中33项试验在健康志愿者中观察到良好的药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD) 曲线、脑渗透和抗炎作用。NT-0796具有极佳的抑制炎症活性的同时, 也具备良好的血脑渗透性。对该类化合物的开发将有力地推进NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病领域的研究工作。
OLT1177是一种β-磺酰基丁腈分子, 存在于各种合成和天然化合物中, 如氯代试剂和甲硫氨酸, 对NLRP3炎症小体信号具有强大的抑制作用。它通过破坏NLRP3-ASC和NLRP3-caspase-1相互作用, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体寡聚化, 并抑制细胞系统中NLRP3的ATP酶活性来发挥作用[67]。该化合物具有抑制NLRP3和IL-1β表达的能力[86]。在一项Ⅰ期临床试验中, OLT1177在健康个体中显示出安全性, 目前正在进行治疗急性痛风性关节炎的Ⅱ期临床试验[87]。实验表明, OLT1177对NLRP3介导的疾病具有潜在的临床应用价值。更重要的是, OLT1177作为一种可口服的小分子化合物, 与生物制剂相比具有独特的优势[88]。此外, OLT1177可能通过抑制颅内出血(intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH) 后的NLRP3激活以及NLRP3下游炎症因子IL-1β的释放, 维持BBB的完整性, 减少神经元丢失[89], 从而显著减轻ICH后脑水肿, 减轻神经功能的缺损。
CY-09是一种选择性直接靶向NLRP3的小分子抑制剂, 直接结合NLRP3蛋白的NACHT结构域ATP结合基序, 抑制NLRP3的ATP酶活性, 从而抑制NLRP3炎症小体的组装和激活。CY-09对冷吡啉相关周期性综合征(CAPS) 和2型糖尿病小鼠模型具有显著治疗作用[69]。曲尼司特(tranilast), 作为一种抗过敏临床老药, 也是一种直接的NLRP3抑制剂。机制上, 曲尼司特直接与NLRP3的NACHT结构域结合, 通过阻断NLRP3寡聚化来抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装[70]。冬凌草甲素(oridonin, Ori) 是传统中药冬凌草的主要活性成分, Ori与NLRP3的NACHT结构域中的半胱氨酸279形成共价键, 阻断NLRP3与NEK7的相互作用, 从而抑制NLRP3炎症小体的组装和活化[71]。Ori可通过抑制NLRP3的活化, 对腹膜炎、痛风性关节炎和2型糖尿病小鼠模型起到预防或治疗作用。MNS、Bay 11-7082、BOT-4-one、pathenolid及INF39均可通过抑制ATP酶活性阻断NLRP3炎症小体组装[69, 72-75]。ZYIL-1在小胶质细胞中抑制IL-1β的IC50为43 nmol·L-1, 在动物模型中口服给药后具有良好的药代动力学特征, 研究表明其能够改善运动障碍、黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经元变性和α-突触核蛋白的异常积累[76]。2023年, 本研究组[77]发现了一种新型NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂SB-222200, 其通过阻断NEK7-NLRP3相互作用和NLRP3寡聚化来抑制NLRP3炎症小体的组装与激活。该抑制剂可通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎, 同时该化合物具有良好的BBB透过性, 值得继续探索在神经炎症相关疾病的效果。
本文总结了NLRP3炎症小体的经典激活机制, 探讨了NLRP3炎症小体在主要中枢神经系统疾病中的作用机制, 并阐述了NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展。近年来, 大量NLRP3抑制剂被陆续开发出来。其中, MCC950、NT-0796、OLT1177及ZYIL-1均在中枢神经系统疾病中具有开发潜力, 但临床转化仍需克服特异性、安全性和多靶点协同等问题。与此同时, NLRP3的激活与多种危险信号和细胞活动密切相关, 这要求相关抑制剂的开发必须仔细评估它们对细胞生理其他方面的影响, 避免出现系统性免疫抑制或其他负面效应。
遗憾的是, 迄今为止尚未有NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂获批上市[90], 主要源于以下因素: 首先, NLRP3炎症小体的作用机制复杂, 其激活涉及ROS、线粒体功能障碍、溶酶体破裂等多个分子事件, 开发直接靶向NLRP3的抑制剂需要解决调控机制的复杂性, 确保靶向性和安全性。此外, NLRP3在机体免疫调节中发挥重要作用, 其全身性抑制可能增加感染风险或影响正常炎症反应, 因此, 需要开发选择性更高、组织特异性或可调控的抑制剂, 以降低不良反应。另一方面, 药代动力学和递送问题也是研究中的挑战, 如MCC950因肝毒性问题在临床试验中被终止[5], 提高口服生物利用度、代谢稳定性和组织分布仍然是药物优化的重点。同时, NLRP3炎症小体参与多种炎症性疾病, 如痛风、克罗恩病、AD等[91], 但目前尚无针对特定疾病的明确适应症, 缺乏精准的生物标志物来筛选受益人群, 也影响了药物的开发和临床试验设计。
为突破这些限制, 小分子药物设计与合成研究正朝着优化选择性和靶向性的方向发展, 如设计作用于特定构象状态的NLRP3抑制剂(如共价抑制剂), 以及探索下游信号通路(ASC、caspase-1) 的干预策略, 以减少对正常免疫反应的影响。此外, 开发组织特异性或可调控的抑制剂, 如蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(PROTAC) 或纳米递送系统, 可提高药物在特定组织的富集度, 减少全身不良反应。同时, 可诱导的NLRP3抑制剂(如光控或pH响应性小分子) 以及新的药物骨架也成为研究热点。天然产物及其衍生物, 如冬凌草甲素[71], 也被探索为新的抑制模式。结合精准医学, 筛选适应症人群, 确定NLRP3驱动疾病的生物标志物(如IL-1β、IL-18等), 并利用单细胞测序和AI辅助药物设计, 有望提高临床转化成功率。
在大量NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂中, 具有更高选择性的靶向NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂可以避免对正常免疫功能造成过度抑制, 从而降低感染风险和其他不良反应。此外, 改善药物的血脑屏障穿透性也是未来研究的重点。现有的NLRP3抑制剂在BBB穿透能力方面的限制, 可能影响它们在神经系统疾病中的治疗效果。通过药物递送系统或分子修饰, 提升NLRP3抑制剂的脑部靶向性, 将为其临床应用提供更大的潜力。与此同时, 针对今后NLRP3炎症小体的治疗策略应更加注重个体化治疗。在不同疾病或患者群体中, NLRP3的激活机制可能存在差异, 因此应结合基因组学和临床数据, 开发适应不同疾病亚型的靶向药物。结合NLRP3抑制剂与其他抗炎或神经保护药物开展多靶点联合治疗提高疗效。
总之, NLRP3炎症小体作为神经炎症的核心调控因子, 未来预期开发出更为精准、有效的NLRP3靶向疗法, 首先缓解当前神经退行性疾病用药远未满足的临床需求, 也为治疗其他慢性炎症相关疾病开辟了新的方向。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0370
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
  • 修回日期:2025-07-19
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    1广州医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 511436
    2天津理工大学化学化工学院, 天津 300384

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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