Article(id=1308467874448830589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0366, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=1747065600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892651426, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892651426, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892651426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892651426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3297, endPage=3308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467874645962878, articleId=1308467874448830589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in nanoparticle delivery systems for enhanced PROTAC therapy of breast cancer, columnId=1308467818731696962, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Recent advances in targeted protein degradation therapeutics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with approximately 2.3 million new cases and 670 000 deaths reported globally in 2022. Current therapeutic challenges include the difficulty in targeting breast cancer-associated proteins lacking active sites through traditional small-molecule inhibitors, as well as the high incidence of acquired drug resistance, which collectively undermine treatment outcomes. The advent of proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has provided a solution, offering a unique protein degradation mechanism to circumvent these limitations. Nevertheless, clinical translation of PROTACs requires addressing inherent limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and insufficient targeting specificity. To overcome these barriers, multifunctional nano-delivery systems have emerged as a promising technological platform to enhance the therapeutic potential of PROTACs. This review systematically examines the latest advances in nanotechnology-enabled PROTAC delivery for breast cancer treatment, with particular emphasizes rational nanocarrier design principles and synergistic mechanisms of antitumor combination therapies. We further critically analyze persistent translational challenges and propose forward-looking solutions. The integration of nanotechnology with PROTACs not only overcomes the limitations of traditional therapies but also offers new insights into the precise treatment of breast cancer.

, authors=Wan-yu WANG, Yong-zhong CHENG*, Xiang GAO*, authorsList=Wan-yu WANG, Yong-zhong CHENG, Xiang GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong-zhong CHENG, Xiang GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467878194344075, articleId=1308467874448830589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=纳米递送系统增效PROTAC乳腺癌治疗的研究进展, columnId=1308467818874303300, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳腺癌是全球常见恶性肿瘤之一, 2022年新发患者数高达230万例, 死亡人数约67万例。目前, 乳腺癌相关蛋白因缺乏活性位点难以被传统小分子抑制剂靶向, 同时药物治疗存在获得性耐药率高等问题, 严重影响临床疗效。蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 技术的出现为上述困境提供了解决方案。然而, 要实现临床转化PROTAC需要解决水溶性差、生物利用度低及靶向性不足等问题, 而多功能纳米递送系统可为其提供技术支持。本文综述了PROTAC纳米技术在乳腺癌治疗中的最新进展, 重点关注纳米递送平台设计策略及抗肿瘤联合增效机制, 并对该技术面临的挑战及未来发展方向进行了探讨。利用纳米技术递送PROTAC, 不仅能突破传统疗法的局限, 还为乳腺癌精准治疗提供了新思路。

, authors=王婉玉, 程永忠*, 高祥*, authorsList=王婉玉, 程永忠, 高祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程永忠, 高祥, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王婉玉负责文献检索和文章撰写; 程永忠参与论文的修改; 高祥对论文进行整体的指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
程永忠, Tel: 15202897944, E-mail:
高祥, E-mail:
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NP: Nanoparticle; NC: Nanocluster; DOX: Doxorubicin; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; BCL2: B-cell lymphoma-2. (Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=lFujWGJDaTmgEm6/RRHIwQ==, figureFileBig=aY9KEIn0I3DrzJP/iShr5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499465619734820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tzA4N5rM2WcrO7covhaW1A==, figureFileBig=vgDzWLvnAYQOLzZJrdmBgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499465678455077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hydrophobic core-encapsulated PROTAC nanodelivery platform. A: Construction of nChap and principles of dBET6/CXCL9 loading; B: Schematic diagram of dBET6@nano-CXCL9 lysosomal trafficking, BRD4 degradation, and enhanced ICB therapy via T cell activation; C: Schematic illustration of dBET6@nano-CXCL9 synergistic triggering robust immunotherapy; D: Design of trastuzumab-modified nanodelivery platform (MZ1-ACNPs). ICD: Immunogenic cell death; PD-1: Programmed death receptor 1; DC: Dendritic cells; TME: Tumor microenvironment; PEI: Polyethyleneimine. 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A: Schematic of dBET6@CFMPD and its synergistic therapeutic mechanism; B: Construction of nano-protein degrading targeting chimera (nano-PROTACs, NPRO) and activation strategy of PROTAC prodrug; C: Construction of SPNpro and synergistic mechanism with PDT; D: Design of COX-1/2-targeted nano-PROTACs, PROTAC prodrug activation strategy, and combinatorial therapeutic mechanism. MMP-2: Matrix metallopeptidase 2; VHL: Von Hippel-Lindau; PDT: Photodynamic therapy. IDO: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; UBR: Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin; SHP2: SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase-2; COX: Cyclooxygenase; CatB: Cathepsin B; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; Tregs: Regulatory T cells; Macs: Macrophage cells; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. (Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=w+5aPGn/u9Gr9r8cM8tahw==, figureFileBig=PhsfB7BI9x76b88mVk1lpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499465867198760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=doUENetjXyMzqIdxMcNcBw==, figureFileBig=1Xg+a/fw2A9GB60F6Zhttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499466030776617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Light/radiation-controlled PROTAC nanodelivery platform. A: Construction of NAP and its multimodal therapeutic mechanism; B: Mechanistic illustration of NAP-mediated BRD4 degradation; C: Structural design of RCN-PROTAC demonstrating effective BRD4 degradation; D: Controlled drug release mechanism of RCN-PROTAC. NIR: Near infrared. (Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=doUENetjXyMzqIdxMcNcBw==, figureFileBig=1Xg+a/fw2A9GB60F6Zhttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499466097885482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iCGcKEvoi9pKaZNHpQ1YuQ==, figureFileBig=O1UJiYBa1y9EwBCO0gfMhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499466177577259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Liposome-based PROTAC nanodelivery platform. A: Construction of liposome-encapsulated nano-targeting chimera (L@NBMZ); B: Efficacy of L@NBMZ in BRD4 degradation and caspase-3 cleavage-induced pyroptosis; C: Design of liposome-based split-and-mix PROTAC system (LipoSM-PROTAC) and schematic of targeted protein degradation mechanism; D: Target protein degradation of LipoSM-PROTAC in MCF-7 and T47D cells. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; GSDME: Gasdermin E. (Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=iCGcKEvoi9pKaZNHpQ1YuQ==, figureFileBig=O1UJiYBa1y9EwBCO0gfMhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499466253074732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d+7IO0WWSrrUorbgSZXuOA==, figureFileBig=E5Is2eOJ8zc49HRK09HM8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499466307600685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467874448830589, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Delivery of PROTAC via inorganic nanoparticles or other strategies. A: Construction of gold nanocube delivery system (AuPLs) and its tumor growth inhibition capability; B: Schematic illustration of tumor cell membrane-modified Si-Fe nanoparticles and FAK/BRD4-related signaling pathway mechanisms; C: Schematic diagram of microneedle-mediated delivery of pH-sensitive micelles co-loaded with PROTAC and CDK4/6 inhibitors; D: Schematic depiction of UCNP@APC nanoparticles integrating an upconverting core-shell architecture, NIR-triggered payload release via photon conversion, and ligand-directed degradation of transcription factors. FAK: Focal adhesion kinases; AKT: Protein kinase B; c-MYC: Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; ERα: Estrogen receptor alpha. 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纳米递送系统增效PROTAC乳腺癌治疗的研究进展
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王婉玉 , 程永忠 * , 高祥 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025,60(11): 3297-3308
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药学学报 |专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025 , 60 (11) : 3297 -3308
纳米递送系统增效PROTAC乳腺癌治疗的研究进展
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王婉玉, 程永忠* , 高祥*
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西医院神经外科研究所, 四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
程永忠, Tel: 15202897944, E-mail:
高祥, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王婉玉负责文献检索和文章撰写; 程永忠参与论文的修改; 高祥对论文进行整体的指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

Advances in nanoparticle delivery systems for enhanced PROTAC therapy of breast cancer
Wan-yu WANG, Yong-zhong CHENG* , Xiang GAO*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Neurosurgical Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0366
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乳腺癌是全球常见恶性肿瘤之一, 2022年新发患者数高达230万例, 死亡人数约67万例。目前, 乳腺癌相关蛋白因缺乏活性位点难以被传统小分子抑制剂靶向, 同时药物治疗存在获得性耐药率高等问题, 严重影响临床疗效。蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 技术的出现为上述困境提供了解决方案。然而, 要实现临床转化PROTAC需要解决水溶性差、生物利用度低及靶向性不足等问题, 而多功能纳米递送系统可为其提供技术支持。本文综述了PROTAC纳米技术在乳腺癌治疗中的最新进展, 重点关注纳米递送平台设计策略及抗肿瘤联合增效机制, 并对该技术面临的挑战及未来发展方向进行了探讨。利用纳米技术递送PROTAC, 不仅能突破传统疗法的局限, 还为乳腺癌精准治疗提供了新思路。

乳腺癌  /  蛋白水解靶向嵌合体  /  纳米技术  /  靶向蛋白降解  /  药物递送

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with approximately 2.3 million new cases and 670 000 deaths reported globally in 2022. Current therapeutic challenges include the difficulty in targeting breast cancer-associated proteins lacking active sites through traditional small-molecule inhibitors, as well as the high incidence of acquired drug resistance, which collectively undermine treatment outcomes. The advent of proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has provided a solution, offering a unique protein degradation mechanism to circumvent these limitations. Nevertheless, clinical translation of PROTACs requires addressing inherent limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and insufficient targeting specificity. To overcome these barriers, multifunctional nano-delivery systems have emerged as a promising technological platform to enhance the therapeutic potential of PROTACs. This review systematically examines the latest advances in nanotechnology-enabled PROTAC delivery for breast cancer treatment, with particular emphasizes rational nanocarrier design principles and synergistic mechanisms of antitumor combination therapies. We further critically analyze persistent translational challenges and propose forward-looking solutions. The integration of nanotechnology with PROTACs not only overcomes the limitations of traditional therapies but also offers new insights into the precise treatment of breast cancer.

breast cancer  /  proteolysis-targeting chimera  /  nanotechnology  /  targeted protein degradation  /  drug delivery
王婉玉, 程永忠, 高祥. 纳米递送系统增效PROTAC乳腺癌治疗的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3297 -3308 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0366
Wan-yu WANG, Yong-zhong CHENG, Xiang GAO. Advances in nanoparticle delivery systems for enhanced PROTAC therapy of breast cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3297 -3308 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0366
乳腺癌作为全球女性健康的重大威胁, 其发病率呈现持续上升态势[1, 2]。据统计报道, 2022年新发患者数约230万例, 同年死亡人数约为67万例, 预测至2050年全球乳腺癌新发患者数将增长38%[3, 4]。乳腺癌可分为人类表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER2) 阳性和三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer, TNBC) 等多种亚型, 其中部分亚型因缺乏雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER) 和孕激素受体(progesterone receptor, PR) 等关键治疗靶点, 导致化疗药物的选择极其受限[5, 6]。目前, 手术切除结合化疗、放疗及免疫疗法等多种治疗方式虽能提高患者的存活率[7, 8], 但大多数乳腺癌患者被诊断为晚期, 同时化疗过程中应用的传统小分子靶向抗癌药物存在靶点选择性低、获得性耐药频发等问题, 导致治疗效果并不理想[9-11]。
最近, 利用泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS) 的靶向降解技术取得了突破性进展, 其中蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimera, PROTAC) 因具有独特的作用机制, 引发大量研究学者的关注[12, 13]。该技术通过设计异双功能分子实现蛋白质的特异性降解, 其结构由靶蛋白结合域、E3泛素连接酶结合域及连接两者的化学链组成[14, 15]。PROTAC能够有效募集E3泛素连接酶和靶蛋白(protein of interest, POI), 形成复合物, 导致POI进行多聚泛素化反应, 最终被蛋白酶体识别并降解[16, 17]。值得关注的是, 全球首批PROTAC药物(ARV-471) 已于2019年进入Ⅰ期临床试验[18], 为癌症治疗带来新希望。在TNBC基础研究中, 靶向双微体同源基因2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog, MDM2) 的PROTAC通过激活p53通路, 被证实可显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[19]。然而, PROTAC分子固有的药代动力学缺陷, 如分子质量过大、水溶性差、组织分布非特异性等, 严重制约其临床应用[20, 21]。
为突破PROTAC存在的应用瓶颈, 研究者们[22]将纳米药物递送系统的优势与其分子特性相结合, 当前PROTAC递送系统的构成材料呈多样化, 涵盖仿生脂质体、生物可降解聚合物、无机纳米颗粒以及生物大分子载体等。这些载体通过功能化改造(添加肿瘤靶向配体或微环境响应元件等), 可实现PROTAC分子的高效包载、靶向递送及可控释放, 为肿瘤精准治疗开辟新的道路[23, 24]。针对溴结构域蛋白4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4, BRD4) PROTAC的递送挑战, 本研究团队[25-27]创新性地开发了多种纳米递送系统并取得重要进展, 相关研究主要聚焦于利用纳米平台克服药物递送障碍并增强抗肿瘤疗效, ARV-DOX/cRGD-P、SPP-ARV-825和T+A@Glu-NPs等多功能纳米载体有效提升BRD4-PROTAC (ARV-825) 穿透生物屏障的能力和肿瘤靶向性, 显著降低系统毒性, 无论体内还是体外, 均显示出协同抗肿瘤的效果。这些研究为开发基于PROTAC的精准纳米治疗策略提供了重要理论依据。
本文综述了PROTAC纳米技术在乳腺癌治疗中的前沿进展: 首先, 解析多功能纳米载体递送PROTAC的创新设计策略, 探讨平台功能化后的递送效率; 其次, 关注PROTAC在乳腺癌治疗中的靶点及运用的联合增效机制; 最后, 从转化医学角度评估该技术面临规模化生产、临床评价体系等挑战, 并展望其与免疫疗法等技术的交叉融合趋势(图1)。通过整合多学科创新, PROTAC纳米技术有望重塑乳腺癌精准治疗模式, 为攻克难题提供突破口。
聚合物纳米载体因具备高度可定制的功能结构, 已成为药物递送领域的关键技术平台[28]。首先, 基于两亲性嵌段共聚物(PLGA、PEG-PCL等) 的自组装特性, 可构建疏水腔室包载难溶性药物, 有效提升载药量; 其次, 通过表面共价偶联靶向肽或抗体片段, 可提高肿瘤组织药物蓄积率; 再者, 通过设计氧化还原敏感型、酶敏感型或光刺激响应型骨架, 实现时空特异性药物释放, 结合化疗、光疗或免疫调节, 可形成多维度协同治疗网络[28-30]。这些特性使聚合物纳米载体能够系统性解决PROTAC的递送瓶颈, 并为乳腺癌治疗提供从“单一蛋白降解”到“高效靶向协同”的革新策略。以下将遵循纳米平台的复杂程度和功能, 从基础疏水封装递送到前药偶联策略, 深入阐述多种内源性响应PROTAC肽纳米平台, 随后扩展至外源性响应PROTAC前药, 系统性梳理聚合物纳米载体搭载PROTAC用于乳腺癌治疗的前沿进展。
通过疏水相互作用和聚合物自组装将PROTAC包裹于纳米颗粒的核心, 是提高药物递送效果的常用方式。此类设计不仅通过物理封装保护PROTAC活性, 还可结合肿瘤微环境的特定条件实现精准释放。有研究者[31]开发了一种pH响应型纳米递送平台(nChap), 通过共组装3种嵌段共聚物, 形成可依次释放CXC趋化因子配体9[chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9, CXCL9] 与BRD4-PROTAC (dBET6) 的智能纳米颗粒(图2A)。在血液循环中, nChap保护药物活性并降低全身暴露毒性; 进入肿瘤部位(pH = 6.5) 后, PAE链的氨基质子化导致电荷反转, 触发CXCL9的特异性释放; 最终在溶酶体酸性区(pH = 5.0) 高效释放dBET6, 有效降解BRD4, 同时细胞程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1) 的表达被抑制, 重塑免疫抑制微环境(图2B、C)。该平台通过“趋化因子与PROTAC”协同策略, 同步解决细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs) 浸润不足与免疫抑制难题, 展现了通用型纳米平台的潜力。
为进一步提升靶向效率, 疏水核心封装策略还可与主动靶向技术结合。有研究团队[32]在PLA/PEI纳米颗粒中封装BRD4-PROTAC (MZ1), 并通过EDC/NHS化学法将抗HER2抗体曲妥珠单抗共价偶联至表面, 构建靶向HER2阳性乳腺癌的MZ1-ACNPs (图2D)。该平台具有114 ± 2.3 nm的粒径, 通过抗体-受体介导的内吞高效富集于肿瘤细胞, 显著提升胞内药物浓度。MZ1在降解BRD4的同时克服了BET抑制剂耐药性, “纳米载体+抗体+PROTAC”三位一体设计不仅解决了药物渗透性难题, 还可扩展至其他靶点组合, 提供乳腺癌精准治疗新思路。
尽管疏水包载策略可提升PROTAC的载药效率, 但其递送机制仍受限于高渗透和长滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect, EPR), 无法应对复杂的肿瘤异质性。前药偶联策略通过可裂解的化学键(二硫键、二硒键等) 将PROTAC“沉默化”, 药物在此情况下通常是无活性小分子, 进一步利用内源或外源刺激实现精准激活[33], 体内安全性得到有效提高。前药通过连接子设计可以实现多药偶联或多功能化, 有效增强原药稳定性的同时提高溶解度, 在载药量方面具有一定优势[34, 35]。
内源响应性前药通过肿瘤微环境特异性生物标志物触发药物释放, 展现了独特的自激活优势。基于PEG-b-PLGA的PROTAC前药利用肿瘤微环境内高浓度谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 触发二硫键断裂, 实现PROTAC分子可控释放, 达到靶向降解细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9, CDK9) 或BRD4的目的, 同步递送化疗药物, 显著抑制TNBC进展并降低系统毒性[36]。该策略通过“蛋白降解与化疗”协同, 为复杂肿瘤的联合治疗提供了解决方案。另有研究团队[37]开发了多模态响应型智能递送系统突破传统递送局限, 该系统利用基质金属蛋白酶2 (matrix metallopeptidase 2, MMP-2) 响应、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 激活和缺氧响应三重机制, 实现了肿瘤全域药物覆盖。硫代酮(thioketal, TK) 基团和硝基苄基(nitrobenzyl, Nb) 基团分别用于构建ROS响应型与缺氧响应型PROTAC前药, 首先MMP-2响应去除聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 外壳, 增强肿瘤蓄积; 在常氧区中, 光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 下产生ROS, 触发TK基团断裂释放活性ARV771, 降解BRD4并清除肿瘤细胞; 在缺氧微环境下, 硝基还原酶的高表达催化Nb基团发生还原反应, 进而触发ARV771-Nb前药的活化, 有效降解癌症干细胞(cancer stem cell, CSCs) 内靶蛋白。这种“同靶异策”设计通过差异化激活机制靶向同一蛋白, 不仅克服了肿瘤异质性, 还通过根除CSCs抑制复发。作者在乳腺癌模型中验证了该PROTAC纳米平台针对复杂微环境的治疗潜力。
此外, 研究者为提升PROTAC纳米前药递送系统的精准性和载药量, 通过嵌段共聚物接枝与点击化学预靶向技术, 将多重响应(MMP-2/pH/GSH) 与主动蓄积相结合, 构建了POLY-PROTAC纳米平台[38]。叠氮基团修饰的纳米颗粒与二苯并环辛炔基团(dibenzocyclooctyne, DBCO) 发生原位点击反应, 增强药物在肿瘤中的滞留。其两亲性骨架接枝PROTAC, 依次响应肿瘤微环境中的MMP-2 (去PEG化)、酸性pH (胶束解体) 和GSH (二硫键断裂), 实现级联释放。研究证明, POLY-PROTAC纳米颗粒有效响应并释放PROTAC分子, 特异性降解MDA-MB-231中BRD4蛋白, 协同PDT诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 显著抑制乳腺癌生长。
除单纯运用内源性刺激响应作为PROTAC释放的“开关”, 联合免疫疗法等多重手段开发的纳米递送系统可达到协同增效的目的, 具有多维度抗乳腺癌效应。Tong等[39]开发的MMP-2敏感的纳米平台dBET6@ CFMPD巧妙整合了酶响应与结构自适应能力, 纳米递送系统到达肿瘤部位后, MMP-2酶切FFRFKGPLGLAGC肽段, 释放的Ce6-FFRFKGPLG片段可自组装形成纳米纤维, 有效增强光敏剂蓄积并靶向线粒体, 利用PDT重塑免疫微环境, 同时释放的dBET6可降解BRD4, 实现多维协同治疗(图3A)。另外, 聚焦免疫检查点信号通路, 有研究团队报告了一种纳米蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(nano-PROTACs), 该平台通过半胱天冬酶3 (caspase-3) 响应机制实现精准控释[40]。PDT作用下肿瘤细胞过表达caspase-3导致肽链断裂, 释放激活型PROTAC, 靶向降解含Src同源2结构域蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2, SHP2), 同时双重阻断CD47/SIRPα与PD-1/PD-L1免疫抑制信号(图3B)。研究表明, 该平台通过PDT诱导免疫原性死亡(immunogenic cell death, ICD) 释放肿瘤抗原, 并驱动M2型巨噬细胞向M1型转化, 促进效应T细胞浸润, 在协同作用下实现肿瘤微环境的重编程。
免疫代谢涉及一系列细胞内代谢途径, 在调节免疫细胞反应中发挥重要作用, 靶向相关代谢已被用于癌症治疗[41]。通过干预色氨酸、前列腺素等与肿瘤内代谢相关的特定酶和通路, 能够逆转代谢介导的免疫逃逸。Zhang等[42]开发的半导体聚合物纳米PROTAC (SPNpro), 整合近红外(near infrared, NIR) 光控和组织蛋白酶B (cathepsin B, CatB) 响应, 靶向色氨酸代谢酶(indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, IDO), 实现免疫代谢重塑。聚合物骨架中CatB特异性识别序列在肿瘤中被裂解, 实现IDO-PROTAC的靶向释放, 显著抑制色氨酸向犬尿氨酸转化, 逆转树突状细胞功能障碍并激活效应T细胞。另外, 光疗生成的1O2有效诱导ICD, 增强肿瘤免疫原性(图3C)。该团队[43]还开发了另一种CatB激活的纳米PROTAC (nano-PROTAC), 类似地应用半导体聚合物骨架搭载光敏剂和靶向环氧合酶-1/2 (cyclooxygenase 1/2, COX-1/2) 的PROTAC肽(CPP)。CatB激活CPP后, 诱导COX-1/2降解从而减少前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2) 的积累, 有效调控免疫微环境(图3D)。这两种相似的“CatB响应-PROTAC-PDT”协同策略, 通过局部干预不同的免疫代谢酶, 在乳腺癌治疗过程中显示出优秀的免疫代谢重塑能力。
为进一步达到时空精准与免疫调控的目的, 光控或辐射响应策略被引入纳米平台设计中。NIR光激活型纳米PROTAC (NAP), 通过1O2可裂解连接键将PROTAC与NIR光敏剂共价偶联, 自组装形成纳米颗粒[44]。NAP在肿瘤部位富集后, NIR光触发1O2生成, 释放PROTAC并同步激活PDT (图4A)。在MCF-7乳腺癌模型中, 光控释放的PROTAC有效降解BRD4蛋白, 同时PDT诱导的ICD与BRD4降解协同重塑免疫微环境, 显著抑制肿瘤生长(图4B)。该平台凭借NIR光的深部穿透与时空分辨率, 实现了PROTAC活性的精准调控。另一方面, 有研究者开发了一种X射线激活的PROTAC纳米胶束(RCNprotac), 该纳米递送系统通过二硒键将小分子PROTAC (MZ1) 与亲水性PEG共价连接, 自组装形成单分散纳米胶束141.80 ± 5.66 nm[45]。PRCNprotac因E3泛素连接酶配体羟基被占据而保持惰性, 富集至肿瘤后, X射线照射断裂二硒键, 释放MZ1降解BRD4 (图4C、D)。BRD4的降解不仅直接抑制肿瘤进展, 还通过降低脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 损伤修复能力增强放疗敏感性, 实现降解和放疗双重增效。
由此可见, 灵活运用功能化的聚合物纳米药物递送平台, 不仅能够增强PROTAC在肿瘤部位的蓄积并达到控释的目的, 还能够有效协同化疗、放疗和免疫疗法等, 为乳腺癌的治疗开辟了新方向。
脂质体作为一类仿生纳米载体, 凭借其磷脂双分子层结构与细胞膜的高度相似性, 展现出优秀的生物相容性和精准的药物释放能力, 成为PROTAC递送的优选平台[46]。脂质体通过包裹疏水性分子改善药物溶解性, 同时利用EPR效应促进肿瘤部位药物的蓄积。脂质体还可通过表面修饰可实现对疾病部位的特异性递送。此外, pH敏感、温度响应或酶解型脂质成分的设计和引入, 能够在肿瘤微环境中触发药物的精准释放[47, 48]。临床上, 紫杉醇脂质体(Lipusu) 的成功转化, 验证了脂质体在药物递送中的巨大潜力[49], 为开发搭载PROTAC脂质体治疗乳腺癌提供了重要参考。
针对目前B细胞淋巴瘤超大蛋白(B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Bcl-XL) 靶向PROTAC (DT2216) 面临的溶解性差与脱靶毒性等问题, Zhang等[50]开发了一种纳米脂质体封装系统DT@NPs。体外实验显示, DT@NPs在宫颈癌细胞(C33A、SiHa) 和三阴性乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231) 中Bcl-XL降解效率显著优于游离DT2216, 尤其在MDA-MB-231细胞中凋亡诱导能力提升了3倍。体内药效学评价证实, DT@NPs达到显著抑制肿瘤的效果, 为平衡PROTAC疗效与安全性提供了可行方案。
为进一步提升PROTAC的效能, 研究者利用脂质体递送系统开发了多种协同治疗策略。首先, 有研究者利用脂质体共递送BRD4-PROTAC (ARV-825) 和化疗药物多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel, DTX), 在提高两者的溶解度的同时, 通过EPR效应增加肿瘤蓄积效率[51]。研究结果表明, ARV-825有效降解乳腺癌细胞内BRD4蛋白并下调Bcl-2和PD-L1蛋白表达, 进一步增强DTX的抗肿瘤效果。另有研究团队联合PDT, 开发了一种纳米靶向嵌合体(L@NBMZ), 将BRD4-PROTAC (MZ1) 与光敏剂(NBSEt) 封装于脂质体中, 首次实现了光驱动焦亡在乳腺癌治疗中的应用(图5A)[52]。实验结果表明, L@NBMZ具有优异的BRD4降解能力、高生物安全性和生物相容性, 蛋白酶体靶向降解BRD4并诱导caspase-3的切割。此外, 光敏剂作用下协同放大了caspase-3的切割, 引发高效的光驱动焦亡(图5B)。体内外实验结果证明L@NBMZ具有显著的抗肿瘤作用, 有效抑制乳腺癌的肺转移。该策略为光驱动PROTAC治疗相关研究提供了参考。
此外, 针对PROTAC药物选择性不足等瓶颈, 使用配体对脂质体表面修饰能有效改善药物在疾病部位的积累。Song等[53]开发了一种基于脂质体的分裂-混合PROTAC系统(LipoSM-PROTAC)。该平台通过DSPE-PEG2000-NHS的氨基锚定E3连接酶与靶蛋白配体, 在纳米球表面随机暴露双功能模块, 利用空间邻近效应促进靶蛋白泛素化降解(图5C)。该研究中以雌激素受体α (estrogen receptor alpha, ERα) 为靶点, 叶酸(folic acid, FA) 修饰的FA-V-Tam-L脂质体在MCF-7和T47D中实现剂量依赖性ERα降解, 2 μmol·L-1几乎完全降解, 且36 h内达到最大效应。与未修饰组相比, FA靶向显著提升细胞特异性摄取(图5D)。值得注意的是, 通过灵活切换POI招募模块及配体比例, 该LipoSM-PROTAC平台可进一步扩展至其他关键调控生物分子的降解, 为癌症治疗提供新策略。
无机纳米材料(金纳米粒、超顺磁性氧化铁、介孔二氧化硅等) 凭借其可编程的理化特性, 在药物递送与生物成像领域展现出独特优势[54], 这些特性使其成为PROTAC递送平台的理想载体[55]。此外, 在无机纳米粒子的表面特异性修饰, 可赋予PROTAC纳米平台主动靶向或对特定刺激的响应能力, 达到控释效果。
有研究团队开发了一种基于金纳米立方体的共递送系统(AuPLs), 用于同步封装PROTAC前药(proPROTAC) 与钯(Pd) 催化剂[56]。该体系通过相变材料(LA/SA, 熔点42 ℃) 包覆实现温度控制释放。近红外照射下, AuNCs的光热效应使肿瘤部位局部温度升至42 ℃以上, LA/SA从固态转变为液态, 触发proPROTAC与Pd催化剂的同步释放, 激活原位生物正交反应, 实现BRD4蛋白的靶向降解。体内实验表明, AuPLs显著积累于肿瘤区域, 光热介导的精准激活有效抑制乳腺癌生长(图6A), 实现了PROTAC的时空可控递送, 为乳腺癌精准治疗提供了创新范式。
除利用无机纳米载体的外部物理刺激实现PROTAC的精准控释外, 研究证明联合代谢调控可增强肿瘤细胞降解系统的活性, 是提升疗效的有效策略[57]。Tan等[58]研究证明, 模拟禁食饮食(fasting mimicking diet, FMD) 通过降低血糖水平和胰岛素信号通路, 诱导肿瘤细胞代谢应激, 显著上调泛素化水平及蛋白酶体活性。这一机制使靶向FAK/BRD4的PROTAC降解效率提升2倍以上。在随后研究中采用二氧化硅包覆氧化铁纳米颗粒, 并使用肿瘤细胞膜修饰, 实现了PROTAC的靶向递送。磁共振成像示踪结果显示, 该纳米载体在FMD处理后的骨肉瘤和乳腺癌模型中递送效率显著提升。体内治疗结果显示, 靶向递送与FMD的协同作用使FAK-P和BRD4-P的抗肿瘤效果倍增(图6B), 揭示了能量代谢调控与无机纳米载体联合策略的潜力。
相较于传统口服给药, 经皮给药可避免药物的首过效应和胃肠道降解, 提高生物利用度[59]。微针(microneedle, MN) 是一种新型透皮递送技术, 可逆性破坏角质层屏障, 形成药物转运微通道, 实现大分子药物高效透皮递送, 规避首过效应且降低感染风险, 已成为生物大分子递送的有效方案[60]。有研究团队提出使用微针贴片将PROTAC局部靶向递送至肿瘤等病变组织, 利用pH敏感胶束MPEG-PAE共包封PROTAC和CDK4/6抑制剂帕博西尼(palbociclib), 将其装载于透明质酸制成的微针贴片中, 实现药物局部缓释[61]。载药微针贴片的药物释放相关实验表明, 载药贴片可实现药物持续释放≥ 4天, 肿瘤深度穿透(图6C)。此外, ER+乳腺癌模型小鼠实验证实, 该贴片显著抑制肿瘤生长且安全性良好。
另外, 具有无创物理穿透性与靶向优势的超声靶向微泡破坏技术(ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction, UTMD) 已被证明在实体瘤局部药物富集方面展示出独特的优势[62]。微泡(microbubbles, MBs) 作为超声波触发的载体, 可在治疗部位释放药物, 实现对药物输送的持续监测和精确控制。UTMD的核心优势在于引起的空化效应可介导屏障突破, 声孔效应可促进细胞对药物的摄取。有研究团队设计了一种新的PROTAC制剂, 将ARV-825负载于微泡中(ARV-MBs), 用于靶向降解三阴性乳腺癌中的BRD4[63]。全身给药后, ARV-MBs在超声作用下积聚在肿瘤组织中。由于UTMD的声孔效应, 细胞对药物的摄取显著提高。最后, 释放的PROTAC招募E3连接酶, 有效降解靶蛋白。
核酸分子, 包括DNA和核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid, RNA), 凭借独特的分子可编程性和生物相容性, 在药物递送系统开发过程中展现出良好的应用价值[64]。针对难以成药的转录因子靶点, 如激活态磷酸化Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), 研究者开发了一种基于双链DNA的沙利度胺偶联物(PASTE), 可选择性结合并降解激活态转录因子, 抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路[65]。对于纳米递送系统的设计, PASTE前体(psDTC) 具有光可清除的接头且利用核酸适体AS1411掩盖, 同时将其负载于上转换纳米粒中(UCNP@APC)。NIR光触发释放PASTE, PASTE结合p-Smad2/3并诱导其泛素化降解, 有效阻断TGF-β/Smad信号传导(图6D), 抑制纤维化等病理过程。该策略克服了传统小分子抑制剂无法选择性激活态蛋白的局限, 为转录因子靶向治疗提供了新工具。
尽管PROTAC纳米技术在乳腺癌治疗领域展现出广阔前景, 但其临床转化进程仍受多重瓶颈制约。主要体现在以下几个方面:
第一, 纳米载体的高效包封与稳定递送仍是首要技术壁垒。脂质体可通过调节脂质的组成和制备方法实现包封效率的提高, 但仍存在递送过程中泄漏的问题。聚合物纳米粒通过纳米沉淀或乳化法可高效包封药物, 但PROTAC分子因双功能结构通常尺寸较大且具有强疏水性, 这对纳米载体的包封效率、载药稳定性及结构保护功能提出严苛要求[66, 67]。此外, 其他纳米载体, 例如介孔二氧化硅具有高比表面积但对药物孔径匹配要求严格, 大分子PROTAC可能无法有效负载。
第二, 更为严峻的挑战来源于耐药性与脱靶毒性[21, 68]。首先是PROTAC自身机制所导致的耐药性, 目前, 超90%的PROTAC是用最常见的E3连接酶招募[69], 广泛表达的E3连接酶与非特异性靶向可能导致脱靶效应, 例如部分E3连接酶(cereblon, CRBN、von Hippel-Lindau, VHL) 在正常组织中广泛表达, PROTAC在体内因组织选择性差易降解同源蛋白, 引发毒性反应[70]。此外, 长期治疗中使用PROTAC导致耐药性的产生, 靶蛋白降解后肿瘤细胞可能激活其他信号通路进行代偿, 显著削弱治疗效果。其次是纳米递送载体引入的脱靶毒性, 脂质体和聚合物依赖EPR效应在实体瘤中富集, 但在正常组织仍存在非特异性蓄积, 导致肝毒性。无机载体则易在网状内皮系统蓄积, 长期用药毒性风险高。通过靶向肽修饰等手段可提高肿瘤特异性, 但这增加了制剂的复杂性, 且受体表达异质性限制疗效。
第三, PROTAC纳米制剂临床转化面临工程化与评价体系双重挑战。对于脂质体, 其工艺相对成熟, 但PROTAC载药量低可能限制实际的使用效果。对于聚合物纳米粒, 其配体功能化修饰(如靶向分子偶联) 和刺激响应模块(pH/酶敏感元件) 的集成显著增加纳米制剂工艺复杂度, 严格的生产工艺控制与批次间一致性保障仍是需要突破的工程技术瓶颈。无机纳米载体目前仍缺乏大规模生产经验, 且生物降解性问题验证阻碍了临床推进。此外, PROTAC纳米递送系统的体内疗效缺乏标准化评价体系, 纳米载体的免疫原性、长期毒性等需要额外评估, 现有临床前模型难以模拟乳腺癌患者的异质性。
因此, 构建兼顾高效递送、精准降解与生物安全性的新一代纳米技术平台, 已成为推动PROTAC疗法临床应用的核心命题。
当前纳米递送系统通过多重靶向策略融合, 显著增强PROTAC在乳腺癌组织中的靶向富集。利用纳米载体的EPR效应, 实现药物在乳腺癌微环境的选择性蓄积。进一步通过表面偶联靶向分子, 精准识别乳腺癌细胞表面过表达标志物。在此基础上, 引入肿瘤微环境响应元件或其他控释模块, 成功构建时空精准调控的药物释放体系, 实现胞内PROTAC分子的定点释放, 显著提高关键致癌蛋白(如BRD4、ERα) 的降解效率。在联合治疗层面, 纳米平台创新性整合化疗、PDT及免疫治疗等多模态策略, 利用纳米平台共载化疗药物、光敏剂与免疫调节剂等, 达到多手段协同抑制乳腺癌生长和转移的目的。尽管PROTAC纳米递送系统在乳腺癌治疗研究中优势明显, 但其真正走向临床仍面临一系列科学挑战和系统性瓶颈。
纵观目前研究进展, EPR效应在乳腺癌中的富集效率高度依赖肿瘤血管通透性, 但乳腺癌的异质性导致纳米载体分布不均, 部分实体瘤区域因基质致密或低血管密度而无法有效渗透, 这严重限制PROTAC的实际疗效。主动靶向策略同样存在生物学瓶颈, 乳腺癌表面标志物例如HER2、ERα等的表达存在时空异质性, 靶向分子修饰的纳米载体可能因相关受体下调导致靶向效率降低, 因此, 开发多重靶向系统可有效降低相关影响。此外, 微环境响应递送系统存在精准性释放的挑战, 体内肿瘤微环境是动态波动的, 易导致响应释放不可控, 体外无法模拟体内实际情况, 这种差异可能引发药物的过早或延迟释放。通过设计多重响应释放系统, 或有效利用外源性刺激可实现精准调控。
在未来研究中, 需从多个维度突破现有技术屏障。首先, 应重点开发高载药量纳米材料, 建立连续化生产工艺, 解决规模化生产存在的批次间差异等难题。可考虑开发新型材料框架, 利用无机材料的高比表面积实现PROTAC分子的高效负载。为优化纳米递送系统的稳定性, 可引入仿生膜结构, 例如使用肿瘤细胞膜或红细胞膜包覆, 提高纳米载体在体循环中稳定性和归巢效应, 减少纳米载体中PROTAC的泄露; 其次, 针对PROTAC分子本身设计, 需挖掘乳腺癌组织特异性的新型E3连接酶, 降低脱靶风险。可考虑使用相关筛选技术鉴定乳腺癌细胞中高表达且正常组织中低表达的E3连接酶, 降低脱靶毒性。拓展相关新型靶向降解蛋白谱系, 尝试开发双靶点PROTAC分子, 抑制代偿性信号通路的激活。应推进个体化治疗研究, 基于乳腺癌分子分型设计定制化纳米递送系统, 并依托患者来源异种移植(patient-derived tumor xenografts, PDX) 模型构建临床前筛选平台, 为患者匹配最优治疗方案。最后, PROTAC纳米递送系统的生产工艺需要连续化和标准化革新, 可考虑引入微流控技术, 借助微流控芯片实现纳米载体的连续化生产, 降低批次间的差异, 同时多方面多手段监控PROTAC纳米载体载药过程, 确保质量得到控制。
随着基础研究与转化应用的持续推进, 通过大量研究团队的不懈努力, 未来有望开发出具有高特异性、强靶向降解能力、低毒副作用特性且可实现规模化生产的PROTAC纳米递送系统。相关技术的不断突破将推动PROTAC纳米制剂加速进入临床转化阶段, 为乳腺癌精准治疗提供创新解决方案, 最终惠及广大患者群体。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0366
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
  • 修回日期:2025-05-13
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    四川大学华西医院神经外科研究所, 四川 成都 610041

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程永忠, Tel: 15202897944, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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