Article(id=1190373735149441576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0358, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736814533, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736814533, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736814533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736814533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1464, endPage=1473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373735422071337, articleId=1190373735149441576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Design, synthesis, and in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of nitroimidazole derivatives against intestinal pathogenic Fusobacterium nucleatum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The development of specific antibacterial agents targeting Fn is crucial for the prevention and treatment of CRC. Based on the preliminary phenotypic screening results from our research group, dimetridazole was successfully identified as a hit compound with antibacterial activity against Fn. In this preliminary structural optimization study, we designed and synthesized seven novel nitroimidazole derivatives comprising three structural types, followed by antimicrobial evaluation of all target compounds. Among them, compound CL6 exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Fn (MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1) and demonstrated good selectivity towards intestinal bacteria and normal cells. Compound CL6 significantly inhibited the migration of CRC cells (HCT116) induced by Fn preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that compound CL6 disrupts the integrity of the Fn bacterial biofilm and cell wall, providing a promising lead compound for the development of novel anti-Fn drugs.

, correspAuthors=Shan-chao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-ping CHEN, Feng CHEN, Shan-chao WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374944547639635, articleId=1190373735149441576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗肠道致病具核梭杆菌硝基咪唑衍生物的设计、合成和体外抗菌活性评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fn) 与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 的发生和发展密切相关。因此, 开发针对Fn的特异性抗菌药物对于CRC的预防和治疗至关重要。前期课题组通过表型筛选成功鉴定出二甲硝咪唑为抗Fn苗头化合物。作为初步的结构优化探索, 本研究构建了3种结构类型并初步合成了7个新型硝基咪唑衍生物, 对所有目标化合物开展了抗菌测试。其中, 化合物CL6对Fn显示优良的抗菌活性(MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1), 并且对肠道细菌和正常细胞均具有良好的选择性。化合物CL6显著抑制了Fn诱导的CRC细胞(HCT116) 迁移。初步机制研究表明, 化合物CL6破坏了Fn菌体生物膜和细胞壁的完整性, 这为开发新型抗Fn药物提供了一个有前景的先导化合物。

, correspAuthors=武善超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*武善超,Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2024, 59: 3042-3056., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190695247354151404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, awardId=22377145, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(22377145), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190695247450620397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, awardId=2020YFA0509200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0509200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190695247563866606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, awardId=22QA1411300, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190695238294454707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190695238307037620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, companyId=1190695238294454707, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190695238323814837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, companyId=1190695238294454707, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190695238432866742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190695238445449655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, companyId=1190695238432866742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190695238462226872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, companyId=1190695238432866742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.大理大学药学院, 云南 大理 671000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190695243000463828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vla9bKuv2E/eUaXX4fShRw==, figureFileBig=BDw7WNogyGs8gXVeSb6RaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243088544213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Intestinal pathogenic Fn is closely associated with the occurrence and development of CRC, and the development of its specific inhibitors will provide a new strategy for the treatment of CRC. Fn: <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>; CRC: Colorectal cancer , figureFileSmall=vla9bKuv2E/eUaXX4fShRw==, figureFileBig=BDw7WNogyGs8gXVeSb6RaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243222761942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uectKGVUdnmWIOJrCkbFcw==, figureFileBig=V1ddsbtq2IldEvK6nZNT4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243340202455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Discovery strategy for anti-intestinal pathogenic Fn lead compounds , figureFileSmall=uectKGVUdnmWIOJrCkbFcw==, figureFileBig=V1ddsbtq2IldEvK6nZNT4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243428282840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=G6IT0sg3d8UFOr41eQGxTA==, figureFileBig=zZR4IBSMKhQoXCRzCKLeQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243533140441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= Synthetic route for novel nitroimidazole compounds containing amide linkers. Reagents and conditions: (a) KMnO<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>, -5 ℃, overnight, yield 52.6%; (b) (COCl)<sub>2</sub>, DMF, rt, 1.5 h, yield 77.8%; (c) TEA, DCM, rt, 4 h, yields 83.3%-88.6% , figureFileSmall=G6IT0sg3d8UFOr41eQGxTA==, figureFileBig=zZR4IBSMKhQoXCRzCKLeQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243633803738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7fTG80f99Ick9+6nMEW7Bw==, figureFileBig=KioqRro7d6C8kY+bRoJv1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695243751244251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Scheme 2, caption= Synthetic route for novel nitroimidazole compounds containing amide linkers. Reagents and conditions: (a) SOCl<sub>2</sub>; DCM, rt, 4.5 h, yield 94.0%; (b) NH<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>3</sub>OH, rt, 48 h, yield 76.8%; (c) EDCI, HOBT, DIPEA, DMF, rt, 4 h, yields 80.3%-89.3% , figureFileSmall=7fTG80f99Ick9+6nMEW7Bw==, figureFileBig=KioqRro7d6C8kY+bRoJv1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695244833374684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=B/G5s5s+w/fG3t/ann0dYg==, figureFileBig=hiLG0v7KpiavcZdaBR8w0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245072450013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Scheme 3, caption= Synthetic route for novel nitroimidazole compounds containing amine linkers. Reagents and conditions: (a) SOCl<sub>2</sub>; DCM, rt, 4.5 h, yield 94.0%; (b) TEA, dry DMF, 85 ℃, reflux, 4-5 h, yields 18.7%-20.2% , figureFileSmall=B/G5s5s+w/fG3t/ann0dYg==, figureFileBig=hiLG0v7KpiavcZdaBR8w0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245189890526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IKA0yjTpnFO89tzKr7a0Qg==, figureFileBig=r9GRGpWkpDfKtlGCfMX8gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245282165215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Time-growth curve of compound <strong>CL6</strong>. A: Time-growth curve determination of Fn (<strong>CL6</strong>); B: Fn treated with different concentrations of compound <strong>CL6</strong> for 48 h, along with statistical comparisons between groups. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=IKA0yjTpnFO89tzKr7a0Qg==, figureFileBig=r9GRGpWkpDfKtlGCfMX8gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245420577248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ugUA+0+J+pLxq6TMDs1/Fg==, figureFileBig=oezCypHQOajG0DdrkVnobw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245517046241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The preferred compound <strong>CL6</strong> inhibits Fn and reduces Fn-induced migration in the HCT116 cell line. A: The effect of Fn on HCT116 cell migration at different concentrations of <strong>CL6</strong> compared to the blank control; B: Comparison of cell migration rates across different experimental groups. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1; ns: Not significant , figureFileSmall=ugUA+0+J+pLxq6TMDs1/Fg==, figureFileBig=oezCypHQOajG0DdrkVnobw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245693207010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zXUXYwWfVFAUjKVyej7OEw==, figureFileBig=VsJ4B3KXf3sPA8EvWoksjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695245974225379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of treated Fn, with untreated blank control (A), and experimental groups treated with 0.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> of DMZ (B) and <strong>CL6</strong> (C) , figureFileSmall=zXUXYwWfVFAUjKVyej7OEw==, figureFileBig=VsJ4B3KXf3sPA8EvWoksjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695246230077924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yOCNIXHhkJzugA2EHN6oyA==, figureFileBig=3yfH2UMcwQO1aeLUu7fISQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695246322352613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Crystal violet staining results of compound <strong>CL6</strong> treated Fn biofilm formation. A: Compound <strong>CL6</strong> significantly inhibits Fn biofilm formation; B: Statistical comparison of biofilm content after treatment with different concentrations of <strong>CL6</strong> for 48 h. <i>n</i> = 2, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=yOCNIXHhkJzugA2EHN6oyA==, figureFileBig=3yfH2UMcwQO1aeLUu7fISQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695246406238694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d90RrjhP8/CDdlKV0H/+yA==, figureFileBig=ryVNJhVzHCno6hG8TP5TpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695246523679207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of treated Fn, with untreated blank control (A), and experimental groups treated with 0.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> of DMZ (B), 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> (C) and 0.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> (D) of <strong>CL6</strong> , figureFileSmall=d90RrjhP8/CDdlKV0H/+yA==, figureFileBig=ryVNJhVzHCno6hG8TP5TpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190695246683062760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. X R Fn
MIC/μg·mL-1
HUVEC
IC50/μmol·L-1
CL1 16 -
CL2 64 -
CL3 16 -
CL4 8 -
CL5 4 -
CL6 0.5 > 50
CL7 1 -
DMZ - - 1 -
MDZ - - 4 > 50
), ArticleFig(id=1190695246842446313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

In vitro antibacterial activity of target compounds against-Fn. MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration; HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; DMZ: Dimetridazole; MDZ: Metronidazole

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. X R Fn
MIC/μg·mL-1
HUVEC
IC50/μmol·L-1
CL1 16 -
CL2 64 -
CL3 16 -
CL4 8 -
CL5 4 -
CL6 0.5 > 50
CL7 1 -
DMZ - - 1 -
MDZ - - 4 > 50
), ArticleFig(id=1190695246922138090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. ETBF E. coli E. faecalis S. flexneri S. paratyphi L. plantarum P.anaerobius C. aur. C. neo.
CL6 8 64 > 64 32 32 64 > 64 > 64 > 64
DMZ 16 16 16 8 32 32 32 - -
MDZ 8 8 4 16 8 32 64 - -
FLC - - - - - - - > 64 > 64
), ArticleFig(id=1190695247089910251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373735149441576, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of compound CL6 (MIC, μg·mL-1). ETBF: Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis; FLC: Fluconazole

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. ETBF E. coli E. faecalis S. flexneri S. paratyphi L. plantarum P.anaerobius C. aur. C. neo.
CL6 8 64 > 64 32 32 64 > 64 > 64 > 64
DMZ 16 16 16 8 32 32 32 - -
MDZ 8 8 4 16 8 32 64 - -
FLC - - - - - - - > 64 > 64
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抗肠道致病具核梭杆菌硝基咪唑衍生物的设计、合成和体外抗菌活性评价
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陈玉平 1, # , 陈凤 1, 2, # , 武善超 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1464-1473
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1464-1473
抗肠道致病具核梭杆菌硝基咪唑衍生物的设计、合成和体外抗菌活性评价
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陈玉平1, #, 陈凤1, 2, #, 武善超1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
  • 2.大理大学药学院, 云南 大理 671000

通讯作者:

*武善超,Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
Design, synthesis, and in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of nitroimidazole derivatives against intestinal pathogenic Fusobacterium nucleatum
Yu-ping CHEN1, Feng CHEN1, 2, Shan-chao WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2. College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0358
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具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fn) 与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 的发生和发展密切相关。因此, 开发针对Fn的特异性抗菌药物对于CRC的预防和治疗至关重要。前期课题组通过表型筛选成功鉴定出二甲硝咪唑为抗Fn苗头化合物。作为初步的结构优化探索, 本研究构建了3种结构类型并初步合成了7个新型硝基咪唑衍生物, 对所有目标化合物开展了抗菌测试。其中, 化合物CL6对Fn显示优良的抗菌活性(MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1), 并且对肠道细菌和正常细胞均具有良好的选择性。化合物CL6显著抑制了Fn诱导的CRC细胞(HCT116) 迁移。初步机制研究表明, 化合物CL6破坏了Fn菌体生物膜和细胞壁的完整性, 这为开发新型抗Fn药物提供了一个有前景的先导化合物。

具核梭杆菌  /  结直肠癌  /  二甲硝咪唑  /  抗菌活性  /  作用机制

Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The development of specific antibacterial agents targeting Fn is crucial for the prevention and treatment of CRC. Based on the preliminary phenotypic screening results from our research group, dimetridazole was successfully identified as a hit compound with antibacterial activity against Fn. In this preliminary structural optimization study, we designed and synthesized seven novel nitroimidazole derivatives comprising three structural types, followed by antimicrobial evaluation of all target compounds. Among them, compound CL6 exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Fn (MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1) and demonstrated good selectivity towards intestinal bacteria and normal cells. Compound CL6 significantly inhibited the migration of CRC cells (HCT116) induced by Fn preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that compound CL6 disrupts the integrity of the Fn bacterial biofilm and cell wall, providing a promising lead compound for the development of novel anti-Fn drugs.

Fusobacterium nucleatum  /  colorectal cancer  /  dimetridazole  /  antibacterial activity  /  mechanism
陈玉平, 陈凤, 武善超. 抗肠道致病具核梭杆菌硝基咪唑衍生物的设计、合成和体外抗菌活性评价. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1464 -1473 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0358
Yu-ping CHEN, Feng CHEN, Shan-chao WU. Design, synthesis, and in vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of nitroimidazole derivatives against intestinal pathogenic Fusobacterium nucleatum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1464 -1473 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0358
具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fn) 是一种革兰阴性厌氧菌, 它在人类口腔、胃肠道等部位均存在宿主[1]。定植在口腔中的Fn能够引起人体口腔上皮及牙齿等部位感染, 与牙周病、急性坏死性牙龈炎、口腔癌等口腔常见疾病可能存在关联性[2]。相关研究表明[1], 在牙周炎发生发展过程中, Fn可以共聚牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pg) 等细菌, 促进Pg的牙周致病作用。同时, Fn可借助消化道、呼吸道、血液等到达全身各个部位, 其产生的毒素和代谢副产物也可能入血参与调节口腔以外的免疫炎症反应[2]
研究表明, Fn与人类炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)、结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 发生和发展的各个阶段密切相关。它经常在不同感染患者的厌氧样本中被分离培养出来, 因此主流的观点认为它是一种机会性病原体[3-5]。尽管Fn已经被微生物学家所熟知, 它作为微生物菌群特别是肠道菌群中的致癌因素的证据也在不断凸显, 越来越多的研究正逐步揭示Fn在肿瘤细胞的发生、增殖、扩散和治疗方面的作用[1, 6-8]。近年来, 本课题组及其他研究团队发现该菌与CRC发生发展的各个阶段密切相关[9-12]
作为肠道致病菌的Fn, 不仅在CRC组织中最为常见, 且其丰度显著升高。该菌能够诱导炎症反应和免疫细胞的浸润, 进而破坏肿瘤免疫环境, 多项研究已明确证实其可作为CRC的潜在生物标志物和药物治疗的有效干预靶点[13-16]。这为人类CRC的治疗提供新的思路(图 1)[17]。因此, 开发特异性抗Fn药物将有助于CRC治疗。然而, 广谱抗生素的广泛使用可能破坏肠道菌群生态平衡, 增加潜在的治疗风险[18-20], 研发出一种基于抗肠道致病Fn的药物进而能够间接作为抗结直肠肿瘤的药物迫在眉睫[21]
课题组前期通过表型筛选与结构优化策略, 发现两类抗Fn活性的苗头化合物[22, 23]。然而, 现有的抗Fn药物的结构多样性仍然不足, 亟需扩展其抗菌剂的结构类型。基于前期药物重定位筛选结果分析, 二甲硝咪唑(dimethylnidazole, DMZ) 显示出良好的抗Fn活性(MIC = 1 μg·mL-1)[23], 可以作为苗头化合物进一步优化(图 2)。在新药发现中, 作为初步的结构优化探索, 本研究以DMZ为核心骨架, 首先构建了3种结构类型骨架, 随后基于骨架开展简单的结构衍生, 旨在发现抗Fn先导物, 经抗菌活性评价, 最终发现化合物CL6对Fn具有优秀的抑菌活性, 且对肠道菌群表现出良好选择性。
目标化合物CL1~CL3的合成路线如合成路线1所示。以1-甲基-5-硝基-2-羟甲基咪唑(1) 为起始原料, 经高锰酸钾氧化成1-甲基-5-硝基-1H-咪唑-2-羧酸钾盐(2), 中间体2在DMF溶剂中, 经草酰氯[(COCl)2] 酰化形成1-甲基-5-硝基-1H-咪唑-2-酰氯(3), 中间体3与不同取代的苄胺或苯胺(4), 在干燥DCM溶剂和碱性条件下(三乙胺, TEA), 通过亲核取代反应生成目标化合物CL1~CL3
目标化合物CL4CL5的合成路线如合成路线2所示。原料1经氯化亚砜(SOCl2) 亲核取代反应成2-氯甲基-1-甲基-5-硝基-1H-咪唑(5), 中间体5在甲醇(MeOH) 溶剂中, 经氨水(NH3·H2O) 发生亲核取代反应生成中间体(1-甲基-5-硝基-1H-咪唑-2-基)甲胺(6), 中间体6与不同基团取代的羧酸(7), 在1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDCI)、1-羟基苯并三唑(HOBt)、碱性条件(N, N-二异丙基乙胺, DIPEA) 和干燥DCM溶剂中, 通过亲核取代反应生成目标化合物CL4CL5
目标化合物CL6CL7的合成路线如合成路线3所示。中间体5与不同长度烷基链取代的苄胺(8) 在DMF溶剂和碱性条件下(TEA), 通过亲核取代反应生成目标化合物CL6CL7
所合成硝基咪唑衍生物CL1~CL7的结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和HRMS确认(结果见实验方法部分)。
根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI)《厌氧菌药物敏感性试验方法》 (第七版)[24], 采用标准化肉汤稀释药敏试验评价合成化合物对Fn的体外活性。将7种目标化合物溶解于DMSO (细胞培养级) 中, 制备成质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1的溶液。在相同条件下制备了DMZ和甲硝唑(metronidazole, MDZ) 作为对照溶液。测试结果如表 1所示。
在本研究中, 除CL2外, 所合成的化合物对Fn表现出中等到良好的抑制活性(MIC值范围0.5~16 μg·mL-1)。氨基连接基团和烷基苯取代同时存在时(CL6CL7), 抗菌效力增强(MIC = 0.5~1 μg·mL-1), 优于苗头化合物二甲硝咪唑(MIC = 1 μg·mL-1); 酰胺连接基团取代中, 氨基靠近咪唑基团(CL4CL5) 时, 活性呈现轻微下降(MIC = 4~8 μg·mL-1); 酰胺连接基团取代中, 氨基远离咪唑基团(CL1~CL3) 时, 活性均显著降低(MIC ≥ 16 μg·mL-1)。
由于肠道内的微生物菌群丰富, 常驻细菌的数量是人类体细胞和生殖细胞的10倍, 它们可以形成一种天然的防御屏障, 对上皮细胞起保护作用[25, 26]。因此, 如果能够特异性抑制Fn增殖的药物有助于维护肠道菌群平衡, 保持肠道菌群功能。考虑到化合物CL6具有良好的抗Fn活性和较低的细胞毒性(对HUVEC无抗增殖活性, IC50值大于50 μmol·L-1), 选择化合物CL6评估化合物对肠道菌群的选择性抑制作用。使用CLSI方法[24]进一步测定了化合物CL6对7种常见肠道细菌(产肠毒素脆弱拟杆菌, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, ETBF; 大肠杆菌, E. coli; 粪肠球菌, E. faecalis; 福氏志贺氏菌, S. flexneri; 乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌, S. paratyphi; 植物乳杆菌, L. plantarum; 厌氧消化链球菌, P. anaerobius) 和2种真菌(白念珠菌, C. aur.和新生隐球菌, C. neo.) 的抗增殖活性。以DMZ和MDZ为阳性对照, 测试结果如表 2所示, 化合物CL6对所检测的肠道细菌和真菌的抑菌活性较低, 对大多数肠道细菌的MIC值大于64 μg·mL-1, 说明优选化合物的抗Fn活性和选择性较好, 有待进一步评价。
为研究该类化合物对Fn的抑制效果[27], 鉴于前期实验中化合物CL6具备高效抗Fn活性及良好的选择性, 作者进一步对优选活性化合物CL6采用时间生长曲线试验评估其对Fn的抗菌活性特点。用不同质量浓度的化合物CL6处理Fn 72 h (图 3), 连续性地考察化合物CL6对Fn生长抑制作用的时间动态变化。结果表明, 化合物CL6对Fn的生长有强烈的抑制作用, 且呈剂量依赖性。结果如图 3A所示, 在前12 h对Fn的抑制作用较弱, 即在指数生长期时几乎没有抑制作用, 在24 h后, 化合物CL6对Fn展现出抑菌作用, 且在化合物CL6为2 μg·mL-1时抑菌作用最为明显, 抑菌作用呈浓度依赖(图 3B)。基于上述结果, 推测化合物CL6对Fn具有抑菌作用(bacteriostatic) 而非杀菌作用(bactericidal)。
已有研究报道Fn可增加CRC细胞株的增殖和侵袭活性[28, 29]。进一步采用Transwell法研究化合物CL6是否能降低Fn诱导的CRC细胞系(人结肠癌细胞HCT116) 的迁移能力。如图 4所示, 当HCT116细胞与Fn共孵育时, HCT116细胞数量显著增加, 这表明Fn促进了HCT116细胞的迁移。相反, 化合物CL6单独使用时无法阻止HCT116细胞的迁移(图 4)。在共孵育试验中, 化合物CL6有效降低了Fn的密度, 从而以剂量依赖性方式抑制了HCT116细胞的迁移。实验结果表明, 化合物CL6能有效抑制Fn诱导的HCT116细胞迁移。
细菌的细胞壁具有一定程度的刚性, 使细菌能够保持一定的形态, 并作为骨架用于支撑其他细胞包膜成分。基于此, 作者通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 来研究化合物CL6对Fn细胞形态变化的影响。正常的Fn细胞结构完整(图 5A), 细胞膜和细胞壁清晰可见, 可见部分内部结构, 而与CL6共孵育的Fn较难观察到细胞的内部结构(图 5B), 大部分呈现断裂状态, 细胞壁受到明显破坏, 细胞内容物释放, 经DMZ处理的Fn结构也出现明显变化(图 5B), 但变化情况与CL6不同。透射电镜结果表明, 化合物CL6可能通过破坏Fn细胞壁从而达到抑制Fn生长的作用, 并且与DMZ的作用机制可能存在一定差异。
现有研究表明, 生物膜与大部分感染疾病及部分肿瘤微环境等相关, 影响了人类生命健康和治疗措施的应用[30]。生物膜可以附着在皮肤、伤口组织等位置, 待生物膜成熟后, 可以释放黏附在生物膜上的多种生物, 这些生物会继续产生生物膜, 进而附着并感染宿主[31]。肿瘤细胞在体内生长离不开肿瘤微环境, 肿瘤微环境由各种免疫细胞、血管内皮细胞、各种细胞因子等组成, 近期研究表明, 生物膜与各种类型的癌症之间存在联系[32, 33]。结晶紫是一种碱性染料, 具有与生物膜中特定成分结合的能力[34]。因此, 采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、生物膜抑制实验(结晶紫染色) 等方法研究CL6对生物膜的影响, 判断其作用机制是否与生物膜相关。
以DMZ作为阳性对照, 采用结晶紫染色法评价化合物CL6对Fn生物膜形成的影响[35]。如图 6所示, 随着化合物CL6剂量的增加, 结晶紫溶液的蓝色逐渐变淡澄清。结果表明, 化合物CL6对Fn生物膜的形成具有明显的抑制作用, 并呈剂量依赖性。
扫描电镜结果如图 7显示, 从生物膜变化出发, 未加任何化合物的Fn具有立体的、成熟的、完整的生物膜, 当加入0.5 μg·mL-1的DMZ时, 生物膜影响明显, 无完整、无成熟结构; 而0.5 μg·mL-1 CL6处理后的生物膜结构紊乱、成熟度低, 且作用强度较DMZ明显。从Fn结构出发, 未处理的Fn结构完整、数量多, DMZ处理后, Fn大部分出现破裂、死亡等; 而CL6处理后, 结构出现皱缩、凝结、卷曲, 与DMZ处理后的形态结构变化有明显差异。生物膜抑制实验表明, CL6对生物膜会产生一定影响, 但结合扫描电镜结果提示, CL6除对生物膜产生影响外, 还有可能有其他作用机制, 这也是值得深入研究的方向。
Boursi等[18]研究发现, 广谱抗生素的使用可能会破坏肠道菌群的平衡, 导致有益菌减少, 而使有害菌增多, 且能够增加CRC的风险。与广谱抗生素作用不同的是, 特异性抗Fn药物有望精确靶向Fn, 避免对肠道菌群造成破坏, 从而减少治疗带来的相关不良反应, 如腹泻、肠道菌群失调等。鉴于Fn与CRC的发生发展密切相关, 特异性抗Fn药物或将成为CRC治疗的潜在策略。此外, 抗Fn药物不仅有望用于治疗CRC, 在口腔感染、炎症性肠病的治疗, 肠道微生态的调节等方面, 也具有重要的临床价值。
本研究通过药物重定位策略筛选出的DMZ作为苗头化合物, 设计合成了7个新型硝基咪唑衍生物。其中, 优选化合物CL6表现出显著的抗Fn活性(MIC = 0.5 μg·mL-1), 且细胞毒性较低, 能够以剂量依赖方式有效抑制Fn的生长及生物膜形成。CL6可显著阻断Fn诱导的CRC细胞迁移。初步机制研究表明, CL6及其类似物的抗菌效应可能与破坏生物膜完整性及损伤细菌细胞膜或细胞壁结构密切相关。本研究不仅提供了有价值的结构方向, 同时为抗Fn药物研发提供了先导化合物, 为CRC创新疗法的开发奠定了重要基础[36, 37]。同时, 针对该系列化合物的结构优化及作用机制研究在本实验室将会深入开展。
化学合成部分使用的原料均采购自探索平台、毕得医药、乐研试剂、超聪化工等公司平台, 纯度均为分析纯和化学纯, 可直接使用。BHI肉汤(Oxoid, 批号: P000061049); 布氏肉汤(海博生物, 批号: 20220312); 结晶紫染色液(博科利尔, 批号: 2407212); 电镜固定液(Servicebio, 批号: HJ194907)。生物安全柜(BSC-1004IIA2, 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(TS2 FL, 日本Nikon株式会社); LC-MS质谱仪(Agilent-1100)、核磁共振仪(600 M) (美国Agilent公司); -20 ℃/-80 ℃冰箱(Freezer)、低温离心机(Centrifuge 5804 R) (美国Thermo公司); 比浊仪(Nephelometer, 美国Thermo公司); 酶标仪(SpectraMaxM2, 美国Molecular Devices); 霉菌培养箱(MJX-250B-Z, 上海博讯医疗生物仪器股份有限公司)。
1H NMR和13C NMR谱由德国Bruker公司Bruker-AVANCEIII 600型核磁共振仪进行测试, 氘代试剂为DMSO-d6, 内参为三甲基氯硅烷, 化学位移(δ) 和耦合常数(J) 分别用ppm和Hz表示。HRMS高分辨质谱由美国Agilent公司Agilent-1260 UPLC-6500 Q-TOF MS型质谱仪测试, 薄层色谱硅胶板购自黄海化学GF-254, 硅胶柱层析为Greagent品牌800~1 000目硅胶。此外, 本研究所使用的流动相比例均为体积比。
以化合物1为原料合成中间体2和中间体3。取100 mL茄形烧瓶, 将中间体3 (200.00 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) 溶于无水DCM (10 mL) 中, 加入苄胺(135.00 mg, 1.26 mmol, 1.2 equiv), 边搅拌边缓慢滴加TEA (5 mL)。常温下搅拌反应4 h, TLC点板监测(展开剂条件, DCM∶MeOH = 100∶2), 反应完全。减压蒸馏除去有机溶剂DCM。用乙酸乙酯(20 mL) 溶解烧瓶中的油状物质, 加入50 mL水, 萃取3~4次, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水洗涤有机相2次, 向有机相中加入少量无水硫酸钠, 干燥, 过滤除去无水硫酸钠, 收集滤液, 减压蒸馏除去有机溶剂, 得固体。使用干法上样, 硅胶柱层析(正相), 洗脱剂: DCM∶MeOH = 100∶0, 极性逐步加大至DCM∶MeOH = 100∶2, 洗脱液减压蒸馏, 得到白色固体目标产物CL1 (230 mg), 产率为83.3%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.28 (s, 1H), 8.49~8.40 (m, 2H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.63 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.42~1.20 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 156.81, 141.93, 141.35, 138.30, 131.37, 129.17, 125.01, 121.14, 40.46, 35.26; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C12H12N4O3 [M+H]+, 261.098 2; found, 261.097 7。
目标化合物的合成方法参考化合物CL1, 得白色固体(231 mg), 产率为88.6%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.63 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 158.70, 149.99, 148.28, 141.48, 141.22, 131.53, 122.64, 41.92, 35.08; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C11H11N5O3 [M+H]+, 262.093 5; found, 262.090 9。
目标化合物的合成方法参考化合物CL1, 得淡黄色固体(271 mg), 产率为87.6%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 11.02 (s, 1H), 9.24 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 4.29 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 166.71, 157.95, 145.67, 143.65, 138.90, 134.94, 133.46, 131.65, 117.51, 35.27; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C10H8N6O5 M+, 292.055 6; found, 292.058 0。
以化合物1为原料合成中间体51H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 8.07 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H)。经中间体5合成中间体6。取100 mL茄形烧瓶, 将中间体6 (200.00 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv) 溶于DMF (10 mL) 中, 加入2-氟-5-硝基苯甲酸(285.00 mg, 1.54 mmol, 1.2 equiv)、EDCI (294.00 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv)、HOBt (208.00 mg, 1.54 mmol, 1.2 equiv) 和N-乙基二异丙胺(DIPEA, 662.00 mg, 5.12 mmol, 4.0 equiv), 充分溶解后, 于常温下搅拌4 h, TLC点板监测(展开剂条件, PE∶EA = 1∶1), 反应完全。将反应液倒入50 mL水中, 用乙酸乙酯(EA) 萃取3或4次, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水洗涤有机相2次, 向有机相中加入少量无水硫酸钠, 干燥, 过滤除去无水硫酸钠, 收集滤液, 减压蒸馏除去有机溶剂, 得固体。使用干法上样, 硅胶柱层析(正相), 洗脱剂: PE∶EA = 50∶1, 极性逐步加大至PE∶EA = 50∶50, 洗脱液减压蒸馏, 得到白色固体目标产物CL4 (369 mg), 产率为89.3%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.28 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.45~8.40 (m, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.63 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 162.46, 150.28, 144.27, 139.71, 132.52, 128.77 (d, JC-F = 11.0 Hz), 126.39 (d, JC-F = 5.0 Hz), 124.82 (d, JC-F = 16.9 Hz), 118.68 (d, JC-F = 25.2 Hz), 109.63, 36.92, 33.77; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C12H10FN5O5 [M-H]-, 322.059 3; found, 322.061 0。
目标化合物的合成方法参考化合物CL4, 得白色固体(394 mg), 产率为80.3%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.60 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.78~7.70 (m, 1H), 7.61 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 163.28, 159.81, 150.35, 132.55, 130.41, 126.45, 126.19, 120.81, 115.20, 109.66, 37.03, 33.84; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C12H10BrN5O5 [M+H]+, 383.993 8; found, 383.994 8。
将中间体5 (300.00 mg, 1.71 mmol, 1.0 equiv) 溶于DMF (15 mL) 中, 加入4-正戊基苯胺(306.00 mg, 2.05 mmol, 1.2 equiv) 和Cs2CO3 (1 672.00 mg, 5.13 mmol, 3.0 equiv), 在85 ℃下反应过夜, TLC点板监测, 反应结束后, 将反应液倒入50 mL水中, 用乙酸乙酯(EA) 萃取3或4次, 合并有机相, 用饱和食盐水洗涤有机相2次, 向有机相中加入少量无水硫酸钠, 干燥, 过滤除去无水硫酸钠, 收集滤液, 减压蒸馏除去有机溶剂, 得固体。使用干法上样, 硅胶柱层析(正相), 洗脱剂: PE∶EA = 50∶1, 极性逐步加大至PE∶EA = 70∶30, 洗脱液减压蒸馏, 得到棕黄色固体目标产物CL6 (99.4 mg), 产率为20.2%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 8.04 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 14.2 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 3H), 2.40 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.48~1.42 (m, 2H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 151.96, 146.40, 139.64, 132.16, 130.80, 129.11, 112.95, 41.22, 34.44, 34.03, 33.64, 22.14, 14.24; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C15H20N4O2 [M+H]+, 289.165 9; found, 289.167 2。
目标化合物的合成方法参考化合物CL6, 得棕黄色固体(96.8 mg), 产率为18.7%。1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 8.04 (s, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.07~5.95 (m, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 3H), 2.39 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (p, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (dt, J = 22.4, 7.8 Hz, 4H), 0.84 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 151.96, 146.40, 139.64, 132.16, 130.83, 129.11, 112.95, 41.22, 34.74, 33.64, 31.51, 31.32, 22.43, 14.39; HRMS (ESI, positive) Calcd. for C16H22N4O2 [M+H]+, 303.181 6; found, 303.181 8。
目标化合物的体外抗Fn活性测试采用CLSI推荐的标准化肉汤稀释药敏试验法。
从-80 ℃的冰箱取出装有Fn的冻存管, 吸出0.5 mL冻存液至7 mL BHI肉汤, 在无氧条件下培育24 h后, 混匀, 吸取1 mL再次放入至6 mL脑心浸液肉汤(二次活化), 继续在无氧条件下培育24 h, 使菌达到指数生长期便可用于后续实验。
待菌达到指数生长期后, 将离心管放入离心机中, 8 000 r·min-1旋转5 min, 弃上清, 加入1 mL布氏肉汤混匀。标准比浊管定标后, 将玻璃试管放入比浊仪, 加入6 mL布氏肉汤, 用棉签刮取生长良好的菌, 在玻璃试管内摩擦至0.5麦氏浊度(菌的浓度为1×108 CFU·mL-1)。将加好菌液的布氏肉汤导入装有40 mL布氏肉汤的试管内, 最后加入4.4 mL脱纤维马血, 涡旋振荡器混匀(菌液∶肉汤∶马血= 1∶9∶1.1) 即为实验用菌悬液。配制好的菌悬液加入96孔细胞培养板中, 每孔加入100 μL, 化合物从64 μg·mL-1开始依次倍半稀释, 使其终质量浓度为64~0.125 μg·mL-1。将96孔细胞培养板置于厌氧箱中并放入37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养48 h, 培养完成后使用酶标仪测定每孔细菌在630 nm处的光密度值(OD630), 平行测定3次。取抑制率≥ 50%时所对应的浓度即为该化合物MIC。最后两列仅含有布氏肉汤, 分别作为阴性对照和背景对照。
先将菌株活化, 然后振荡标准比浊管, 定标后, 将玻璃试管放入比浊仪, 加入4 mL BHI肉汤, 用棉签刮取生长良好的菌, 在玻璃试管内摩擦至0.5麦氏浊度(菌的浓度为1×108 CFU·mL-1)。将配好的菌液用BHI肉汤稀释至浓度为1×106 CFU·mL-1的菌液, 涡旋振荡器混匀。加药: 取6个15 mL离心管, 分别加入7 mL浓度为1×106 CFU·mL-1的菌液, 使每管离心管中Fn药物质量浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125和0 μg·mL-1。将离心管放入厌氧罐中, 在无氧条件下, 37 ℃孵育, 并于加药后0、4、8、12、24、48和72 h时每管离心管吸出100 μL混匀的菌液置于96孔板, 3个复孔, 用多功能酶标仪测OD630, 记录。
HCT116以3×104的密度在培养在含5% FBS的DMEM培养基中。Fn菌悬液的配置: 振荡标准比浊管, 定标后, 将玻璃试管放入比浊仪, 加入4 mL含5% FBS的DMEM培养基(不加双抗), 用棉签刮取生长良好的菌, 在玻璃试管内摩擦至0.5麦氏浊度(菌的浓度为1×108 CFU·mL-1)。将配好的初始菌液用含5% FBS的DMEM培养基稀释10倍, 使菌的浓度为1×107 CFU·mL-1。将配置好的菌悬液放于24孔transwell板的下室, 每孔600 μL, 同时设置每孔药物质量浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.25和0 μg·mL-1。将HCT116细胞混悬液培养于24孔transwell板的上室中。48 h后吸出培养基, PBS清洗, 4%多聚甲醛固定15 min, 0.1%结晶紫染色5 min, 用棉签擦干后, 用倒置荧光显微镜观察(200×)。
先将菌株活化, 待菌达到指数生长期后, 将离心管放入离心机中, 8 000 r·min-1旋转5 min, 弃上清, 加入1 mL BHI肉汤混匀。标准比浊管定标后, 将玻璃试管放入比浊仪, 加入4 mL BHI肉汤, 用棉签刮取生长良好的菌, 在玻璃试管内摩擦至0.5麦氏浊度(菌的浓度为1×108 CFU·mL-1) 即为实验用菌悬液。将配置好的菌悬液放入96孔板中, 每孔100 μL, 并同时加入不同质量浓度的化合物CL6 (4、2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 μg·mL-1) 于Fn中。在37 ℃厌氧条件下孵育48 h, 每孔用无菌PBS洗涤3次去除未贴壁的Fn, 然后用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min。PBS每孔冲洗2次, 用0.1%结晶紫溶液染色5 min后, 加入33%乙酸(100 μL) 溶解生物膜, 37 ℃孵育15 min后, 转移至新的96孔板, 最后, 用多功能酶标仪测量570 nm处的OD值, 定量生物膜的生物量。
菌的活化及菌液的配置同生长曲线实验。将离心管放入厌氧罐中, 在无氧条件下, 将15 mL离心管中加入8 mL浓度为1×106 CFU·mL-1的菌液并加入3.5 μL CL6 (1.0、0.5 μg·mL-1) 37 ℃孵育48 h。孵育结束后, 将离心管置于离心机中, 8 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清, 用无菌的PBS轻轻清洗2次后, 弃PBS, 用电镜固定液将菌吹均匀, 悬浮于固定液中, 室温下固定2 h, 再离心取沉淀交由上海圆创生物科技有限公司拍摄。
对每组数据平行测试3次, 平均值±标准差表示, 使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件作图和分析, 通过单因素分析计算显著性差异, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
作者贡献: 陈玉平负责化合物合成及文章的撰写; 陈凤负责化合物波谱数据解析及体外活性实验; 通讯作者武善超负责课题规划, 指导化合物的设计及论文的修改、校对。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22377145)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0509200)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0358
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(22377145)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0509200)
上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
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    1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
    2.大理大学药学院, 云南 大理 671000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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