Article(id=1308467970309640192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892674281, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892674281, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892674281, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892674281, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3426, endPage=3434, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467970523549697, articleId=1308467970309640192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots in inhibiting breast cancer cells and promoting osteogenic differentiation, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Breast cancer bone metastasis disrupts bone metabolism, enhancing osteogenic differentiation can improve the metastatic microenvironment and treatment outcomes. Thus, developing agents that inhibit breast cancer and promote osteogenesis may offer new strategies. Tripterygium wilfordii possesses antitumor and bone-regulating properties, but its toxicity limits clinical application. Here, a carbon dot was synthesized from Tripterygium wilfordii (Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots, T-CDs) and characterized by spectral analysis, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. T-CDs exhibited a near-spherical morphology with a lattice spacing of 0.20 nm, an average size of 5.38 nm, and a ζ potential of -8.46 mV. The surface was rich in -OH, C=O, and C=C groups, with ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. T-CDs disrupted redox homeostasis in breast cancer cells, inducing ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death. Moreover, T-CDs modulated cytokine secretion and promoted osteogenic differentiation, offering potential for the treatment of breast cancer and its bone metastasis.

, authors=Dong-li HAN1, Jun-yi CUI3, Xiao LI1, Zi-chao CHEN1, Xiao-ting WANG1, Hui LIU1, Hao ZHENG2, *, Zhen ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Dong-li HAN, Jun-yi CUI, Xiao LI, Zi-chao CHEN, Xiao-ting WANG, Hui LIU, Hao ZHENG, Zhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao ZHENG, Zhen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467972033499154, articleId=1308467970309640192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=雷公藤碳点抑制乳腺癌细胞并促成骨细胞分化的作用机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳腺癌骨转移干扰骨的正常代谢, 成骨分化是骨代谢的重要过程, 通过促进成骨分化, 可有效改善骨转移局部环境, 提高治疗效果。因此, 开发抑制乳腺癌并调节成骨分化的双功能药物, 可能为乳腺癌骨转移的治疗提供新策略。雷公藤是具有抗肿瘤活性的天然药物, 但其毒性限制了其应用及相关药物开发。本研究制备雷公藤来源的碳点(Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots, T-CDs), 通过光谱分析、动态光散射及透射电子显微镜对其表征, 并在体外评估其抗乳腺癌及成骨调控效应。结果显示, T-CDs呈近球形, 晶格间距0.20 nm, 平均粒径5.38 nm, ζ电位-8.46 mV, 表面富含-OH、C=O、C=C等官能团, 并在280 nm处显示紫外吸收; 一方面, T-CDs可通过破坏乳腺癌细胞氧化还原稳态诱导乳腺癌细胞铁死亡, 同时触发免疫原性细胞死亡; 另一方面, T-CDs可通过调节乳腺癌细胞因子分泌水平, 促进成骨细胞的分化, 有望用于治疗乳腺癌及其骨转移。

, authors=韩东立1, 崔君祎3, 李肖1, 陈子超1, 王晓婷1, 刘辉1, 郑昊2, *, 张振1, *, authorsList=韩东立, 崔君祎, 李肖, 陈子超, 王晓婷, 刘辉, 郑昊, 张振, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑昊, 张振, authorNote=

作者贡献:

韩东立负责整体实验、分析数据和撰写手稿; 崔君祎、李肖、陈子超、王晓婷和刘辉协助手稿修改; 郑昊和张振负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
郑昊, Tel: 13792988030, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
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A-D: Cytotoxicity of T-CDs to MCF-7 (A), 4T1(B), MDA-MB-231 (C), and MCF 10A (D) cells; E, F: Representative images and quantification of cell migration in 4T1 cells treated with T-CDs; G, H: Representative images and quantification of cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with T-CDs. Scale bar: 200 μm. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs the control group, figureFileSmall=eEquezPlsfIgvQE6XJkMVg==, figureFileBig=z4CUru9aMXgwo1U39b5POQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486259905052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2LaLjl+6wnDGivBoJa8COQ==, figureFileBig=RO3nWk+H+QujWSAtg+3r2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486339596829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=T-CDs induce ferroptosis in 4T1 cells. A, B: Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and quantification of fluorescence intensity [represented by the fluorescence intensity of 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA)], scale bar: 200 μm; C: Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) release; D: Inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitor [ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and vitamin E (VE)] on T-CDs-induced cytotoxicity; E: Immunofluorescence images of intracellular glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein expression, scale bar: 100 μm. n = 3, x ± s. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs the control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the T-CDs group, figureFileSmall=2LaLjl+6wnDGivBoJa8COQ==, figureFileBig=RO3nWk+H+QujWSAtg+3r2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486415094302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5BgBJLyVgaRR77l7nOZv2A==, figureFileBig=m72pxZHbB5VnMSMBzSO4Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486482203167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Western blot analysis of the effects of T-CDs on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) protein expression in 4T1 cells, along with their normalization analysis. n = 3, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs the control group, figureFileSmall=5BgBJLyVgaRR77l7nOZv2A==, figureFileBig=m72pxZHbB5VnMSMBzSO4Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486561894944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=puqvFRq/m0zdF2Ei8K2bFw==, figureFileBig=nodQdBNtUvdsq2jaITXSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486641586721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=T-CDs induce immunogenic cell death in 4T1 cells. A, B: Immunofluorescence analysis of calreticulin (CRT, A) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1, B) protein expression in 4T1 cells treated with T-CDs, scale bar: 100 μm; C: ATP release from 4T1 cells. n = 3, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs the control group, figureFileSmall=puqvFRq/m0zdF2Ei8K2bFw==, figureFileBig=nodQdBNtUvdsq2jaITXSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486712889890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6ofIQnt8Meq4U2J7J736Xw==, figureFileBig=CNLMlJO5BhPpnraIsgecGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499486788387363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467970309640192, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=T-CDs improve inflammatory environment to facilitate osteogenic differentiation. 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雷公藤碳点抑制乳腺癌细胞并促成骨细胞分化的作用机制研究
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韩东立 1 , 崔君祎 3 , 李肖 1 , 陈子超 1 , 王晓婷 1 , 刘辉 1 , 郑昊 2, * , 张振 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(11): 3426-3434
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (11) : 3426 -3434
雷公藤碳点抑制乳腺癌细胞并促成骨细胞分化的作用机制研究
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韩东立1, 崔君祎3, 李肖1, 陈子超1, 王晓婷1, 刘辉1, 郑昊2, * , 张振1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 2临沂市人民医院, 山东 临沂 276000
  • 3聊城大学药学与食品工程学院, 山东 聊城 252000
通讯作者:
郑昊, Tel: 13792988030, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

韩东立负责整体实验、分析数据和撰写手稿; 崔君祎、李肖、陈子超、王晓婷和刘辉协助手稿修改; 郑昊和张振负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

The mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots in inhibiting breast cancer cells and promoting osteogenic differentiation
Dong-li HAN1, Jun-yi CUI3, Xiao LI1, Zi-chao CHEN1, Xiao-ting WANG1, Hui LIU1, Hao ZHENG2, * , Zhen ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, China
  • 3School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0328
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乳腺癌骨转移干扰骨的正常代谢, 成骨分化是骨代谢的重要过程, 通过促进成骨分化, 可有效改善骨转移局部环境, 提高治疗效果。因此, 开发抑制乳腺癌并调节成骨分化的双功能药物, 可能为乳腺癌骨转移的治疗提供新策略。雷公藤是具有抗肿瘤活性的天然药物, 但其毒性限制了其应用及相关药物开发。本研究制备雷公藤来源的碳点(Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots, T-CDs), 通过光谱分析、动态光散射及透射电子显微镜对其表征, 并在体外评估其抗乳腺癌及成骨调控效应。结果显示, T-CDs呈近球形, 晶格间距0.20 nm, 平均粒径5.38 nm, ζ电位-8.46 mV, 表面富含-OH、C=O、C=C等官能团, 并在280 nm处显示紫外吸收; 一方面, T-CDs可通过破坏乳腺癌细胞氧化还原稳态诱导乳腺癌细胞铁死亡, 同时触发免疫原性细胞死亡; 另一方面, T-CDs可通过调节乳腺癌细胞因子分泌水平, 促进成骨细胞的分化, 有望用于治疗乳腺癌及其骨转移。

碳点  /  雷公藤  /  乳腺癌  /  铁死亡  /  成骨分化  /  骨转移

Breast cancer bone metastasis disrupts bone metabolism, enhancing osteogenic differentiation can improve the metastatic microenvironment and treatment outcomes. Thus, developing agents that inhibit breast cancer and promote osteogenesis may offer new strategies. Tripterygium wilfordii possesses antitumor and bone-regulating properties, but its toxicity limits clinical application. Here, a carbon dot was synthesized from Tripterygium wilfordii (Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots, T-CDs) and characterized by spectral analysis, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. T-CDs exhibited a near-spherical morphology with a lattice spacing of 0.20 nm, an average size of 5.38 nm, and a ζ potential of -8.46 mV. The surface was rich in -OH, C=O, and C=C groups, with ultraviolet absorption at 280 nm. T-CDs disrupted redox homeostasis in breast cancer cells, inducing ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death. Moreover, T-CDs modulated cytokine secretion and promoted osteogenic differentiation, offering potential for the treatment of breast cancer and its bone metastasis.

carbon dot  /  Tripterygium wilfordii  /  breast cancer  /  ferroptosis  /  osteogenic differentiation  /  bone metastasis
韩东立, 崔君祎, 李肖, 陈子超, 王晓婷, 刘辉, 郑昊, 张振. 雷公藤碳点抑制乳腺癌细胞并促成骨细胞分化的作用机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3426 -3434 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0328
Dong-li HAN, Jun-yi CUI, Xiao LI, Zi-chao CHEN, Xiao-ting WANG, Hui LIU, Hao ZHENG, Zhen ZHANG. The mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots in inhibiting breast cancer cells and promoting osteogenic differentiation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3426 -3434 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0328
乳腺癌是全球女性最常见的恶性肿瘤, 其发病率不断上升, 已成为威胁女性健康的重要因素[1]。尽管早期筛查和治疗手段有所进步, 乳腺癌的高侵袭性和易转移性仍然是临床治疗中的巨大挑战, 尤其骨转移的发生进一步影响患者生存质量并缩短患者生存期[2]。目前乳腺癌骨转移的治疗主要涉及双膦酸盐和RANKL抑制剂的使用[3, 4], 它们仅具有骨调控作用, 对肿瘤细胞的直接杀伤作用有限, 因此, 开发安全有效的药物, 同时抑制乳腺癌并促进成骨分化是十分必要的。
雷公藤是卫矛科雷公藤属藤本植物, 其活性成分雷公藤甲素、雷公藤红素等不仅具有抑制肿瘤进展的能力[5-7], 还具有类风湿性关节炎治疗及软骨保护作用[8], 但雷公藤对正常细胞的毒性限制了其临床应用及相关药物开发[9]。中药碳点(traditional Chinese medicine-derived carbon dots, TCM-CDs) 是以中药或其活性成分为碳源制备的具有sp2结构的碳纳米材料(< 10 nm), 因其易于改性和优异的生物相容性而在医学治疗领域备受关注[10-12]。研究表明, TCM-CDs不仅保留了前体中药的部分药理活性[13-15], 还可能产生新的药理作用[16-18]。已有研究专注于炮制雷公藤, 以实现减毒增效[19], 其中, 烟烧和煨法炮制得到产物的过程, 与热解法制备TCM-CDs的原理相似。因此, 由雷公藤制备TCM-CDs, 其活性成分有望转化为新的形式发挥药效。
相比于热解法和微波辅助法, 水热法的过程更为温和可控, 更有助于保留中药的活性成分[20]。基于此, 本研究通过水热法制备了衍生自雷公藤的双功能碳点(Tripterygium wilfordii carbon dots, T-CDs), 一方面, 对T-CDs的细胞毒性及其作用机制进行初步探索; 另一方面, 通过构建4T1-MC3T3-E1细胞共培养乳腺癌骨转移模型, 在表型方面考察T-CDs对乳腺癌细胞因子释放及成骨细胞分化的影响。
细胞    小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1 (目录号: SCSP-5056)、人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231 (目录号: SCSP-5043)、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (目录号: SCSP-531)、人乳腺上皮细胞MCF 10A (目录号: SCSP-575) 及小鼠成骨细胞前体细胞亚克隆14 (MC3T3-E1 Subclone 14, MC3T3-E1 S14, 目录号: GNM15) 细胞株购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库。4T1细胞、MCF-7细胞和MCF 10A细胞使用含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS) 和1%双抗的DMEM培养基培养, MDA-MB-231细胞使用含10% FBS和1%双抗的RPMI-1640培养基培养, MC3T3-E1 S14细胞使用含10% FBS和1%双抗的α-MEM培养基培养, 所有细胞均在37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。
药品与试剂    雷公藤(批号231210) 购自济南建联中药房, 经山东中医药大学药学院刘谦教授鉴定为卫矛科雷公藤属植物雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.的干燥块根; 小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) ELISA试剂盒(EK282/4-48) 购自杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司; 透析袋(SP132640, 截留分子量1 000 Da)、维生素E (vitamin E, VE, B21296)、铁死亡抑制剂(ferrostatin-1, Fer-1, S81461) 和牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA, S12012) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒(S0033S)、噻唑啉蓝(methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, MTT, ST316)、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 含量检测试剂盒(S0026)、脂质氧化(malondialdehyde, MDA) 检测试剂盒(S0131S)、Hoechst 33342染料(C1005)、蛋白酶抑制剂(P1008)、磷酸酶抑制剂(P1086)、绿色荧光二抗(P0186)、细胞裂解液(radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer, RIPA, P0013B)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, GC203002) 和曲拉通X-100溶液(Triton X-100, ST797) 购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; 磷酸化信号转导及转录激活蛋白3 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, p-STAT3) 抗体(AP0070) 和钙网蛋白(calreticulin, CRT) 多克隆抗体(A1066) 购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; α-MEM培养基(C12571500BT) 购自赛默飞世尔科技公司; 溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11) 抗体(DF12509)、山羊抗兔二抗(S10013) 购自墨尔本Affinity公司; 信号转导及转录激活蛋白3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 抗体(10253-2-AP) 购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; 重组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 抗体(ab125066) 购自英国Abcam公司; 小鼠白介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) ELISA试剂盒(GEM0002-42T)、高迁移率族蛋白B1 (high mobility group box 1, HMGB1) 多克隆抗体(GB11103)、茜素红S染色剂(G1038)、RPMI 1640培养基(G4531)、DMEM培养基(G4511)、Tris缓冲盐溶液-Tween 20混合液(Tris buffered saline Tween, TBST, G0004) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB) 抗体(db11612) 购自杭州戴格生物技术有限公司。
仪器    BB150型CO2细胞恒温培养箱、ECO超净工作台、NanoDrop微量紫外可见分光光度计和Multiskan SkyHigh全波长酶标仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); KM-9007电鼓风干燥箱(杭州亿恒科学仪器有限公司); U-2910紫外-可见分光光度计、F-4700荧光分光光度计(日本日立公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, 美国PerkinElmer公司); JEM-2100型透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM, 日本电子株式会社); CKX53奥林巴斯倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Zetasizer Advance纳米粒径和电位分析仪(英国Malvern公司); PowerPac HC蛋白质垂直电泳仪、ChemiDoc XRS+凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad Laboratories公司); SCIENTZ-10ND/A冷冻干燥机(宁波新芝冻干设备股份有限公司); Centrifuge 5425R型低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司)。
T-CDs的制备   将雷公藤干燥块根粉碎成粉末, 精密称取1.500 0 g, 转移至盛有40 mL纯水的烧杯中; 在室温下使用磁力搅拌器搅拌6 h, 将所得悬浮液转移到高压反应釜中, 200 ℃下反应10 h; 反应完成后, 使用0.22 μm水系微孔滤膜过滤, 滤液使用1 000 Da透析袋透析48 h以上, 经冷冻干燥即可获得T-CDs粉末。
细胞成像    将4T1细胞以1×105个/孔的密度接种在6孔板中, 细胞贴壁后, 用1 mL含T-CDs (100 μg·mL-1) 的DMEM (10% FBS) 处理细胞20和40 min。PBS洗涤后, 在倒置荧光显微镜荧光场下获取图像。
MTT实验   将细胞以6×103个/孔的密度接种到96孔板中, 细胞贴壁后, 用含有0、40、80、120 μg·mL-1 T-CDs的培养基继续培养24 h后弃掉上清液, 更换为MTT溶液(1 mg·mL-1, 100 μL), 在37 ℃下避光孵育4 h后弃掉上清液, 加入DMSO继续避光孵育10 min, 随后在酶标仪中记录490 nm波长处的吸光度值, 使用GraphPad 9.5分析数据。
细胞划痕实验    将4T1或MDA-MB-231细胞以相同密度均匀接种在6孔板中。当密度达到90%时, 在每个孔中划痕, 并使用倒置荧光显微镜记录迁移初始图像。然后使用含有0、40、80、120 μg·mL-1 T-CDs的培养基继续培养24 h后, 用倒置荧光显微镜记录迁移后图像, 使用ImageJ软件统计划痕面积用于计算细胞迁移率。
ROS检测   将4T1细胞以1×105个/孔的密度接种到6孔板中。细胞贴壁后, 使用含有0、40、80、120 μg·mL-1 T-CDs的培养基继续培养6 h后弃掉上清液, 更换为含有2′, 7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA, 1.0×10-5 mol·L-1) 的DMEM培养基, 在37 ℃下避光孵育30 min, 经PBS洗涤后, 在倒置荧光显微镜下捕获荧光图像, 使用ImageJ软件统计荧光强度。
免疫荧光实验    将4T1细胞以1×105个/孔的密度接种到6孔板中。细胞贴壁后, 用含有0、40、80、120 μg·mL-1 T-CDs的培养基继续培养24 h后弃掉上清液; 用4%多聚甲醛固定20 min, 用0.2% Triton X-100通透10 min, 经5% BSA封闭1.5 h后, 将细胞与抗CRT、抗GPX4和抗HMGB1抗体在4 ℃下孵育过夜, 然后更换为绿色荧光二抗避光孵育1 h; 二抗孵育完成后, 加入Hoechst 33342于37 ℃孵育20 min, 在倒置荧光显微镜下拍摄图像。
Western blot实验   将4T1细胞以相同密度均匀接种在6孔板中, 当细胞密度达到90%时, 使用含0、40、80、120 μg·mL-1 T-CDs的培养基继续培养24 h后弃掉上清液。用RIPA裂解液(含1%蛋白酶抑制剂和2%磷酸酶抑制剂) 在冰上裂解细胞, 随后测定蛋白质量浓度, 加入上样缓冲液在100 ℃下变性5 min, 经10%的SDS-PAGE电泳后转至PVDF膜, 经5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h, 将膜与抗STAT3、抗p-STAT3和抗SLC7A11抗体在4 ℃下孵育过夜; TBST洗膜后, 更换为HRP标记的山羊抗兔二抗室温孵育1 h; 使用ChemiDoc XRS+凝胶成像系统曝光蛋白质条带, 用ImageJ软件进行分析。
体外共培养实验和茜素红S染色   根据MTT实验的步骤进行细胞毒性检测, 筛选体外共培养体系的给药浓度, 使用24孔板和Transwell小室(6.5 mm, 24孔, 0.4 μm) 建立体外共培养系统。共培养密度基于本课题组之前进行的研究[21]。对照组设置为仅具MC3T3-E1 S14细胞的下室和仅具4T1细胞的上室。在培养箱中共培养12 h后, 在实验组上室加入不同浓度的T-CDs (0、25、50、75 μg·mL-1), 继续共培养48 h, 随后去除所有上室, 继续培养下室的成骨细胞14天, 用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min。然后根据说明书进行茜素红S染色, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察矿化结节形成。此外, 共培养结束后收集下室MC3T3-E1 S14细胞, 并在冰上提取蛋白, 按照Western blot的方法对成骨细胞中NF-κB蛋白的表达进行检测。
ELISA实验及试剂盒检测   ELISA实验及试剂盒检测实验均按照说明书给出的实验步骤进行。
统计学分析    采用双尾t检验分析两组间的统计学意义。对于多重比较, 使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 和Tukey检验。P < 0.05被认为是具有显著性差异的。
紫外-可见吸收光谱(ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, UV-vis) 显示T-CDs在280 nm附近具有吸收峰, 表明其内部存在特定的电子跃迁(图1A)。FTIR检测到C-H (2 940 cm-1)、O-H (~3 400 cm-1)、C=O (1 685 cm-1)、C-O-C (1 109和1 040 cm-1) 及C=C (1 454 cm-1) 的特征伸缩振动峰(图1B), 揭示T-CDs表面带有羧基、羟基和羰基。ζ电位分析表明T-CDs带有负电荷(-8.46 mV, 图1C)。TEM图像显示T-CDs呈均匀分散的近球形结构(5.38 nm), 具有清晰的晶格条纹, 晶格间距为0.20 nm (图1D)。三维荧光光谱显示T-CDs在400~500 nm内表现出稳定的荧光发射(图1E), 并在3周内保持良好稳定性(图1F)。此外, T-CDs在酸性条件下仍具有较强荧光发射, 尽管碱性条件下(pH > 7.0) 荧光强度有所下降, 但发射峰位置未发生显著变化, 表明其荧光发射行为与pH无关(图1G)。鉴于肿瘤细胞的弱酸性微环境, T-CDs可在进入4T1细胞后, 在细胞质中发出明亮的蓝色荧光(图1H)。
如图2A~D所示, T-CDs处理24 h后, 乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7、4T1、MDA-MB-231) 的存活率均呈浓度依赖性下降。相比之下, T-CDs对正常乳腺细胞MCF 10A的细胞毒性较低, 仅在浓度超过250 μg·mL-1时才表现出显著的细胞毒性作用。
划痕实验结果表明, T-CDs显著抑制4T1和MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移, 随T-CDs浓度的增加, 细胞划痕的愈合速率减慢, 迁移率显著降低(图2E~H)。综合上述结果, T-CDs能够有效抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖与迁移。
雷公藤及其活性成分已在多种肿瘤类型中被证实可诱导铁死亡, 如肝癌[6]和胰腺癌[22]; 且已有研究表明乳腺癌对铁死亡具有敏感性[23]。因此, 本课题组推测T-CDs或可通过诱导铁死亡杀伤乳腺癌细胞。图3A、B结果显示, 随T-CDs浓度增加, 4T1细胞中ROS水平显著升高。且当T-CDs ≥ 80 μg·mL-1时, MDA释放量显著增加(图3C)。此外, 4T1细胞中GPX4蛋白表达随T-CDs浓度增加显著降低(图3E); T-CDs (200 μg·mL-1) 对4T1细胞增殖的抑制作用被铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1 (5.0×10-7 mol·L-1) 和VE (1.0×10-4 mol·L-1) 逆转(图3D)。分析各组蛋白表达量化结果可知, 与对照组相比, T-CDs ≥ 40 μg·mL-1时可显著抑制STAT3蛋白的磷酸化及SLC7A11蛋白的表达(图4), 表明T-CDs可能通过引发乳腺癌细胞铁死亡发挥抗肿瘤作用。
免疫荧光实验结果表明, T-CDs以浓度依赖的方式显著促进CRT蛋白在4T1细胞中的表达和HMGB1蛋白向胞外的分泌(图5A、B); 且T-CDs ≥ 80 μg·mL-1时可显著促进4T1细胞ATP的释放(图5C)。
为了研究T-CDs对乳腺癌细胞(4T1) 与成骨细胞(MC3T3-E1 S14) 间通讯的影响, 建立如图6A所示的非接触式体外共培养系统。使用MTT法筛选共培养给药浓度, 将两种细胞存活率均大于80%的浓度确定为体外共培养的给药浓度(25~75 μg·mL-1, 图6B)。共培养结束后, 用茜素红S对成骨细胞染色, 图6C的结果显示, 相比于经共培养但未给予T-CDs治疗的对照组, 随T-CDs浓度从25 μg·mL-1增加到75 μg·mL-1, 经共培养且给予T-CDs治疗的实验组中均观察到明显的矿化结节生成, 说明T-CDs对成骨细胞分化呈现一定的促进作用; 且经共培养后, 成骨细胞中NF-κB蛋白的表达随T-CDs浓度增加而下降(图6D), NF-κB信号通路在成骨分化中发挥负调控作用, 早在Krum等[24]2010年发表的综述中已有系统阐述, 近年的研究亦有相似结论[25]; 通过检测共培养后细胞上清液炎性因子水平, 本研究发现, T-CDs ≥ 50 μg·mL-1显著下调4T1细胞炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α的分泌水平(图6E、F)。综上所述, T-CDs可能通过调节乳腺癌细胞分泌的炎性因子水平, 间接影响MC3T3-E1 S14细胞中NF-κB蛋白表达, 以促进成骨细胞的分化。
本研究以中药雷公藤为碳源制备T-CDs, 并在体外评估其抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖与促进成骨细胞分化的能力。细胞氧化还原稳态失调可导致严重的细胞损伤, 促进细胞内脂质过氧化物的广泛积累并进一步降解出醛类化合物, 加剧氧化应激并导致细胞损伤[26], GPX4蛋白是参与此过程的关键蛋白[27]; 且氧化应激可作为细胞铁死亡的重要触发因素[28, 29]。STAT3蛋白属于信号转导和转录激活物(STAT) 蛋白家族, 作为一种关键转录因子, 其磷酸化后可与骨转移性乳腺癌细胞中的骨硬化蛋白(SOST) 发生相互作用, 激活TGF-β/Kras信号通路, 促进乳腺癌骨转移的发生发展[30]。并且STAT3还可通过促进细胞外谷氨酰胺的摄取, 上调细胞内谷氨酸的浓度, 促进SLC7A11介导的细胞外胱氨酸摄取, 帮助肿瘤细胞抵抗铁死亡的发生[31-33]。本研究制备的T-CDs可通过促进4T1细胞内ROS积累与MDA释放, 抑制GPX4蛋白表达扰乱肿瘤细胞氧化还原稳态; 并通过抑制STAT3蛋白磷酸化与SLC7A11/GPX4通路[34, 35]诱导4T1细胞铁死亡, 随后引发免疫原性细胞死亡。
乳腺癌易由骨转移引发多器官转移并最终导致死亡[36, 37]。定植于骨生态位的乳腺癌细胞可通过调节细胞因子分泌抑制成骨分化, 促进自身增殖; 并且成骨细胞功能衰退会打破骨微环境的平衡状态, 进一步引发骨破坏事件[38, 39], 影响患者治疗效果和生存期。原发性乳腺癌患者血清中IL-1β和TNF-α水平的升高与成骨功能的抑制密切相关[40-42]。本研究表明, T-CDs或许可以通过下调4T1细胞中IL-1β及TNF-α的分泌水平以助成骨细胞分化。
综上所述, 本研究以雷公藤成功制备出一种双功能CDs。一方面, T-CDs可诱导乳腺癌细胞免疫原性铁死亡; 另一方面, T-CDs可通过调节乳腺癌细胞因子的分泌, 抑制成骨细胞NK-κB蛋白表达而促进成骨细胞分化, 这些发现展示了T-CDs在治疗骨转移性乳腺癌中的潜在价值。虽然研究取得了初步进展, 但仍有部分问题值得进一步探讨。首先, T-CDs的细胞摄取与胞内转运过程可能在功能实现中发挥关键作用。已有研究表明, CDs可通过clathrin、caveolae等介导能量依赖性内吞途径进入细胞, 并经由内体/溶酶体系统进行转运, 部分CDs还可依赖质子海绵效应实现内体逃逸[43, 44], 尽管本研究尚未直接解析T-CDs的相关过程, 但推测其可能沿类似路径完成胞内递送与释放; 其次, T-CDs在体内的生物分布、代谢路径及生物安全性尚未明确。未来工作可聚焦于研究T-CDs的细胞摄取及转运机制, 深入揭示其胞内递送及功能实现过程; 同时, 进一步开展体内药代动力学、安全性及疗效评价, 以促进T-CDs的临床转化。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0328
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
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    1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
    2临沂市人民医院, 山东 临沂 276000
    3聊城大学药学与食品工程学院, 山东 聊城 252000

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郑昊, Tel: 13792988030, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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