Article(id=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=1749571200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892607519, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892607519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892607519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892607519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3085, endPage=3090, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467691963044149, articleId=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The comparison of the ability of cell-penetrating peptides TAT and L17E to deliver proteins through a fusion mechanism, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as TAT and L17E, have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery, particularly in protein delivery. Previous studies have shown that TAT fusion proteins exhibit superior delivery efficiency compared to non-fusion counterparts and under non-covalent conjugation conditions, L17E demonstrates superior delivery efficiency compared to TAT in transporting EGFP into cells. Therefore, this study investigates the ability of TAT and L17E to deliver target proteins via covalent fusion strategies, along with their molecular-level mechanisms of action. The fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP were expressed and purified. They were evaluated for their abilities to penetrate B16-F10 cells using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that TAT-EGFP exhibited stronger membrane-penetrating ability, with delivery efficiency positively correlated with fusion protein concentration. Structural simulations using AlphaFold3 indicated that TAT-EGFP possesses two outward-extending hydrophobic side chains, a structural feature likely enhancing its interaction with the cell membrane and thereby improving penetration efficiency. In contrast, L17E-EGFP displayed inward-retracted side chains and intramolecular electrostatic interactions, which may reduce binding sites and contact area with the cell membrane, impairing penetration efficacy. This study demonstrates that the structural characteristics of cationic cell-penetrating peptides, such as TAT and L17E (including side chain conformation, hydrophobicity, and charge distribution) are critical determinants of their delivery efficiency, providing a pivotal foundation for optimizing CPP design and advancing CPP-mediated protein drug development.

, authors=Yun HUANG1, Jing ZHANG1, *, Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yun HUANG, Jing ZHANG, Zi-chun HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467693837898048, articleId=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=细胞穿膜肽TAT和L17E以融合方式递送蛋白质的能力比较, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) 如TAT和L17E在药物递送领域展现出显著潜力, 特别是在蛋白质递送方面。已有研究表明TAT融合蛋白的递送效果比非融合蛋白效果更好; 在非共价结合方式下递送EGFP, L17E的递送能力强于TAT。因此, 本文探究TAT与L17E以融合连接方式递送目标蛋白的能力及其作用机制。首先表达纯化融合蛋白TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP, 采用流式细胞检测法和荧光显微镜观察在细胞水平上两者进入B16-F10细胞的能力, 发现TAT-EGFP的穿膜能力更强, 且递送能力与融合蛋白浓度呈现正相关。使用AlphaFold3模拟蛋白发现, TAT-EGFP结构具有两条向外伸展的疏水侧链, 这种结构特征可能显著增强其与细胞膜的相互作用, 从而提高穿膜效率。L17E-EGFP的侧链向内收缩及其与主体之间的静电作用可能导致其与细胞膜的结合位点减少、接触面积降低, 从而削弱穿膜效果。本研究表明, TAT、L17E类阳离子穿膜肽的结构特征(侧链构象、疏水性与电荷分布) 是影响其递送效率的关键因素, 为优化穿膜肽设计及其介导的蛋白质药物开发提供了重要依据。

, authors=黄芸1, 张晶1, *, 华子春1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=黄芸, 张晶, 华子春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晶, 华子春, authorNote=

作者贡献:

黄芸参与实验研究、论文撰写及论文修改; 华子春和张晶是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计及把关、参与稿件修改等工作; 华子春是课题的设计者, 并提供课题研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张晶, E-mail:
华子春, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=F9kBkEn6qZrUD2IhhCSMQg==, magXml=3Rnh9FCx1PbvHZc7/VMXfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cRolPP9U8cp6+L4qE3MzsA==, pdfFileSize=2342635, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Hye1MPbxONn/hr2RZwmhrA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=303/S8w9MCop+0nnWgtMsw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1308497762073801391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497762199630513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762073801391, language=EN, stringName=Yun HUANG, firstName=Yun, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497762287710898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762073801391, language=CN, stringName=黄芸, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1308497762375791284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jzhang08@nju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764397445814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762375791284, language=EN, stringName=Jing ZHANG, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764477137591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762375791284, language=CN, stringName=张晶, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1308497764816876217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zchua@nju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764946899645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497764816876217, language=EN, stringName=Zi-chun HUA, firstName=Zi-chun, middleName=null, lastName=HUA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497765022397118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497764816876217, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761855697576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761864086185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761872474794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761956360875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761964749484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761968943789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1308497765211140799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=cell-penetrating peptide), Keyword(id=1308497765307609792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=TAT), Keyword(id=1308497765664125633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=L17E), Keyword(id=1308497765743817410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=fusion delivery), Keyword(id=1308497765861257923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=membrane penetrating ability), Keyword(id=1308497766062584516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=细胞穿膜肽), Keyword(id=1308497766142276293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=TAT), Keyword(id=1308497766251328198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=L17E), Keyword(id=1308497766347797191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=融合递送), Keyword(id=1308497766557512392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=穿膜能力)], refs=[Reference(id=1308497769258644175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sadeghian I, Heidari R, Raee MJ, et al. Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins to manage the diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis [J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2022, 74: 1085-1116., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769334141648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Palm-Apergi C, Dowdy SF. Protein delivery by PTDs/CPPs [J]. Methods Mol Biol, 2022, 2383: 257-264., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769430610641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rizzuti M, Nizzardo M, Zanetta C, et al. Therapeutic applications of the cell-penetrating HIV-1 TAT peptide [J]. Drug Discov Today, 2015, 20: 76-85., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769527079634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Allen J, Pellois JP. Hydrophobicity is a key determinant in the activity of arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides [J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12: 15981., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769623548627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lv F, Wang J, Chen H, et al. Enhanced mucosal penetration and efficient inhibition efficacy against cervical cancer of PEGylated docetaxel nanocrystals by TAT modification [J]. J Control Release, 2021, 336: 572-582., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769707434708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Akishiba M, Takeuchi T, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Cytosolic antibody delivery by lipid-sensitive endosomolytic peptide [J]. Nat Chem, 2017, 9: 751-761., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769803903701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Akishiba M, Futaki S. Inducible membrane permeabilization by attenuated lytic peptides: a new concept for accessing cell interiors through ruffled membranes [J]. Mol Pharm, 2019, 16: 2540-2548., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769921344214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du W, Du SB, Dong X, et al. Biodegradable silica nanocapsules enable efficient nuclear-targeted delivery of native proteins for cancer therapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2023, 294: 122000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497769996841687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Razavi ZS, Razavi FS, Alizadeh SS, et al. Inorganic nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier modulation: advancing targeted neurological therapies [J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2025, 287: 117357., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770084922072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rossino G, Marchese E, Galli G, et al. Peptides as therapeutic agents: challenges and opportunities in the green transition era [J]. Molecules, 2023, 28: 7165., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770206556889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dou J, Ji LN, Hua ZC. Exploring the ability of TAT, a cell-penetrating peptide, to deliver proteins in a non-fused form [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 2384-2390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770315608794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dou J. Application of Cell-Penetrating Peptide Delivery Proteins Application (细胞穿膜肽递送蛋白质的应用研究) [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770428855003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reid LM, Verma CS, Essex JW. The role of molecular simulations in understanding the mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides [J]. Drug Discov Today, 2019, 24: 1821-1835., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770521129692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu XQ, Zheng YH, Chen ZY, et al. Advancements in improving endosomal escape efficiency for cell-penetrating peptide-based delivery systems [J]. Biol Chem Eng (生物化工), 2023, 9: 177-181., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770621792989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kumar S, Mandal D, El-Mowafi SA, et al. Click-free synthesis of a multivalent tricyclic peptide as a molecular transporter [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12: 842-859., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770709873374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zuo Q, Song XY, Yan J, et al. Triazination/IEDDA cascade modular strategy installing pyridines/pyrimidines onto tyrosine enables peptide screening and optimization [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2025, 147: 9576-9589., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770781176543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan XW, Xiao GQ, Chen HY, et al. Research on the regulation of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells line LX2 by recombinant cytoglobin [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2024, 59: 2237-2244., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770873451232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li HM, Zheng WJ, Li JH, et al. Interaction study of the antibacterial peptide urumin with the H1N1 HA protein of influenza a virus [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 2553-2560., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497770953143009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hua ZC. Artificial design and optimization of peptide/protein drugs-structure, function and precision therapy [J]. Prog Pharm Sci (药学进展), 2019, 43: 721-725., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761855697576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761864086185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761872474794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761956360875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761964749484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761968943789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308497766905639625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E+jzSL2BDY6a3PUQTBDdQg==, figureFileBig=50sI5WFNIxXu9RtLSCUEug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768621109962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Expression and purification of the fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP. A: pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His plasmid mapping; B: pET28a-L17E-EGFP-His plasmid mapping; C: SDS-PAGE analysis of TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Lane 1: Protein marker; Lanes 2 and 6: The lysate of E. coil overexpressed before TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP IPTG induction; Lanes 3 and 7: The lysate of E. coil overexpressed after TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP IPTG induction. The bacteria were broken and then the E. coli lysate was loaded onto the Ni-NTA column, and the flow-through was collected. The column was washed with binding buffer. Lanes 4 and 8: The binding buffer eluent solution. Then TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP were eluted with 50 and 100 mmol·L-1 imidazole. Lane 5: TAT-EGFP eluted with 50 mmol·L-1 imidazole; Lanes 9 and 10: L17E-EGFP eluted with 50 and 100 mmol·L-1 imidazole, figureFileSmall=E+jzSL2BDY6a3PUQTBDdQg==, figureFileBig=50sI5WFNIxXu9RtLSCUEug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768734356171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+yj/4nejCoqcpDCBiwjo6A==, figureFileBig=/yYLQ4Ue9x08aVr/1Y/NTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768881156812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=The transmembrane delivery of TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP into B16-F10 cells. A: Flow cytometry analysis of EGFP-positive cells after co-incubation of different concentrations of TAT-EGFP, L17E-EGFP with B16-F10; B: The mean fluorescence intensity of EGFP-positive B16-F10 cells obtained based on flow cytometry analysis in A. n = 3, x±s. ****P < 0.000 1; C: Fluorescence microscope image of 40 µmol·L-1 TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP co-incubated with B16-F10 cells, scale bar: 500 µm, figureFileSmall=+yj/4nejCoqcpDCBiwjo6A==, figureFileBig=/yYLQ4Ue9x08aVr/1Y/NTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768965042893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eHA31uRGWHwCiT4sMYZH0Q==, figureFileBig=mzwJPsK9HXz8rjkk3zbCpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497769061511886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=3D structures of the fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP predicted by AlphaFold3. A: TAT-EGFP protein structure, the green part was TAT; B: L17E-EGFP protein structure, the green part was L17E; C: Left and right diagrams showed the distribution of atoms and electrostatic forces of L17E-EGFP. The two atoms at the green arrows in the left diagram interacted electrostatically to form a molecular bond (as shown in the right diagram), figureFileSmall=eHA31uRGWHwCiT4sMYZH0Q==, figureFileBig=mzwJPsK9HXz8rjkk3zbCpw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=Y, firstLetterEn=Y, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304509553505227679, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国药学会、中国医学科学院药物研究所, publishedBy=《药学学报》编辑委员会编辑出版, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914171, updatedTime=1788948914171, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304509553559753632, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788948914184, updatedTime=1788948914184, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=Y, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1760198400000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
细胞穿膜肽TAT和L17E以融合方式递送蛋白质的能力比较
收藏切换
PDF下载
黄芸 1 , 张晶 1, * , 华子春 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3085-3090
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3085 -3090
细胞穿膜肽TAT和L17E以融合方式递送蛋白质的能力比较
全屏
[Author(id=1308497762073801391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497762199630513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762073801391, language=EN, stringName=Yun HUANG, firstName=Yun, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497762287710898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762073801391, language=CN, stringName=黄芸, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1308497762375791284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jzhang08@nju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764397445814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762375791284, language=EN, stringName=Jing ZHANG, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764477137591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762375791284, language=CN, stringName=张晶, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)])]), Author(id=1308497764816876217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zchua@nju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308497764946899645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497764816876217, language=EN, stringName=Zi-chun HUA, firstName=Zi-chun, middleName=null, lastName=HUA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497765022397118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497764816876217, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761767617191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761855697576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761864086185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761872474794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761855697576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497761956360875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761964749484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761968943789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761956360875, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044)])])]
黄芸1, 张晶1, * , 华子春1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
  • 3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044
通讯作者:
张晶, E-mail:
华子春, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

黄芸参与实验研究、论文撰写及论文修改; 华子春和张晶是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计及把关、参与稿件修改等工作; 华子春是课题的设计者, 并提供课题研究经费。

The comparison of the ability of cell-penetrating peptides TAT and L17E to deliver proteins through a fusion mechanism
Yun HUANG1, Jing ZHANG1, * , Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 3Nanjing Genrecom Laboratories, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245
文章导航
收藏切换

细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) 如TAT和L17E在药物递送领域展现出显著潜力, 特别是在蛋白质递送方面。已有研究表明TAT融合蛋白的递送效果比非融合蛋白效果更好; 在非共价结合方式下递送EGFP, L17E的递送能力强于TAT。因此, 本文探究TAT与L17E以融合连接方式递送目标蛋白的能力及其作用机制。首先表达纯化融合蛋白TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP, 采用流式细胞检测法和荧光显微镜观察在细胞水平上两者进入B16-F10细胞的能力, 发现TAT-EGFP的穿膜能力更强, 且递送能力与融合蛋白浓度呈现正相关。使用AlphaFold3模拟蛋白发现, TAT-EGFP结构具有两条向外伸展的疏水侧链, 这种结构特征可能显著增强其与细胞膜的相互作用, 从而提高穿膜效率。L17E-EGFP的侧链向内收缩及其与主体之间的静电作用可能导致其与细胞膜的结合位点减少、接触面积降低, 从而削弱穿膜效果。本研究表明, TAT、L17E类阳离子穿膜肽的结构特征(侧链构象、疏水性与电荷分布) 是影响其递送效率的关键因素, 为优化穿膜肽设计及其介导的蛋白质药物开发提供了重要依据。

细胞穿膜肽  /  TAT  /  L17E  /  融合递送  /  穿膜能力

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as TAT and L17E, have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery, particularly in protein delivery. Previous studies have shown that TAT fusion proteins exhibit superior delivery efficiency compared to non-fusion counterparts and under non-covalent conjugation conditions, L17E demonstrates superior delivery efficiency compared to TAT in transporting EGFP into cells. Therefore, this study investigates the ability of TAT and L17E to deliver target proteins via covalent fusion strategies, along with their molecular-level mechanisms of action. The fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP were expressed and purified. They were evaluated for their abilities to penetrate B16-F10 cells using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that TAT-EGFP exhibited stronger membrane-penetrating ability, with delivery efficiency positively correlated with fusion protein concentration. Structural simulations using AlphaFold3 indicated that TAT-EGFP possesses two outward-extending hydrophobic side chains, a structural feature likely enhancing its interaction with the cell membrane and thereby improving penetration efficiency. In contrast, L17E-EGFP displayed inward-retracted side chains and intramolecular electrostatic interactions, which may reduce binding sites and contact area with the cell membrane, impairing penetration efficacy. This study demonstrates that the structural characteristics of cationic cell-penetrating peptides, such as TAT and L17E (including side chain conformation, hydrophobicity, and charge distribution) are critical determinants of their delivery efficiency, providing a pivotal foundation for optimizing CPP design and advancing CPP-mediated protein drug development.

cell-penetrating peptide  /  TAT  /  L17E  /  fusion delivery  /  membrane penetrating ability
黄芸, 张晶, 华子春. 细胞穿膜肽TAT和L17E以融合方式递送蛋白质的能力比较. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3085 -3090 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245
Yun HUANG, Jing ZHANG, Zi-chun HUA. The comparison of the ability of cell-penetrating peptides TAT and L17E to deliver proteins through a fusion mechanism[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3085 -3090 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245
细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides) 是一类由8~30个氨基酸构成的短肽[1], 能够高效穿透细胞膜屏障。由于细胞穿膜肽能够携带分子穿透细胞膜, 越来越多的研究将其作为一种具有应用潜力的药物载体, 跨膜递送不同类型的药物分子, 如蛋白质、核酸和小分子药物[2]等, 输送到特定靶点[3], 用于治疗不同的疾病。其中, 蛋白质药物在临床上应用广泛, 穿膜肽和蛋白质能通过共价结合和非共价结合形式进行递送。
迄今已有约2 000种穿膜肽被报道。其中, TAT是第一个被报道的穿膜肽, 来源于HIV病毒。目前研究最深入、应用最广泛的就是TAT, 可有效地与不同的潜在治疗分子连接, 包括小分子、脂质体、纳米颗粒和核酸, 可提高组织生物分布和达到目标的效率。TAT主要通过网格蛋白介导的内吞方式进入细胞[4], 同时也可通过“孔隙模型”直接穿透细胞膜。TAT具有强正电性(富含精氨酸) 使其能够与带负电荷的细胞膜高效相互作用。TAT一般通过与药物共价结合的方式应用于递送, 如用TAT修饰PEG化多西他赛纳米晶体(NC@PDA-PEG-TAT[5]), 来研究细胞穿膜肽修饰纳米药物在改善黏膜穿透和有效治疗癌症方面的潜力, 证实了其具有更长的体内阴道滞留时间、更深的黏膜渗透和更强的抑制小鼠原位宫颈癌生长的能力。
L17E是一种两亲性穿膜肽, 将蜘蛛毒肽中的第17位亮氨酸用谷氨酸取代得到[6], 具有对晚期内体(LE) 特定的膜裂解活性。当L17E被内吞到细胞中并被运输到LE时, 刺激肌动蛋白聚合并诱导细胞膜的动态结构改变[7], 皱折细胞膜的瞬时渗透导致内体膜瞬间破裂并将内容物释放到胞质溶胶中, 因此L17E也是一种内体溶解肽(内溶肽)。目前基于内溶肽L17E的协同递送策略尚未被广泛探索, 有研究表明通过将可生物降解二氧化硅纳米胶囊(BSNPs) 表面修饰核定位信号肽(NLS) 并与内溶肽L17E偶联, 可构建一种高效的核靶向递送系统, 提高载体的细胞摄取效率和溶酶体逃逸几率, 靶向递送药物, 在肿瘤细胞的细胞核中释放功能蛋白质, 从而抑制小鼠体内的肿瘤生长[8]。
本文选用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) 作为模型蛋白, 通过荧光示踪技术评估TAT和L17E两种穿膜肽的胞内递送效率。构建并表达和纯化了TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP融合蛋白, 在细胞水平上对比两种蛋白的递送能力, 进而探究影响递送效果的机制。
材料与方法
实验材料  小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16-F10来源于本实验室冻存, 细胞穿膜肽TAT (生产批号: C300EHC040-4/PE4248)、L17E (生产批号: C300EHC040-1/PE4245) 由金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成; TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP的表达质粒(pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His、pET28a-L17E-EGFP-His, 本实验室冻存); Ni-NTA琼脂糖介质(生产批号: C600033-0025)、IPTG (异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷, 生产批号: A600168-0050) 来源于上海生工生物工程有限公司; 多聚甲醛固定液(生产批号: GP2412302000) 来源于武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; DAPI染色液(生产批号: C1006) 来源于上海碧云天生物科技有限公司。
TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP融合蛋白的表达纯化  将pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His、pET28a-L17E-EGFP-His质粒转化进入E. coil BL21 (DE3) 菌株中, 在16 ℃下加入IPTG诱导表达16 h。收集菌体, 离心后用结合缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, pH 8.5) 重悬, 使用低温高压细胞破碎仪在600 bar下破菌, 离心后收集上清。
首先平衡Ni-NTA纯化柱, 加入菌体裂解上清液开始上样, 上样结束后先用结合缓冲液洗涤纯化柱, 再加50、100 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液进行洗脱, 收集洗脱液。
流式细胞术检测  将生长状态良好的B16-F10细胞接种到12孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。第二天细胞贴壁, 用不含血清的培养基配制不同浓度的药物: 0、10、20、40、60、120 µmol·L-1 TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP, 分别加入12孔板中, 孵育2 h后将培养基更换成含10%血清的培养基。继续培养2 h后, 去除培养基, 用0.01 mol·L-1 PBS清洗, 胰酶消化, 2 000 r·min-1、5 min离心收集细胞, 用流式细胞仪进行检测。
荧光倒置显微镜观察  将生长状态良好的B16-F10细胞接种到96孔板中培养, 第二天在96孔板中分别加入不同浓度的TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP, 与细胞共孵育2 h。然后换成含10%血清的培养基继续培养2 h, 结束培养后用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞, 再用DAPI染色10 min, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察。
统计学分析  荧光显微镜结果用Zen软件分析, 流式结果用FlowJo软件分析, 所得数据使用GraphPad软件进行统计学分析, 采用t检验法进行显著性分析, 数据以x±s表示, P < 0.05说明差异具有统计学意义。
TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP的质粒图谱如图1A和B所示。利用12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP的表达和纯化。未诱导的菌株与诱导后的菌液(图1C的泳道2和3、6和7) 相比, 出现了分子质量约为30 kDa的蛋白条带, 与TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP融合蛋白的理论分子量符合。利用Ni-NTA介质纯化柱, 用50 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液洗脱得到TAT-EGFP (泳道5); 用100 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液洗脱得到L17E-EGFP (泳道10)。通过SDS-PAGE电泳的灰度定量分析显示, 融合蛋白纯度高于90%。
流式分析的结果如图2A所示, 融合蛋白TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP共孵育的B16-F10细胞的绿色荧光峰相较于对照组有明显的向右偏移, 说明绿色荧光强度均有明显增强, 这两种融合蛋白均具有穿膜能力, 且随着融合蛋白浓度的升高, 穿膜能力增强。图2B是将图2A的结果进行定量分析后的结果, 通过平均荧光强度体现穿膜效果。当给药浓度为120 µmol·L-1时, TAT-EGFP的荧光强度约为400 000, L17E-EGFP荧光强度约为100 000, 细胞对TAT-EGFP的摄取率为L17E-EGFP的4倍。总体来说, TAT-EGFP组的平均荧光强度明显高于L17E-EGFP组, 说明TAT-EGFP的穿膜效果要优于L17E-EGFP。融合蛋白处理过后的细胞的平均荧光强度随着融合蛋白浓度的升高而增强, 表明穿膜能力与蛋白浓度成正比。
然后通过荧光显微镜观察了蛋白浓度为40 µmol·L-1时递送进入B16-F10细胞的情况。由图2C可以看到TAT-EGFP组的绿色荧光强度明显强于L17E-EGFP组。因此, 可得出TAT-EGFP递送进入B16-F10细胞的能力明显强于L17E-EGFP。
使用AlphaFold3预测蛋白质的三维结构, 从多个角度对融合蛋白TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP进行分析, 说明侧链的构象、疏水性及电荷分布在融合穿膜肽蛋白质与细胞膜相互作用中的重要性。
TAT-EGFP的蛋白结构如图3A所示, 两条侧链呈现出几乎180°向外伸展的构象, 具有灵活性, 使其能够动态调整构象, 以适应细胞膜表面的不规则性, 使TAT-EGFP能从多个方向与细胞膜接触, 显著增加其与细胞膜的相互作用机会; L17E-EGFP的蛋白结构如图3B所示, 相较之下, 两条侧链则表现出“向内收缩”的趋势, 可能导致其表面暴露的带电残基减少, 进而减少蛋白与细胞膜的接触面积, 还可能削弱穿膜肽与细胞膜之间的亲和力。
统计得到TAT-EGFP共带负电荷的残基(Asp+Glu) 34个、带正电荷的残基(Arg+Lys) 34个, 平均亲水值为-0.604; L17E-EGFP共带负电荷的残基(Asp+Glu) 35个、带正电荷的残基(Arg+Lys) 31个, 平均亲水值为-0.445。说明TAT-EGFP的疏水性更强, 使其能够有效嵌入细胞膜的疏水核心(脂质双层), 从而提高结合效率。
通过研究电荷分布情况, 发现TAT-EGFP两条几乎180°向外的侧链与较相邻的正负电荷不易结合形成共价键; 而L17E-EGFP其侧链与主链之间存在较强静电相互作用(图3C绿色箭头所示, 侧链的负电荷与相邻主链的正电荷连接形成共价键), 这种相互作用可能会增强侧链的构象稳定性, 限制了侧链与细胞膜的接触, 进而穿膜效果不佳。
传统药物递送系统的应用效果常受限于细胞膜的屏障作用, 难以将大分子药物高效递送至胞内, 导致生物利用度不足及治疗效果受限[9], 因此如何有效地跨越这一屏障是提高药物疗效的关键。研究发现, 细胞穿膜肽可作为一种新型的药物递送工具, 携带蛋白质、核酸、纳米颗粒等进入细胞, 在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用[10]。
尽管细胞穿膜肽在递送领域展现出潜力, 但其临床应用仍存在局限性, 如穿透效率、细胞特异性和生物相容性等。因此, 对穿膜肽的改造和优化成为当前研究的热点之一。
穿膜肽与携带药物的结合方式直接影响递送效率, 一般分为两种方式: 一种是共价结合(如融合表达), 稳定连接; 另一种非共价结合(如静电吸附作用), 操作简单。本实验室的前期研究表明: 当TAT以融合蛋白形式递送EGFP时, 其递送能力明显优于TAT以非融合形式递送EGFP的能力[11]; 在非共价结合方式下递送EGFP, L17E的递送能力强于TAT[12]。因此, 本文旨在探索当以共价融合方式递送目标蛋白时, TAT-EGFP和L17E-EGFP的递送能力之间有何差异, 可能的机制如何?通过流式检测和荧光显微镜分析, 本研究发现: 与L17E-EGFP相比, TAT-EGFP递送进入B16-F10细胞的能力更强, 且递送效果随着融合蛋白的浓度增加而更好。通过AlphaFold3模拟融合蛋白结构, 发现TAT-EGFP因其向外伸展的疏水侧链和灵活的构象, 展现出高效的穿膜能力; 而L17E-EGFP的侧链向内收缩限制了其与细胞膜的相互作用, 导致穿膜效果较差。因此, 说明细胞穿膜肽的递送效率与其理化性质(侧链构象、疏水性及电荷分布等) 密切相关, 这些参数通过调控肽-膜相互作用动力学影响跨膜转运能力。
现有的穿膜肽的序列优化与构效关系的研究表明, 富含正电荷的氨基酸(精氨酸和赖氨酸) 可以增强肽-细胞膜结合能力。在TAT序列中引入更多精氨酸残基, 可增强其与细胞膜的亲和力, 显著提高穿膜效率, 且荧光强度与精氨酸含量呈正相关。穿膜肽中引入疏水性氨基酸, 增加肽的疏水性能够提高其穿透效率, 尤其是在靶向某些特定细胞类型时。如Midkine突变体(MK-Δ4) 通过优化碱性氨基酸分布, 穿膜效率较原始序列提升16倍, 且利用硫酸乙酰肝素介导的巨胞饮途径实现高效内吞通过。计算机辅助设计(分子动力学模拟) 可预测疏水核心与脂双层的相互作用模式, 优化氨基酸的排列组合[13], 从而设计出具有更高穿透能力的新型穿膜肽。
此外, 通过对穿膜肽进行结构环化与功能化改造也能提高递送水平。①环化与稳定性提升: 环状穿膜肽通过限制构象自由度增强抗酶解能力[14], 具有抵抗水解降解的稳定性, 且细胞穿透能力增强[15]。Tyr肽经环化后, 在血清中的半衰期延长至12 h, 且跨膜效率提升40%[16]。②载体复合系统: 将穿膜肽与脂质体或聚合物[17]结合可增强其在细胞内的稳定性和有效性。TAT-PEG-DSPE脂质体通过聚乙二醇修饰降低免疫原性, 并在肿瘤微环境中实现pH响应性药物释放, 使多柔比星的肿瘤蓄积量增加3倍。③配体标记的靶向改造: 通过在细胞穿膜肽上附加特定的配体[18], 可以实现对特定细胞类型的靶向传递[19]。通过将穿膜肽与肿瘤靶向配体(HER2抗体片段、叶酸受体配体) 或血脑屏障穿透肽(T7肽) 融合, 可实现精准递送。如T7-TAT双修饰脂质体能同时穿透血脑屏障并靶向脑胶质瘤细胞, 显著提高化疗药物(多柔比星) 的脑内蓄积, 这种策略不仅提高了药物的有效性, 还减少了对正常细胞的潜在毒性。
细胞穿膜肽作为药物递送领域的核心工具, 其作用机制与改造策略的深入研究为精准医疗提供了新思路。未来需进一步解析跨膜过程的分子动力学细节, 并开发智能化响应型穿膜肽, 以提升其在基因治疗和靶向递送中的应用潜力。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Sadeghian I, Heidari R, Raee MJ, et al. Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins to manage the diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis [J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2022, 74: 1085-1116.
2
Palm-Apergi C, Dowdy SF. Protein delivery by PTDs/CPPs [J]. Methods Mol Biol, 2022, 2383: 257-264.
3
Rizzuti M, Nizzardo M, Zanetta C, et al. Therapeutic applications of the cell-penetrating HIV-1 TAT peptide [J]. Drug Discov Today, 2015, 20: 76-85.
4
Allen J, Pellois JP. Hydrophobicity is a key determinant in the activity of arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides [J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12: 15981.
5
Lv F, Wang J, Chen H, et al. Enhanced mucosal penetration and efficient inhibition efficacy against cervical cancer of PEGylated docetaxel nanocrystals by TAT modification [J]. J Control Release, 2021, 336: 572-582.
6
Akishiba M, Takeuchi T, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Cytosolic antibody delivery by lipid-sensitive endosomolytic peptide [J]. Nat Chem, 2017, 9: 751-761.
7
Akishiba M, Futaki S. Inducible membrane permeabilization by attenuated lytic peptides: a new concept for accessing cell interiors through ruffled membranes [J]. Mol Pharm, 2019, 16: 2540-2548.
8
Du W, Du SB, Dong X, et al. Biodegradable silica nanocapsules enable efficient nuclear-targeted delivery of native proteins for cancer therapy [J]. Biomaterials, 2023, 294: 122000.
9
Razavi ZS, Razavi FS, Alizadeh SS, et al. Inorganic nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier modulation: advancing targeted neurological therapies [J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2025, 287: 117357.
10
Rossino G, Marchese E, Galli G, et al. Peptides as therapeutic agents: challenges and opportunities in the green transition era [J]. Molecules, 2023, 28: 7165.
11
Dou J, Ji LN, Hua ZC. Exploring the ability of TAT, a cell-penetrating peptide, to deliver proteins in a non-fused form [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2023, 58: 2384-2390.
12
Dou J. Application of Cell-Penetrating Peptide Delivery Proteins Application (细胞穿膜肽递送蛋白质的应用研究) [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University, 2023.
13
Reid LM, Verma CS, Essex JW. The role of molecular simulations in understanding the mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides [J]. Drug Discov Today, 2019, 24: 1821-1835.
14
Liu XQ, Zheng YH, Chen ZY, et al. Advancements in improving endosomal escape efficiency for cell-penetrating peptide-based delivery systems [J]. Biol Chem Eng (生物化工), 2023, 9: 177-181.
15
Kumar S, Mandal D, El-Mowafi SA, et al. Click-free synthesis of a multivalent tricyclic peptide as a molecular transporter [J]. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12: 842-859.
16
Zuo Q, Song XY, Yan J, et al. Triazination/IEDDA cascade modular strategy installing pyridines/pyrimidines onto tyrosine enables peptide screening and optimization [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2025, 147: 9576-9589.
17
Duan XW, Xiao GQ, Chen HY, et al. Research on the regulation of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells line LX2 by recombinant cytoglobin [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2024, 59: 2237-2244.
18
Li HM, Zheng WJ, Li JH, et al. Interaction study of the antibacterial peptide urumin with the H1N1 HA protein of influenza a virus [J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 2553-2560.
19
Hua ZC. Artificial design and optimization of peptide/protein drugs-structure, function and precision therapy [J]. Prog Pharm Sci (药学进展), 2019, 43: 721-725.
2025年第60卷第10期
PDF下载
211
104
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 修回日期:2025-06-11
基金
作者信息
    1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
    2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
    3南京吉芮康生物科技研究院, 江苏 南京 210044

通讯作者:

张晶, E-mail:
华子春, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏