Article(id=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=1749571200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892607519, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892607519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892607519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892607519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3085, endPage=3090, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467691963044149, articleId=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The comparison of the ability of cell-penetrating peptides TAT and L17E to deliver proteins through a fusion mechanism, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as TAT and L17E, have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery, particularly in protein delivery. Previous studies have shown that TAT fusion proteins exhibit superior delivery efficiency compared to non-fusion counterparts and under non-covalent conjugation conditions, L17E demonstrates superior delivery efficiency compared to TAT in transporting EGFP into cells. Therefore, this study investigates the ability of TAT and L17E to deliver target proteins via covalent fusion strategies, along with their molecular-level mechanisms of action. The fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP were expressed and purified. They were evaluated for their abilities to penetrate B16-F10 cells using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that TAT-EGFP exhibited stronger membrane-penetrating ability, with delivery efficiency positively correlated with fusion protein concentration. Structural simulations using AlphaFold3 indicated that TAT-EGFP possesses two outward-extending hydrophobic side chains, a structural feature likely enhancing its interaction with the cell membrane and thereby improving penetration efficiency. In contrast, L17E-EGFP displayed inward-retracted side chains and intramolecular electrostatic interactions, which may reduce binding sites and contact area with the cell membrane, impairing penetration efficacy. This study demonstrates that the structural characteristics of cationic cell-penetrating peptides, such as TAT and L17E (including side chain conformation, hydrophobicity, and charge distribution) are critical determinants of their delivery efficiency, providing a pivotal foundation for optimizing CPP design and advancing CPP-mediated protein drug development.
, authors=Yun HUANG
1, Jing ZHANG
1, *, Zi-chun HUA
1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yun HUANG, Jing ZHANG, Zi-chun HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467693837898048, articleId=1308467690289516851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=细胞穿膜肽TAT和L17E以融合方式递送蛋白质的能力比较, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) 如TAT和L17E在药物递送领域展现出显著潜力, 特别是在蛋白质递送方面。已有研究表明TAT融合蛋白的递送效果比非融合蛋白效果更好; 在非共价结合方式下递送EGFP, L17E的递送能力强于TAT。因此, 本文探究TAT与L17E以融合连接方式递送目标蛋白的能力及其作用机制。首先表达纯化融合蛋白TAT-EGFP、L17E-EGFP, 采用流式细胞检测法和荧光显微镜观察在细胞水平上两者进入B16-F10细胞的能力, 发现TAT-EGFP的穿膜能力更强, 且递送能力与融合蛋白浓度呈现正相关。使用AlphaFold3模拟蛋白发现, TAT-EGFP结构具有两条向外伸展的疏水侧链, 这种结构特征可能显著增强其与细胞膜的相互作用, 从而提高穿膜效率。L17E-EGFP的侧链向内收缩及其与主体之间的静电作用可能导致其与细胞膜的结合位点减少、接触面积降低, 从而削弱穿膜效果。本研究表明, TAT、L17E类阳离子穿膜肽的结构特征(侧链构象、疏水性与电荷分布) 是影响其递送效率的关键因素, 为优化穿膜肽设计及其介导的蛋白质药物开发提供了重要依据。
, authors=黄芸
1, 张晶
1, *, 华子春
1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=黄芸, 张晶, 华子春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晶, 华子春, authorNote=
作者贡献:
黄芸参与实验研究、论文撰写及论文修改; 华子春和张晶是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计及把关、参与稿件修改等工作; 华子春是课题的设计者, 并提供课题研究经费。
, correspAuthorsNote=
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1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308497762287710898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, authorId=1308497762073801391, language=CN, stringName=黄芸, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497761734062757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497761759228582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, companyId=1308497761734062757, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou 213164, China
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1南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
2江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 常州南京大学高新技术研究院, 江苏 常州 213164
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Expression and purification of the fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP. A: pET28a-TAT-EGFP-His plasmid mapping; B: pET28a-L17E-EGFP-His plasmid mapping; C: SDS-PAGE analysis of TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Lane 1: Protein marker; Lanes 2 and 6: The lysate of E. coil overexpressed before TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP IPTG induction; Lanes 3 and 7: The lysate of E. coil overexpressed after TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP IPTG induction. The bacteria were broken and then the E. coli lysate was loaded onto the Ni-NTA column, and the flow-through was collected. The column was washed with binding buffer. Lanes 4 and 8: The binding buffer eluent solution. Then TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP were eluted with 50 and 100 mmol·L-1 imidazole. Lane 5: TAT-EGFP eluted with 50 mmol·L-1 imidazole; Lanes 9 and 10: L17E-EGFP eluted with 50 and 100 mmol·L-1 imidazole, figureFileSmall=E+jzSL2BDY6a3PUQTBDdQg==, figureFileBig=50sI5WFNIxXu9RtLSCUEug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768734356171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+yj/4nejCoqcpDCBiwjo6A==, figureFileBig=/yYLQ4Ue9x08aVr/1Y/NTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768881156812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
The transmembrane delivery of TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP into B16-F10 cells. A: Flow cytometry analysis of EGFP-positive cells after co-incubation of different concentrations of TAT-EGFP, L17E-EGFP with B16-F10; B: The mean fluorescence intensity of EGFP-positive B16-F10 cells obtained based on flow cytometry analysis in A. n = 3, x±s. ****P < 0.000 1; C: Fluorescence microscope image of 40 µmol·L-1 TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP co-incubated with B16-F10 cells, scale bar: 500 µm, figureFileSmall=+yj/4nejCoqcpDCBiwjo6A==, figureFileBig=/yYLQ4Ue9x08aVr/1Y/NTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497768965042893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eHA31uRGWHwCiT4sMYZH0Q==, figureFileBig=mzwJPsK9HXz8rjkk3zbCpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497769061511886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467690289516851, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
3D structures of the fusion proteins TAT-EGFP and L17E-EGFP predicted by AlphaFold3. A: TAT-EGFP protein structure, the green part was TAT; B: L17E-EGFP protein structure, the green part was L17E; C: Left and right diagrams showed the distribution of atoms and electrostatic forces of L17E-EGFP. 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