Article(id=1308468315320512975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=1751990400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892756537, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1765468800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892756537, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892756537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892756537, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308468301072458736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='12', pageStart='3545', pageEnd='3798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765468800000', pubDateStr='2025-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892753141, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893218933, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3730, endPage=3741, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308468315505062352, articleId=1308468315320512975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in microneedle therapy for tumor treatment based on stimulus responsiveness, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The application of microneedle technology in biomedicine has attracted widespread attention due to its versatility in tissue sampling, biosensing and drug delivery. In particular, drug-loaded microneedle formulations can directly penetrate the stratum corneum to deliver drugs, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and achieve the purpose of disease treatment, which is characterized by high efficiency, portability, low trauma, and high controllability. When combined with smart responsive materials, microneedles enable precise drug delivery, improving targeting accuracy for diseases such as tumors while minimizing toxic side effects on normal tissues and cells. In this review, we introduce the history of microneedle technology and highlight its applications in smart-responsive systems for oncology therapy. We also discuss the current challenges and obstacles faced by microneedle technology in oncology therapy and clinical translation. Finally, we provide prospective recommendations on the current situation, aiming to inspire new ideas and directions for the development of related technologies.

, authors=Dan LI1, Shao-hua XU1, Mu-lan LI1, Xiao-xia LIU1, Ming YANG2, *, Fang WANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Dan LI, Shao-hua XU, Mu-lan LI, Xiao-xia LIU, Ming YANG, Fang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming YANG, Fang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308468319468679648, articleId=1308468315320512975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于刺激响应性的微针治疗肿瘤的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微针技术在生物医学中应用广泛, 涵盖组织采样、生物传感以及药物输送等领域。尤其是, 装载了药物的微针制剂能够直接穿透皮肤角质层输送药物, 提升药物递送效率, 实现疾病治疗的目的, 具有高效、便携、创伤小、可控性高等特点。当微针与智能响应性材料结合时, 能够实现精准给药, 提高疾病(如肿瘤) 治疗的针对性, 降低对正常组织和细胞的毒副作用。本文介绍了微针技术的发展史, 以及智能响应性微针技术在肿瘤治疗中的应用, 并讨论了当下微针技术在肿瘤治疗和临床转化中面临的挑战与障碍。最后, 就面临的现状, 提供了具有一定前瞻性的建议, 以期能为相关技术的发展提供新思路和方向。

, authors=李丹1, 许梢华1, 李木兰1, 刘晓霞1, 杨明2, *, 王芳1, 2, *, authorsList=李丹, 许梢华, 李木兰, 刘晓霞, 杨明, 王芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨明, 王芳, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李丹负责文章撰写与修改; 许梢华负责关键文献筛选与文章逻辑结构优化; 李木兰和刘晓霞协助文献收集与整理; 杨明与王芳负责文章指导修改与完善。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨明, E-mail:
王芳, E-mail:
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基于刺激响应性的微针治疗肿瘤的研究进展
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李丹 1 , 许梢华 1 , 李木兰 1 , 刘晓霞 1 , 杨明 2, * , 王芳 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(12): 3730-3741
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (12) : 3730 -3741
基于刺激响应性的微针治疗肿瘤的研究进展
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李丹1, 许梢华1, 李木兰1, 刘晓霞1, 杨明2, * , 王芳1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学癌症研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
通讯作者:
杨明, E-mail:
王芳, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李丹负责文章撰写与修改; 许梢华负责关键文献筛选与文章逻辑结构优化; 李木兰和刘晓霞协助文献收集与整理; 杨明与王芳负责文章指导修改与完善。

Advances in microneedle therapy for tumor treatment based on stimulus responsiveness
Dan LI1, Shao-hua XU1, Mu-lan LI1, Xiao-xia LIU1, Ming YANG2, * , Fang WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Cancer Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0243
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微针技术在生物医学中应用广泛, 涵盖组织采样、生物传感以及药物输送等领域。尤其是, 装载了药物的微针制剂能够直接穿透皮肤角质层输送药物, 提升药物递送效率, 实现疾病治疗的目的, 具有高效、便携、创伤小、可控性高等特点。当微针与智能响应性材料结合时, 能够实现精准给药, 提高疾病(如肿瘤) 治疗的针对性, 降低对正常组织和细胞的毒副作用。本文介绍了微针技术的发展史, 以及智能响应性微针技术在肿瘤治疗中的应用, 并讨论了当下微针技术在肿瘤治疗和临床转化中面临的挑战与障碍。最后, 就面临的现状, 提供了具有一定前瞻性的建议, 以期能为相关技术的发展提供新思路和方向。

刺激响应性  /  微针  /  透皮给药  /  肿瘤治疗  /  肿瘤微环境

The application of microneedle technology in biomedicine has attracted widespread attention due to its versatility in tissue sampling, biosensing and drug delivery. In particular, drug-loaded microneedle formulations can directly penetrate the stratum corneum to deliver drugs, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and achieve the purpose of disease treatment, which is characterized by high efficiency, portability, low trauma, and high controllability. When combined with smart responsive materials, microneedles enable precise drug delivery, improving targeting accuracy for diseases such as tumors while minimizing toxic side effects on normal tissues and cells. In this review, we introduce the history of microneedle technology and highlight its applications in smart-responsive systems for oncology therapy. We also discuss the current challenges and obstacles faced by microneedle technology in oncology therapy and clinical translation. Finally, we provide prospective recommendations on the current situation, aiming to inspire new ideas and directions for the development of related technologies.

stimulus responsiveness  /  microneedle  /  transdermal drug delivery  /  tumor therapy  /  tumor microenvironment
李丹, 许梢华, 李木兰, 刘晓霞, 杨明, 王芳. 基于刺激响应性的微针治疗肿瘤的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3730 -3741 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0243
Dan LI, Shao-hua XU, Mu-lan LI, Xiao-xia LIU, Ming YANG, Fang WANG. Advances in microneedle therapy for tumor treatment based on stimulus responsiveness[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3730 -3741 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0243
肿瘤是全球健康第二大杀手, 严重影响着人们的生活质量, 分为良性与恶性, 良性肿瘤由于发现及时且暂未扩散, 通过手术可以切除, 治愈率高; 而恶性肿瘤生长迅速, 会转移至身体的其他组织器官, 从而导致死亡。传统的治疗方法如手术、放疗、化疗等, 具有风险大、不良反应多、患者依从性差等不足, 寻找靶向性好、效果持久和毒副作用小的治疗方法是肿瘤医学研究的一大热点。人们也在一直尝试将小分子抗癌药物递送至实体瘤, 但由于生物利用度低、水溶性差以及对肿瘤部位靶向性差等因素而受到限制[1]。
相比于传统药物递送技术, 微针(microneedle, MN) 给药是一种新颖的透皮药物输送方式, 它以微创的方式刺穿皮肤角质层形成数百个微米级的通道, 将药物直接递送至表皮或上部真皮层, 显著提高药物经皮渗透率[2], 具有高效、使用方便、创面小与可控性强等特点。基于药物递送方法, 微针可主要分为4类: 涂层MN、中空MN、可溶MN和水凝胶MN (图1)。硅、玻璃、金属、聚合物、水凝胶等众多材料可用于制造MN, 依据所使用的材料, 可分为无机、金属和聚合物微针3种[3]。MN能以安全可控的方式将小分子和大分子药物甚至纳米颗粒(nanoparticle, NP) 递送至肿瘤组织, 通过局部递送药物可实现肿瘤部位药物高积累量和少不良反应的疗效。尤其是, 通过微针技术与智能刺激响应性材料结合, 实现药物精准靶向递送的智能响应性微针递送技术, 在个性化护理、精准医疗和动态疾病管理中表现出巨大的潜力。
刺激响应性材料能够对特定的内部(如活性氧、pH、酶、葡萄糖等) 或外部(如光、电、磁、机械力、超声等) 刺激快速作出响应, 从而发生物理或化学变化, 具有足够的环境适应性、精确可控性和多功能性等优点, 在生物医学、传感器、化学阀门等各个领域得到了广泛的应用[4, 5]。肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 具有缺氧[6]、偏酸性[7]、高活性氧[8]、酶过度表达[9]等特殊的生理特征。在此基础上, 微针与能够响应TME的材料相结合, 能够实现程序化地精准按需给药, 从而有效地减少了对正常组织的毒副作用[10], 表现出优秀的靶向性, 在肿瘤治疗方面具有独特的优势。此外, 微针技术的无痛性、成本低廉和便携等特点能够显著提高患者依从性。
在过去10年中, 刺激响应性微针技术在药物递送和靶向肿瘤治疗方面表现出巨大潜力, 基于微针技术的治疗手段也呈现出跨学科融合的快速发展趋势。因此, 本文重点介绍了该领域的最新研究进展, 探讨不同刺激响应性微针在肿瘤治疗中的应用实例, 从而认识其在肿瘤治疗中的优势和潜力; 同时简要阐述当前挑战, 以期为后续的研究提供有益的参考和启示, 也为未来的研究提供新的思路和方向。
虽然微针的历史没有片剂、注射剂、软膏剂等长远, 但其作为第三大给药系统中的一种新型递药技术, 越来越受到关注。MN发展史中的主要事件汇总如图2所示。
早在1958年, 美国Alan Richard Wagner学者提出了微针皮内注射的概念, 并申请了专利, 但受限于当时的制备技术, 微针无法制备出来用于实际研究, 直到1979年专利过期, 都未有突破性进展。1976年, 第一个微针专利在美国加州授权, 由Gerstel等[11]提出中空微针阵列用于经皮递药的概念, 中空微针与皮下注射类似, 在压力的驱动下将药物输注到皮肤中[12, 13]。1998年, Henry等[14]采用反应离子蚀刻技术, 研制出一种固体硅微针, 能够减少穿透表皮的疼痛感, 同时大大增加药物的渗透率。从那时起, 透皮给药装置和新型微针技术开始了新兴发展。
1999年, Brazzle等[15]设计了一种中空金属微加工针阵列, 用于输送药物或从体内提取液体。次年, Horst Liebl教授为寻求一种新型、更快速的微针疗法, 将近200根非创伤性医用级微针整合到一个鼓形装置中, 以“动态”疗法实现在短时间内治疗更大面积的皮肤[16]。2002年, Mikszta等[17]首次在体内使用结构精确的微米级硅凸起阵列局部递送疫苗, 使得局部基因转移和免疫成为可能, 且在当时具有显著的临床优势和可行性。同年, Matriano等[18]制作了涂有蛋白质抗原的Macroflux微针阵列, 能够快速且重复给药, 相比于皮下或肌内注射可以提供更高的抗体水平, 具有足够的疗效和便利性, 但长期加强给药会导致皮肤红肿过敏, 其安全性还有待提高。2003年, McAllister等[19]开发了不同材质的固体、中空微针制备技术, 并且表明这两种微针能够用于透皮输送大分子药物和纳米颗粒。同年, 中国科学院理化所的研究员高云华及其团队承担了单晶硅微针研究项目, 开启了中国微针领域研究的篇章。经过多年研究推出了新一代聚合物微针给药技术平台, 现已正式产业化。2005年, Park等[20]采用可生物降解的聚合物制备微针, 其生物相容性好, 也具有足够的机械强度插入皮肤, 显著提高了药物经皮递送效率, 同时还降低了生产成本, 为微针的制造和递药技术提供了一种新的发展策略。同年, Miyano等[21]利用麦芽糖能够在皮肤中发生水解, 开发了具有生物降解性的麦芽糖可溶微针, 这是可溶微针发展的重要里程碑。
2012年, Donnelly等[22]首次验证了聚合物水凝胶制备微针的可行性, 在插入皮肤后迅速吸收间质液, 形成不阻塞连续的水凝胶通道, 且不易在皮肤中发生断裂, 非常适用于小分子水溶性药物和大分子蛋白质的递送。2021年Chang等[23]开发了新一代微针技术——冷冻微针, 以微创的方式在皮内递送细胞, 扩充了细胞疗法递送方式, 高效递送树突状细胞疫苗, 显著延缓肿瘤生长。但该技术存在一些局限性如无菌要求、细胞载量等, 随着技术的发展相信在不久的将来, 该微针能更好地应用于细胞治疗领域。
2005年以来, 几种基于生物材料的肿瘤疗法已经进入临床试验, 并取得了一定的成功, 然而, 这些疗法尚未获得FDA的批准[24]。响应性生物材料已被证明是控制癌症免疫治疗的有力工具, 能够通过对免疫物质的递送和释放的精确控制, 产生抗肿瘤作用[8]。智能响应性材料的开发, 支持了智能微针的设计和研究。普通微针只能按照预定的给药方案使用, 不够满足复杂的生理要求[25]。因此开发响应式微针可以更有效地控制药物在特定的刺激下释放, 也更加安全[26]。
由于抗肿瘤药物大都具有疏水性[27], 因此将包埋了抗肿瘤药物的纳米颗粒、脂质体、微球等材料负载于微针中, 能够将药物直接递送到亲水性的表皮释药部位, 避免了口服给药的首过效应, 提高了药物的生物利用度[28, 29]。在治疗肿瘤方面, 刺激响应性微针由于可精确按需给药、减少脱靶治疗导致的不良反应、增强药物的扩散效率和深度, 而逐渐被人们关注。刺激响应性微针根据刺激因素来源不同可分为外部和内部刺激响应性微针。目前, 应用于肿瘤的响应性微针主要依赖光、电、超声等特定外源刺激或肿瘤部位特定的微环境产生的内源性刺激。前者需要外部作用于微针产生响应实现按需释药; 后者主要是由于肿瘤部位微环境特殊的低pH、缺氧等条件下, 对微针产生刺激响应, 从而诱导材料释放药物并递送至肿瘤组织, 实现靶向治疗的目的。
光具有非侵入性, 通过改变波长、时间和强度调节药物释放, 从而产生高度的空间和时间可控性[30]。光响应性微针系统常用近红外光(near infrared, NIR)、可见光、紫外光等作为激发光源, 紫外光和可见光波长较短, 穿透能力差, 难以深入组织, 而近红外光因其能够穿透肿瘤部位上方的组织且不良反应相对较小而广泛使用, 通过可时空控制的光疗法抑制肿瘤生长[31-33]。通过光治疗肿瘤的方法主要有光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 和光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT) 两种。
PDT毒性风险小, 其具有3个关键要素: 光敏剂(photosensitizer, PS)、适当波长的光、溶解氧[34], 即在特定的光照射下, 利用光敏剂产生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 杀死肿瘤细胞。PDT通过与微针组合使用, 两者相辅相成, 能够进一步增强对肿瘤的治疗功效。
缺氧的TME会削弱依赖氧气的PDT疗效, 而PDT的耗氧量又会进一步加重肿瘤组织缺氧, 从而形成恶性循环[35]。为此, 有学者提出将过碳酸钠(sodium percarbonate, SPC) 与二氢卟吩e6 (chlorin e6, Ce6) 光敏剂共同载入可溶微针(dissolving microneedles, DMNs) 中, SPC可瞬间与周围环境中的真皮间质液发生反应并产生气态氧泡, 主动将Ce6输送到肿瘤部位, 缓解缺氧, 同时在光照下, Ce6能够在30 min内迅速产生ROS, 达到杀死癌细胞的目的(图3)[36]。这提供了一种高效、靶向性好、安全及生物相容性好的光响应微针治疗肿瘤的新策略。Ce6还可以通过共价结合多不饱和脂肪酸助于在水中自发形成纳米组装体, 表现出更好的肿瘤细胞摄取能力, 于是开发了一种负载仅约3 μg Ce6纳米组装体的可溶微针, 在660 nm激光照射后, 高效准确地将药物递送至黑色素瘤病变部位, 此外还发现该MN触发了免疫原性细胞死亡和损伤相关的分子模式, 从而激活了小鼠体内抗肿瘤免疫应答, 这种低剂量可控快速溶解微针具有增强光免疫疗法的巨大潜力[37]。
在多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 的结构中引入硼酸酯合成具有ROS响应性的前药, 将前药与吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG) 光敏剂共同加载到脂质体中制成MN, NIR激发ICG产生ROS, 进而激活化疗前药, 实现药物在肿瘤内的可控释放, 此外, 还可通过荧光成像和光声成像监测抗肿瘤疗效。这种时空可控的生物安全治疗系统通过整合MN、化疗和PDT, 单剂量消融黑色素瘤, 为临床治疗提供了有希望的候选者[38]。
虽然PDT普遍具备精准性、微创性以及可局部治疗的高选择性等优点, 但在治疗中使用不规则且强烈的光(> 100 mW·cm-2) 照射, 可能导致抗肿瘤效果不明显, 或是过热导致组织灼伤, 引起不良反应[39]。近年来, 出现了一种能够提高治疗安全性的新模式——节拍光动力疗法(metronomic PDT, mPDT), 是指用低强度的光(< 1 mW·cm-2) 长时间(数小时) 照射进行治疗[40]。多项研究表明, mPDT比常规PDT具有更好的肿瘤杀伤效果[41, 42]。然而, 多数PS在长时间经光照后会因光漂白而减少ROS的产生, 聚集诱导发射(aggregation induced emission, AIE) 光敏剂不仅荧光强度比单体更明显, 还对光漂白有强抗性, 为PDT提供了新的选择[43, 44]。当mPDT基于无线发光二极管(light-emitting diode, LED) 时, 负载AIE的微针刺入皮肤后能以深且均匀的方式将药物递送到肿瘤中, AIE可长时间产生活性氧, 可控且靶向性强, 有效杀伤肿瘤, 在治疗过程中小鼠还能够有一定的运动范围, 安全性和便利性得到保障, 但使用的无线LED可能灵活性有限, 自供电LED将给患者带来更多的便捷[45]。
PDT是一种精准、微创、低毒、高效的治疗方法, 除直接作用于肿瘤细胞外, 还会损害肿瘤微血管系统, 引起局部炎症反应, 从而产生免疫反应[46]。此外PS能够选择性地积累在肿瘤组织中, 提高治疗精确性[47]。PDT与微针组合使用也体现出很多优势: 改善了PS的水溶性, 提高了PS的稳定性和缓解了肿瘤的缺氧等。
与PDT功能类似, PTT被认为是通过热消融治疗肿瘤细胞的替代方案[48]。PTT根据温度和治疗时间的不同可分为3类: 不可逆损伤治疗、热疗和透热治疗, 其中热疗时利用光刺激光热剂产生高温, 在肿瘤治疗中最常用。PTT一般在41~48 ℃导致肿瘤细胞中的蛋白质聚集和变性, 从而杀伤肿瘤组织[49]。微针能以微创的方式经皮递送光热剂和药物, 入侵性小, 促进药物渗透至肿瘤深部, 并最大限度地减少药物向邻近组织的泄漏, 从而提高治疗效果[50]。
来自乌贼墨的天然黑色素纳米颗粒(cuttlefish ink nanoparticle, CINP) 由于出色的光热转换、抗菌和抗氧化而成为MN贴片中的多功能添加剂用于PTT。在CINP表面引入一种可降解的无定形二氧化硅(silicon dioxide, SiO2) 壳, 可获得具有更高生物活性的CINP@SiO2, 其释放出的SiO44-具有促进血管生成和组织再生的潜力。在NIR的刺激下, 含CINP@SiO2的透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) MN可深入递送CINP@SiO2, 将浸润的肿瘤细胞消除。这种生物相容性良好, 使用简便的HA微针可作为皮肤肿瘤手术切除后的辅助治疗[51]; 再者, 肿瘤杀伤和伤口愈合是黑色素瘤治疗过程中两个互补且有影响力的过程, Shan等[52]采用两步法制备以姜黄素纳米药物/新吲哚菁绿/透明质酸为针体层和以海藻酸钠/明胶/透明质酸为背衬层的可生物降解双层微针, 插入皮肤后经光照, 不仅针体迅速溶解激活药物以及新吲哚菁绿释放发生化学光热效应消除肿瘤, 而且背衬层可留在伤口处, 促进内皮细胞和成纤维细胞的增殖, 以增强皮肤再生(图4)。
Qin等[53]将化疗药物紫杉醇(paclitaxel, PTX) 和光热剂共同加载到热敏性固体脂质纳米颗粒(solid lipid nanoparticles, SLNs) 中, 所制备的微针能够实现稳定的“区域积累”和均匀分布, 光热转换导致SLN原位相变, 释放出PTX, 一旦激光器关闭, 温度降低, SLN会重新凝固, PTX的释放受到限制, 从而实现了在单次给药后重复治疗。
通过将四氧化三铁(Fe3O4) 纳米颗粒与明胶结合以控制药物递送, Fe3O4@MN不仅对温度敏感, 而且得益于Fe3O4纳米颗粒的光热响应特性, 贴片温度能在1 min内迅速升高40 ℃, 既能提高药物释放效率, 又可有效地消融肿瘤细胞, 这种负载Fe3O4的光热微针贴片所用材料均生物相容性良好、毒性低、易得, 具有大规模生产和应用的潜力, 有望实现低成本的光热和温度响应透皮给药[54]。
一种多功能纳米颗粒集成DMNs, 针体中含有涂覆了一层HA的沸石咪唑酸骨架-8 (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, ZIF-8), 而ZIF-8中装载着硫化铜纳米颗粒光热剂和化疗药物, 该系统可加载多种药物, 提高肿瘤的特异性摄取, 有望实现低剂量高效, 达到优异的治疗效果并减少不良反应。这种基于PTT的微针与纳米技术整合在治疗浅表肿瘤表现出智能可控的优势[55]。
无论是天然还是人工合成光热剂载入MN后形成的光响应性给药方式, 对肿瘤具有高选择性, 可以减少系统性不良反应, 并且时空可控的灵活性和优异的光热转换效率大大提高了治疗效果。
电刺激作为一种物理手段, 彻底革新了治疗方式, 通过在外部施加低强度的电场, 药物按需以持续或脉冲的方式释放, 针对不同的情况还可调整与优化电场脉冲参数。电刺激响应性药物递送方法包括电穿孔、离子电渗和药物载体的电流激活[56]。通过电穿孔和离子电渗可以增强药物分子转运, 甚至直接治疗肿瘤[57]。以电信号为媒介的响应性MNs能够减少注射抗肿瘤疫苗的疼痛, 提高患者的顺应性, 还能安全集中地治疗深部组织。
MN可作为一种绕过皮肤屏障、穿透高电阻角质层、侵入性最小的新兴电刺激(electrical stimulation, ES) 载体, 于是, Pan等[58]基于多材料光聚合的光学3D微打印技术, 以及光辅助化学镀工艺, 制作了一种ES介导的集成叉指电极的柔性微针阵列, 通过破坏Ca2+通道促使内流, 进而引发线粒体损伤增加ROS生成, 最终导致细胞坏死并激活免疫反应。这种方法显著减小了原发性肿瘤的体积, 同时抑制了远端肿瘤的生长, 并且微针电极的大面积、高密度和微间距也有助于全身抗肿瘤治疗, 为开发无药物肿瘤治疗提供了新的方向。
在一项研究中, Wang等[59]设计了一种可穿戴的自供电MN贴片, 其中装载了一种柔性摩擦纳米发电机(flexible triboelectric nanogenerator, F-TENG), 能够将个人机械运动转换为电能, 产生的离子电渗可促进化疗药物深入肿瘤组织, 与单独使用MN相比, F-TENG集成微针贴片在抑制深部肿瘤生长方面表现出更好的疗效(图5)。这是首次将局部应用的MN贴片与F-TENG结合, 且无需任何手术干预, 进而对深部肿瘤有效治疗, 该创新技术可递送其他药物治疗更多的疾病。
为增强恶性肿瘤对化疗药物的摄取, 开发了集成在由氧化锌纳米线修饰的微针上的电化学刺激器, MN接受到脉冲直流电刺激后, 肿瘤间质液产生大量微泡(microbubbles, MBs), 外部超声驱动使其破裂, 导致细胞膜穿孔, 药物可直接进入有效杀伤[60]。这种靶向肿瘤联合治疗既减少了不良反应又提高了疗效, 特别适用于治疗增殖快和迁移率低的浅表瘤。此外, 改善局部递送效率还可以采用一种多微通道微针微孔(multimicrochannel microneedle microporation, 4M) 平台, 此锥形MN阵列通过高精度3D打印技术制造而成, 其针体中具有多个贯穿的微通道, 从而集中电场以实现双重功能: 加速药物深层移动与产生电穿孔增强跨细胞膜转运[61]。4M有望成为一种通用的细胞内药物递送平台。
电刺激价格低廉, 易于管控, 可控释药物, 除此外, 较高强度的外源电场还能作用于细胞, 直接影响细胞膜的通透性[62], 增强肿瘤细胞对药物的摄取, 提高治疗效果。基于微针的独特优势, 使许多疾病的防治变得可行, 使医学更加智能高效, 为药物递送、实时监测、可穿戴电子设备等领域创造了新的研究方向[63]。
在控释应用中, 除光之外, pH也是最广泛的刺激源, 且属于内部刺激[64]。依据TEM的偏酸性特征, 在MN上涂覆pH响应聚合物, 或者装载pH响应NP或胶束, 可灵敏响应其酸碱动态变化, 进而触发药物精准释放。
程序性细胞死亡受体与配体的结合可被抗程序性死亡受体1 (anti-programmed cell death protein 1, aPD-1) 阻断, 从而激活T细胞免疫应答。在此基础上, 有学者开发了一种装载有pH响应性脂质纳米颗粒的微针, 能够将aPD-1和顺铂(cisplatin, CDDP) 精确递送至肿瘤病灶。MN诱导的T细胞应答、aPD-1的阻断作用及CDDP的细胞毒性三者协同作用, 显著提高了对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果, 并降低了全身毒性, 值得注意的是, 这种经皮递送方式还增加了对于aPD-1全身治疗无反应的动物模型应答率(图6)[65]。除NP外, pH响应性胶束也能够被包封在MN中, 靶向肿瘤部位积累并发生质子化降解, 从而增强细胞对光热剂的摄取, 有助于在短时间内高效产热, 结果表明, 由于MN阵列的设计使得药物分布均匀, 且单次低剂量给药就可显著消融黑色素瘤[66]。这种具有pH响应的可溶MN系统表现出高效的光热转换, 对于治疗乳腺癌等具有巨大潜力。
基因疗法是治疗许多皮肤病变的有效方法, 但由于角质层的屏障特性, 基因透皮治疗受到了限制。采用MN技术能够改善透皮给药, Li等[67]将pH响应型聚电解质多层膜(polyelectrolyte multilayers, PEM) 涂覆在聚己内酯微针表面, PEM由过渡层的二甲基马来酸酐改性聚赖氨酸(dimethylmaleic anhydride-modified polylysine, PLL-DMA)/聚乙烯亚胺和基因负载层的p53表达质粒/聚乙烯亚胺层层组装, 在酸性环境中, PLL-DMA发生电荷逆转, 导致过渡层破裂, 治疗基因迅速释放并有效抑制肿瘤生长。
肿瘤疫苗的临床前研究及其相关试验中均显示出巨大的潜力[68], 为提高疫苗的递送效率, Duong等[69]设计了一种智能DNA疫苗递送系统, 使用MN植入皮肤减少疼痛感, 在聚碳酸酯MN上逐层组装带正电荷的超pH响应性寡氨基磺胺共轭聚(β-氨基酯聚氨酯)[oligo sulfamethazine conjugated poly (β-amino ester urethane), OSM-(PEG-PAEU)] 与带负电荷的免疫刺激性佐剂聚肌胞, 皮肤生理条件下, pH超敏感的OSM-(PEG-PAEU) 转化为阴离子共聚物, 静电排斥作用触发DNA疫苗和佐剂的持续可控释放, 增强肿瘤免疫治疗。这种结合MN的疫苗注射技术, 有着更高的依从性、安全性与疗效。
利用TME的pH值低于正常组织, 微针可以设计成在特定的pH范围内响应, 实现在肿瘤部位的精准药物递送, 减少对正常组织的影响。pH响应性微针还可以集成多种功能, 如药物递送、光热治疗、免疫激活等, 实现多功能集成的治疗平台, 为肿瘤治疗提供更全面的解决方案。
自1989年以来, 超声在药物输送中的应用逐渐广泛, 其赋予的响应能力允许医生或患者按需远程触发治疗药物的释放[70]。超声可以通过多种机制激活药物递送, 主要包括热效应和声空化效应两种[71]: 热效应是指部分声波的能量会被介质吸收并转化为热能, 从而使媒质温度升高。声空化效应是指超声诱导的微气泡持续振荡产生稳定空化或快速增长和爆裂形成惯性空化。后者通常被认为是超声诱导释放药物的主要原因[72]。随着超声响应型药物递送系统的发展, 也逐渐应用至肿瘤治疗中[73]。微针能够以微创的方式穿过皮肤屏障进行有效治疗, 当与超声结合时, 可以更深层次透皮给药[74, 75]。
Shao等[76]将含药物的纳米泡在静电吸附作用下与聚赖氨酸层层自组装, 超声刺激纳米泡发生相变形, 产生空化效应加快药物在皮肤组织内的渗透和扩散。该MN中的药物负载量可达微克, 在肿瘤治疗的实际应用中具备显著优势。还有研究将超声与连续电场结合起来用于增强MN递药系统[77], 两者协同治疗10 min后, 效率可提升1倍多, 这对于研究联合治疗缩短反应时间和增加释药量具有重要意义。
超声可以辅助增强微针递送药物的渗透性, 提高生物利用度, 并可能在一定程度上减少使用剂量与治疗时间, 实现成本控制, 同时还可降低不良反应的风险。
磁热疗法(magnetic hyperthermia, MH) 是一种肿瘤局灶性治疗方法, 具有高生物安全性、深层组织渗透性和靶向选择性等众多优势[78], 利用超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子产生的MH在肿瘤治疗中具有很强的潜力, 并有可能激活肿瘤微环境中的免疫反应[79], 但给药仍然是一个挑战[80]。磁响应性微针是将MN与磁性材料结合而成, 受控于外部磁场, 实现灵活给药, 安全且便捷, 但遗憾的是, 磁响应性微针在治疗肿瘤方面的研究还处于初阶段, 现有的研究相对较少, 数据支持不足。未来可基于磁响应性水凝胶, 通过融合其他刺激响应机制, 致力于开发多重响应性水凝胶微针[81, 82], 有望在肿瘤治疗领域发挥关键作用。
上述单重刺激响应性微针已经表现出优异的控释递药, 若通过整合多种刺激响应策略, 可进一步提高灵敏性与靶向精准度, 其协同作用能显著增强治疗效果[83-85], 基于此, 多重刺激新型微针可具备给药无痛、响应迅速与生物相容性出色等性能[86], 还可凭借缩短反应时间提高作用效率[77]。
为了增强光疗和声动力疗法在乳腺癌中的效果, Hu等[87]在MN中负载了具有优异光热转换与CT成像能力的铋/钒酸铋肖特基异质结、用于肿瘤饥饿治疗的葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase, GOx) 以及用于肿瘤气体治疗的二烯丙基三硫(diallyl trisulfide, DATS), 并通过优化基质配比使得MN具有良好的机械与生物降解性能, GOx和DATS可以在超声与NIR联合应用下达到“开-关”控制释放, 实现有效肿瘤抑制。基于全新的多模式协作, 该可溶MN对肿瘤治疗颇具潜力。
受免疫微针的启发, Chen等[88]构建了一种微针辅助递送系统, 将包封着光敏剂和免疫检查点抑制剂抗细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4抗体(anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibody, aCTLA4) 的葡聚糖纳米颗粒进一步组装在该MN中, NP酸响应降解致使两种包封物可控递送, 其中, PS产生ROS以损伤肿瘤细胞, 并诱导局部免疫应答, 同时也增强了aCTLA4介导的免疫反应以进一步杀死残留的肿瘤细胞。这种简便小巧的微针设计为肿瘤提供了一种安全有效的PDT联合免疫治疗新策略。
PDT的疗效会因肿瘤缺氧而受限, 若将非氧依赖性的ROS诱导剂与PDT联合应用, 则可有效增强杀伤作用。因此, Huang等[89]将双氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin, DHA) 与PDT配合使用, 其中, 微针在酸性肿瘤环境中释放出含DHA的交联剂被谷胱甘肽还原, 可催化DHA产生ROS, 此外, 自合成的透明质酸-己二酸二酰肼-原卟啉IX偶联物具有良好的水溶性, 有效减少了原卟啉IX的聚集, 进一步提高了ROS水平(图7)。凭借非氧依赖性的ROS诱导剂突破了肿瘤缺氧难题, 为微针PDT治疗开辟了新路径, 极具创新价值。
MN内包裹碳酸氢钠可构建一种新型气泡泵系统, 在酸性TME中产生二氧化碳, 促进药物深层渗透。此外, MN中的岩藻胶基硫化铜纳米颗粒在NIR照射下, 介导的光、化学动力学疗法产生大量ROS, 而多柔比星除通过化疗介导细胞凋亡外, 还能增加细胞内H2O2, 助于ROS持续产生, 加快肿瘤组织凋亡[90]。这种联合方法改善了药物递送效率和单一药物疗效, 增强肿瘤透皮治疗。
Pu等[91]设计了一种新型的刺激响应性纳米颗粒, 由负载着多柔比星的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-共丙烯酸) [poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid), PNA] 纳米凝胶内核和聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA) 外层构成, 集中在DMN尖端。由于PDA具有光热效应以及PNA具有温度与pH响应特性, 光照后温度升高不仅可热消融肿瘤细胞, 还促使该纳米颗粒明显收缩, 释放出药物。这种载药MN系统依据TEM特性控制释放, 显著提升了治疗的靶向性。
多重刺激响应性微针可以提高对不同类型肿瘤的治疗效果, 逆转肿瘤的多药耐药性, 更好地抑制原位肿瘤生长及其远端转移。这是一种新颖且具有巨大潜力的智能药物输送系统, 将有利于新一代诊疗平台的出现[92]。
微针被认为是注射剂与贴剂的结合体, 允许亲水性高分子化合物进入角质层, 虽然比传统的透皮递药技术具有更好的递送效率, 但将微针技术与刺激响应性材料相结合应用于肿瘤治疗仍处于实验研究阶段, 尚未得到充分开发, 临床转化受限, 其原因可归结于以下几个关键方面: 肿瘤病灶深浅各异、微针大众认知度低、载药量少、材料灵敏度低、存在递送屏障、个性化与大规模生产成本高、存储条件苛刻、支持资金不足、法规空白。①肿瘤病灶深浅、大小各异, 目前的刺激响应性微针主要适用于浅表肿瘤, 对于深部肿瘤难以深入有效治疗, 且恶性肿瘤易发生迁移, 增加治疗复杂性; ②微针属于较新颖的剂型, 普通人群对其认知度低, 在安全性和有效性方面可能持怀疑态度, 治疗时偏向于一些常规方式, 导致临床使用萎缩, 临床价值可能不清晰; ③癌症患者通常需要长期用药治疗, 而微针体积小导致载药量不足, 并且长期使用容易发生感染; ④刺激响应性材料的灵敏度可能不够; ⑤实体瘤存在致密且具黏附性的细胞外基质, 微针递送的药物易被该物理屏障截留, 导致疗效不佳; ⑥肿瘤具有高度的异质性, 需要根据具体情况进行个体化治疗, 因而难以大规模生产同一种微针, 这限制了微针的应用范围, 加大生产成本; ⑦微针在实验室少量制作可满足科研需求, 但若规模化生产, 会因工艺复杂耗时长, 技术不成熟, 缺乏标准化的生产方法导致产品质量存在差异, 如阵列的均一性、载药的重复性等, 加大成本控制难度, 使得实际生产可行性面临诸多复杂挑战; ⑧大部分刺激响应性微针材料都为可生物降解, 虽然减少了金属、塑料等器械引发的炎症或过敏反应, 但也易发生潮解, 储存条件苛刻; ⑨微针的临床转化还需要高昂的资金投入, 由于大部分企业对微针技术的认识还处于初级阶段, 持谨慎态度而不愿介入投资, 医院的基金也不多, 因此资金需求难以满足; ⑩微针的相关监管法规空白, 审批面临挑战, 缺乏合适的评价标准, 安全、有效、稳定、可控难以得到保障。
针对上述微针临床转化面临的多重挑战, 可以从以下几个方面着手: 采用差异化治疗方法与3D打印技术、加大研究力度、优化微针结构与材料性能、制定生产与监管标准、包装防护、多方合作等。①针对不同部位的肿瘤, 选择性地使用不同疗法, 如光刺激响应性微针较适用于浅表性肿瘤的治疗, 而超声、电或磁热响应性微针则可能更适合在深部肿瘤中可控释药。可将微针封装于肠溶胶囊内, 在外部磁场引导下移动并释放药物, 治疗结肠炎等疾病。开发毫米级别长度的可溶微针, 结合超声或磁热响应性技术, 也可突破浅表性组织限制, 靶向深处肿瘤; ②建立与人体肿瘤微环境更相似的病理模型, 充分验证微针疗效和安全性。向患者详细介绍微针, 强调安全保障, 提供免费体验。推动微针治疗纳入医保, 提高患者可及性; ③可使用微针选择性地递送肽类、蛋白质和核酸等给药剂量通常较低的生物大分子药物。制备大表面积、多孔、多层甚至是一体式载药的微针, 选用具有高载药性能的材料如聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物、碳纳米管与纳米二氧化钛等, 都有利于提高载药量。生物相容性良好的可溶或水凝胶微针能减少长期植入带来的感染; ④通过优化结构、增强表面修饰与功能化、选用多重刺激响应性策略等提高微针的灵敏度; ⑤制作双层微针, 在针尖下部分封装基质降解酶, 在其破坏肿瘤细胞外基质后, 再缓慢释放出剩余部分的治疗药物, 提高渗透效率; ⑥通过开发标准化的微针平台, 包含可互换的模块, 以适应不同患者的需求, 从而在保持一定程度个性化的同时, 降低生产成本, 也可以利用3D打印技术应对个性化治疗的需求, 精确控制微针的阵列尺寸、载药量等, 可降低成本且提高重复性; ⑦制定微针的生产标准要以政府为主导, 组织协会、企业、科研所等共同探讨, 多维度分析设计, 推动产业规范化发展; ⑧采用密封包装, 将微针的对角两处固定在塑料基座上, 防止微针在运输和储存过程中受损, 确保其在使用时的完整性和功能性; ⑨政府与企业、医院联合开展临床试验, 整合多方资源, 分摊研发风险, 医院与企业还可以建立临床数据共享平台提高效率, 签订“成果转化协议”, 两者实现资源互补, 利益共享; ⑩政府加大市场调研, 向消费者介绍微针, 获取实际反馈, 同时推进研究数据积累, 提供科学依据, 结合借鉴相关监管经验, 针对国内具体情况, 加快颁布监管法规。
微针是一种新颖的无痛透皮给药系统, 体积小, 携带使用方便, 而智能响应性微针则是弥补了不能灵活监控给药的不足, 能够实现自主可控和按需递送, 在肿瘤治疗领域具有显著的创新性与潜力。针对肿瘤病灶深浅不一的复杂情况, 需要寻找合适的刺激响应性微针系统进行有效治疗。对于黑色素瘤、口腔鳞状细胞癌、乳腺癌等浅表性肿瘤, 绝大部分刺激响应性微针的优势都可以充分利用。激光透过约0.5~1 cm深度的体表组织, 控制光响应微针中的光敏剂与光热剂起效, 与药物共同杀伤肿瘤组织。还可以利用肿瘤微环境的天然特性, 较低pH (6.5~6.8)、酶敏感微针直接贴在皮肤表面, 无需外部刺激, 即可在浅表肿瘤部位精准释药, 降低对正常组织的毒副作用。由于浅表性肿瘤离体表近, 微针可以直接穿刺到病灶部位, 因此依赖电、磁、超声刺激响应的微针, 不仅可以实现快速靶向, 还能够通过调整能量参数获得更好更彻底的治疗效果。对于肝癌、脑瘤、胰腺癌等深部肿瘤, 更宜选择具有强穿透性的电、磁、超声刺激响应策略, 当微针外用时, 药物释放后可被递送至更深部位发挥疗效, 当微针包裹于载体口服进入体内, 这3种外部刺激可引导微针移动并激活释药。此外, 多重响应刺激设计如pH敏感与磁控结合等能够使得药物深度覆盖, 显著提升微针的性能。在肿瘤治疗手术后使用微针还有助于减少炎症反应, 促进组织恢复。目前, 研究最多的刺激源是光和pH, 相信随着对刺激响应性微针研究的深入, 更多的微针载药技术也将逐步发展与完善, 并解决目前技术载药量不足、难以深层次治疗、成本高等难题, 推动刺激响应性微针技术走向临床, 成为未来肿瘤治疗的重要工具。

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2025年第60卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0243
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-09
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    1江西中医药大学癌症研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004
    2江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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