Article(id=1308467868631327558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0241, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=1752681600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892650038, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892650038, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892650038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892650038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3194, endPage=3201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467868862014279, articleId=1308467868631327558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Simultaneous determination of five components in Eucommia ulmoides leaves by HPLC based on deep eutectic solvent and microwave-assisted extraction, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the reasons for the uneven quality of commercial Eucommia ulmoides leaves, an HPLC method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was developed to determine the contents of eucommiol, aucubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and asperuloside. A DES composed of choline chloride and urea (molar ratio 1∶2) with water content of 40% exhibited the highest efficacy. MAE was selected and the optimized conditions were microwave power of 70 W and extraction time of 15 s. The contents of five compounds in green leaves were significantly higher than those in yellow-brown leaves. Part of yellow-brown leaves even lacked aucubin, geniposidic acid and asperuloside. The contents of five compounds were the highest in the leaves treated with sun-drying and low-temperature drying, followed by the deactivated enzymes leaves and shade-drying leaves. The content of each chemical component, especially iridoids, decreased significantly in room temperature. However, the contents of the compounds decreased slowly in low temperature. There was a significant difference in the quality of commercially available green and yellow-brown Eucommia ulmoides leaves, which may be related to the drying and storage methods.

, authors=Hui-min ZHANG1, 2, 3, Sheng-bo LUO1, 2, 3, Xing-hua HU1, 2, 3, Xin-yin CAI1, 2, 3, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2, 3, Kan ZHONG1, 2, 3, *, Zi-jia ZHANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Hui-min ZHANG, Sheng-bo LUO, Xing-hua HU, Xin-yin CAI, Zheng-tao WANG, Kan ZHONG, Zi-jia ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kan ZHONG, Zi-jia ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467871944827732, articleId=1308467868631327558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=低共熔溶剂结合微波辅助萃取测定杜仲叶中5个成分的含量, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探寻造成市售杜仲叶质量参差不齐的原因, 本研究以杜仲醇(EU)、桃叶珊瑚苷(AU)、京尼平苷酸(GA)、绿原酸(CA) 及车叶草苷(AS) 为指标, 筛选提取效果最佳的低共熔溶剂氯化胆碱-尿素(摩尔比1∶2, 含水量40%) 作为提取溶剂, 并优化微波提取法的提取工艺, 采用高效液相色谱法测定这5个成分的含量, 以比较不同杜仲叶中化学成分的差异。研究发现, 颜色为绿色的杜仲叶中5个化学成分的含量明显高于棕褐色杜仲叶。杜仲叶通过晒干、阴干、低温烘干以及杀青烘干后都能在一定程度上保留其原有的绿色, 晒干及低温烘干处理的杜仲叶中各化合物含量较高。常温储存条件下, 杜仲叶颜色多变为棕褐色, 环烯醚萜类化合物含量下降显著; 低温储存条件下, 杜仲叶原有的绿色能较好地保存, 各化合物的含量下降幅度较小。市售杜仲叶的质量具有明显差异, 可能与杜仲叶的干燥及储存方式有关。本研究为杜仲叶药材的资源开发提供了新的分析方法, 为杜仲叶的质量控制提供了参考。

, authors=张慧敏1, 2, 3, 罗盛波1, 2, 3, 胡幸华1, 2, 3, 蔡心银1, 2, 3, 王峥涛1, 2, 3, 仲侃1, 2, 3, *, 张紫佳1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=张慧敏, 罗盛波, 胡幸华, 蔡心银, 王峥涛, 仲侃, 张紫佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=仲侃, 张紫佳, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

张慧敏和罗盛波是本文的第一作者, 负责完成含量测定实验、数据分析和文章写作; 胡幸华负责协助完成含量测定实验和数据分析; 蔡心银、王峥涛负责实验指导及数据整合分析; 仲侃和张紫佳是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计、指导及稿件修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
仲侃, E-mail:
张紫佳, E-mail:
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Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国药典) [S]. 2020 Ed. Part I. Beijing: China Medical Science Press, 2020: 314., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498394868449583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dai XP, Huang Q, Zhou BT, et al. Preparative isolation and purification of seven main antioxidants from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Du-zhong) leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment [J]. Food Chem, 2013, 139: 563-570., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498394922975536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang K, Xu W, Tang XL, et al. Study on the in-vitro antioxidant activity of different varieties of Eucommia ulmoides leaves [J]. China Food Addit (中国食品添加剂), 2021, 32: 115-124., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498394977501489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hirata T, Kobayashi T, Wada A, et al. Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2011, 21: 1786-1791., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395032027442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lei YN, Zhang XB. Research on the antihypertensive effect of total flavonoids from Eucommia ulmoides leaves [J]. Shanxi J Agric Sci (陕西农业科学), 2016, 62: 6-8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395107524915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li JB, Cao AZ, Sun ZL, et al. Effect of Eucommia ulmoides extract as a substitute for antibiotics on the growth of weaned piglets [J]. Guangdong Feed (广东饲料), 2013, 4: 28-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395166245172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan YX. Application of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. on the food processing [J]. North Hortic (北方园艺), 2013, (02): 188-190., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395233354037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, et al. Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures [J]. Chem Commun (Camb), 2003, 9: 70-71., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395317240118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luo SB, Ren XM, Shi XQ, et al. Study on enhanced extraction and seasonal variation of secondary metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides leaves using deep eutectic solvents [J]. Pharm Biomed Anal, 2022, 209: 114514., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498395375960375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng YP, Pan YQ, Qing QM, et al. Effects of different drying methods on contents of 4 active ingredients in leaves of Eucommia ulmoides [J]. 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(B) at 210 nm. 1: EU; 2: AU; 3: GA; 4: CA; 5: AS, figureFileSmall=QEqIGuqZ/sj1FaMqvc85ig==, figureFileBig=FcLd4P+s2EXeIwwj4Wi3Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498392213455136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kc8rOv1otcw1ZWOHyX3SWA==, figureFileBig=hFF3jjCehsEFKD1RREJxJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498392276369697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Appearance trait (A) and contents difference of five compounds (B) of Eucommia ulmoides leaves using different drying methods. n = 3, x ± s, figureFileSmall=kc8rOv1otcw1ZWOHyX3SWA==, figureFileBig=hFF3jjCehsEFKD1RREJxJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498392339284258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8cv0SkNHaKkfgansmwPkvg==, figureFileBig=9BKJcd9Bi0XR5jhBjdSIYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498392406393123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Appearance trait (A, C) and contents difference of five compounds (B, D) of Eucommia ulmoides leaves using different storage methods. 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No.HBAHBDRatio
DES-1Choline chlorideXylitol1∶1
DES-2Choline chlorideFructose1∶2
DES-3Choline chlorideGlycerol1∶1
DES-4Choline chlorideUrea1∶2
DES-5Choline chloride2-Hydroxypropanoic acid1∶2
DES-6Choline chlorideL-(+)-Ascorbic acid2∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1308498392532222245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Components of 6 different deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized for extraction. HBA: Hydrogen-bond acceptor; HBD: Hydrogen-bond donor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.HBAHBDRatio
DES-1Choline chlorideXylitol1∶1
DES-2Choline chlorideFructose1∶2
DES-3Choline chlorideGlycerol1∶1
DES-4Choline chlorideUrea1∶2
DES-5Choline chloride2-Hydroxypropanoic acid1∶2
DES-6Choline chlorideL-(+)-Ascorbic acid2∶1
), ArticleFig(id=1308498392624496934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AnalyteCalibration curveR2LOD /ng·mL-1LOQ /ng·mL-1
EUy = 4 028.40x + 18 423.000.999 91.685.62
AUy = 1 062.00x + 742.271.000 012.2148.69
GAy = 1 161.20x + 5 142.200.999 84.8416.12
CAy = 4 013.50x + 13 413.000.999 92.548.48
ASy = 1 155.30x - 569.610.999 89.1033.37
), ArticleFig(id=1308498392695800103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calibration curve, LOQ and LOD for five compounds from Eucommia ulmoides leaves

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AnalyteCalibration curveR2LOD /ng·mL-1LOQ /ng·mL-1
EUy = 4 028.40x + 18 423.000.999 91.685.62
AUy = 1 062.00x + 742.271.000 012.2148.69
GAy = 1 161.20x + 5 142.200.999 84.8416.12
CAy = 4 013.50x + 13 413.000.999 92.548.48
ASy = 1 155.30x - 569.610.999 89.1033.37
), ArticleFig(id=1308498394360938792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Collect placeEU/mg·g-1AU/mg·g-1GA/mg·g-1CA/mg·g-1AS/mg·g-1Appearance
1Anhui0.280.421.195.250.92The leaves of No.1-10 are green or yellow-green in color and relatively intact
2Guizhou0.440.320.662.600.30
3Guizhou0.520.290.502.450.29
4Hubei0.440.160.721.710.38
5Hubei0.370.180.621.910.39
6Anhui0.140.340.922.960.59
7Anhui0.190.160.572.730.42
8Guizhou0.290.370.381.450.20
9Guizhou0.210.830.631.650.67
10Shanghai0.150.780.581.850.68
11Shaanxi0.280.110.172.560.13The leaves of No.11-20 are brown and often broken
12Anhui0.17NFNF0.0730.013
13Anhui0.16NFNF0.0600.012
14Hunan0.11NFNF0.099NF
15Hubei0.17NFNF0.0300.009 1
16Guangxi0.067NFNF0.032NF
17Sichuan0.28NFNF0.32NF
18Guizhou0.16NFNF0.840.027
19Hunan0.53NFNF0.16NF
20Guangxi0.24NFNF0.21NF
), ArticleFig(id=1308498394457407785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467868631327558, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The information of commercial Eucommia ulmoides leaves and relative contents of five compounds. NF: Not found

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Collect placeEU/mg·g-1AU/mg·g-1GA/mg·g-1CA/mg·g-1AS/mg·g-1Appearance
1Anhui0.280.421.195.250.92The leaves of No.1-10 are green or yellow-green in color and relatively intact
2Guizhou0.440.320.662.600.30
3Guizhou0.520.290.502.450.29
4Hubei0.440.160.721.710.38
5Hubei0.370.180.621.910.39
6Anhui0.140.340.922.960.59
7Anhui0.190.160.572.730.42
8Guizhou0.290.370.381.450.20
9Guizhou0.210.830.631.650.67
10Shanghai0.150.780.581.850.68
11Shaanxi0.280.110.172.560.13The leaves of No.11-20 are brown and often broken
12Anhui0.17NFNF0.0730.013
13Anhui0.16NFNF0.0600.012
14Hunan0.11NFNF0.099NF
15Hubei0.17NFNF0.0300.009 1
16Guangxi0.067NFNF0.032NF
17Sichuan0.28NFNF0.32NF
18Guizhou0.16NFNF0.840.027
19Hunan0.53NFNF0.16NF
20Guangxi0.24NFNF0.21NF
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低共熔溶剂结合微波辅助萃取测定杜仲叶中5个成分的含量
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张慧敏 1, 2, 3 , 罗盛波 1, 2, 3 , 胡幸华 1, 2, 3 , 蔡心银 1, 2, 3 , 王峥涛 1, 2, 3 , 仲侃 1, 2, 3, * , 张紫佳 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3194-3201
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3194 -3201
低共熔溶剂结合微波辅助萃取测定杜仲叶中5个成分的含量
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张慧敏1, 2, 3, 罗盛波1, 2, 3, 胡幸华1, 2, 3, 蔡心银1, 2, 3, 王峥涛1, 2, 3, 仲侃1, 2, 3, * , 张紫佳1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学, 中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2上海中医药大学, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 3上海中医药大学中药研究所, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
仲侃, E-mail:
张紫佳, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

张慧敏和罗盛波是本文的第一作者, 负责完成含量测定实验、数据分析和文章写作; 胡幸华负责协助完成含量测定实验和数据分析; 蔡心银、王峥涛负责实验指导及数据整合分析; 仲侃和张紫佳是本文的通讯作者, 负责实验设计、指导及稿件修改。

Simultaneous determination of five components in Eucommia ulmoides leaves by HPLC based on deep eutectic solvent and microwave-assisted extraction
Hui-min ZHANG1, 2, 3, Sheng-bo LUO1, 2, 3, Xing-hua HU1, 2, 3, Xin-yin CAI1, 2, 3, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2, 3, Kan ZHONG1, 2, 3, * , Zi-jia ZHANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3Institute of Chinese Materia, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0241
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为探寻造成市售杜仲叶质量参差不齐的原因, 本研究以杜仲醇(EU)、桃叶珊瑚苷(AU)、京尼平苷酸(GA)、绿原酸(CA) 及车叶草苷(AS) 为指标, 筛选提取效果最佳的低共熔溶剂氯化胆碱-尿素(摩尔比1∶2, 含水量40%) 作为提取溶剂, 并优化微波提取法的提取工艺, 采用高效液相色谱法测定这5个成分的含量, 以比较不同杜仲叶中化学成分的差异。研究发现, 颜色为绿色的杜仲叶中5个化学成分的含量明显高于棕褐色杜仲叶。杜仲叶通过晒干、阴干、低温烘干以及杀青烘干后都能在一定程度上保留其原有的绿色, 晒干及低温烘干处理的杜仲叶中各化合物含量较高。常温储存条件下, 杜仲叶颜色多变为棕褐色, 环烯醚萜类化合物含量下降显著; 低温储存条件下, 杜仲叶原有的绿色能较好地保存, 各化合物的含量下降幅度较小。市售杜仲叶的质量具有明显差异, 可能与杜仲叶的干燥及储存方式有关。本研究为杜仲叶药材的资源开发提供了新的分析方法, 为杜仲叶的质量控制提供了参考。

杜仲叶  /  低共熔溶剂  /  微波提取  /  干燥方式  /  储存方式  /  质量控制

To explore the reasons for the uneven quality of commercial Eucommia ulmoides leaves, an HPLC method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was developed to determine the contents of eucommiol, aucubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and asperuloside. A DES composed of choline chloride and urea (molar ratio 1∶2) with water content of 40% exhibited the highest efficacy. MAE was selected and the optimized conditions were microwave power of 70 W and extraction time of 15 s. The contents of five compounds in green leaves were significantly higher than those in yellow-brown leaves. Part of yellow-brown leaves even lacked aucubin, geniposidic acid and asperuloside. The contents of five compounds were the highest in the leaves treated with sun-drying and low-temperature drying, followed by the deactivated enzymes leaves and shade-drying leaves. The content of each chemical component, especially iridoids, decreased significantly in room temperature. However, the contents of the compounds decreased slowly in low temperature. There was a significant difference in the quality of commercially available green and yellow-brown Eucommia ulmoides leaves, which may be related to the drying and storage methods.

Eucommia ulmoides leaf  /  deep eutectic solvent  /  microwave-assisted extraction  /  drying method  /  storage method  /  quality control
张慧敏, 罗盛波, 胡幸华, 蔡心银, 王峥涛, 仲侃, 张紫佳. 低共熔溶剂结合微波辅助萃取测定杜仲叶中5个成分的含量. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3194 -3201 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0241
Hui-min ZHANG, Sheng-bo LUO, Xing-hua HU, Xin-yin CAI, Zheng-tao WANG, Kan ZHONG, Zi-jia ZHANG. Simultaneous determination of five components in Eucommia ulmoides leaves by HPLC based on deep eutectic solvent and microwave-assisted extraction[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3194 -3201 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0241
低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES) 是一种由两种或多种氢键供体和氢键受体按一定摩尔比所组成的新型绿色溶剂, 具有低成本、易制备、对环境友好等优点, 可以用于替代传统的有机溶剂和离子液体用于中药中有效成分的提取[1-3]。
杜仲叶为杜仲科植物杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) 的干燥叶, 是杜仲一种新的药用部位, 在中国药典(2020年版一部) 中被单独收载, 具有补肝肾、强筋骨的功效[4]。杜仲叶中的化学成分与杜仲皮中的类似, 主要含有环烯醚萜类、黄酮类、酚酸类以及木脂素类化合物[5]。现代研究表明, 杜仲叶及其提取物具有多种生物活性, 如抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗高血压等[6-8]。杜仲叶还是一种药食两用的物质, 其提取物常用于茶饮、动物饲料等的制作[9, 10]。但当下杜仲叶提取物的制备还是依赖于传统的有机溶剂, 虽然可以采用水提的方式代替, 但提取效率极低, 这对杜仲叶在药品及食品领域的应用都有所限制。另外, 调研发现, 药材市场中常出现颜色不一的杜仲叶, 它们的质量问题是需要关注的一个焦点, 探寻引起杜仲叶颜色变化的原因对保障杜仲叶的内在质量具有重要的意义。因此, 本研究旨在通过低共熔溶剂结合微波萃取建立杜仲叶高效且绿色的提取方法, 并同时测定市售杜仲叶中杜仲醇(EU)、桃叶珊瑚苷(AU)、京尼平苷酸(GA)、绿原酸(CA) 及车叶草苷(AS) 的含量, 比较不同颜色杜仲叶质量的差异。最后, 通过研究不同干燥及储存方式杜仲叶中主要化学成分的变化, 初步探寻商品杜仲叶差异形成的原因。本研究为杜仲叶药材的资源开发提供了新的分析方法, 为杜仲叶的质量控制提供了参考。
仪器与材料  Waters e2695高效液相色谱仪配置2998紫外检测器(美国Waters公司); 微波炉(G7OF2OCN1L-DG(B0) 型, 广东格兰仕微波生活电器制造有限公司); 超声波清洗器(KH-250DB型, 昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); 恒温水浴锅(HWS-24型, 上海诚献仪器设备有限公司); 离心机(SF-TGL-16W型, 上海菲恰尔分析仪器有限公司); 电子天平(BSA124S-CW型, 北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); Milli-Q纯水系统(美国Millipore公司)。京尼平苷酸(纯度≥ 98.0%, 上海中药标准化研究中心); 桃叶珊瑚苷、绿原酸、车叶草苷(纯度均≥ 98.0%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 杜仲醇(纯度≥ 98.0%, 实验室自制); 氯化胆碱(AR, 批号: 20201112)、甘油(AR, 批号: 20180921)、乳酸(AR, 批号: 20181204)、抗坏血酸(AR, 批号: 20200619)、葡萄糖(AR, 批号: 20181206)、蔗糖(AR, 批号: 20181221)、果糖(BR, 批号: 20180428)、木糖醇(BR, 批号: 20180913)、1, 4-丁二醇(AR, 20201210)、甲醇(AR, 批号: 20210114) 均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 尿素(AR, 批号: 2012042) 购自西陇科学股份有限公司; 乙腈(HPLC级, 批号: 205302), 购自赛默飞世尔科技(中国) 有限公司; 磷酸(HPLC级, 批号: J0980) 购自霍尼韦尔贸易(上海) 有限公司。
杜仲叶药材共20批购自不同地区的药材市场。不同干燥及储存方式的杜仲叶于2021年5月24日上海中医药大学11号楼前采集, 新鲜叶分别按晒干、低温烘干、杀青后烘干、阴干方式处理, 并分别在室温和低温下储存, 具体操作见“不同干燥及储存方式杜仲叶的制备”项下。
低共熔溶剂的制备  低共熔溶剂的制备参考Abbott等[11]的方法。按照一定的摩尔比例称取不同种类的氢键受体(HBA) 及氢键供体(HBD), 置于烧杯中, 在80~90 ℃水浴中连续搅拌, 直至形成稳定、均匀的无色透明液体。本实验中所制备的DES类型见表1。
对照品溶液的制备  取桃叶珊瑚苷、绿原酸、杜仲醇、京尼平苷酸和车叶草苷对照品适量, 精密称定, 加入甲醇溶解, 配制成每1 mL含桃叶珊瑚苷、绿原酸各1.0 mg, 杜仲醇、京尼平苷酸、车叶草苷各0.5 mg的对照品储备液, 使用时, 用甲醇稀释至不同浓度的工作溶液。
色谱条件  色谱柱: Agilent Poroshell EC-C18 (4.6 mm × 100 mm, 2.7 μm); 流动相: 乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水(B); 洗脱程序: 0~8 min, 2% A; 8~13 min, 2%~8% A; 13~22 min, 8%~10% A; 22~25 min, 10%~2% A; 检测波长: 210 nm; 柱温: 25 ℃; 进样量: 2 μL。
杜仲叶提取工艺优化
低共熔溶剂体系的选择  分别考察了表1中合成的6种DES对杜仲叶中杜仲醇、桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸以及车叶草苷的提取效果。提取条件设置为: 液固比25 mL·g-1, 将0.4 g杜仲叶粉末加入10 mL不同种类的DES中(DES的初始含水量设置为50%), 超声提取1 h (超声功率250 W)。提取完毕后, 提取液转移至10 mL离心管中, 8 000 r·min-1转速下离心10 min, 取上清1 mL, 加水稀释一倍, 涡旋混匀后过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 取续滤液为供试液, HPLC测定各目标化合物的含量。同时, 参考课题组前期研究[12], 以50%甲醇替代DES, 比较传统有机溶剂与低共熔溶剂提取效果的差异, 提取步骤如下: 取杜仲叶粉末1 g, 精密称定, 至圆底烧瓶中, 精密加入50%甲醇25 mL, 回流提取3 h。
不同提取条件对提取率的影响  选取考察后得到的最佳低共熔提取溶剂, 考察不同摩尔比(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4)、不同含水量(10%、20%、40%、60%、80%)、不同液固比(12.5、25、50、75 mL·g-1)、不同提取方式(超声、微波、回流)、不同微波功率(不微波以及功率70、140、280 W)、不同提取时间(5、10、15、20 s) 对各目标化合物提取效果的影响。
提取方法的确定  取杜仲叶粉末0.4 g (过三号筛), 精密称定, 精密加入组成为氯化胆碱-尿素(摩尔比为1∶2, 含水量为40%) 的低共熔溶剂20 mL, 称定重量, 微波提取(微波功率70 W) 15 s后, 放冷, 用低共熔溶剂补足减失的重量, 摇匀, 提取液转移至离心管中, 置离心机中10 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清, 加水稀释1倍后涡旋混匀, 微孔滤膜滤, 即得。
不同干燥及储存方式杜仲叶的制备
晒干  取新鲜杜仲叶一份, 约50 g, 于阳光下暴晒36 h至干燥, 备用。
阴干  取新鲜杜仲叶一份, 约50 g, 于室内通风处自然阴干(72 h) 后备用。
低温烘干  取新鲜杜仲叶一份, 约50 g, 于55 ℃烘箱中干燥48 h后备用。
杀青后烘干  取新鲜杜仲叶一份, 约50 g, 先于150 ℃烘箱中杀青2次, 每次20 s, 于55 ℃烘箱中干燥48 h后备用。
杜仲叶的储存  取以上不同干燥方式处理的杜仲叶, 一部分放置在常温下进行保存, 另一部分放置在-20 ℃冰箱中进行保存, 储存6个月后取出, 分别测定含量。
含量测定的方法学考察
线性关系的考察  取混合对照品储备, 加甲醇稀释至不同的浓度, 分别进样2 μL, 按确定的色谱条件进行检测, 以浓度为横坐标(x), 对应的峰面积为纵坐标(y) 进行线性回归, 绘制各化合物的标准曲线。
定量限与检测限的测定  取对照品溶液, 加甲醇稀释至一定浓度, 按确定色谱条件注入液相色谱仪测定, 以信噪比为10∶1时对照品的浓度作为其定量限, 以信噪比为3∶1时对照品的浓度作为其检测限。
精密度考察  取同一混合对照品溶液, 在同一天内连续进样6次, 按确定的色谱条件测定, 记录峰面积, 计算RSD, 为日内精密度; 再对该混合对照品溶液连续进样三天, 每天连续进样6次, 记录峰面积, 计算RSD, 为日间精密度。
重复性考察  分别取同一杜仲叶粉末6份, 按确定的提取方法、色谱条件测定, 记录峰面积, 计算6份样品中各化合物含量, 并计算RSD。
稳定性考察  取同一份杜仲叶样品溶液, 分别于0、2、4、6、12、24、48、72 h内注入液相色谱仪, 按确定的色谱条件测定, 记录各化合物的峰面积, 计算各化合物在72 h内的RSD。
加样回收实验  取同一份已知含量的杜仲叶样品0.2 g, 共6份, 精密称定, 按所含目标化合物含量的100%水平加入各目标化合物对照品, 按“提取方法的确定”项下操作, 按照确定的色谱条件进行测定, 记录峰面积, 计算相应的回收率及RSD。
含量测定  取不同批次商品杜仲叶以及不同干燥方式、不同储存方式杜仲叶样品, 按“提取方法的确定”项下操作, 按照确定的色谱条件进行测定, 计算各化合物的含量。
不同种类的DES对杜仲叶中5个化合物的提取效率见图1。由图1可知, DES-4 (氯化胆碱-尿素) 对杜仲叶中5个化合物的提取效果均高于50%甲醇, 具有最高的提取率。而DES-2 (氯化胆碱-果糖) 与DES-3 (氯化胆碱-甘油) 对杜仲叶中5个化合物的提取与50%甲醇相当, 稍次于DES-4。DES-5 (氯化胆碱-乳酸) 与DES-6 (氯化胆碱–抗坏血酸), 它们的组成中因为有提供羧基的成分, 容易与化合物形成氢键作用, 但对大部分成分的提取率不佳。但含木糖醇的DES-1, 在制备的时候发现其黏度大, 流动性不强, 所以对各化合物的提取效果均处于较低水平。因此, 选择组成为氯化胆碱–尿素的低共熔试剂进行下一步的研究。
不同摩尔比的氯化胆碱-尿素DES对杜仲叶中5个化合物含量的影响见图2A。当氯化胆碱与尿素的摩尔比从1∶1变到1∶2时, 5个化合物的提取含量均有所增加, 当摩尔比增至1∶3时, 5个化合物的含量均降低, 当继续增加尿素的比例, 使摩尔比增至1∶4时, 5个化合物的含量更低。因此, 为了得到最佳的提取效果, 选择氯化胆碱与尿素的摩尔比为1∶2做进一步的研究。
含水量是影响低共熔溶剂提取效果的一个重要因素。水的加入一方面能改善DES的黏度, 增加其流动性, 从而增加DES的提取效率; 另一方面, 水的加入会破坏DES与目标化合物之间的氢键作用, 使DES对目标化合物的提取效率减弱。因此, 向DES中加入合适的水对DES的提取能力具有重要的意义。在该实验中, 研究了组成为氯化胆碱-尿素的DES在含水量分别为10%、20%、40%、60%、80%时对杜仲叶中5个化合物的提取能力。图2B中结果表明, 当DES的含水量为10%时, 5个化合物的含量都极低, 这可能是因为此时DES的黏度过大, 目标化合物不易在溶剂中分散。而当含水量逐渐增加时, 化合物的含量也在逐渐增加, 当含水量大于40%时, DES组分之间的氢键被破坏, DES与目标化合物之间的相互作用减弱, 导致了组分提取含量的降低。因此, 选择含水量为40%的氯化胆碱-尿素作为提取溶剂。
考察不同液料比对杜仲叶中5个化合物含量的影响。图2C结果表明, 当液固比为50 mL·g-1时, 杜仲醇、桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸、车叶草苷的含量达到最高。因此, 选择50 mL·g-1为该实验的固液比。
分别考察了超声提取(超声功率250 W, 1 h)、回流提取(回流温度85 ℃, 1 h) 及微波提取(微波功率490 W, 18 s) 对杜仲叶中目标化合物的提取效率。不同提取方式对杜仲叶中5个化合物含量的影响见图2D。结果表明, 使用DES加热回流是提取效果最差的一种方式, 这可能是因为化合物在高温环境中稳定性较差的原因, 比如绿原酸采用加热回流的方式进行提取, 所得含量仅为超声提取及微波提取的1/8, 因此不宜采用热回流的方式。另外, 这也可能与DES的高沸点特性有一定的联系, 在85 ℃水浴中, DES无法像甲醇等有机溶剂快速回流, 从而造成提取效率的低下。超声提取的提取效果与微波提取较为接近, 但超声提取需要的时间长。相比之下, 微波提取所需时间短, 提取效率高, 因此, 选择微波提取作为提取方法。
考察微波功率对杜仲叶中5个化合物含量的影响。如图3A中结果表明, 当微波的功率逐渐增大, 5个化合物的含量都有所增加, 而功率达到70 W时, 5个化合物的含量达到最高。这可能是因为随着微波功率的增大, 微波的辐射增强, 加速植物细胞壁的破裂, 从而使成分溶出。但随着微波功率的继续增大, 溶剂中的分子处于激发态, 迅速产生大量热能, 导致了部分有效成分被破坏。因此, 最佳微波火力选择70 W。
考察微波时间对杜仲叶中5个化合物含量的影响。如图3B中结果表明, 随着微波时间逐渐增加, 各化合物的提取效率逐渐增大, 当微波提取时间为15 s时, 5个化合物的含量均达到最大, 当提取时间为20 s时, 提取效率下降。因此, 微波提取时间选择15 s。
按“线性关系的考察”项下的操作得到各化合物的标准曲线, 其曲线方程、相关系数、线性范围、定量限及检测限见表2。
仪器日内精密度与日间精密度考察结果以RSD表示, 结果表明5个化合物的日内精密度RSD在1.2%~2.8%之间, 日间精密度RSD在2.6%~3.8%之间, 说明仪器精密度良好。
5个化合物的重复性结果RSD在0.5%~2.8%之间, 表明重复性良好。
5个化合物的稳定性考察结果RSD在1.4%~3.7%之间, 说明各化合物在72 h之内在DES中能稳定存在。
5个化合物的平均加样回收率在95.04%~103.59%之间, RSD均小于4.0%。
基于DES及微波萃取法, 本研究对市售20批杜仲叶药材中杜仲醇、桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸以及车叶草苷的含量进行了测定, 样品和标准品测的色谱图如图4所示, 结果见表3。结果表明, 市售杜仲叶中5个化学成分的含量差异较大。表面呈黄绿色、绿色的杜仲叶(样品1~10) 中, 均能检测到以上5个化学成分, 以绿原酸的含量最高。而表面为棕褐色的杜仲叶(样品11~20) 大部分却缺失了环烯醚萜类化合物桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸以及车叶草苷; 但杜仲醇的含量与绿色杜仲叶中的相差并不是很大; 而绿原酸的含量波动很大, 最高可达2.560%, 最低的却只有0.030%。由此看来, 绿色杜仲叶与棕褐色杜仲叶的质量差异较为明显。以中国药典(2020年版一部) 中规定绿原酸含量不得低于0.080%的标准来衡量, 20批杜仲叶有15批是合格的, 但合格的14、17、18、19、20号杜仲叶样品中均缺失了桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸以及车叶草苷, 这部分杜仲叶已失去基于以上环烯醚萜类化合物的药效, 因此仅以绿原酸作为杜仲叶质量评价的指标成分是值得商榷的, 将环烯醚萜类化合物的含量测定纳入杜仲叶的质量标准更有利于控制杜仲叶的质量。
图5A为晒干、低温烘干、杀青、阴干处理后的杜仲叶中的外观性状。由图可知, 新鲜采摘的杜仲叶经不同方式处理后, 均能在一定程度上保留杜仲叶原有的绿色, 以晒干及低温烘干的杜仲叶的颜色最为鲜艳。从各化学成分含量变化来看(图5B), 绿原酸在晒干处理杜仲叶中的含量最高, 其次是阴干及低温烘干的杜仲叶, 在经杀青处理后的杜仲叶中最低, 这可能是由于杀青过程温度较高, 导致了绿原酸的分解, 这在以往的文献[13]报道中也出现了相同的情况; 桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸及车叶草苷的含量在晒干及低温烘干处理的杜仲叶中均达到较高水平, 其次是杀青处理的杜仲叶, 在阴干杜仲叶中最低, 这可能是因为阴干过程未经过热处理, 导致了前体化合物发生了酶解。
分别考察了低温储存及常温储存6个月后杜仲叶的变化情况, 图6A、C为两种储存方式下杜仲叶的性状特征。从性状特征来看, 常温储存下通过不同干燥方式处理的杜仲叶颜色均变成了较深的棕褐色, 几乎没有绿色, 这与在中药材市场上买到的大多数杜仲叶的外观基本一致。而在低温储存条件下, 晒干的杜仲叶绿色较为明显, 低温烘干也保留了少量绿色, 杀青处理的杜仲叶因为在杀青过程中经过了高温, 所以绿色本来就较少, 但低温储存后仍保留了少部分, 而阴干的较为黯淡, 绿色不明显。由此看来, 市售杜仲叶大部分很可能是在常温条件下进行储存的, 储存时间较长会导致颜色发生变化。
不同储存方式下杜仲叶中化学成分含量的差异如图6B、D所示。结果表明, 环烯醚萜类化合物桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸及车叶草苷在常温储存6个月后杜仲叶中的含量明显低于低温储存杜仲叶。新鲜叶中存在使环烯醚萜苷类化合物分解的酶, 未采取一定措施使酶失活容易导致环烯醚萜苷类化合物的分解。在常温条件下, 分解酶的活性较强, 因此导致了大部分环烯醚萜类化合物的分解, 表现出含量降低; 低温储存条件下, 酶的活性较弱, 环烯醚萜苷类化合物分解减少, 因此含量较高。由此也可以解释为什么杀青处理的杜仲叶在储存一段时间后, 其中的环烯醚萜类化合物的含量要高于其他干燥方式的。杀青处理使分解酶失活, 因此即使在常温下进行储存, 环烯醚萜类化合物也不会被分解, 因此含量会比其他干燥方式处理的杜仲叶中的含量高。绿原酸的含量在低温储存与常温储存的杜仲叶中变化并不明显。裂环环烯醚萜类化合物杜仲醇的含量无论是在低温储存还是常温储存的杜仲叶中, 其含量较6个月前都有一定的增加, 从杜仲醇的合成途径上来看, 杜仲醇的合成与一般环烯醚萜类化合物的合成较为类似, 只是在合成桃叶珊瑚苷类似物时, 由于裂环酶的作用使其开环从而合成杜仲醇, 因此, 杜仲醇含量增加可能是由于其他环烯醚萜类开环转换所造成的。
综上所述, 采用晒干、低温烘干及阴干三种方式所加工的杜仲叶不宜采用常温储存的方式, 杀青处理的杜仲叶虽然在最初大部分化合物含量均低于其他三种方式, 但在常温储存一段时间后, 却能最大限度保留大部分化学成分。因此, 如果杜仲叶只能在常温下进行储存, 最好在杜仲叶采摘后进行杀青处理。如未进行杀青降低酶活性处理, 则最好在低温条件下进行储存, 以保证环烯醚萜类化合物的含量。市售棕褐色杜仲叶的情况与采用常温储存的晒干、低温烘干及阴干三种方式所加工的杜仲叶的情况相似, 因此, 棕褐色杜仲叶的出现可能就是杜仲叶的加工方式不规范所导致的, 在杜仲叶的质量标准中应对干燥及储存方式进行规范, 以保证杜仲叶的内在质量。
本研究建立了一种基于低共熔溶剂和微波萃取的杜仲叶提取方法, 并采用HPLC测定了市售不同类型杜仲叶中5个化学成分的含量。市售绿色杜仲叶与棕褐色杜仲叶之间的环烯醚萜类化合物的含量存在较大差异。通过对不同干燥及储存方式杜仲叶进行分析, 发现采用常温保存的晒干、低温烘干及阴干三种方式所加工的杜仲叶与市售棕褐色杜仲叶的颜色相近, 其中的环烯醚萜化合物含量均处于较低水平, 该类杜仲叶的出现可能与其干燥方式和储存的不规范有关。因此, 杜仲叶的质量标准中除了绿原酸, 还建议增加对环烯醚萜类成分含量的控制, 并规范其采收加工及存储方法。

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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0241
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-17
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    1上海中医药大学, 中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2上海中医药大学, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 上海 201203
    3上海中医药大学中药研究所, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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