Article(id=1308467987095244944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0233, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1750521600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892678282, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892678282, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892678282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892678282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3518, endPage=3526, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467987434983569, articleId=1308467987095244944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation of Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum carbon dots and their application photodynamic/photothermal therapy for pancreatic cancer in vitro, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are a class of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with remarkable fluorescent properties, consisting of carbon nanoparticles with dimensions below 10 nm. Due to its advantages of excellent optical properties, good water solubility and biocompatibility, it shows great potential in photothermal/photodynamic therapy of cancer. In recent years, carbon quantum dots prepared from traditional Chinese medicine as a carbon source have attracted extensive attention from scientists. In this study, we synthesized carbon quantum dots of five Chinese medicines, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Dendrobium officinale, Coix lacryma, and Ginger, in one step by a conventional hydrothermal method, and screened out the Ganoderma lucidum CDs with the best fluorescence quantum yields and photothermal conversion properties. The results show that the Ganoderma lucidum CDs prepared in this study, with a particle size of (6.40 ± 1.31) nm, have good in vivo and in vitro fluorescence imaging properties, demonstrating certain tumor targeting properties. And they can generate photothermal/photodynamic synergy to efficiently kill pancreatic cancer cells under the mediation of near-infrared laser. The animal experiment has been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine (No. 20230022).

, authors=Huan YU1, 2, Kun-shun LUO1, Yue ZHU1, 2, Teng CHEN1, 2, Zhi-yong CHEN1, 2, Ting-ting FENG1, 2, *, Zu-hua WANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Huan YU, Kun-shun LUO, Yue ZHU, Teng CHEN, Zhi-yong CHEN, Ting-ting FENG, Zu-hua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ting-ting FENG, Zu-hua WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467990803009694, articleId=1308467987095244944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药灵芝碳点的制备及其对胰腺癌细胞的体外光动力/光热治疗研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳量子点(carbon quantum dots, CDs) 是一类具有显著荧光性能的零维碳纳米材料, 由尺寸低于10 nm的碳纳米颗粒组成。由于其具有优异的光学性能, 良好的水溶性和生物相容性等优势, 在癌症的光热/光动力治疗中展现出了巨大的潜能。近年来, 以中药作为碳源制备的碳量子点引起了科学家们的广泛关注。在本研究中, 以灵芝、茯苓、铁皮石斛、薏苡仁和生姜为研究对象, 采用常规的水热法一步合成了中药碳量子点, 筛选出荧光量子产率和光热转化性能最佳的灵芝CDs。结果显示, 所制备的灵芝CDs粒径为6.40 ± 1.31 nm, 具有良好的体内、外荧光成像性能, 并展示出了一定的肿瘤靶向性, 可在近红外激光的介导下, 产生光热/光动力协同作用高效杀死胰腺癌细胞。所有动物实验程序均经过贵州中医药大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(No. 20230022)。

, authors=余欢1, 2, 罗坤顺1, 朱月1, 2, 陈滕1, 2, 陈智勇1, 2, 俸婷婷1, 2, *, 汪祖华1, 2, *, authorsList=余欢, 罗坤顺, 朱月, 陈滕, 陈智勇, 俸婷婷, 汪祖华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=俸婷婷, 汪祖华, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

余欢负责实验方案实施、数据处理、文章撰写; 罗坤顺负责实验方案设计、数据处理; 朱月、陈滕、陈智勇负责数据分析、提供技术支持; 俸婷婷、汪祖华提供研究思路、基金支持与论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
俸婷婷, Tel: 18786638956, E-mail:
汪祖华, Tel: 13639140290, E-mail:
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Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 882100., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308499066707869973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499066716258582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, companyId=1308499066707869973, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499066733035799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, companyId=1308499066707869973, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1贵州中医药大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308499066791756056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499066795950361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, companyId=1308499066791756056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Creation, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308499066804338970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, companyId=1308499066791756056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2贵州省现代中药创制全省重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 550025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308499074312143182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZgYXS5syIyYEGJ+KHCxPzA==, figureFileBig=OCFMR8ImAeFigmSEgLJh6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074366669135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Preparation, fluorescence spectra, and in vitro heat production temperature changes of five Chinese herbal carbon quantum dots (CDs). From left to right, the state and color change of each CDs before dilution, after dilution, under 365 nm UV lamp irradiation, on the coated silica gel plate and under 365 nm UV lamp irradiation on the silica gel plate, Dendrobium officinale (A), Coix lacryma (B), Poria cocos (C), Ginger (D) and Ganoderma lucidum (E) CDs; F: Fluorescence spectrograms of 5 Chinese herbal CDs; G: Temperature changes of five Chinese medicine CDs exposed to near-infrared light with an output power of 1.5 W, where PBS is phosphate buffer solution, figureFileSmall=ZgYXS5syIyYEGJ+KHCxPzA==, figureFileBig=OCFMR8ImAeFigmSEgLJh6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074446360912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b6VuBPCWJ5NsP8+7Zez4GQ==, figureFileBig=vz4O+XZKkV4vyhuT4IANvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074513469777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Characterization of Ganoderma lucidum CDs. A: The pictures for the solution containing Ganoderma lucidum CDs before lyophilization (a), the tyndall effect of Ganoderma lucidum CDs solution (b), the powder of Ganoderma lucidum CDs after lyophilization (c), and the solution containing Ganoderma lucidum CDs (the re-suspended) (d); B: Particle size distribution and TEM image; C: XRD pattern; D: Raman spectra; E: XPS spectra; F: Infrared spectra; G: UV-visible absorption spectra; H: Fluorescence spectra of Ganoderma lucidum CDs. TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; XRD: X-Ray diffraction; XPS: X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, figureFileSmall=b6VuBPCWJ5NsP8+7Zez4GQ==, figureFileBig=vz4O+XZKkV4vyhuT4IANvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074597355858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+7SGAaLSJejFcBktYjcf+Q==, figureFileBig=/ZNS9O6mtNchVQ35J8tp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074660270419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cellular uptake studies. A: Cellular imaging of the BxPC-3 cells and the HPDE6-C7 cells after incubation with Ganoderma lucidum CDs (0.5 mg·mL-1) for 2 h. All nuclei were stained with DAPI; B: The quantitative analysis based on the imaging in Figure A using a software "Image J". n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=+7SGAaLSJejFcBktYjcf+Q==, figureFileBig=/ZNS9O6mtNchVQ35J8tp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074731573588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XgzcCGdUc3ODIaThOfU28g==, figureFileBig=0wMQvYhTeCUW3Y9gOFjgVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074794488149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=In vitro PDT effect of Ganoderma lucidum CDs. A: Inverted fluorescence microscopy images of ROS levels in the BxPC-3 cells with and without laser irradiation of Ganoderma lucidum CDs; B: Semi-quantitative analysis of the fluorescence images in Figure A using "Image J" software; C: Antioxidant effects of different concentrations of Ganoderma lucidum CDs on the HPDE6-C7 cells. PDT: Photodynamic therapy; ROS: Reactive oxygen species. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=XgzcCGdUc3ODIaThOfU28g==, figureFileBig=0wMQvYhTeCUW3Y9gOFjgVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074869985622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=phtmYvUE38qWKrCNANC7iA==, figureFileBig=Y57L4EGi08rRxcRNulhZAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499074937094487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=In vitro PTT effect of Ganoderma lucidum CDs with or without NIR laser. A: Cell cytotoxicity of the BxPC-3 and HPDE6-C7 cells under different concentrations of Ganoderma lucidum CDs; B: The effect of Ganoderma lucidum CDs on BxPC-3 cells migration at different times (20×); C: Cell migration rate analysis of the HPDE6-C7 cells and the BxPC-3 cells in Figure B analysed by "Image J" software; D: Cell survival of the BxPC-3 cells under different concentrations of Ganoderma lucidum CDs with and without NIR laser; E: Photothermal ablation (40×) in BxPC-3 cells with Ganoderma lucidum CDs. Cells were stained with Calcein AM (green, live cells) and EthD-1 (red, dead cells); F: The quantitative analysis based on "Image J" software in Figure E. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=phtmYvUE38qWKrCNANC7iA==, figureFileBig=Y57L4EGi08rRxcRNulhZAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499075000009048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IP5GkZ2CzJuBQ4e8bfxBIQ==, figureFileBig=cFUoctXB24jb173dTNWzTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499075067117913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467987095244944, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=In vivo imaging of Ganoderma lucidum CDs. A: In vivo fluorescence imaging of mice, bearing BxPC-3 tumors, at 48 h after iv injection of Ganoderma lucidum CDs; B: The accumulation of Ganoderma lucidum CDs in various tissues was calculated as ID (the percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue). The fluorescent intensity, responding the amount of Ganoderma lucidum CDs, was read by the imaging system; C: The accumulative ratio of Ganoderma lucidum CDs in BxPC-3 tumor at 48 h. 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余欢 1, 2 , 罗坤顺 1 , 朱月 1, 2 , 陈滕 1, 2 , 陈智勇 1, 2 , 俸婷婷 1, 2, * , 汪祖华 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(11): 3518-3526
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (11) : 3518 -3526
中药灵芝碳点的制备及其对胰腺癌细胞的体外光动力/光热治疗研究
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余欢1, 2, 罗坤顺1, 朱月1, 2, 陈滕1, 2, 陈智勇1, 2, 俸婷婷1, 2, * , 汪祖华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州中医药大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2贵州省现代中药创制全省重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 550025
通讯作者:
俸婷婷, Tel: 18786638956, E-mail:
汪祖华, Tel: 13639140290, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

余欢负责实验方案实施、数据处理、文章撰写; 罗坤顺负责实验方案设计、数据处理; 朱月、陈滕、陈智勇负责数据分析、提供技术支持; 俸婷婷、汪祖华提供研究思路、基金支持与论文修改。

Preparation of Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum carbon dots and their application photodynamic/photothermal therapy for pancreatic cancer in vitro
Huan YU1, 2, Kun-shun LUO1, Yue ZHU1, 2, Teng CHEN1, 2, Zhi-yong CHEN1, 2, Ting-ting FENG1, 2, * , Zu-hua WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Creation, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0233
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碳量子点(carbon quantum dots, CDs) 是一类具有显著荧光性能的零维碳纳米材料, 由尺寸低于10 nm的碳纳米颗粒组成。由于其具有优异的光学性能, 良好的水溶性和生物相容性等优势, 在癌症的光热/光动力治疗中展现出了巨大的潜能。近年来, 以中药作为碳源制备的碳量子点引起了科学家们的广泛关注。在本研究中, 以灵芝、茯苓、铁皮石斛、薏苡仁和生姜为研究对象, 采用常规的水热法一步合成了中药碳量子点, 筛选出荧光量子产率和光热转化性能最佳的灵芝CDs。结果显示, 所制备的灵芝CDs粒径为6.40 ± 1.31 nm, 具有良好的体内、外荧光成像性能, 并展示出了一定的肿瘤靶向性, 可在近红外激光的介导下, 产生光热/光动力协同作用高效杀死胰腺癌细胞。所有动物实验程序均经过贵州中医药大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(No. 20230022)。

中药灵芝  /  碳量子点  /  荧光成像  /  胰腺癌  /  光热/光动力治疗

Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are a class of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with remarkable fluorescent properties, consisting of carbon nanoparticles with dimensions below 10 nm. Due to its advantages of excellent optical properties, good water solubility and biocompatibility, it shows great potential in photothermal/photodynamic therapy of cancer. In recent years, carbon quantum dots prepared from traditional Chinese medicine as a carbon source have attracted extensive attention from scientists. In this study, we synthesized carbon quantum dots of five Chinese medicines, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Dendrobium officinale, Coix lacryma, and Ginger, in one step by a conventional hydrothermal method, and screened out the Ganoderma lucidum CDs with the best fluorescence quantum yields and photothermal conversion properties. The results show that the Ganoderma lucidum CDs prepared in this study, with a particle size of (6.40 ± 1.31) nm, have good in vivo and in vitro fluorescence imaging properties, demonstrating certain tumor targeting properties. And they can generate photothermal/photodynamic synergy to efficiently kill pancreatic cancer cells under the mediation of near-infrared laser. The animal experiment has been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine (No. 20230022).

Ganoderma lucidum  /  carbon quantum dot  /  fluorescence imaging  /  pancreatic cancer  /  photothermal/photodynamic therapy
余欢, 罗坤顺, 朱月, 陈滕, 陈智勇, 俸婷婷, 汪祖华. 中药灵芝碳点的制备及其对胰腺癌细胞的体外光动力/光热治疗研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3518 -3526 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0233
Huan YU, Kun-shun LUO, Yue ZHU, Teng CHEN, Zhi-yong CHEN, Ting-ting FENG, Zu-hua WANG. Preparation of Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum carbon dots and their application photodynamic/photothermal therapy for pancreatic cancer in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3518 -3526 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0233
胰腺癌是消化道常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 具有高度侵袭性和转移性, 是全球公认的“癌中之王”, 5年生存率仅为10%。由于胰腺癌临床表现隐匿, 且目前尚缺乏早期诊断策略, 因此大多数患者确诊时已处于晚期, 超过80%的患者不可切除, 同时对放化疗表现出广泛耐受性, 对免疫治疗也不敏感, 导致治疗效果不佳, 预后极差[1]。
光疗具有微创、肿瘤选择性相对强、生物相容性好、暗毒性低、耐药风险低等优点, 是一种有效的肿瘤治疗方法[2, 3]。光疗有两种类型, 即光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 和光热治疗(photothermal therapy, PTT)。PDT是一种利用光敏药物和激光激活治疗肿瘤疾病的新方法, 其作用机制是通过光敏剂与氧相互作用产生1O2杀死肿瘤细胞。被组织吸收的光敏剂被特定波长的激光照射刺激, 被激发的光敏剂将能量传递给周围的氧, 产生高活性的单线态氧。单线态氧与邻近的生物大分子发生反应, 引起细胞毒性, 从而导致细胞损伤甚至死亡[4, 5]。PTT是另一种光敏剂通过光照射产生热量诱导细胞凋亡并最终实现肿瘤消融的方法[6, 7]。其目的是利用光热转换剂吸收近红外光(650~900 nm), 并将吸收的光能转化为热能, 进一步实现对组织的深度穿透和对非靶组织的最小加热。PDT/PTT联合治疗在皮下荷瘤小鼠中取得了很高的疗效[8], 可作为一种治疗胰腺癌的有效方法。
作为碳纳米材料的新成员, 自第一批高1O2量子产率用于PDT的CDs问世以来[9], 相继出现了许多具有PDT/PTT、多模型成像引导光疗等多功能能力的CDs[10], 并对皮下肿瘤小鼠取得了良好的治疗效果, 为以CDs作为光敏剂进行胰腺癌光疗奠定了良好的基础。由于其结构小, CDs可以通过增强的渗透性和滞留(enhanced permeability and retention, EPR) 效应被滞留于肿瘤部位[11]。在正常组织中, 微血管内皮间隙致密完整, CDs难以穿透血管壁。而在实体肿瘤组织中, 血管丰富, 血管壁间隙宽, 结构完整性差, 缺少淋巴回流, 导致CDs具有高选择性通透性和滞留性[12]。因此, EPR效应促进CDs在肿瘤组织中的选择性分布, 从而提高抗肿瘤疗效, 减少全身不良反应。此外, CDs的附加功能可以通过修饰和掺杂来增加[13]。因此可以利用CDs的上述特点来开发和扩展其抗肿瘤应用, 为未来肿瘤的发现、诊断、治疗和监测提供新的思路。
本研究以灵芝、茯苓、铁皮石斛、薏苡仁和生姜5种中药为研究对象, 制备了中药碳量子点, 筛选了荧光量子产率和光热转化性能最佳的灵芝CDs。该灵芝CDs尺寸小于10 nm, 具有良好的体内、外荧光成像性能, 并展示出一定的肿瘤靶向性, 可在近红外激光的介导下, 产生光热/光动力协同作用高效杀死胰腺癌细胞。本研究为基于荧光成像介导的胰腺癌的光热/光动力治疗提供了一种新型的中药基碳纳米材料, 对于提高胰腺癌的治疗效果具有重要的临床意义。
药材与试剂   灵芝、茯苓、铁皮石斛、薏苡仁、生姜(贵州贵阳); 柠檬酸(一水, 5949-29-1, 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司); 乙二胺盐酸盐(20230419, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 四甲基偶氮唑盐(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT) (298-93-1, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 活死细胞染色试剂盒invitrogen (R37601, Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。
仪器   主要仪器有倒置荧光显微镜(D-35578 Wetziar, 德国Leica仪器有限公司); 酶联检测仪(MULTISKAN Sky 1530, 美国Thermo Fisher有限公司); 真空冷冻干燥机(Xinyi-12, 宁波新艺超声设备有限公司); 紫外可见分光光度计(UV-2700, 日本岛津公司); 荧光分光光度计(F98, 上海棱光技术有限公司)。
动物与细胞培养   BALB/c-nu小鼠, SPF级, 雌性, 体重20~25 g, 购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司[许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010]; 人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3 (武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司); 人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞HPDE6-C7 (深圳市豪地华拓生物科技有限公司); BxPC-3细胞在含有10%FBS和双抗青霉素/链霉素的RPMI.1640培养基培养, HPDE6-C7细胞在含有10% FBS和双抗青霉素/链霉素的DMEM高糖培养基中培养, 置于含5% CO2、饱和湿度37 ℃的二氧化碳培养箱中连续培养。所有动物实验程序均经过贵州中医药大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(No. 20230022)。
中药CDs的制备   根据相关文献[14]水热法合成碳点。称取50.02 g灵芝, 研磨成粉, 加入100 mL蒸馏水, 浸泡0.5 h, 80 ℃水浴提取2 h, 静置浸提20 h, 过滤(先用纱布, 再用0.45和0.22 μm滤膜过滤至澄清, 有明显丁达尔效应), 得30 mL提取液, 冻干得5.354 g提取物, 冷藏备用。取0.161 g提取物、2.409 g柠檬酸、0.667 g乙二胺盐酸盐溶于30 mL去离子水, 超声溶解, 200 ℃水热反应10 h, 冷却后溶液变为黑棕色, 表明CDs形成。过滤后透析24 h (MW 500 Da, 每6 h换液), 冷冻干燥得碳点粉末。铁皮石斛、茯苓、薏苡仁、生姜CDs按相同工艺制备。将5种中药CDs溶液置于暗箱式紫外分析仪中观察发光性能。
中药CDs荧光量子产率的测定   利用参比法测定碳点的相对荧光量子产率[15]。参比法通过选择与待测物吸收和发射波长相近、已知量子产率的物质作为标准, 测定两者在同一激发波长下的荧光发射峰面积及吸光度值, 根据公式(1) 计算量子产率:
$Y_{\mathrm{sp}}=Y_{\mathrm{st}}\left(I_{\mathrm{sp}} / I_{\mathrm{st}}\right)\left(A_{\mathrm{st}} / A_{\mathrm{sp}}\right)\left(\eta_{\mathrm{sp}}^2 / \eta_{\mathrm{st}}^2\right)$
其中, sp、st分别表示待测未知物和参比标准物; Y是荧光量子产率, I是从380~600 nm的发射光谱积分面积; A是360 nm处的吸光度值; η代表溶剂的折射率(因本实验中待测未知物和参比标准物的质量浓度极低, 可忽略溶质的影响, 而视为一致, 均为1.33)。其中, CDs溶解于去离子水中(ηsp = 1.33)。硫酸奎宁于室温下溶于0.05 mol·L-1硫酸溶液(ηst = 1.33)。为了减小重吸收效应, 激发波长的吸光度值应保持在0.10以下。根据有关报道[16], 选取硫酸奎宁作为标准参比物质, 其量子产率(Yst) 为0.54。
配制适宜质量浓度的硫酸奎宁溶液(5 μg·mL-1), 以0.05 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液作为空白, 测定其紫外吸收光谱, 记录其在360 nm处的吸光度值(Ast), 确保该吸光度值小于0.05。然后以360 nm为其激发波长, 获取其在380~600 nm内的荧光发射光谱, 记录其荧光积分峰面积(Ist)。同样地, 配制一定质量浓度的CDs溶液, 重复以上步骤, 记录其吸光度值(Asp) 和荧光积分峰面积(Isp)。将上述值分别代入公式(1) 中, 计算CDs的荧光量子产率。
中药CDs体外光热性能的考察   为评估5种中药CDs在近红外激光下的光热性能, 设计了体外光热实验。将等体积的碳量子点溶液与PBS溶液分别置于密闭器皿中, 固定温度计于液面下, 使用1.5 W近红外激光照射, 每分钟记录1次温度变化, 直至温度趋于稳定。
中药灵芝CDs性能表征   分别配置0.5和1 mg·mL-1的灵芝CDs溶液, 观察其丁达尔效应。取冻干的灵芝CDs固体粉末, 观察其复溶后的状态。采用低电压透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM) 表征灵芝CDs的物理形貌。采用激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(X-Ray diffraction, XRD) 和X射线光电子能谱仪(X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) 表征灵芝CDs的化学结构。
中药灵芝CDs的生物安全性  在不同质量浓度灵芝碳点(0、5、10、15、25、50、100、200、300、400 μg·mL-1) 下, 研究其细胞毒性。具体如下: 将正常胰腺细胞HPDE6-C7和胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3以每毫升5×103个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2孵箱中进行培养。细胞贴壁后, 按照一定质量浓度梯度加入CDs溶液, 以未处理的细胞作为对照, 每个质量浓度设置3个平行样。在孵箱中培养48 h后, 每孔加入20 μL MTT (5 mg·mL-1) 溶液, 静置4 h后, 弃去上清液, 每孔加入100 μL的DMSO溶液, 于恒温震荡仪中震荡30 min, 用酶标仪测定细胞在490 nm处吸光度值, 根据公式(2) 计算细胞增殖抑制率:
$I \%=A_{\text {treated }} / A_{\text {control }} \times 100 \%$
其中, I%是细胞增殖率; Atreated是实验组的吸光度值; Acontrol是生长对照组的吸光度值。
中药灵芝CDs的体外细胞成像   通过倒置荧光显微镜观察灵芝CDs的细胞摄取情况。为了评价灵芝CDs的细胞成像能力, 将BxPC-3和HPDE6-C7细胞(每孔1×104个) 接种于24孔培养板中培养12 h。加入最终质量浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1灵芝CDs, 与细胞一起孵育2 h, 再加入DAPI染色观察细胞核。然后, 将细胞固定在4%甲醛中, 用PBS彻底清洗, 采用倒置荧光显微镜拍摄, 用Image J软件对荧光显微镜图像进行半定量分析。
中药灵芝CDs的体外PDT   通过MTT法和活性氧水平检测评估灵芝CDs的PDT效应。体外实验中, 将HPDE6-C7细胞分别与0、50、100、150、200 μg·mL-1灵芝CDs及5 ppm H2O2在37 ℃孵育24 h, 随后与MTT (5 mg·mL-1) 孵育4 h。用100 μL二甲基亚砜替换每孔溶液, 酶标仪测定490 nm处吸光度值, 细胞代谢活性以未处理细胞的相对活力表示。
DCFH-DA荧光染料检测细胞内活性氧自由基水平   将BxPC-3细胞(每孔5×103个) 接种于96孔板, 孵育24 h后, 加入100 μg·mL-1灵芝CDs, 部分孔用1.5 W·cm-2近红外激光照射3 min。继续孵育24 h后, 洗涤细胞3次, 用DCFH-DA (10 μmol·L-1) 在37 ℃孵育30 min, 再用PBS洗涤3次。通过倒置荧光显微镜观察荧光, 并用Image J软件进行半定量分析, 测定每个视野的平均荧光强度为细胞内活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平。
中药灵芝CDs的体外PTT
为考察体外PTT效果, 采用MTT比色法、细胞划痕实验、死活细胞染色实验对灵芝CDs的细胞毒性进行考察。
MTT实验考察中药灵芝CDs的体外PTT效果将BxPC-3细胞以5×104/mL密度接种于96孔板, 37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。细胞贴壁后, 分别加入50、100、150、200 μg·mL-1灵芝CDs, 部分孔用1.5 W·cm-2、808 nm近红外激光照射3 min, 以未处理细胞为对照, 每组设3个平行样。培养24 h后, 每孔加入20 μL MTT (5 mg·mL-1) 溶液, 孵育4 h, 弃上清, 加入100 μL DMSO, 震荡30 min, 用酶标仪测定490 nm处吸光度值, 根据公式(3) 计算细胞抑制率:
$I_t^0 \%=A_{\text {treated }} / A_{\text {control }} \times 100 \%$
其中, It%是24 h细胞抑制率; Atreated是实验组的吸光度值; Acontrol是对照组的吸光度值
细胞划痕实验考察灵芝CDs的体外PTT效果将BxPC-3细胞(每毫升5×105~10×105个细胞) 接种于24孔板(每孔1 mL), 培养16~24 h形成单层细胞。用10 μL移液枪头在单层细胞上划“一”字痕, PBS清洗3次, 分别加入80 μg·mL-1灵芝CDs处理: control组、灵芝CDs组、灵芝CDs加NIR组(1.5 W·cm-2, 808 nm), 每组设3个平行样。在0、6、12、24 h用倒置显微镜拍照, 观察细胞迁移和侵袭情况。
死活细胞染色实验考察灵芝CDs体外PTT效果采用活死细胞染色法评估灵芝CDs的体外PTT效果。取对数生长期的BxPC-3细胞, 经胰酶消化后, 用含10%胎牛血清的1640培养基稀释至每毫升5×104个细胞, 接种于96孔板, 在孵箱中培养24 h。细胞贴壁后, 分别加入80 μg·mL-1灵芝CDs处理: control组、灵芝CDs组、灵芝CDs加NIR组(1.5 W·cm-2, 808 nm), 孵育24 h。加入活死染料(20 μL EthD-1, 0.5 μL Calcein AM) 染色30 min, 用荧光倒置显微镜观察细胞凋亡并拍照, 最后用Image J软件统计分析死活细胞。
中药灵芝CDs的体内成像   BALB/c-nu小鼠, SPF级, 雌性, 体重20~25 g, 购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 用于活体荧光生物成像分析。取1只BAL B/c-nu小鼠皮下注射BxPC-3细胞悬液(1×106个) 于右腋下, 建立皮下的胰腺癌肿瘤模型。待肿瘤结节生长到约50 mm3的体积。尾静脉注射灵芝CDs, 在1、2、4、8、12、24、36和48 h时间点进行小动物活体荧光经时拍照(激发波长410 nm, 发射波长535 nm), 后处死老鼠, 取出各脏器荧光拍照分析, 研究灵芝CDs在荷瘤动物体内的经时分布情况。
统计学方法   实验数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析。对于符合正态分布的两组数据, 运用参数检验方法进行差异显著性分析, 其中两组间比较采用Student t检验, 多组间比较则采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA), P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。
高质量浓度的中药CDs溶液呈黑棕色, 低质量浓度时在自然光下为透明淡黄色, 365 nm紫外灯照射下发出蓝绿色荧光。硅胶板上, CDs溶液在自然光下呈淡黄色, 紫外灯下显蓝绿色。这些CDs具有优异的光致发光性能, 可长期保持强蓝绿色荧光, 具备生成清晰荧光图像的潜力, 是一种优良的荧光材料(图1A~E)。
通过对中药CDs荧光量子产率的测定, 铁皮石斛CDs、薏苡仁CDs、茯苓CDs、生姜CDs和灵芝CDs的荧光量子产率分别为22.22%、19.47%、17.92%、18.15%和35.60%。其中, 灵芝CDs的荧光量子产率最高, 荧光光谱峰面积最大(图1F), 表明其发光性能最优, 适用于生物成像。
此外, CDs在近红外激光照射下可将光能转化为热能。数控温度计实时监测显示, 在1.5 W近红外激光照射下, 灵芝CDs在10 min内温度升高约27 ℃, 而PBS溶液无明显变化(图1G)。与其他CDs相比, 灵芝CDs的温度变化幅度最大, 最高可达54 ℃, 足以杀死肿瘤细胞, 表明其光热性能最佳, 可作为肿瘤治疗的光热转换剂。
如图2A-a所示, 低质量浓度(0.5 mg·mL-1) 灵芝碳点溶液的丁达尔效应不明显, 而高质量浓度(1 mg·mL-1) 溶液则表现出显著的丁达尔效应(图2A-b), 表明高质量浓度溶液中纳米颗粒含量更高。冷冻干燥后的灵芝碳点呈棕色固体(图2A-c), 重新溶解后为清澈的黄色液体(图2A-d)。TEM表征结果显示, 灵芝碳点呈球形或类球形, 分散均匀, 无明显团聚, 平均粒径为6.40 ± 1.31 nm (图2B)。
为了获得合成的灵芝碳点的晶面常数, 进行了XRD表征, 结果如图2C所示。灵芝碳点在2θ = 24°处有一个宽的衍射峰, 表明所获得的碳点以sp2杂化无定形碳为主。
为了探究碳点的内部结构, 进行了拉曼光谱[17]分析(图2D)。在1 330~1 360 cm-1处观察到D峰, 对应于无序sp3杂化碳原子的振动; 在1 540~1 580 cm-1处观察到G峰, 对应于晶格中sp2杂化碳原子的振动。D峰与G峰的强度比值(缺陷指数) 小于1, 表明碳点核心中以sp2杂化碳原子的晶格振动为主。
为验证灵芝CDs中N、O等元素的存在, 采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)[17]分析其表面成分(图2E)。结果显示, C (1s) (284.6 eV)、N (1s) (399.6 eV) 和O (1s) (531.6 eV) 的特征峰分别对应碳、氮和氧元素, 其中N (1s) 峰表明CDs中存在N原子。元素含量分别为C (70.92%)、N (6.64%) 和O (22.45%)。傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)[18]分析(图2F) 显示, 3 432 cm-1处的宽吸收带归因于-OH (可能包含-NH₂) 的伸缩振动, 2 927 cm-1处为N-H键的伸缩振动, 1 673和1 572 cm-1处分别对应C-O和C=C键的伸缩振动, 1 384 cm-1处为-NO₂的对称伸缩振动, 1 223 cm-1处为C-O-C的伸缩振动, 668 cm-1处为苯环的伸缩振动。
采用紫外-可见分光光度计对灵芝碳点的吸收光谱进行表征(图2G)。结果显示, 灵芝碳点在340 nm处表现出显著的吸收峰, 主要由芳香族sp²结构的n-π*跃迁引起。随着碳点质量浓度的增加, 吸收峰的强度相应增强, 表明跃迁峰面积与质量浓度呈正相关[15]。
图2H展示了灵芝碳点溶液在不同激发波长(300~900 nm) 下的发射光谱。结果表明, 随着激发波长的增加, 发射波长呈现显著红移。例如, 激发波长为370 nm时, 最大发射峰位于452 nm (蓝光区域, 图2H)。灵芝碳点的发光特性表现出明显的激发波长依赖性, 且荧光强度与激发波长密切相关。
图3A展示了灵芝CDs (0.5 mg·mL-1) 在BxPC-3和HPDE6-C7细胞中的荧光成像结果。孵育2 h后, 倒置荧光显微镜下观察到两种细胞的细胞质均呈现绿色荧光, 且细胞形态正常, 表明灵芝CDs可通过内吞作用被细胞摄取, 具有良好的细胞通透性, 并能清晰区分细胞质与细胞核。通过Image J软件对荧光成像进行半定量分析(图3B), BxPC-3细胞的荧光强度(2.656) 显著高于HPDE6-C7细胞(1.932), 表明灵芝CDs在BxPC-3细胞中的摄取量更高, 进一步证实其在肿瘤中的积累特性, 并显示出潜在的胰腺癌细胞靶向性。
808 nm激光照射3 min后, 灵芝碳点展现出产生ROS的能力(图4A、B)。无激光照射及仅激光照射组中, 几乎无绿色荧光, 表明无ROS生成; 仅添加灵芝碳点组中, 观察到微弱绿色荧光, 表明其可生成微量ROS; 而激光联合灵芝碳点组中, 绿色荧光显著增强, 证实其高效产生活性氧的能力。如图4C所示, HPDE6-C7细胞与5 ppm H2O2共培养24 h后, 因氧化应激导致多数细胞死亡; 而灵芝碳点与H2O2共培养时, 细胞存活率均高于80%, 表明灵芝碳点可清除ROS并保护正常细胞。此外, 灵芝碳点既能刺激ROS生成, 又能清除癌细胞中的ROS, 导致癌细胞ROS累积并诱导凋亡。
使用MTT方法评估灵芝CDs的生物安全性。在质量浓度0~400 µg·mL-1, HPDE6-C7细胞存活率保持在90%以上(图5A), 表明该碳点具有良好的生物安全性。然而随着质量浓度的增加, 灵芝CDs对BxPC-3细胞表现出了轻微的毒性作用。
图5B、C展示了细胞划痕实验结果。对照组中, BxPC-3细胞的划痕随时间逐渐愈合。灵芝碳点(80 μg·mL-1) 处理组中, 划痕面积逐渐增大, 表明其能抑制BxPC-3细胞迁移。在24 h培养期间, 激光照射组的划痕面积显著大于未照射组, 说明激光照射增强了灵芝碳点对BxPC-3细胞迁移的抑制作用。
不同质量浓度灵芝碳点下BxPC-3细胞存活率的变化结果如图5D所示, 808 nm激光照射(1.5 W·cm-2, 3 min) 下, 灵芝碳点能有效提高溶液温度, 但温度变化与质量浓度非线性相关, 因热交换速率随温差增加而增加。激光照射后, 细胞存活率随灵芝碳点质量浓度增加而降低: 50 μg·mL-1时, 温度从37升至40 ℃, 存活率为70.21%; 100 μg·mL-1时, 温度升至49 ℃, 存活率为43.08%; 150 μg·mL-1时, 温度升至50 ℃, 存活率为38.64%; 200 μg·mL-1时, 温度升至52 ℃, 存活率为27.52%。结果表明, 在足够高的激光功率和灵芝碳点质量浓度下, 可进行体外癌细胞杀伤实验。
采用活死细胞染色法评估灵芝CDs的体外PTT效应(图5E、F), 如所示, 灵芝CDs (80 μg·mL-1) 处理BxPC-3细胞24 h后, 仅激光照射组细胞死亡率与control组无显著差异, 表明激光单独作用对细胞无显著影响。相比之下, 激光照射联合灵芝CDs处理组中, BxPC-3细胞死亡率显著增加, 证实灵芝CDs具有优异的光热转换性能, 可有效发挥体外抗肿瘤作用。
如图6所示, 体内荧光成像实验证实, 灵芝CDs可用于体内成像。尾静脉注射后, BxPC-3肿瘤中的荧光信号显著增强, 表明灵芝CDs能快速靶向分布到皮下胰腺肿瘤, 并具有显著的荧光效应。48 h后, 肿瘤内仍有高累积, 说明除EPR效应外, 灵芝CDs还具有一定的肿瘤选择性。处死荷瘤裸鼠后, 各组织荧光分布显示, 灵芝CDs在肝脏中分布最多, 其次是脾和肾, 其他脏器较少。其天然超小结构赋予EPR效应, 使其主动聚集于肿瘤部位。灵芝CDs作为纳米诊疗剂, 不仅解决了纳米药物的靶向问题, 还延长了其在肿瘤部位的聚集时间。
体外活细胞成像是研究活细胞的细胞结构和功能的重要手段, 可进一步加深对细胞结构和功能的复杂性质的理解[19]。本研究制备的灵芝CDs具有良好的生物安全性、高荧光强度、光稳定性、可调谐荧光发射及低成本等特性, 有望在细胞成像领域成为传统荧光探针的替代品。其丰富的亲水表面官能团和极小粒径使其易于与细胞膜相互作用, 并通过内吞进入细胞质, 呈现绿色荧光, 表明其可能具备标记特定细胞器的能力。其光谱行为与细胞内化学变化的相关性, 可为生物医学等领域的研究提供重要支持。
以量子点为平台建立具有成像、靶向和治疗一体化的多功能给药体系是目前纳米给药系统的研究热点[20]。作为一种新型的纳米材料, 灵芝CDs因其丰富的表面基团和较大的比表面积, 兼具良好的水溶性和小尺寸等优点, 使其更容易穿透生物屏障和深层肿瘤。此外, 可调谐的荧光特性赋予了其潜在的生物成像能力, 可作为近红外荧光探针用于肿瘤的早期筛查和诊断。此外, 灵芝CDs还可有效产生ROS并可将光能高效转化为热能用于PDT和PTT应用, 能发挥良好的抗肿瘤疗效。鉴于这些优点, 灵芝CDs在未来的生物成像和肿瘤治疗领域中显示出巨大的潜力。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0233
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 修回日期:2025-06-22
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    1贵州中医药大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 550025
    2贵州省现代中药创制全省重点实验室, 贵州 贵阳 550025

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俸婷婷, Tel: 18786638956, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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