Article(id=1308455696748540336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889748036, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889748036, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889748036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889748036, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2084, endPage=2096, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455697084084657, articleId=1308455696748540336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on anticancer ativities of polypyridine-based iron group metal complexes, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polypyridine derivatives represent a significant class of ligands in coordination chemistry, renowned for their stable coordination capabilities and low toxicity to biological systems, making them ideal candidates for constructing anticancer complexes. Their metal complexes exhibit potential anticancer activity against various malignancies, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, myeloid leukemia, and pancreatic cancer. The iron group elements (iron, cobalt, nickel) have garnered extensive attention from researchers due to their unique redox activities and biochemical properties. To address the issue of drug resistance in existing anticancer therapies, researchers have begun exploring the application of iron group elements in the field of anticancer research. Through extensive structural modifications of polypyridine ligands, a series of metal complexes with novel structures and excellent biological activities have been successfully synthesized. This article reviews the synthesis, cytotoxicity, mechanisms of action, and application potential of polypyridine-based iron group metal complexes over the past decade, providing a theoretical foundation and innovative insights for the development of new anticancer drugs.

, authors=Rui-wen ZHOU1, Yi-lin CHEN1, Fang-lin ZHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Rui-wen ZHOU, Yi-lin CHEN, Fang-lin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fang-lin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455698547896766, articleId=1308455696748540336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=多吡啶类铁系元素配合物抗癌研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多吡啶系衍生物是配位化学中一类重要的配体, 因其稳定的配位能力和对生物体系的低毒性, 成为构建抗癌配合物的理想选择, 其金属配合物对乳腺癌、前列腺癌、髓性白血病、胰腺癌等具有潜在的抗癌活性。而铁系元素(铁、钴、镍) 因具有独特的氧化还原活性和生物化学性质受到研究者的广泛关注。为克服现有抗癌药物的耐药性问题, 研究者开始探索铁系元素在抗癌领域的应用, 并对多吡啶配体进行大量的结构修饰, 获得了一系列结构新颖、活性优良的金属配合物。本文综述了近10年来多吡啶类铁系元素配合物的合成、细胞毒性、作用机制及应用潜力, 为开发新型抗癌药物提供理论依据和思路。

, authors=周睿文1, 谌怡霖1, 张方林1, 2, *, authorsList=周睿文, 谌怡霖, 张方林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张方林, authorNote=

作者贡献:

周睿文、谌怡霖负责综述的撰写及修改; 张方林负责论文的指导与审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张方林, Tel: 13628613284, E-mail:
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多吡啶类铁系元素配合物抗癌研究进展
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周睿文 1 , 谌怡霖 1 , 张方林 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2084-2096
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (7) : 2084 -2096
多吡啶类铁系元素配合物抗癌研究进展
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周睿文1, 谌怡霖1, 张方林1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学艾克斯马赛学院, 湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2武汉理工大学化学化工与生命科学学院, 湖北 武汉 430070
通讯作者:
张方林, Tel: 13628613284, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

周睿文、谌怡霖负责综述的撰写及修改; 张方林负责论文的指导与审阅。

Research progress on anticancer ativities of polypyridine-based iron group metal complexes
Rui-wen ZHOU1, Yi-lin CHEN1, Fang-lin ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Aix-Marseille University College, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0218
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多吡啶系衍生物是配位化学中一类重要的配体, 因其稳定的配位能力和对生物体系的低毒性, 成为构建抗癌配合物的理想选择, 其金属配合物对乳腺癌、前列腺癌、髓性白血病、胰腺癌等具有潜在的抗癌活性。而铁系元素(铁、钴、镍) 因具有独特的氧化还原活性和生物化学性质受到研究者的广泛关注。为克服现有抗癌药物的耐药性问题, 研究者开始探索铁系元素在抗癌领域的应用, 并对多吡啶配体进行大量的结构修饰, 获得了一系列结构新颖、活性优良的金属配合物。本文综述了近10年来多吡啶类铁系元素配合物的合成、细胞毒性、作用机制及应用潜力, 为开发新型抗癌药物提供理论依据和思路。

多吡啶系衍生物  /  铁系元素  /  金属配位  /  结构修饰  /  抗癌活性

Polypyridine derivatives represent a significant class of ligands in coordination chemistry, renowned for their stable coordination capabilities and low toxicity to biological systems, making them ideal candidates for constructing anticancer complexes. Their metal complexes exhibit potential anticancer activity against various malignancies, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, myeloid leukemia, and pancreatic cancer. The iron group elements (iron, cobalt, nickel) have garnered extensive attention from researchers due to their unique redox activities and biochemical properties. To address the issue of drug resistance in existing anticancer therapies, researchers have begun exploring the application of iron group elements in the field of anticancer research. Through extensive structural modifications of polypyridine ligands, a series of metal complexes with novel structures and excellent biological activities have been successfully synthesized. This article reviews the synthesis, cytotoxicity, mechanisms of action, and application potential of polypyridine-based iron group metal complexes over the past decade, providing a theoretical foundation and innovative insights for the development of new anticancer drugs.

polypyridine derivative  /  iron group element  /  metal coordination  /  structural modification  /  anticancer activity
周睿文, 谌怡霖, 张方林. 多吡啶类铁系元素配合物抗癌研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2084 -2096 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0218
Rui-wen ZHOU, Yi-lin CHEN, Fang-lin ZHANG. Research progress on anticancer ativities of polypyridine-based iron group metal complexes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2084 -2096 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0218
自1965年Rosenberg和Camp发现顺铂具有抗癌活性以来, 铂族金属抗癌药物的应用和研究得到了迅速的发展, 二价铂抗肿瘤药物(顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂等) 是目前临床应用最广泛的抗肿瘤药物[1]。铂类药物在癌症治疗中取得了巨大成功[2], 但肿瘤细胞对这些药物的耐药性[3]仍是一个挑战。为减轻铂类药物的毒性和不良反应[4]、解决癌症患者的耐药性等问题[5], 研究者开始探索铁系元素在抗肿瘤方向的应用[6]。
铁系元素包含铁、钴和镍。铁是人体内最丰富的过渡金属元素, 铁(Ⅱ) 和铁(Ⅲ) 之间的相互转化是许多生物化学过程的基础[7], 铁的氧化还原活性使其可以产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 对肿瘤细胞造成氧化损伤[8, 9]; 钴不仅可以通过模拟维生素B12的活性来影响细胞内的甲基化反应, 还可以干扰DNA复制和细胞分裂, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖[10]; 镍可以干扰细胞内的信号传导途径, 影响肿瘤细胞的增殖和存活[11]。
铁系元素配合物的合成中, 多吡啶系衍生物因其独特的结构和性质, 成为配位化学中一类重要的配体[12]。多吡啶配体的平面刚性结构可与DNA双螺旋产生插入结合或沟槽结合, 使DNA分子裂解或干扰DNA的复制和转录[13]; 多吡啶配体拓展的共轭体系能够与金属中心形成强烈的π-π相互作用, 使配合物具有强吸收和发射特性, 且可通过引入不同的功能基团调控配合物的激发态能量和寿命, 使其在光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 领域具有应用潜力[14]; 多吡啶配体与金属离子良好的配位稳定性可确保药物在生理环境中保持稳定, 对药物递送和发挥生物功能至关重要。基于吡啶的环结构及其对药理活性的显著影响[15], 该类配合物是治疗乳腺癌、前列腺癌、髓性白血病、胰腺癌等的候选药物[16]。
铁系元素应用于抗癌药物领域的研究相对铂族金属较少, 作者综述了近年来多吡啶类铁系元素配合物抗癌效果的研究进展, 总结了不同配合物对多种癌细胞系的细胞毒性, 为进一步深入探索多吡啶类金属配合物的生物活性和创新药物研究提供参考。
Fe多吡啶配合物因其刚性平面结构、光吸收特性以及激发态反应活性, 表现出显著的抗癌细胞潜力。联吡啶类Fe配合物的空间位阻较小, 更易于插入DNA双螺旋中, 干扰DNA的复制和转录, 可通过DNA靶向机制诱导癌细胞凋亡。而三联吡啶类Fe配合物具有更大的共轭体系, 电子效应更强, 通常显示出更好的光物理特性, 可通过光激活产生ROS杀伤癌细胞, 并在光动力治疗领域具有重要应用价值。
2017年, Chanu等[17]合成了一系列氧桥接二铁(Ⅲ) 配合物1a~1c、2a~2c、3a~3c (图1), 并研究了它们在光激活后的化学性质和生物学效应。这些氧桥接二铁(Ⅲ) 配合物在黑暗中表现出肿瘤特异性, 在光照射下进一步增强了对癌细胞的毒性。其抗癌机制涉及经光活化后生成具有细胞毒性的ROS物质, 特别是羟基自由基(•OH), 从而诱导癌细胞死亡。DNA梯形分析和荧光显微镜显示, 配合物诱导的细胞死亡通过凋亡途径实现, 而非坏死, 即这些配合物在杀死癌细胞的同时, 不会引起周围正常组织的免疫反应和毒性效应。在黑暗中, 这些配合物对癌细胞表现出中等程度的细胞毒性, IC50值在40~50 μmol·L-1之间, 而对正常细胞则无毒性(IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1); 在可见光(400~700 nm) 照射下, 配合物的细胞毒性显著增强, 其中3b的细胞毒性增加了4倍, 表明3b具有用于PDT的潜力。
2019年, Matos等[18]合成了一系列三元铁(Ⅲ) 配合物, 包括一个三脚架氨基酚酸配体和2,2′-联吡啶配体4 (图1)。MTT实验表明, 4对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa (IC50 = 9.0 ± 4.4 μmol·L-1)、人肺癌细胞H4299 (IC50 = 18.2 ± 5.9 μmol·L-1)、人三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-234 (IC50 = 11.3 ± 0.5 μmol·L-1) 都具有细胞毒性, 且表现出一定的时间依赖性, 同时在生理pH水性介质中呈现出稳定性。8-ox-鸟嘌呤和gH2AX染色表明4诱导DNA氧化损伤; 彗星实验(comet assay)[19]证实了存在基因组的损伤。药物治疗后ROS含量增加, 这一作用机制不同于顺铂[20]。荧光显微镜检测到, 经过配合物孵育后的细胞系表现出浓缩的核更亮并出现碎片化的现象, 表明细胞死亡的主要形式是细胞凋亡, 该现象在3种细胞系中都被证实, 表明该机制并不只存在于特定细胞系。
2023年, Balachandran等[21]合成了一系列聚(2,2′-联吡啶) 配体, 包括三联吡啶配体5a、双联吡啶配体5b和单联吡啶配体5c (图1)。MTT实验表明, 5a和5b对人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞Jurkat、人急性淋巴母细胞白血病细胞MOLT-4和人组织细胞淋巴瘤细胞U937表现出较强的细胞毒性, 5a对Jurkat细胞的IC50值仅为0.14 μmol·L-1。同时5a和5b对人胚肺成纤维细胞IMR-90的毒性较低(IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。他们发现, 金属离子(如Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Co2+和Ni2+) 能够显著影响配体5a的细胞毒性, 尤其是Fe2+和Co2+的络合物表现出较强的抑制效果, 同时Fe2+配合物较Co2+配合物在动力学上更稳定。金属络合物的细胞毒性随着时间的延长逐渐恢复, 通过金属离子的络合和解络可以调控配体的细胞毒性, 从而减少药物对正常组织的毒性。
2025年, Linoj等[22]合成一种创新的混合价铁配合物6 (图1)。混合价铁配合物因其独特的电子性质和多样的配位化学而受到关注, 尤其在抗菌和抗癌治疗中显示出潜力[23]。6在近紫外和可见光照射下可以发生界面电子转移, 这为光化学和PDT提供了新的可能性[24]。细胞毒性测试表明, 6对人口腔癌细胞KB表现出剂量依赖的细胞毒性, 150 µg·mL-1浓度下的细胞毒性(细胞死亡率为91%) 明显高于100 µg·mL-1浓度下的细胞毒性(细胞死亡率为80%)。6对KB细胞的选择指数(selection index, SI) 约为2, 高于顺铂(SI ≈ 0.5)。
2015年, Garai等[25]合成两种铁(Ⅱ) 配合物7a和7b (图2), 这些配合物在DMF中表现出金属到配体的电荷转移带, 在DMF中具有良好的溶解性和稳定性。吸收光谱滴定实验表明7b与小牛胸腺DNA (CT-DNA) 的结合能力更强。在可见光(400~700 nm) 照射下, 7b在人永生化角质形成细胞HaCaT (IC50 = 0.08 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 13 μmol·L-1) 中表现出更为显著的光细胞毒性。经7a和7b处理的MCF-7细胞在可见光照射下能够产生ROS, 且7b在光照条件下能够显著增加MCF-7细胞的亚G1期细胞比例, 表明7b在光照条件下能够诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡。在黑暗中处理时, 7b对HaCaT细胞(IC50 = 6.8 μmol·L-1) 和MCF-7细胞(IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 表现出低毒性, 这对于提高PDT[26]的选择性和有效性具有重要意义。
2017年, Tabrizi等[27]合成具有硼二吡咯亚甲基的新型环金属化铁(Ⅱ) 配合物8 (图2)。在黑暗条件下8对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa的毒性较低(IC50 ≈ 73 μmol·L-1), 在500 nm光照下对HeLa细胞表现出显著的光毒性(IC50 = 1.05 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1), 而对人胚肺细胞MRC-5的毒性相对较低(IC50 = 36.21 μmol·L-1), 表明8具有对癌细胞的选择性。8对HeLa细胞光毒性指数(phototoxicity index, PI) 为69.73远优于市场上常用的光敏剂Photofrin (PI > 10)。HeLa细胞对8的摄取量随着配体(5-甲氧基-1,3-双(1-甲基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-基)苯) 浓度的增加而增加。共聚焦显微镜观察显示, 8能够特异性地靶向聚集于HeLa细胞的线粒体。Annexin V-FITC/PI细胞凋亡实验表明, 8在光照射下诱导了约78%的癌细胞发生早期凋亡, 而在暗条件下早期凋亡细胞比例为20.37%。8通过靶向癌细胞的线粒体, 并在光照下生成ROS, 诱导癌细胞凋亡, 从而实现对癌细胞的选择性杀伤[28]。同时, 8在连续光照射下表现出良好的光稳定性, 并且在人血浆中72 h内未出现明显分解。这些数据表明, 8具有作为线粒体靶向PDT药物的潜力。
2019年, Rana等[29]合成两种基于铂(Ⅱ) 和铁(Ⅱ) 的异金属超分子聚合物9a和9b (图2), 该研究首次报道了基于铂和铁的异金属超分子聚合物的合成, 并展示了其对DNA的强结合能力和对癌细胞的高细胞毒性。9b的DNA结合常数(Kb = 6.0×107 mol-1·L) 比9a (Kb = 4.0×106 mol-1·L) 高出15倍。9b中-PPh3基团的引入能够使其部分插入DNA碱基对之间, 增强沟槽结合, 有效地干扰DNA复制, 从而发挥抗癌作用。9b在10 μmol·L-1浓度下对人肺癌细胞系A549的细胞毒性(细胞存活率为41%) 明显高于9a (细胞存活率为71%)。同时FACS分析表明, 9b诱导的凋亡细胞比例约为15%, 显著高于9a。
2023年, Princela等[30]报道具有较强生物活性的离子液体[31]标记三联吡啶配合物10 (图2)。抗癌活性测定表明, 10对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa (IC50 = 64.1 µg·mL-1)、人结肠癌细胞HT-29 (IC50 = 34.2 µg·mL-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 58.7 µg·mL-1) 呈现出一定抗癌活性。10在测试中表现出的能力略差于Cu2+的三联吡啶配合物和Zn2+的三联吡啶配合物, 后两者对HeLa细胞和HT-29细胞表现出显著的抗癌活性(IC50 < 10 µg·mL-1)。
2023年, Sun等[32]合成了9种带有苯基取代的三联吡啶配体铁(Ⅱ) 配合物11a~11i (图2)。分子对接提示这些配合物主要通过π-π堆叠、范德华相互作用、疏水性和氢键与DNA和蛋白质产生竞争性结合, 且以与蛋白质的相互作用为主。11a~11i与牛血清白蛋白(bovine albumin, BSA) 具有强结合相互作用, 所有配合物在BSA上都有两个独立的结合位点, 同时CD光谱显示这些配合物可以诱导BSA的显著构象变化。体外抗增殖实验表明, 11a~11i在体外对选定的癌症细胞系具有比顺铂更高的抑制增殖效率, 其中11c对人肝癌细胞Bel-7402细胞表现出突出的抗增殖活性(IC50 = 3.6113 μmol·L-1), 对人正常肝细胞HL-7702的毒性较低(IC50 = 99.92 μmol·L-1)。
2024年, Pandya等[33]合成了一种新的三联吡啶酯基铁(Ⅲ) 配合物12 (图2)。分子对接实验表明, 12与DNA和BSA的结合能量低, 分别为-8.23 kcal·mol-1、-9.62 kcal·mol-1。紫外-可见光谱法和荧光光谱法显示12主要通过沟槽结合与循环肿瘤基因(ct-DNA) 和BSA相互作用。细胞毒性研究表明, 12对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7具有显著的细胞毒性(IC50 = 7.5 ± 4.1 μmol·L-1), 且在有机和水缓冲介质中稳定。
Co配合物表现出多靶点作用特征和复杂的潜在分子机制, 但在抗癌机制探索方面比Fe配合物缺乏更系统性研究。联吡啶类Co配合物主要通过DNA插层结合、非氧化途径的DNA切割和停止细胞周期等机制诱导细胞凋亡。而三联吡啶类Co配合物则可累积于线粒体, 通过增加ROS、激活caspase-3和caspase-9等机制触发线粒体依赖性凋亡程序, 在抗癌效果上普遍表现出更强的细胞毒性, 其抗癌机制更为复杂和多样化, 有待进一步研究。
2016年, Thamilarasan等[34]合成了同时含有乙酰丙酮和联吡啶结构钴(Ⅲ) 配合物13 (图3)。电子吸收光谱、溴化乙锭(ethidium bromide, EB)/配合物竞争结合实验、圆二色光谱、黏度检验均揭示了13通过插层模式与DNA结合, 配合物分子插入到DNA的碱基对之间, 从而引起DNA双螺旋结构的延长。荧光猝灭实验显示13由于其扩展的平面结构, 与BSA有更大接触面积, 使其与BSA结合亲和力较强。在MPA存在下的pBR322 DNA裂解实验表明, 13显示出较强的DNA裂解能力, 且单线态氧清除剂显著减少了DNA裂解, 这表明单线态氧参与了配合物引起的DNA裂解过程。细胞毒性研究表明, 13对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的(IC50 = 5.1μmol·L-1) 具有理想的细胞毒性, 且在100 μmol·L-1的浓度下最具活性, 该浓度下MCF-7细胞活力百分比为36.8%。
2016年, Das等[35]合成了一种具有水-硝酸盐团簇结构的联吡啶钴(Ⅲ) 配合物14 (图3)。其中多个阴离子[(NO3)2(H2O)4]2-通过分子间氢键形成链状结构, 形成水-硝酸盐团簇。[Co(bpy)2Cl2]+阳离子层被水-硝酸盐团簇层分开, 形成独特的晶格排列模式。MTT实验表明, 14对人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞毒性呈剂量和时间依赖性, 48 h的IC50值(210.0 ± 0.2 µg·mL-1) 低于24 h的IC50值(230.0 ± 0.1 µg·mL-1)。AO/EB染色实验表明, IC50浓度下41%的细胞呈现凋亡状态, 1%的细胞出现坏死。Hoechst 33528染色法表明, IC50浓度下处理HepG2细胞24 h后, 细胞出现染色质的边缘化、凝聚和破裂, 出现凋亡的细胞核形态, 55%的细胞出现细胞核异常。
2019年, Ravi等[36]合成了3种新的八面体结构多吡啶钴(Ⅲ) 配合物15a~15c (图3)。发光研究显示, 加入CT-DNA后15a~15c在600 nm处的发射强度均增加了约4倍, 表明配合物可以与DNA强烈相互作用, 并被DNA分子有效地保护。MTT实验表明, 对人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3的细胞毒性排序为15a (IC50 = 10.4 ± 1.6 μmol·L-1) > 15b (IC50 = 14.4 ± 0.4 μmol·L-1) > 15c (IC50 = 19.9 ± 1.7 μmol·L-1), 且细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性。细胞周期分析表明, 3种配合物均导致亚G1峰的增加, 即细胞出现凋亡现象。膜联蛋白V和FITC/碘化丙啶双重染色分析和DNA片段化测定进一步证实3种配合物通过诱导凋亡导致细胞死亡。
Arora等[37, 38]合成了两种含有碳酸盐的联吡啶钴(Ⅲ) 配合物16a和16b (图3)。MTT实验表明, 16a对人胰腺癌细胞系PANC-1显示出剂量和时间依赖性的细胞毒性, 24 h条件下IC50值为1 248 μmol·L-1, 48 h IC50值为156 μmol·L-1; 16a对人正常胰腺细胞hTERT-HPNE具有较低的细胞毒性, 即使在高达1 092 μmol·L-1的浓度下, hTERT-HPNE细胞的存活率也接近90%; 16b对HeLa细胞表现出浓度依赖性的细胞毒性, IC50值为60 μmol·L-1。
2021年, Perka等[39]合成了3种含有5-(1H-咪唑并[4,5-f][1, 10]菲咯啉-2-基)呋喃-2-硼酸配体的钴(Ⅲ) 配合物17a~17c (图3)。光谱滴定及DNA结合实验表明, 17a具有最强的DNA结合能力。黏度测量显示3种配合物均通过插入的模式与DNA结合, 分子对接研究进一步表明17a~17c与DNA亲和力水平, 为17a > 17b > 17c。光诱导DNA裂解实验表明, 17a~17c显示出不同程度的光诱导DNA裂解能力: 17a > 17b > 17c。MTT实验表明, 17a~17c对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa的生长表现出剂量依赖性的抑制效果, 17a (IC50 = 4.99 μmol·L-1) 对HeLa细胞的毒性最强, 其次为17b (IC50 = 6.58 μmol·L-1) 和17c (IC50 =10.68 μmol·L-1)。
2022年, Karumban等[40]合成了两种单核钴(Ⅱ) 配合物18a和18b (图3)。吸收光谱、荧光光谱和分子对接研究表明18a和18b都易与三文鱼精子DNA (ss-DNA) 结合, 且18b > 18a。DNA裂解研究表明, 在没有任何外部制剂的情况下, 18a和18b表现出了非常高的DNA裂解效率, 即使在存在H2O2和传统的自由基清除剂NaN3、EDTA和DMSO的情况下, 18b仍展现出高效的DNA裂解能力。18a在自由基清除剂存在下裂解效果减弱, 可能通过非氧化途径裂解DNA。体外细胞毒性研究表明, 对人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的抑制效果18a (IC50 = 10.89 ± 0.55 μmol·L-1) < 18b (IC50 = 7.63 ± 0.4 μmol·L-1), 对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的细胞毒性18a (IC50 = 1.97 ± 0.1 μmol·L-1) < 18b (IC50 = 0.98 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1), 抑制效果均强于对照药物顺铂。
2024年, El-bendary等[41]合成了一种含有硫氰酸盐的联吡啶钴(Ⅱ) 配合物19 (图3)。MTT实验表明, 19对人肝癌细胞HepG2 (IC50 = 60.17 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 48.93 μmol·L-1) 具有一定的细胞毒性。显微镜下观察发现, MCF-7细胞和HepG2细胞经19处理后显示出显著的细胞形态学变化, 其中MCF-7细胞显示出更严重的纺锤状改变, 同时表现出细胞质收缩。既往研究表明, 含有钴的配合物可以对癌细胞产生一定的抑制作用, 表现为p53蛋白表达出现下调。钴络合物还可以通过停止细胞周期抑制癌细胞的增殖, 使大量细胞在S期积累, 从而影响DNA复制过程[42]。但El-bendary等[41]合成的配合物的细胞毒性机制未通过相关实验揭示, 需要进一步证实。
2015年, Zhang等[43]合成了3种基于含有氯原子取代的三联吡啶的钴(Ⅱ) 配合物20a~20c (图4)。20a与20b元素分析显示的分子成分相同, 单晶X射线结构分析表明, 20b晶体中存在独立的单核20a和二聚体Co2(4′-Cltpy)2Cl4。20b中单体与二聚体共存, 呈现出一个完全不同的三维分子堆积结构, 20b的生物活性与20a也存在一定差异。体外细胞毒性分析表明, 20a对人慢性髓系白血病细胞K562 (IC50 = 67.3 ± 1.8 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 24.1 ± 2.9 μmol·L-1) 均显示中等细胞毒性, 含有双核二价钴成分的20b对K562细胞显示出较强的毒性(IC50 = 6.7 ± 0.6 μmol·L-1), 20c对MCF-7细胞显示出较强的毒性(IC50 = 6.2 ± 2.7 μmol·L-1)。
2018年, Zou等[44]合成了一种含有二乙基苯胺的三联吡啶钴(Ⅲ) 配合物21 (图4)。研究选择了人宫颈癌细胞HeLa (IC50 = 2.04 ± 0.5 μmol·L-1)、人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549 (IC50 = 4.33 ± 1.05 μmol·L-1)、人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞T-24 (IC50 = 0.52 ± 0.21 μmol·L-1)、人胃癌细胞MGC80-3 (IC50 = 3.10 ± 0.35 μmol·L-1)、人肝癌细胞HepG2 (IC50 = 4.07 ± 0.25 μmol·L-1) 和人卵巢腺癌细胞SK-OV-3 (IC50 = 4.06 ± 0.60 μmol·L-1), 以及正常肝细胞系HL-7702 (IC50 = 35.28 ± 2.00 μmol·L-1), 并与单独配体、Co(ClO4)2和顺铂对照。结果显示, 与单独配体、Co(ClO4)2和顺铂相比, 21对上述所有癌细胞系具有更高的抑制率, 且在肿瘤细胞和HL-7702细胞之间的选择性更强。T-24细胞摄取实验显示, 钴在细胞所有部分均有较高的积累, 尤其是在线粒体部分, 这与细胞对顺铂的摄取和分布存在差异, 表明21激活了不同的细胞凋亡途径。研究表明, 21能够显著降低线粒体膜电位, 同时导致ROS的显著增加, 这是诱导细胞凋亡的关键因素。Western blot和流式细胞术显示, Apaf-1、细胞色素c、caspase-3和caspase-9在21处理过的T-24细胞中显著增加, 21可能通过激活caspase-3和caspase-9, 触发T-24细胞的线粒体依赖性凋亡程序[45]。流式细胞术显示21能够诱导T-24细胞在G1阶段停滞, 阻止其进入S阶段。与使用相同配体的其他金属配合物相比, 钴(Ⅲ) 配合物在较低浓度下就能更强地诱导肿瘤细胞的细胞周期停滞[46, 47]。
2022年, Indumathy等[48]合成了两种六配位咪唑三联吡啶钴(Ⅱ) 配合物22a钴(Ⅲ) 配合物 22b (图4)。蛋白质结合实验表明, 22a和22b与BSA的结合位点各为1个, 结合过程自发, 22a主要通过疏水相互作用, 22b主要通过静电力作用。三维荧光光谱分析显示, 22a~22b导致BSA的荧光特性发生变化, 蛋白质的微环境和构象发生了变化。CD光谱分析表明, 22b略微增加了BSA的α-螺旋含量。体外细胞毒性测试表明, 22b对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.00 ± 1.2 μmol·L-1)、人宫颈癌细胞HeLa (IC50 = 6.5 ± 0.6 μmol·L-1) 均有较强细胞毒性, 而对人正常胚胎肾细胞HEK 293 (IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 的细胞毒性较弱。倒置光学显微镜分析显示, 随着22b浓度的增加, MCF-7细胞和HeLa细胞的活性减少, 出现了核萎缩和细胞脱落等明显的细胞凋亡形态变化。
2023年, Chen等[49]合成了一系列具有苯基上不同取代基的4′-苯基-2,2′: 6′,2′′-三联吡啶钴(Ⅱ) 配合物23a~23i (图4)。UV-Vis吸收光谱表明23a~23i与CT-DNA之间为插入式结合, 23h的结合能力最强。CD光谱分析表明23a~23i与DNA的结合导致了CT-DNA构象的改变。分子对接模拟结果表明, 23a~23i均能通过插入模式适应到DNA的小沟中, 并且能够很好地嵌入到蛋白质的活性口袋。体外细胞毒性研究显示, 23a~23i对人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549、人肝癌细胞Bel-7042和人食管鳞状细胞癌细胞Eca-109上的抗增殖活性均优于顺铂, 而对人正常肝细胞HL-7702的毒性较低。其中, 23h对Bel-7402细胞(IC50 = 1.057 μmol·L-1) 的抑制效果最佳, 23d对A549细胞(IC50 = 0.327 μmol·L-1) 的抑制效果最佳, 23f对Eca-109细胞(IC50 = 0.148 μmol·L-1) 的抑制效果最佳, 而23a (IC50 = 10.190 μmol·L-1) 和23d (IC50 = 8.145 μmol·L-1) 在低浓度下对HL-7702细胞的活性影响最低, 显示出较好的选择性。利用倒置光学显微镜观察显示随化合物浓度的增加, 癌细胞出现了核萎缩和细胞脱落等凋亡特征。
2023年, Senthilrajkapoor等[50]合成了含有2-噻吩基三吡啶配体的钴(Ⅱ) 配合物24 (图4)。MTT实验表明, 24在人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549 (IC50 = 15.66 ± 0.85 μmol·L-1), 人乳腺癌细胞MM2 (IC50 = 20.49 ± 0.59 μmol·L-1) 上均显示出比单独配体更高的抑制增殖活性, 表明金属配位增强了其抗癌效果, 但抗癌效果不及顺铂, 在人胚肾细胞HEK 293 (IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 上24显示出比顺铂更低的细胞毒性, 说明其对癌细胞具有一定的选择性。该团队通过倒置光学显微镜分别分析24对MM2和A549癌细胞形态的影响, 观察到核萎缩和细胞脱落等凋亡形态变化, 利用AO/EB和DAPI染色实验中观察到细胞核发生凝结、碎裂, 呈现出马蹄状, 且A549细胞的凋亡程度较MM2细胞更高。
联吡啶类和三联吡啶类Ni配合物的抗癌机制较为相似, 涉及DNA嵌入结合、诱导细胞凋亡等机制。而在IC50值和选择性方面, 三联吡啶类Ni配合物在抗癌效果上普遍优于联吡啶类Ni配合物, 可能由于其更大的π共轭体系促进电子离域, 稳定Ni(Ⅱ)/Ni(Ⅲ) 氧化还原对, 增强ROS生成能力, 造成癌细胞氧化损伤。此外, 个别联吡啶类Ni配合物在抗氧化活性方面表现出一定的潜力。抗氧化剂可通过调节ROS水平, 抑制癌细胞增殖和转移, 从而抑制其发展[51]。联吡啶类Ni配合物作为抗氧化剂发挥抗癌作用的潜力有待进一步被发掘。
2019年, Anjomshoa等[52]合成两种镍(Ⅱ) 与联吡啶衍生物形成的三螯合配合物25a和25b (图5)。CD光谱研究表明, 25a和25b在低浓度下与DNA的结合模式为非插入式(电静电作用或沟槽结合)[53]。GelRed的竞争性DNA结合实验表明, 25b能够部分插入DNA, 而25a不能。在没有H2O2的情况下, 25a显示出浓度依赖性的DNA裂解能力, 而在存在H2O2的情况下, 25a和25b均显示出氧化性DNA裂解能力, 且25a的裂解效率高于25b。25a和25b能够与DNA和BSA发生相互作用, 且这种相互作用的性质受到配体上甲基和甲氧基取代基的影响。MTT实验结果表明, 25a和25b对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、人结肠癌细胞HT-29和人脑星形胶质母细胞瘤细胞U-87显示出细胞毒性, 与顺铂相当或更高, 特别对于U-87细胞, 25b (IC50 = 24 ± 0.9 μmol·L-1) 的细胞毒性高于顺铂(IC50 = 27 ± 1.5 μmol·L-1)。25a在DNA裂解活性上优于25b, 但两者的细胞毒性相似。
2021年, Kondori等[54]合成一种新的镍(Ⅱ) 配合物26 (图5), 并通过声化学制备26nL (26的纳米颗粒形式)[55]。CD光谱表明, 26和26nL与DNA的结合是非插入式的, 且引起了DNA结构的特定构象变化。细胞毒性实验表明, 26nL对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、人口腔表皮样癌细胞KB和人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549表现出低至中等的抗增殖活性。DPPH抗氧化实验表明, 26nL的DPPH自由基清除活性较低, 小于20%。实验结果表明, 尽管26nL具有一定的生物活性, 但其作为抗癌药物的潜力有限。
2023年, Saiyed等[56]合成一系列镍(Ⅱ) 的二硫代氨基甲酸酯配合物27、28a~28c (图5)。在DPPH实验中, 28c显示出最佳的抗氧化活性(IC50 = 3.59 µg·mL-1), 优于标准药物抗坏血酸(IC50 = 4.96 µg·mL-1)。细胞毒性研究表明, 27、28a~28c均显示出浓度依赖性的生物学活性, 其中28a对人癌性胚胎肾细胞HEK293有显著的细胞毒性(IC50 = 0.561 µg·mL-1), 优于5-氟尿嘧啶(一种广泛使用的抗癌药物, IC50 = 6.05 µg·mL-1); 28b (IC50 = 9.27 µg·mL-1) 和28c (IC50 = 14.58 µg·mL-1) 对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa显示出较高的细胞毒性。
2023年, Rose等[57]合成一系列含2-氯喹啉-3-甲醛-4(N)-取代缩氨基硫脲和2,2′-联吡啶的混合配体镍(Ⅱ) 配合物29a~29d (图5)。吸收光谱和荧光光谱表明, 所有配合物均表现出与DNA的结合能力, 29c在与DNA (Kb = 0.88×105 mol-1·L) 和BSA (Kb = 2.78×105 mol-1·L) 的结合能力上均表现出最高的结合常数。MTT实验表明, 29a~29d对人宫颈癌细胞HeLa具有细胞毒性, 而对人正常胚胎肾细胞HE毒性不显著。其中, 29c表现出对HeLa细胞最强的抑制生长能力(IC50 = 32 ± 1.7 μmol·L-1)。AO/EB染色显示, 经29c处理的HeLa细胞呈现橙红色荧光; DAPI染色显示, HeLa细胞经29c处理后出现细胞核浓缩、碎片化和马蹄形变化, 这些变化是凋亡细胞的典型特征。
2024年, Kazimir等[58]合成一系列基于雷洛昔芬的金属药物, 包括镍(Ⅱ) 的二氯化物和碳硼酸盐配合物30 (图5)。30对测试的癌细胞系表现出中等的细胞毒性。其中, 30对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的IC50值为20.6 ± 4.1 μmol·L-1 (MTT实验) 和22.6 ± 3.89 μmol·L-1 (CV实验)。尽管30显示出一定的细胞毒性, 但其活性明显低于钯配合物, 因此, 30在三阴性乳腺癌[59]中的应用潜力相对有限。
2025年, Rishita等[60]合成了镍(Ⅱ) 配合物31 (图5), 并将其锚定在锐钛矿纳米颗粒(TiO2) 上制得31nL (31的纳米形式)。DPPH实验表明, 31nL在500 µg·mL-1浓度下显示出71%的DPPH自由基清除活性, 接近标准药物抗坏血酸(77%)。MTT实验表明, 在500 µg·mL-1浓度下, 31nL对非小细胞肺癌细胞NSCLC显示出69%的细胞抑制率, 呈现显著的抗癌效果。研究表明, 过渡金属配合物与金属氧化物纳米颗粒的结合在生物医学领域具有较大的潜在应用价值, 需全面评估该类配合物作为多功能治疗剂的潜力和安全性。
2023年, Wang等[61]合成了一系列双三联吡啶三明治结构镍(Ⅱ) 配合物32a~32j (图6)。UV滴定和CD光谱数据显示, 32a~32j以嵌入方式与DNA相互作用。分子对接结果显示, 32a~32j在与DNA-Topo Ⅰ对接时倾向于结合酶的切割位点, 抑制酶切作用; 32a~32j还可能通过π-π堆叠、范德华相互作用与生物大分子相互作用, 嵌入碱基对之间阻断DNA的复制和转录。MMT实验表明, 32a~32j对人肺癌细胞A54、人食管癌细胞Eca-109、人肝癌细胞Bel-7402具有良好的抑制效果, 且优于常用的临床化疗药物顺铂; 32c (IC50 = 0.223 μmol·L-1) 和32g (IC50 = 0.335 μmol·L-1) 对Eca-109细胞显示出最佳的抑制能力; 32a (IC50 = 9.323 μmol·L-1) 对人正常肝细胞HL-7702d的细胞毒性较低, 表现出一定的细胞选择性。
2023年, Dimiza等[62]合成了3种新的含有2-噻吩基三联吡啶配体的金属配合物, 包括镍(Ⅱ) 三联吡啶配合物33 (图6)。MMT实验证明, 33在高浓度下对人肺癌细胞A549 (IC50 = 1.46 ± 0.81 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MM2 (IC50 = 13.15 ± 1.31 μmol·L-1) 显示出显著的抗癌活性; 在人正常胚胎肾细胞HEK 293上, 33表现出非毒性(IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1), 而顺铂的IC50值为8 ± 0.5 μmol·L-1。对于A549细胞和MM2细胞, 3种金属配合物抗癌活性顺序为: 顺铂 > 33 > Pd三联吡啶配合物 > Co三联吡啶配合物, 双染色实验表明33能够诱导细胞凋亡。
2024年, Huang等[63]合成了6种三联吡啶镍(Ⅱ) 配合物34a~34f (图6)。MMT实验表明, 相比顺铂, 34a~34f对人宫颈癌细胞SiHa、人肝癌细胞Bel-7402和人食管癌细胞Eca-109具有更显著的抗增殖效果。其中34e对SiHa细胞(IC50 = 0.632 μmol·L-1) 表现出了显著的抑制效果, 对人正常肝细胞HL-7702 (IC50 = 15.020 μmol·L-1) 的毒性较低, 显示出34e对癌细胞的良好选择性。
2024年, Panicker等[64]合成一系列三联吡啶镍(Ⅱ) 配合物35a~35e (图6), 通过结构分析技术揭示了选定的三联吡啶配体与核心金属原子的两种不同的配位模式: 双三联吡啶Ni配合物(2∶1) (35a) 和通过氯桥接的二聚体(1∶1) (35b~35e)。研究表明, 配合物35a~35e在5% DMSO磷酸盐缓冲介质、水和0.1 mmol·L-1谷胱甘肽(GSH) 中具有稳定性, 24 h内未观察到35a~35e的最大波长和吸光度发生显著变化。乙溴(EtBr) 置换实验显示, 35a~35e能够与DNA结合, 导致EtBr从EtBr-DNA配合物中释放。黏度测定表明, 35a~35e与DNA的结合可能通过沟槽结合或部分插入模式。体外细胞毒性测试表明, 35a对人肺癌细胞A549 (IC50 = 23.13 ± 3 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 22.7 ± 3 μmol·L-1) 的抗癌活性比顺铂(A549细胞: IC50 = 29.75 ± 3 μmol·L-1, MCF-7细胞: IC50 = 28.02 ± 3 μmol·L-1) 更佳; 而35a对非洲绿猴肾细胞Vero (IC50 = 262.5 ± 2 μmol·L-1) 的细胞毒性较低, 证明35a对癌细胞具有良好选择性。
2024年, Pandya等[33]通过双排管操作技术合成了一种新型的酯基三联吡啶配体和相应的镍(Ⅱ) 配合物36 (图6)。研究者通过光谱技术评估了36与蛋白质和DNA的结合亲和力, 其在与DNA结合时表现出超染色体效应, 这表明36可能通过氢键、沟槽结合或静电相互作用与DNA相互作用。EB竞争实验表明, 36可以在与EB结合的DNA溶液中竞争性地与DNA结合, 导致EB从DNA上解离, 从而降低发射强度。分子对接结果表明, 36与BSA的特定氨基酸残基有相互作用。体外细胞毒性研究显示, 36 (IC50 = 2.5 ± 2.05 μmol·L-1) 对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7具有比顺铂(IC50 = 3.5 ± 1.01 μmol·L-1) 更强的细胞毒性。
综上所述, 多吡啶类铁系元素配合物在抗癌研究领域已取得一定进展, 尤其在创新性合成、细胞毒性评估及作用机制探索方面。通过引入多样化的配体及金属中心, 研究者成功设计并合成了多种多吡啶类铁系元素配合物, 显著增强了对多种癌细胞系的抑制活性。部分配合物展现出PDT及线粒体靶向等独特性质, 进一步凸显了其在抗癌领域的应用潜力。然而, 对多吡啶类Co和Ni配合物抗癌机制的深入研究尚且缺乏。尽管部分配合物表现出优异的细胞毒性, 但其具体作用靶点和信号通路尚未完全阐明, 需进一步探索配合物多靶点作用机制及对肿瘤微环境的动态调控机制, 并开展从分子层面到微环境水平的整合性研究。
相较于传统铂类药物(如顺铂) 及其他过渡金属多吡啶体系(如钌配合物), 铁系元素配合物在生物相容性、选择性毒性及合成成本等方面具有显著优势。其中, Fe作为人体必需微量元素, 其配合物通常表现出较低的全身毒性, 有效避免了铂类药物常见的肾毒性及神经毒性等不良反应。此外, 通过配体设计, 铁系元素配合物能够展现出良好的PDT特性, 实现对癌细胞的特异性杀伤, 减少对正常组织的损伤。在合成成本方面, 铁系元素配合物原料廉价易得, 显著降低了生产成本, 为其大规模临床应用提供了可能。
药物递送系统的优化设计仍是未来的重要挑战, 以求进一步提升药物的安全性与疗效, 促进有效临床转化[65]。可开发基于纳米技术的靶向递送平台, 通过滞留效应增强肿瘤处药物蓄积, 增强药物的肿瘤靶向性及生物利用度, 同时降低系统毒性[66]。或运用抗体-药物偶联技术, 将金属配合物与肿瘤特异性单克隆抗体共价结合, 实现精准的肿瘤靶向递送, 显著提高肿瘤治疗指数。
此外, 耐药性问题也是该领域亟待攻克的障碍。虽然铁系元素配合物理论上具有规避铂类药物的常见耐药机制的潜力, 但肿瘤细胞可能通过上调抗氧化防御系统等途径产生新的耐药性。针对该挑战, 探索与免疫治疗的联合方案或成为新的突破口, 可将铁系元素配合物与免疫检查点抑制剂联用, 构建“金属药物+ 免疫治疗”的新型组合方案[67], 或为癌症治疗提供新的突破方向。然而, 这种联合策略需要解决药物协同毒性、给药时序和剂量优化等问题, 这对开展系统的临床前评价提出更高的要求。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0218
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
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    1武汉理工大学艾克斯马赛学院, 湖北 武汉 430070
    2武汉理工大学化学化工与生命科学学院, 湖北 武汉 430070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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属
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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