Article(id=1190373734230888994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=1744041600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736814314, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736814314, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736814314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736814314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1245, endPage=1251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373734583210532, articleId=1190373734230888994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Double-layer-coated Lactobacillus reuteri microspheres against whole body irradiation, columnId=1190332325767516958, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Live biotherapeutic products based on engineered bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Whole body irradiation (WBI) injury is defined multi-organ damages caused by whole-body exposure to ionizing radiation. The traditional radioprotective drug, amifostine, has significant adverse effects. Probiotics are reported to have radioprotective function, although their therapeutic efficacy is low due to poor gastrointestinal tolerance and the insufficient retention and colonization in the colon. In this study, chitosan/tannic acid double-layer-coated Lactobacillus reuteri was prepared, which was encapsulated in calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres to get an engineered probiotic-loaded microsphere formulation. The bilayer coating was confirmed by twice inversions of zeta potentials. Moreover, the coating improved bacterial adhesion and aggregation. Optical microscopy revealed the smooth morphology of microspheres, laser confocal imaging showed the uniform distribution of coated bacteria in microspheres, and scanning electron microscopy exhibited pores in the surface. The microspheres exhibited in vitro gastrointestinal resistance with rapidly swelling in the colonic environment to release bacteria. All the animal experiments were approved by Academy of Military Medicine Sciences (Approval No: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510) and conducted in compliance with relevant guidelines. The 6.5 Gy whole-body irradiated mouse model was established. Starting from 2 days prior to irradiation, probiotic-loaded microspheres were administered via oral gavage consecutively for 6 days. Compared with the model group, the bacteria-loaded microspheres demonstrated protective effects on the hematopoietic system by promoting the recovery of red blood cells and platelets, maintaining the morphology of splenic red pulp and white pulp, and preserving bone marrow nucleated cells along with their proliferative capacity. Engineered probiotics have expanded the spectrum of radioprotective drugs, offering novel insights for the development of live biotherapeutic products aimed at preventing and treating radiation-induced injury.

, correspAuthors=Yi-guang JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui SUN, Min-ting WANG, Yi-guang JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374116520727185, articleId=1190373734230888994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=防治全身辐射损伤的双层包衣罗伊氏乳杆菌微球, columnId=1190332325914317601, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全身辐射损伤是指全身遭受电离辐射后引起的多组织器官损伤, 传统辐射防护药物氨磷汀存在较严重不良反应。益生菌有一定辐射损伤防护效果, 但对胃肠道环境不耐受, 难以在结肠滞留和定植, 影响治疗效果。本文制备了壳聚糖/单宁酸双层包衣的罗伊氏乳杆菌, 将其包裹在海藻酸钙微球中, 得到载工程化益生菌的微球制剂。益生菌的双层包衣通过zeta电位两次翻转得到验证。包衣增强了益生菌的黏附和团聚。光学显微镜下载菌微球形态光滑, 激光共聚焦显微镜显示包衣菌在微球内分布均匀, 扫描电镜显示其表面多孔。微球可耐受体外胃肠道环境, 在结肠环境中迅速溶胀, 释放活菌。所有动物实验经军事医学研究院批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510)。建立6.5 Gy全身辐照小鼠模型, 于照前2日开始灌胃载菌微球, 连续给药6日, 与模型组比较, 载菌微球显示造血系统保护作用, 促进红细胞和血小板的恢复, 维持脾脏红髓、白髓形态, 保护骨髓有核细胞增殖能力。工程化益生菌拓展了抗辐射药物种类, 为防治辐射损伤的活体生物药研发提供思路。

, correspAuthors=金义光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*金义光, E-mail:
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防治全身辐射损伤的双层包衣罗伊氏乳杆菌微球
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孙锐 , 王敏婷 , 金义光 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025,60(5): 1245-1251
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025, 60(5): 1245-1251
防治全身辐射损伤的双层包衣罗伊氏乳杆菌微球
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孙锐, 王敏婷, 金义光*
作者信息
  • 军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

通讯作者:

*金义光, E-mail:
Double-layer-coated Lactobacillus reuteri microspheres against whole body irradiation
Rui SUN, Min-ting WANG, Yi-guang JIN*
Affiliations
  • Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0170
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全身辐射损伤是指全身遭受电离辐射后引起的多组织器官损伤, 传统辐射防护药物氨磷汀存在较严重不良反应。益生菌有一定辐射损伤防护效果, 但对胃肠道环境不耐受, 难以在结肠滞留和定植, 影响治疗效果。本文制备了壳聚糖/单宁酸双层包衣的罗伊氏乳杆菌, 将其包裹在海藻酸钙微球中, 得到载工程化益生菌的微球制剂。益生菌的双层包衣通过zeta电位两次翻转得到验证。包衣增强了益生菌的黏附和团聚。光学显微镜下载菌微球形态光滑, 激光共聚焦显微镜显示包衣菌在微球内分布均匀, 扫描电镜显示其表面多孔。微球可耐受体外胃肠道环境, 在结肠环境中迅速溶胀, 释放活菌。所有动物实验经军事医学研究院批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510)。建立6.5 Gy全身辐照小鼠模型, 于照前2日开始灌胃载菌微球, 连续给药6日, 与模型组比较, 载菌微球显示造血系统保护作用, 促进红细胞和血小板的恢复, 维持脾脏红髓、白髓形态, 保护骨髓有核细胞增殖能力。工程化益生菌拓展了抗辐射药物种类, 为防治辐射损伤的活体生物药研发提供思路。

工程化益生菌  /  包衣  /  微球  /  壳聚糖纳米粒  /  辐射损伤

Whole body irradiation (WBI) injury is defined multi-organ damages caused by whole-body exposure to ionizing radiation. The traditional radioprotective drug, amifostine, has significant adverse effects. Probiotics are reported to have radioprotective function, although their therapeutic efficacy is low due to poor gastrointestinal tolerance and the insufficient retention and colonization in the colon. In this study, chitosan/tannic acid double-layer-coated Lactobacillus reuteri was prepared, which was encapsulated in calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres to get an engineered probiotic-loaded microsphere formulation. The bilayer coating was confirmed by twice inversions of zeta potentials. Moreover, the coating improved bacterial adhesion and aggregation. Optical microscopy revealed the smooth morphology of microspheres, laser confocal imaging showed the uniform distribution of coated bacteria in microspheres, and scanning electron microscopy exhibited pores in the surface. The microspheres exhibited in vitro gastrointestinal resistance with rapidly swelling in the colonic environment to release bacteria. All the animal experiments were approved by Academy of Military Medicine Sciences (Approval No: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510) and conducted in compliance with relevant guidelines. The 6.5 Gy whole-body irradiated mouse model was established. Starting from 2 days prior to irradiation, probiotic-loaded microspheres were administered via oral gavage consecutively for 6 days. Compared with the model group, the bacteria-loaded microspheres demonstrated protective effects on the hematopoietic system by promoting the recovery of red blood cells and platelets, maintaining the morphology of splenic red pulp and white pulp, and preserving bone marrow nucleated cells along with their proliferative capacity. Engineered probiotics have expanded the spectrum of radioprotective drugs, offering novel insights for the development of live biotherapeutic products aimed at preventing and treating radiation-induced injury.

engineered probiotic  /  coating  /  microsphere  /  chitosan nanoparticle  /  radiation injury
孙锐, 王敏婷, 金义光. 防治全身辐射损伤的双层包衣罗伊氏乳杆菌微球. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1245 -1251 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0170
Rui SUN, Min-ting WANG, Yi-guang JIN. Double-layer-coated Lactobacillus reuteri microspheres against whole body irradiation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1245 -1251 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0170
电离辐射是指拥有足够的能量使原子或分子中的电子发生电离的辐射总称, 包括αβγ、X射线、中子辐射等, 在医疗诊断、肿瘤治疗、工业检测、能源开发等诸多领域发挥着不可替代的作用[1]。根据国际原子能机构统计数据显示, 全球每年接受医学放射诊疗的案例已超过40亿例次, 而核能发电量占比超过全球总发电量的10%[2]。然而, 伴随电离辐射应用范围的不断扩大, 其对生物体造成的辐射损伤问题日益受到科学界关注。电离辐射通过直接电离作用和间接自由基效应引发生物大分子损伤。电离辐射可直接导致DNA断裂, 造成染色体断裂和细胞凋亡[3]。电离辐射可电离机体的水分子, 导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 持续增多, 进一步造成蛋白质和脂质过氧化, 细胞内铁堆积和铁死亡[4, 5]。辐射损伤的生物学响应呈现出显著的组织特异性和剂量依赖性, 按照不同部位的辐射敏感性, 急性放射综合征(acute radiation syndrome, ARS) 以骨髓型的造血系统综合征最为常见, 也是机体暴露于高剂量电离辐射后死亡的主要原因[1]。电离辐射会导致急性骨髓抑制, 表现为外周血全系细胞减少及造血干细胞(hemopoietic stem cell, HSC) 耗竭[6]。造血干细胞为辐射敏感细胞, 电离辐射抑制其增殖分裂能力, 引发细胞衰老及造血干细胞破坏, 机体造血功能严重障碍, 导致淋巴细胞减少、血小板减少和贫血[7, 8]。目前, 氨磷汀作为细胞保护剂应用于临床, 用于放疗前防护机体电离辐射损伤[9]。氨磷汀可有效清除自由基, 但在体内代谢快, 需在放疗前0.5 h内静滴给药, 且会带来低血压、头晕、恶心呕吐等不良反应, 限制了临床应用范围[10]。目前仍缺乏辐射防治特效药物, 开发有效、低毒安全的防治电离辐射损伤药物是亟待解决的问题。
益生菌作为辐射防护的潜在治疗手段, 近年来受到广泛关注。传统的辐射防护药物作用机制单一, 而益生菌可通过多种途径发挥辐射防护作用。益生菌具有多种抗氧化机制, 植物乳杆菌能够合成和原位释放抗氧化酶, 干酪乳杆菌能够促进谷胱甘肽合成, 及对过渡金属离子的螯合能力, 有助于降低脂质过氧化水平[11-13]。此外, 益生菌能够代谢膳食纤维为短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid, SCFA), 可参与并介导机体的辐射防护作用, 维持肠上皮屏障、保护造血系统和维持肠道微生物稳态[14]。罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri, Lr) 的代谢产物罗伊氏菌素和丁酸, 具有抑制病原菌和维持肠上皮屏障的功能, 该菌株可提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 活性, 清除ROS, 具有一定辐射损伤防护能力[15, 16]。此外, 传统化学防护剂(如氨磷汀) 常存在不良反应大、给药时机严格等问题, 限制其临床应用。益生菌定植于肠道内, 与人体共生, 可长期口服, 安全性好, 且价廉易得, 作为口服补剂可用于辐射损伤的长期防护。益生菌口服后仍面临诸多难题, 多数益生菌难以耐受胃酸、消化酶, 导致口服递送后细菌活力丧失。进入结肠后的益生菌难以在肠壁黏附, 伴随肠道内容物在短期内排出体外。滞留于肠道内的小部分外源细菌还需与肠道内的“原住民”微生物竞争营养和生存空间, 才能保证在肠道内的长期定植[17-19]。因此, 保护外源益生菌在口服递送过程中耐受胃肠道环境, 增强其在结肠的富集与滞留, 是实现益生菌口服递送需要克服的问题。
益生菌表面带负电荷, 并携带肽聚糖、磷壁酸、脂质和蛋白质等物质, 提供多种表面官能团, 可通过物理、化学手段对益生菌表面进行材料修饰。这种益生菌的功能化修饰方法, 不仅提高益生菌口服递送效率, 还赋予了益生菌功能化特点, 如肠溶性材料使益生菌在结肠部位精准释放, 透明质酸修饰增强益生菌黏附于肠上皮等[20-22]。利用静电力作用, 以阳离子壳聚糖和阴离子海藻酸钠对工程菌层层包衣, 在口服递送过程维持工程菌活力, 并在结肠部位大量聚集并合成抗氧化酶, 发挥对结肠炎治疗作用[23]。在Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) 表面吸附Ca2+和阴离子化合物单宁酸, 并在其表面修饰黏蛋白, 增强对肠道黏液层的黏附能力, 同时单宁酸的抗氧化能力保护益生菌活力, 不受肠道炎症环境影响[24]。除了益生菌功能化修饰, 将益生菌封装于pH响应的凝胶微球中, 有助于提高益生菌口服递送效率, 提高益生菌在肠道内存活率[25]。在前期研究中, 作者构建了一种益生菌双层包衣与微球包封结合的工程化修饰方法, 递送鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG), 用于放射性肠炎与溃疡性结肠炎的防治, 并验证了这种工程化修饰方法能够有效延长LGG在结肠内的滞留和定植[26]
本研究利用前期构建的工程化修饰方法, 对Lr进行工程化修饰, 利用静电力作用, 以阳离子化合物壳聚糖和阴离子化合物单宁酸对Lr进行双层包衣修饰, 并封装于海藻酸钙微球中。进一步将疾病模型由肠道疾病拓展至全身性疾病损伤, 构建全身辐射致造血系统损伤小鼠模型, 并于辐射前给药, 重点考察了包衣细菌和微球表征, 以及对全身辐射致造血系统损伤小鼠的防护效果。
细菌、药物与试剂  罗伊氏乳杆菌(BNCC 186563, 北纳生物)、壳聚糖(批号: F1505047, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 单宁酸(批号: WXBD1202V, Vetec); 三聚磷酸钠(批号: KCECR09, 北京伊诺凯科技有限公司); 海藻酸钠(批号: C13225218, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); 氯化钙(批号: 1911272, 西陇科学股份有限公司); MRS肉汤(批号: 715J031)、胃蛋白酶(批号: 628F031)、胰蛋白酶(批号: 304V024) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 4%多聚甲醛(批号: 23187852, Biosharp); Dil细胞膜红色荧光染色试剂盒(批号: MPC2404045-1, 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。
仪器   60Co γ辐射装置(军事医学研究院); 酶标仪(型号: SPARK, 瑞士Tecan); 静电纺丝设备(型号: SS-2535H, 北京市永康乐业科技发展有限公司); 血象仪(型号: DF52-Vet, 深圳帝迈生物技术有限公司); 病理扫描仪(型号: SlideViewVS200)、倒置荧光显微镜(型号: U-LH100HG, 日本Olympus); 多谱线高速三维动态成像系统(型号: Dragonfly 200, 英国Andor); 纳米激光粒度仪(型号: Zetasizer Nano ZS, 英国马尔文仪器有限公司); 扫描电子显微镜(型号: GeminiSEM 300)、生物扫描电子显微镜(型号: Sigma 360, 德国Zeiss); 透射电子显微镜(型号: JEM-1400 plus, 日本Jeol)。
动物   C57BL/6J小鼠, SPF级, 雄性, 18~20 g, 购于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010。实验期间小鼠于恒温25 ± 1 ℃、恒湿RH (50 ± 5)%和每日12 h光照, 自由摄取食物和饮用水。动物实验经军事科学院军事医学研究院伦理委员会批准, 实验按照相关指导原则进行, 动物伦理批准号为: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510。
细菌培养与包衣修饰  细菌包衣修饰参考前期研究中的制备方法[26]。将Lr于MRS肉汤中厌氧和37 ℃条件下静置培养至对数期, 以生理盐水洗涤并离心(5 000 r·min-1, 10 min) 收集。称量1 g壳聚糖溶解于500 mL含有2%乙酸的生理盐水中溶胀溶解, 以5 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液调节pH为6, 得到2 mg·mL-1壳聚糖溶液。将收集的Lr菌株分散于50 mL壳聚糖溶液中, 室温下低速搅拌30 min。离心收集并以生理盐水洗涤, 得到Lr@CS。将Lr@CS分散于20 mL生理盐水中, 搅拌下滴加5 mL单宁酸溶液(2 mg·mL-1), 搅拌10 min。再次滴加5 mL三聚磷酸钠溶液(2 mg·mL-1), 并搅拌10 min。产物离心收集并以生理盐水洗涤, 得到Lr@CT。
微球制备  微球制备参考前期研究中的制备方法[26]。称量1.5 g海藻酸钠, 搅拌下加入到50 mL生理盐水中溶胀溶解, 得到3%海藻酸钠溶液。将Lr@CT以适量生理盐水重悬, 加入等体积的3%海藻酸钠溶液, 涡旋混匀后, 超声排空气泡。将上述载菌的海藻酸钠溶液装入10 mL注射器中, 并配置30号针头(内径0.13 mm, 外径0.31 mm)。将注射器安装于静电纺丝仪器中, 在机械力下以0.1 mm·min-1的速率推注, 注射器在8 kV静电场下喷射液滴。液滴滴注于3 mg·mL-1氯化钙溶液中, 固化形成海藻酸钙(calcium alginate, CA) 微球。收集微球后过筛200目尼龙筛网, 并以生理盐水洗涤, 得到载菌微球Lr@CT@CA。
包衣益生菌表征评价  以纳米激光粒度仪分别测定Lr、Lr@CS和Lr@CT的粒径与zeta电位。分别从Lr、Lr@CS和Lr@CT样品中各取10 μL滴加到铜网上, 空气中干燥后, 于透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 上检测。
微球表征评价  观察并记录Lr@CT@CA微球外观形态, 并在显微镜下观察并记录其外观形态。Lr@CT@CA于4 ℃干燥, 于扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 检测其微观结构。取适量Lr, Lr@CT于7 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃去上清液, 向菌体中加入2.5%戊二醛, 将菌体吹打混匀, 室温静置0.5 h后, 于4 ℃静置过夜, 用生物扫描电镜检测其微观结构。为了检测包衣细菌在微球内分布形态, 以5 μmol·L-1 Dil荧光探针对Lr菌液染色, 室温下孵育20 min, 孵育结束后以生理盐水洗涤2次, 离心收集细菌, 得到荧光染色细菌Dil-Lr。将Dil-Lr按照上述方法进行包衣修饰与微球包封, 取适量微球滴加于共聚焦小皿中, 以多谱线高速三维动态成像系统对微球进行3D扫描。
微球溶胀性评价  按照中国药典分别配置人工胃液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF)、人工小肠液(simulated intestinal fluid, SIF) 和人工结肠液(simulated colonic fluid, SCF)。量取稀盐酸16.4 mL, 加水800 mL与胃蛋白酶10 g, 摇匀后加水稀释至1 000 mL得到SGF, 其中稀盐酸为234 mL浓盐酸加水稀释至1 000 mL。称取磷酸二氢钾6.8 g, 加水500 mL溶解后, 以0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8, 将含有10 g胰酶的水溶液与其混合, 加水稀释至1 000 mL, 得到SIF。分别称取5.59 g磷酸氢二钾与0.41 g磷酸二氢钾, 加水溶解并稀释至1 000 mL, 得到SCF。取适量Lr@CT@CA微球, 在振荡摇床中(37 ℃, 80 r·min-1), 依次于SGF (pH 1.2)、SIF (pH 6.8) 和SCF (pH 7.8) 中分别孵育0.5、1和1 h。自0 h起, 每隔0.5 h从孵育样品中取0.2 mL样品溶液, 于600 nm下测定吸光度值, 评估微球在不同pH条件下微球溶胀和细菌释放量的变化。
全身辐射致造血系统损伤动物模型建立及药效学评价  将C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为4组, 每组8只, 依次为健康组(healthy)、模型组(model)、菌液组(Lr) 和制剂组(Lr@CT@CA)。除healthy组外, 所有小鼠全身接受6.5 Gy 60Co γ射线辐射(辐射距离: 3 m, 照射量率: 45 cGy·min-1)。Model、Lr和Lr@CT@CA组小鼠在辐射前2天分别灌胃生理盐水(每只0.2 mL)、Lr (每只5×108 CFU) 和Lr@CT@CA (每只5×108 CFU), 每只小鼠给药体积为0.2 mL, 连续给药6天。
体重及血象变化评估  每日监测小鼠体重, 分别在辐射前2天, 辐射后第4、7、10、13、18、22天经尾静脉取20 μL外周血, 测定外周血中白细胞(white blood cells, WBC)、红细胞(red blood cells, RBC)、血小板(platelets, PLT) 变化。
脾脏、股骨组织苏木精-伊红(Hematoxylin and Eosin, H&E) 与Ki67病理染色  在辐射后第7天, 每组取3只小鼠进行安乐死, 收集小鼠脾脏、股骨固定包埋, 进行H&E染色和Ki67免疫组化染色。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 9软件对实验数据进行单因素方差(One-way ANOVA) 分析。数据以均数±标准差表示, P < 0.05具有显著性差异。
Lr菌株经过壳聚糖与单宁酸包衣修饰后, 粒径显著增加(图 1A), 说明壳聚糖与单宁酸双层包衣修饰, 增加了菌株的黏度, 促进菌株间彼此黏附与交联, 有助于益生菌黏附于肠壁。Zeta电位进一步验证壳聚糖与单宁酸在菌株表面成功修饰, Lr菌株表面带负电, 修饰阳离子化合物壳聚糖后翻转为正电荷, 加入阴离子化合物单宁酸与三聚磷酸钠后电荷再次翻转为负电(图 1B)。TEM图显示了Lr包衣前后形态变化(图 1C)。可见Lr菌体呈杆状, 图中可见该菌体处于分裂形态。Lr@CS图可见大量菌株被壳聚糖溶液包裹并聚集在一起, 说明壳聚糖溶液自身较高的黏性提高了菌株间黏附作用。Lr@CT图可见大量菌株聚集, 相对于Lr@CS, 这种菌株间的聚集更为紧密, 说明加入阴离子化合物单宁酸和三聚磷酸钠后, 与Lr@CS表面的阳离子壳聚糖发生了强烈的静电力相互作用, 在细菌表面形成了一层颗粒状外壳。
Lr@CT@CA微球肉眼可见为乳白色微小球体(图 2A)。显微镜下为外形光滑、形状规则的球体, 明场下可见微球内散在棕色团块, 此为丹宁酸修饰的菌体分布于其中(图 2B)。荧光共聚焦3D扫描图显示, 微球的直径在300 μm以下, Dil染色的菌体聚集成团, 均匀分布于微球内, 进一步验证包衣修饰增强细菌间黏附能力(图 2C)。以SEM观察Lr益生菌, Lr@CT和Lr@CT@CA微球表面的微观形态, 可见Lr益生菌表面带有凸起和褶皱, 细菌表面包衣壳聚糖-单宁酸后, 可见Lr@CT菌体表面覆盖一层颗粒突起的外壳, 细菌粒径变大, 而Lr@CT@CA微球表面均为细密的孔状结构(图 2D)。体外模拟胃肠道环境, Lr@CT@CA在SGF中0.5 h内无明显变化, 在SIF中1 h内发生轻微溶胀, 而在进入SCF后迅速溶胀, 释放包封细菌(图 2E)。海藻酸钙微球中仍保留了大量羧基, 后者具有pH敏感性, 即在酸性条件下为羧酸基团, 静电排斥弱, 凝胶网格收缩, 孔隙率低, 使包裹的益生菌被固定于微球内, 而在中性或碱性条件下, 羧基解离, 负电荷增加静电斥力, 凝胶网络膨胀, 孔隙率大, 微球结构疏松, 使包裹的益生菌扩散与释放。海藻酸钙微球的pH敏感性有助于保护益生菌不受胃酸、消化酶影响, 而在较大pH的结肠内释放益生菌[27, 28]
于辐照前2日开始给药, 连续给药6日, 在照后22天内不同时间点采集小鼠外周血, 记录外周血象变化(图 3A)。经全身辐射后, 小鼠体重呈现缓慢增长趋势(图 3B)。尽管在照后第10天和第18天, Lr@CT@CA组WBC水平略高于其他药物干预组, 但Lr@CT@CA对WBC水平的恢复并无显著促进作用(图 3C)。相对于model组, Lr@CT@CA促进了外周血中RBC和PLT的恢复, 在照后第18天, Lr@CT@CA组RBC和PLT水平显著高于model组(P < 0.05), 数据具有统计学意义(图 3DE)。
骨髓作为机体核心造血器官及造血干细胞贮库, 骨髓内造血干细胞及祖细胞因其活跃增殖特性对电离辐射高度敏感, 辐射可直接诱发造血细胞DNA断裂、细胞周期阻滞和凋亡, 病理表现为骨髓有核细胞减少和骨髓空虚[29]。与healthy组相比, model组骨髓组织有核细胞明显减少, 且存在大量的空泡, 说明受照小鼠骨髓损伤严重(图 4); 与model组相比, Lr@CT@CA显著提升了骨髓组织有核细胞数量, 空泡较少。Ki67为增殖细胞的相关抗原, 主要标记处于增殖周期中的细胞, 间接反映受照小鼠骨髓有核细胞的增殖能力。与model组相比, Lr@CT@CA显著增加了骨髓组织Ki67阳性细胞数。
脾脏作为次级淋巴器官和重要的造血-免疫调控枢纽, 对辐射具有较高敏感性。电离辐射可直接破坏脾脏白髓和红髓的微结构, 导致淋巴滤泡萎缩、树突状细胞数量锐减及免疫细胞凋亡, 削弱抗原呈递与免疫监视功能[29, 30]。与healthy组相比, model组小鼠的脾脏红白髓间界限不明显, 无明显生发中心, 且白髓与红髓面积明显减少(图 4)。而Lr@CT@CA恢复了红白髓分界线和明显的生发中心, 并显著提升了脾脏的白髓面积和Ki67阳性细胞比例。
骨髓造血系统是电离辐射最敏感的靶组织。造血干细胞和祖细胞在全身辐射后迅速耗竭, 导致外周血全系细胞减少, 并引发感染、贫血和出血等并发症。辐射直接破坏造血干细胞的DNA结构, 诱导细胞凋亡、坏死和衰老, 同时损伤骨髓微环境(如基质细胞、血管内皮细胞和成骨细胞), 破坏造血干细胞的自我更新和分化能力。2 Gy以上的急性辐射可导致造血干细胞线粒体功能障碍和铁死亡, 抑制造血再生能力[29, 30]。此外, 辐射激活的炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-1β等) 通过NF-κB通路进一步恶化骨髓微环境稳态, 形成“损伤-炎症-再损伤”的恶性循环[31]
本研究构建的Lr@CT@CA微球, 在进入结肠环境后释放Lr@CT。壳聚糖与单宁酸作为细菌包衣层促进了益生菌黏附于结肠黏膜, 延长结肠滞留时间。这种物理包衣方法存在着细菌分裂后包衣层减少或消失的问题。结肠黏膜黏液层有一定厚度, 目前还未知细菌黏附在黏液外层还是内层; 如果是外层, 细菌可能还会随外层脱落排出。未来研究中, 还需要深入考察Lr@CT的微观分布位置, 以及在结肠内更长期滞留效果。
本研究构建的工程化细菌制剂为预防性给药, 即需要照前给药, 如遇突然辐射事件, 效果就会大大下降或无效。另一方面, 给药对象的肠道菌群组成及免疫状态一般存在个体差异, 益生菌疗效也存在不确定性。人类和动物模型同样存在肠道环境、辐射剂量异质性及益生菌定植效率等差异。
未来应用于辐射防护的工程化活菌制剂的研发方应聚焦以下方向: ①开发快速响应的照后有效活菌制剂, 并研究活菌制剂与传统辐射防护药物(如氨磷汀) 的协同效应; ②结合多组学技术建立疗效预测模型, 通过宿主-菌群互作网络解析个体化差异机制; ③阐明益生菌增强机体辐射对抗能力的机制, 进而优化菌株及其组合方案。
作者贡献: 孙锐负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和文章撰写; 王敏婷负责部分实验操作和结果分析; 金义光负责课题设计、实验指导、数据分析和文章修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0170
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-21
  • 修回日期:2025-04-08
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    军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

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*金义光, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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