Article(id=1308455764452987402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889764177, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889764177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889764177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889764177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2211, endPage=2217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455764654313995, articleId=1308455764452987402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Enhanced cocaine dependence in adulthood following adolescent nicotine exposure is significantly associated with elevated CCL5 expression, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate the effects of nicotine exposure during puberty on cocaine addiction behaviors in adult rats and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats, aged 30 days, were divided into two groups: saline-exposed group and nicotine-exposed group. The nicotine-exposed group received subcutaneous injections (sc) of 0.3 mg·kg-1 nicotine solution three times daily for 15 consecutive days, while the saline-exposed group received an equal volume of saline. On day 60 post-birth, blood was collected from the orbital sinus to separate serum. On day 62, rats underwent jugular vein catheterization surgery and self-administration (SA) training for cocaine, which lasted for 10 consecutive days. The fixed ratio (FR) schedule was gradually increased. After training, rats displayed stable nose-poke behavior for cocaine seeking. Dose-response tests (DR) and progressive ratio tests (PR) were performed to examine whether nicotine exposure during adolescence influenced cocaine addiction in adulthood. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: 00004401). In the DR test, nicotine-exposed rats showed significantly higher numbers of effective cocaine injections at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg·kg-1 compared to the saline-exposed group. The nicotine-exposed group exhibited more pronounced craving for cocaine. In the PR test, at 0.75 mg·kg-1 cocaine dose, nicotine-exposed rats tended to have higher breakpoints (BP) than the saline-exposed group. Cytokine antibody array and ELISA of serum revealed that CCL5 level in the nicotine-exposed group was significantly higher than that in the saline-exposed group. Moreover, in the DR test, the number of cocaine injections obtained at 0 and 0.3 mg·kg-¹ cocaine doses correlated significantly with CCL5 levels. In conclusion, nicotine administration during puberty in rats can significantly increase their addiction to cocaine and self-administration behavior in adulthood, exhibiting distinct drug dependence characteristics. The content of CCL5 in rat serum is positively correlated with cocaine addictive behavior.

, authors=Fan YE1, Hong-wan DING1, Li-bo ZHANG2, 3, *, Gui-bin WANG1, *, Jian-jun ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Fan YE, Hong-wan DING, Li-bo ZHANG, Gui-bin WANG, Jian-jun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-bo ZHANG, Gui-bin WANG, Jian-jun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455765811941910, articleId=1308455764452987402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=青春期摄入尼古丁的大鼠成年期对可卡因依赖性增强与CCL5高表达显著相关, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨大鼠青春期给予尼古丁, 对其成年期可卡因成瘾性行为的影响, 同时探究相关机制。将出生30日的雄性Wistar大鼠分为生理盐水组和尼古丁组, 连续15天每天3次皮下注射(sc) 0.3 mg·kg-1尼古丁溶液或者相应体积生理盐水。出生第60日眼眶采血, 得到血清备用。出生第62日进行颈静脉插管手术及可卡因自身给药(self-administration, SA) 训练, 连续训练10天, 逐渐增加鼻触数与大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数的固定比率(fixed ratio, FR), 训练完成后, 实验动物形成稳定的鼻触觅药行为。进行剂量反应测试(dose response test, DR) 和递进比率测试(progressive ratio test, PR), 探究大鼠青春期给予尼古丁是否影响其成年期对可卡因的成瘾性。本实验已获得中国医学科学院药物研究所动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 00004401)。在DR测试中, 在0.03、0.1和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数明显高于生理盐水组, 提示尼古丁组动物对可卡因的渴求度尤为显著; 在PR测试中, 0.75 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠的断点(breakpoint, BP) 具有高于生理盐水组的趋势。对大鼠血清进行细胞因子抗体芯片检测和酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 验证, 发现在29种常见大鼠细胞因子、趋化因子和急性期蛋白中, 尼古丁组大鼠血清中只有趋化因子配体5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, CCL5) 含量显著高于生理盐水组, 且在DR测试中, 0和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数与CCL5含量呈显著正相关。综上, 大鼠青春期给予尼古丁可以显著增加其在成年期对可卡因的嗜好性和自身给药行为, 表现出明显的药物依赖特征。大鼠血清CCL5含量与可卡因成瘾性行为呈正相关。

, authors=叶凡1, 丁虹琬1, 张力博2, 3, *, 王贵彬1, *, 张建军1, *, authorsList=叶凡, 丁虹琬, 张力博, 王贵彬, 张建军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张力博, 王贵彬, 张建军, authorNote=

作者贡献:

叶凡负责实验设计与实施、结果统计与分析、撰写论文; 丁虹琬、张力博负责部分实验设计与实施、结果统计与分析; 王贵彬和张建军负责部分实验的设计与指导、修订论文。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张力博,E-mail:
王贵彬,E-mail:
张建军,E-mail:
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Chemokine CCR5 and cocaine interactions in the brain: cocaine enhances mesolimbic CCR5 mRNA levels and produces place preference and locomotor activation that are reduced by a CCR5 antagonist [J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2020, 83: 288-292., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308498236864823331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hall FS, Raman D, Tiwari AK. CCR5 and responses to cocaine: addiction is not just about the brain [J]. 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Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2020, 197: 173010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308498229386380257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229403157474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229386380257, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229415740387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229386380257, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308498229482849252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229491237861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229482849252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229495432166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229482849252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所, 药物依赖性研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308498229570929639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229583512552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229570929639, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498229591901161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, companyId=1308498229570929639, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3北京大学深圳医院, 广东 深圳 518036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308498233744261134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fqVFWZvCWUbIHO1WWyLGOQ==, figureFileBig=WkFG73/P8r8yrleUffXMAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498233794592783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic timeline of the experimental procedure. Rats were subcutaneously administered saline (n =16) or nicotine (n =17) three times daily from PND 30 to 45. When they were in the adulthood, serum was collected by orbital blood collection. Later, the surgery for catheter implantation was performed, followed by a 3-day postoperative recovery. Cocaine SA training was conducted under three reinforcement schedules: FR1 (4 days), FR3 (3 days), and FR5 (3 days). Subsequently, the DR, PR and OFT were performed from PND 75 to 78. PND: Postnatal day; SA: Self-administration; FR: Fixed ratio; DR: Dose response test; PR: Progressive ratio test; OFT: Open field test, figureFileSmall=fqVFWZvCWUbIHO1WWyLGOQ==, figureFileBig=WkFG73/P8r8yrleUffXMAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498233865895952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/e5bg8dCod8RJxUIVxMNqg==, figureFileBig=Wt1XMfJrlq5ZZTzPqZsI+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498233928810513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Self-administration of cocaine (times in 3 h) across training days under different reinforcement schedules (FR1, FR3, and FR5). A: A schematic diagram of a simplified self-administration apparatus: upon a valid nose-poke response by the rat, a single cocaine injection is administered, accompanied by a 5-s auditory cue and light-off as part of the conditioned reinforcement protocol; B: There was no significant difference in self-injection rates between the nicotine-exposed group (n = 17) and the saline-exposed group (n = 16) throughout the training period. The rats developed stable nose-poke responses for cocaine SA over the training period. mean ± SEM. ns.: Not significant, figureFileSmall=/e5bg8dCod8RJxUIVxMNqg==, figureFileBig=Wt1XMfJrlq5ZZTzPqZsI+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234088194066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=di8qaxhhnT7/h1tRwvSIkw==, figureFileBig=yUW+P5c+OJ7HGpiW2n7V1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234155302931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of cocaine addiction behavior and activity tests. A: Dose response test for cocaine self-administration (times in 1 h) of the nicotine-exposed group (n = 14) and the saline-exposed group (n = 13). The nicotine-exposed group showed significantly higher self-administration times; B: Progressive ratio test for cocaine self-administration (times in 6 h) of the nicotine-exposed group (n = 13) and the saline-exposed group (n = 12). The nicotine-exposed group showed obvious tendency to have higher BP values at dose of 0.75 mg·kg-1 (P = 0.075 5) compared to the saline-exposed group; C, D: Drug injection does not significantly affect locomotor activity or anxiety-like behavior in the OFT. C: Total distance traveled (cm) in the OFT for rats treated with saline (n = 13) or nicotine (n = 14); D: Time spent in the center area (s). Mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. BP: Breakpoint, figureFileSmall=di8qaxhhnT7/h1tRwvSIkw==, figureFileBig=yUW+P5c+OJ7HGpiW2n7V1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234222411796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nGQ02KendXJpIN2RYgqYxw==, figureFileBig=tDl3YFYeT72l0upLjbEqYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234285326357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The content of cytokines in serum. A, B: The levels of cytokines in serum of the saline-exposed group and nicotine-exposed group (n = 4). Cytokine antibody array analysis revealed that the nicotine-exposed group exhibited higher levels of CCL5 compared to the saline-exposed group; C: The increased serum CCL5 level in the nicotine-exposed group was confirmed by ELISA analysis (n = 13-14). Mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. CCL5: C-C motif chemokine ligand 5; CXCL7: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 7; TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metal protease 1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; CXCL6: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6; CD62L: L-Selectin; CD54: Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, figureFileSmall=nGQ02KendXJpIN2RYgqYxw==, figureFileBig=tDl3YFYeT72l0upLjbEqYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234348240918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sFJcNPv2ZGCR9E3jkPfbRQ==, figureFileBig=rfetHkH2+hHAw4PdVtDI/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498234411155479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455764452987402, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of the correlation between serum CCL5 levels and cocaine addiction-related behaviors. A-E: Analysis of the correlation between CCL5 levels and the number of effective cocaine injections in the DR test in rats. At both 0 and 0.3 mg·kg-1 doses, the number of effective cocaine injections shows a significant positive correlation with their serum CCL5 level (P < 0.05); F, G: Analysis of the correlation between CCL5 levels and the BP value in the PR test in rats. 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青春期摄入尼古丁的大鼠成年期对可卡因依赖性增强与CCL5高表达显著相关
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叶凡 1 , 丁虹琬 1 , 张力博 2, 3, * , 王贵彬 1, * , 张建军 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(7): 2211-2217
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (7) : 2211 -2217
青春期摄入尼古丁的大鼠成年期对可卡因依赖性增强与CCL5高表达显著相关
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叶凡1, 丁虹琬1, 张力博2, 3, * , 王贵彬1, * , 张建军1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
  • 2北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所, 药物依赖性研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100191
  • 3北京大学深圳医院, 广东 深圳 518036
通讯作者:
张力博,E-mail:
王贵彬,E-mail:
张建军,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

叶凡负责实验设计与实施、结果统计与分析、撰写论文; 丁虹琬、张力博负责部分实验设计与实施、结果统计与分析; 王贵彬和张建军负责部分实验的设计与指导、修订论文。

Enhanced cocaine dependence in adulthood following adolescent nicotine exposure is significantly associated with elevated CCL5 expression
Fan YE1, Hong-wan DING1, Li-bo ZHANG2, 3, * , Gui-bin WANG1, * , Jian-jun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0107
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本研究旨在探讨大鼠青春期给予尼古丁, 对其成年期可卡因成瘾性行为的影响, 同时探究相关机制。将出生30日的雄性Wistar大鼠分为生理盐水组和尼古丁组, 连续15天每天3次皮下注射(sc) 0.3 mg·kg-1尼古丁溶液或者相应体积生理盐水。出生第60日眼眶采血, 得到血清备用。出生第62日进行颈静脉插管手术及可卡因自身给药(self-administration, SA) 训练, 连续训练10天, 逐渐增加鼻触数与大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数的固定比率(fixed ratio, FR), 训练完成后, 实验动物形成稳定的鼻触觅药行为。进行剂量反应测试(dose response test, DR) 和递进比率测试(progressive ratio test, PR), 探究大鼠青春期给予尼古丁是否影响其成年期对可卡因的成瘾性。本实验已获得中国医学科学院药物研究所动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 00004401)。在DR测试中, 在0.03、0.1和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数明显高于生理盐水组, 提示尼古丁组动物对可卡因的渴求度尤为显著; 在PR测试中, 0.75 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠的断点(breakpoint, BP) 具有高于生理盐水组的趋势。对大鼠血清进行细胞因子抗体芯片检测和酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 验证, 发现在29种常见大鼠细胞因子、趋化因子和急性期蛋白中, 尼古丁组大鼠血清中只有趋化因子配体5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, CCL5) 含量显著高于生理盐水组, 且在DR测试中, 0和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数与CCL5含量呈显著正相关。综上, 大鼠青春期给予尼古丁可以显著增加其在成年期对可卡因的嗜好性和自身给药行为, 表现出明显的药物依赖特征。大鼠血清CCL5含量与可卡因成瘾性行为呈正相关。

尼古丁  /  可卡因  /  成瘾性  /  自身给药  /  趋化因子配体5

This study aims to investigate the effects of nicotine exposure during puberty on cocaine addiction behaviors in adult rats and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats, aged 30 days, were divided into two groups: saline-exposed group and nicotine-exposed group. The nicotine-exposed group received subcutaneous injections (sc) of 0.3 mg·kg-1 nicotine solution three times daily for 15 consecutive days, while the saline-exposed group received an equal volume of saline. On day 60 post-birth, blood was collected from the orbital sinus to separate serum. On day 62, rats underwent jugular vein catheterization surgery and self-administration (SA) training for cocaine, which lasted for 10 consecutive days. The fixed ratio (FR) schedule was gradually increased. After training, rats displayed stable nose-poke behavior for cocaine seeking. Dose-response tests (DR) and progressive ratio tests (PR) were performed to examine whether nicotine exposure during adolescence influenced cocaine addiction in adulthood. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: 00004401). In the DR test, nicotine-exposed rats showed significantly higher numbers of effective cocaine injections at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg·kg-1 compared to the saline-exposed group. The nicotine-exposed group exhibited more pronounced craving for cocaine. In the PR test, at 0.75 mg·kg-1 cocaine dose, nicotine-exposed rats tended to have higher breakpoints (BP) than the saline-exposed group. Cytokine antibody array and ELISA of serum revealed that CCL5 level in the nicotine-exposed group was significantly higher than that in the saline-exposed group. Moreover, in the DR test, the number of cocaine injections obtained at 0 and 0.3 mg·kg-¹ cocaine doses correlated significantly with CCL5 levels. In conclusion, nicotine administration during puberty in rats can significantly increase their addiction to cocaine and self-administration behavior in adulthood, exhibiting distinct drug dependence characteristics. The content of CCL5 in rat serum is positively correlated with cocaine addictive behavior.

nicotine  /  cocaine  /  addiction  /  self-administration  /  C-C motif chemokine ligand 5
叶凡, 丁虹琬, 张力博, 王贵彬, 张建军. 青春期摄入尼古丁的大鼠成年期对可卡因依赖性增强与CCL5高表达显著相关. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2211 -2217 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0107
Fan YE, Hong-wan DING, Li-bo ZHANG, Gui-bin WANG, Jian-jun ZHANG. Enhanced cocaine dependence in adulthood following adolescent nicotine exposure is significantly associated with elevated CCL5 expression[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2211 -2217 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0107
随着全球烟草使用的普遍性和青少年吸烟率的上升, 尼古丁摄入对青少年健康的影响已成为公共卫生领域的关注焦点[1]。近年来, 越来越多的研究开始关注尼古丁摄入对大脑发育及其对成瘾行为的长期影响, 尤其是在青春期这一神经发育的关键期[2]。青春期是个体生理和心理发育的重要时期, 也是易感成瘾行为的敏感窗口[3]。因此, 探索青春期尼古丁摄入对成年后成瘾性行为的影响, 对于预防和干预青少年药物依赖具有重要意义。
可卡因作为一种强效的中枢神经系统兴奋剂, 能够通过刺激多巴胺系统引发极强的快感和依赖性[4]。已有研究表明, 尼古丁和可卡因在脑内的作用机制存在交互关系, 尼古丁摄入可能影响个体对其他药物的成瘾性[5]。然而, 关于青春期尼古丁摄入对成年期可卡因成瘾性具体影响的研究尚不充分。为此, 本研究旨在通过动物实验, 探讨青春期给予尼古丁对大鼠成年期可卡因成瘾行为的影响, 进一步揭示尼古丁摄入与成瘾易感性之间的潜在关联。不仅为理解青春期尼古丁摄入与成年期药物成瘾之间的关系提供了实验依据, 也为青少年时期吸烟对成瘾易感性影响的公共卫生干预提供了科学支持。
本实验采用青春期尼古丁摄入模型, 并结合可卡因自身给药实验, 评估药物的致瘾性及其对动物神经系统的影响。训练过程中, 动物触碰不同位置的鼻触装置会获得不同的药物注射, 药物作用于动物使其产生渴望或是厌恶情绪, 这一作用会强化动物行为。动物能够主动选择并摄取药物, 同时药物注射后会伴有声音出现和信号灯熄灭这一条件刺激来帮助动物获得条件性强化能力。测试过程中, 通过设置不同的可卡因剂量, 测试动物获得有效药物注射的次数, 而渐进比率测试评估动物为了获得药物奖赏所付出的行为代价, 来判断动物对药物的成瘾性, 以模拟人类在特定情境下的药物使用和依赖情况[6]。这种实验设计有助于研究者深入理解药物如何影响动物行为, 并为成瘾和药物滥用的研究提供重要依据。
趋化因子配体5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, CCL5) 是一种小分子C-C类趋化因子, 通过与其受体C-C趋化因子受体1 (C-C chemokine receptor 1, CCR1)、C-C趋化因子受体3 (C-C chemokine receptor 3, CCR3) 和C-C趋化因子受体5 (C-C chemokine receptor 5, CCR5) 结合, 能够调节免疫细胞向感染或炎症部位迁移, 在炎症反应和免疫应答中发挥重要作用。CCL5的异常表达与多种免疫相关疾病和肿瘤的发生发展密切相关[7]。近年来的研究表明, CCL5还参与神经炎症过程, 与神经系统疾病及成瘾性行为的发生具有一定联系, 提示它可能在相关的神经生物学机制中发挥作用[8]。
实验动物  30日龄雄性Wistar大鼠(体重为120~150 g), SPF级, 购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 动物合格证号: SYXK (京) 2019-0023; 雄性Wistar大鼠, 3~5只/笼, 分笼饲养。12 h昼夜周期(光照时间: 8:00~20:00), 在室温(23 ± 2) ℃, 湿度(50 ± 5)%的标准环境下饲养, 期间动物可自由摄取饲料及饮用水。所有实验方案均已获得中国医学科学院药物研究所动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 00004401), 并严格遵守实验动物操作规程。
药品及配制  注射用无菌生理盐水(山东华鲁制药有限公司, F17122303); 烟碱盐酸盐(杭州宇昊化工科技有限公司, YH-LX400220200501); 盐酸可卡因(青海制药厂); 肝素钠(北京索莱宝科技有限公司, H8060-1); 动物用异氟烷(瑞沃德生命科技有限公司, 20220101); 大鼠细胞因子抗体芯片试剂盒(美国R&D公司, ARY008): 该试剂盒可同时检测29种常见大鼠细胞因子、趋化因子和急性期蛋白, 包括CXC趋化因子配体1 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, CXCL1)、白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂(interleukin-1RA, IL-1ra)、L-选择素(L-selectin, CD62L)、CXC趋化因子配体3 (CXCL3)、白细胞介素-2 (interleukin-2, IL-2)、CXC趋化因子配体9 (CXCL9)、CXC趋化因子配体2 (CXCL2)、白细胞介素-3 (IL-3)、趋化因子3 (C-C motif chemokine 3, CCL3)、睫状神经营养因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor, CNTF)、白细胞介素-4 (IL-4)、趋化因子20 (CCL20)、不规则趋化因子(fractalkine, FKN)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、CCL5、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-10 (IL-10)、CXC趋化因子配体7 (CXCL7)、细胞间黏附分子1 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1/CD54)、白细胞介素-13 (IL-13)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1 (tissue inhibitor of metal protease 1, TIMP-1)、干扰素-γ (interferon gamma, IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-17 (IL-17)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1α (IL-1α)、CXC趋化因子配体10 (CXCL10)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、CXC趋化因子配体6 (CXCL6); ELISA试剂盒(美国Abcam公司, ab213907)。
仪器  一次性使用无菌注射器[碧迪医疗器械(上海) 有限公司, 300841]; 十万分之一分析天平(力辰科技, ES1055A); 小动物麻醉机(R500IE)、立体定位仪(69110) (瑞沃德生命科技有限公司); 自身给药仪器及软件[安来科学仪器(宁波) 有限公司]; ECL发光仪(美国GE公司, Image Quant LAS 4000); 紫外检测器(日本Shimadzu公司, SPD-20A); 动物行为学分析软件(上海欣软信息科技有限公司)。
尼古丁摄入造模  30日龄雄性Wistar大鼠, 随机分为生理盐水组和尼古丁组。尼古丁组实验动物每天皮下注射0.3 mg·kg-1尼古丁溶液(浓度为0.3 mg·mL-1), 即每100 g体重给予0.1 mL尼古丁溶液, 对照组每天皮下注射相应体积的生理盐水(每100 g体重给予0.1 mL注射用无菌生理盐水), 连续15天, 每天给予3次注射, 给药时间分别为9:00、14:00和19:00。
颈静脉插管手术  大鼠出生第62日, 使用5%浓度异氟烷诱导麻醉, 将大鼠仰卧位固定于立体定位仪, 继续使用2%~3%异氟烷维持麻醉, 待肌反射消失后方可进行手术。剃毛刀去除动物颈部毛发, 使用无菌手术刀在大鼠右颈部皮肤划开一小切口, 钝性剥离皮下组织, 暴露颈部静脉, 结扎远心端, 颈静脉剪开一小口, 将静脉导管插入近心端, 并尽量插入心房窦位置, 导管的另一端从耳后穿出至大鼠脑部, 并使用自制固定帽固定, 给予肝素钠溶液检验导管通畅性, 固定导管并使用可吸收缝线缝合伤口。手术后, 将大鼠单笼饲养3天, 在此期间, 每天给予适量的青霉素钠以预防感染, 并每天使用肝素钠通管2次。
自身给药训练  训练在室内黑暗中进行, 自身给药设备一侧内壁设有两个鼻触孔洞, 每个孔洞上方带有白色指示灯, 左侧为有效鼻触, 右侧为无效鼻触。触碰后, 分别给予可卡因溶液(每次5 mg·kg-1) 或注射用无菌生理盐水。每次触碰后有12.5 s的不应期, 在此期间触碰鼻触不会获得药物注射, 并伴有5 s灯灭—声响提示。每天训练时长3 h, 分为3个小周期, 每个周期1 h, 55 min内最多有30次有效鼻触。如果可卡因溶液或生理盐水的注射次数达到30次, 继续触碰鼻触将不再给予注射, 并设有5 min的无反应缓冲期。训练的前4天, 设置固定比率为1, 即大鼠触碰一次鼻触后获得一次可卡因或生理盐水注射。当动物获得可卡因有效注射次数稳定, 波动不超过±15%时, 调整固定比率为3, 即大鼠触碰3次鼻触后获得1次药物注射, 持续3天。最后3天, 设置固定比率为5, 即大鼠触碰5次鼻触后获得1次药物注射。记录可卡因的有效注射次数、有效鼻触次数。经训练后, 大鼠形成操作性条件反射——鼻触觅药行为。
剂量反应测试(dose response test, DR) 测试  设置5种可卡因溶液给药剂量: 0、0.03、0.1、0.3、1 mg·kg-1, 由高剂量到低剂量进行测试, 每次测试持续1 h, 将大鼠放入自身给药设备中, 调整固定比率为1, 大鼠触碰1次鼻触后获得1次生理盐水或可卡因溶液注射, 同样伴随12.5 s的不应期、5 s灯灭—声响提示, 测定1 h内大鼠获得可卡因有效注射的总次数, 两剂量测试间隔至少2 h。
递进比率测试(progressive ratio test, PR)  设置2种可卡因溶液给药剂量: 0.25、0.75 mg·kg-1, 由低剂量到高剂量进行测试, 每次测试持续6 h, 将大鼠放入自身给药设备中, 固定比率遵循公式5e(注射次数×0.2)-5进行变化, 即大鼠需触碰鼻触的次数为1、2、4、6、9、12、15等, 才能获得药物注射, 开始触碰鼻触1次获得1次药物注射, 接着触碰鼻触2次获得1次注射, 触碰4次获得1次注射……同样每次药物注射后有12.5 s的不应期和5 s灯灭—声响提示, 记录动物自行停止鼻触行为时的固定比率, 即断点(breakpoint, BP) 值。
开放旷场试验(open field test, OFT)  将大鼠依次置于黑色旷场设备(100 cm×100 cm×40 cm) 的中央区域, 摄像并采用行为学分析软件分析实验动物5 min内总的活动距离和范围。每只动物测试完成后, 清理动物粪便, 并使用干净抹布和酒精打扫旷场设备。
大鼠细胞因子抗体芯片检测  大鼠血清样品按照试剂盒的说明进行测定, ECL发光仪检测, Image J软件统计灰度值。
ELISA  大鼠出生后第60天, 通过眼眶采血获取血清样品, 样品稀释10倍后, 按照ELISA试剂盒说明书测定血清CCL5含量, 反应终止后, 在450 nm波长下测定吸光度。根据标准曲线计算CCL5含量, 低于检测限的浓度被评定为0。CCL5 ELISA的灵敏度为1 pg·mL-1。
统计学方法  文中所有数据的统计结果和绘图均采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.1进行, P < 0.05认为具有统计学差异。动物行为实验数据以均数±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示。首先通过Shapiro-Wilk检验正态分布及方差齐性检验, 然后根据数据特征, 使用非配对t检验(unpaired t test) 或双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA) 进行数据差异性分析; 相关性分析采用皮尔逊相关系数。
为了探究青春期尼古丁摄入是否会影响大鼠成年期对可卡因的成瘾性, 本研究使用了出生30日的雄性Wistar大鼠, 并将其随机分为尼古丁组和生理盐水组。在接下来的15天内, 尼古丁组大鼠每天接受3次皮下注射0.3 mg·kg-1尼古丁溶液, 而对照组则接受相应体积的生理盐水, 以完成青春期尼古丁摄入模型的建立[9]。在大鼠进入成年期(出生后第60天) 后, 通过内眦眼眶取血, 得到血清备用。出生第62日, 为其进行静脉插管手术, 并开展可卡因自身给药训练。训练持续10天, 每天进行3 h, 训练结束后, 通过DR、PR及OFT测试, 评估尼古丁摄入对大鼠成年期可卡因成瘾性行为的影响(图1)。
在自身给药训练期间, 生理盐水组和尼古丁组大鼠在可卡因有效注射次数上没有显著差异。随着鼻触数与可卡因有效注射次数的固定比率(FR1-FR3-FR5) 逐步增加, 两组动物均逐渐学会了鼻触觅药行为, 并且获得可卡因的有效注射次数呈上升趋势(图2)。最终, 两组大鼠均成功建立了稳定的鼻触觅药行为。
在自身给药训练结束后, 通过DR测试评估两组大鼠对不同剂量可卡因溶液的渴求程度, 测试剂量范围从0、0.03、0.1、0.3到1 mg·kg-1。DR测试结果显示, 随着可卡因剂量的增加, 两组动物获得可卡因有效注射次数呈现先升高后下降的趋势。在0.03、0.1和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠比生理盐水组获得更多可卡因有效注射次数, 表明其具有更强烈的可卡因渴求。此外, 在0 mg·kg-1剂量下, 尽管两组之间的差异未达到统计学显著性(P = 0.087 3), 尼古丁组仍表现出较强的获取可卡因倾向, 显示出其潜在的成瘾性趋势。这一结果进一步支持了青春期给予尼古丁对成年期药物依赖的长期影响(图3A)。
在PR测试中, 0.25 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组的大鼠BP值高于生理盐水组, 但没有显著性差异。在0.75 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组BP值呈现出高于生理盐水组的趋势(P = 0.075 5)。这一结果表明, 在面对一定剂量的可卡因刺激作用下, 相较于生理盐水组, 尼古丁组的大鼠能够突破更高的固定比率值, 表现出更多的鼻触尝试, 付出更多的努力来获得可卡因注射。这说明青春期尼古丁摄入增强了其在成年期对可卡因的嗜好性和自我给药倾向(图3B)。
在完成DR和PR实验后, 对所有实验动物进行OFT测试。结果显示, 生理盐水组和尼古丁组大鼠均表现出正常的活动能力且未显示出差异, 排除了活动能力差异对实验结果的可能影响。尼古丁组大鼠进入旷场中心区的时间总体上高于生理盐水组, 但没有统计学上的差异, 在本实验中未显示出青春期尼古丁摄入及可卡因注射对两组动物焦虑水平的影响(图3C、D)。
尼古丁摄入会导致机体炎症反应增加, 并可能改变大脑的结构和功能[10]。越来越多的证据表明, 炎症反应在药物使用和成瘾行为的调节中起着重要作用, 趋化因子及其受体可能参与这一过程。为了进一步探讨这一问题, 本研究在大鼠成年期进行自身给药训练前, 通过眼眶取血采集血液, 获取血清进行细胞因子抗体芯片检测。结果显示, 尼古丁组大鼠血清中CCL5显著增加, 相比之下, CXCL7、TIMP-1、VEGF、CXCL6、CD62L、CD54等其他28种因子均未显示出明显差异(图4A、B)。ELISA检测结果也显示出尼古丁组大鼠血清中CCL5含量比生理盐水组显著升高(图4C)。提示青春期给予大鼠尼古丁可能会导致机体炎症反应增强, 产生长久的炎症作用, 大鼠成年期血清CCL5含量显著升高, 可能是导致成年期可卡因成瘾性增加的关键因素。
为了进一步探讨CCL5含量与可卡因成瘾性行为的相关性, 本研究使用皮尔逊相关性分析探讨大鼠成年期血清CCL5含量与可卡因成瘾性行为的关系。DR测试结果显示(图5A~E), 在0和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数与血清CCL5含量呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。在0.03 mg·kg-1 DR测试剂量下, CCL5含量与大鼠获得可卡因有效注射次数之间呈正相关趋势(P = 0.094 5)。大鼠血清CCL5含量与PR测试的BP值未显示出显著相关性(P > 0.05, 图5F、G)。这些结果表明, CCL5可能在一定条件下参与可卡因成瘾性行为的调控。
本研究旨在探讨青春期给予尼古丁对大鼠成年期可卡因成瘾性的影响。通过自身给药训练及DR和PR测试, 本研究发现, 青春期尼古丁摄入显著增加了大鼠成年期对可卡因的偏好和觅药行为。具体表现为尼古丁组大鼠在0.03、0.1和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下获得的有效注射次数显著高于生理盐水组, 尼古丁组显示出对可卡因更强的渴求度。且在一定范围内, 随着可卡因剂量的增加, 实验动物对可卡因的渴求也随之增加, 表现为可卡因的奖赏作用刺激了其更多的觅药行为。然而, 当可卡因剂量超过某一阈值后, 两组动物获得的有效注射次数出现下降, 表明较高剂量的可卡因延长了奖赏作用时间。此外, 在PR测试中, 在0.75 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下, 尼古丁组大鼠的BP值趋向高于对照组, 提示青春期的尼古丁摄入可能促进了大鼠对药物的依赖性。尼古丁组大鼠在面对更高剂量的可卡因时, 表现出更强的动力去获得药物, 持续自我给药的时间更长, 对可卡因的渴求度更高, 能够付出更多的努力来获取药物。自发活动测试结果显示, 两组大鼠的活动能力无显著差异, 排除了活动能力的干扰。
初步的机制探索发现, 青春期给予尼古丁的动物在成年后外周血清中CCL5含量明显增加, 并且CCL5含量与DR测试中0和0.3 mg·kg-1可卡因剂量下大鼠获得的可卡因有效注射次数呈显著正相关, 这表明青春期尼古丁摄入可能通过增强机体的炎症反应, 作用于奖赏系统, 影响相关神经元的存活和可塑性, 最终增强成年后对可卡因的嗜好性与依赖性。有研究发现, 从开始使用甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine, MA) 到依赖形成, 使用者外周血中CCL5含量增加, 这同时增加了其患外周或中枢免疫系统和神经系统疾病的风险[8]。CCL5的主要受体CCR5可能在可卡因成瘾反应中发挥直接作用[11], 小鼠CCR5基因敲除可能通过影响小胶质细胞功能, 进而调节多巴胺能神经元的存活和可塑性[12]。尼古丁介导的炎症反应在青春期对神经回路的塑造可能导致成年后对其他药物的依赖性增加[13]。青春期是大脑发育的关键时期, 尤其是奖赏系统和前额叶皮层的发育仍在进行中。尼古丁通过其对这些神经回路(尤其是奖赏系统和多巴胺系统) 的影响, 可能会增加个体对可卡因等药物的渴求和依赖性[14]。大鼠血清趋化因子CCL5可能在其成年期可卡因成瘾过程中发挥重要作用, 但其作用机制可能具有复杂性和剂量依赖性, 可能涉及不同的炎症反应途径或神经系统调节, 具体还需要进一步研究调查。
在本研究中, 个别动物在自身给药训练后未能形成稳定的可卡因鼻触觅药行为, 因此在后续测试中被排除。此外, 部分动物出现静脉导管阻塞或漏液现象, 导致最终参与测试的动物数量少于青春期给予尼古丁或生理盐水造模的动物数量。静脉插管手术可能导致动物血管出现免疫排斥反应。为了减少导管堵塞或漏液的现象, 本研究在插管过程中尽量将导管插入心房窦位置, 并且每天两次给予新鲜肝素钠溶液通管, 成功率提高至80%以上。此外, 本研究也存在一些局限性, 亟待优化和改进。本研究使用自身给药模型来评估动物的成瘾行为, 但动物实验结果可能无法完全反映人类的成瘾机制。未来的研究应进一步探讨尼古丁摄入对不同年龄段和性别个体的长期影响。其次, 本研究未深入探讨尼古丁注射如何通过CCL5影响大脑神经生物学机制, 特别是在奖赏系统中多巴胺及其他神经递质的变化方面。因此, 未来研究应结合神经影像学和分子生物学技术, 深入探讨尼古丁对大脑结构和功能的影响。总的来说, 本研究为理解青春期尼古丁摄入对成年期成瘾行为的影响提供了重要实验依据, 并为制定相关公共卫生政策和干预措施提供了科学支持。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0107
  • 接收时间:2025-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-07
  • 修回日期:2025-04-03
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    1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
    2北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所, 药物依赖性研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100191
    3北京大学深圳医院, 广东 深圳 518036

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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