Article(id=1308455676032869343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=1743436800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889743097, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889743097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889743097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889743097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2049, endPage=2059, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455676225807328, articleId=1308455676032869343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanistic insights into plasma membrane damage/repair and organellar responses in ferroptosis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ferroptosis, a form of non-apoptotic cell death, mainly depends on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger oxidative-reduction imbalance, causing membrane lipid peroxidation, cell membrane damage, and subsequent cell death. Recently, its crucial roles in embryonic development, metabolic regulation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer therapy have been unveiled. This article delves into the dynamic balance of cell membrane lipid peroxidation injury and repair mechanisms during ferroptosis, and dissects the multifaceted functions of mitochondria, lysosomes, etc., in regulating ferroptosis. The imbalance between membrane damage and repair is a hallmark of ferroptosis. The antioxidant system maintains membrane integrity by regulating lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, while membrane repair mechanisms prevent cell death by removing lipid peroxides. Moreover, organelles interact dynamically through iron metabolism, ROS signaling, and lipid peroxide diffusion, modulating ferroptosis sensitivity. This article encapsulates the latest progress in ferroptosis mechanisms and highlights the potential of targeting membrane repair and organelle interactions for disease therapy, offering novel insights for precise disease intervention.

, authors=Tian-fang CHEN1, 2, Wen-jing WU2, Ni-hong CHENG3, Han-bing LI1, *, Jin ZHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=Tian-fang CHEN, Wen-jing WU, Ni-hong CHENG, Han-bing LI, Jin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Han-bing LI, Jin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455678830470122, articleId=1308455676032869343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=铁死亡中细胞膜损伤与修复机制及细胞器应答研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铁死亡(ferroptosis) 作为一种非凋亡性细胞死亡方式, 主要依赖铁和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 引发氧化-还原失衡, 导致膜脂过氧化、细胞膜受损进而引起细胞死亡。近年来, 铁死亡在胚胎发育、代谢调控、神经退行性疾病和肿瘤治疗中的关键作用逐渐被揭示。本文系统探讨了铁死亡进程中细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤的动态平衡及其修复机制, 并解析线粒体、溶酶体等细胞器在调控铁死亡中的多重功能。质膜损伤与修复的失衡是铁死亡的重要标志, 其中抗氧化系统通过调控脂质代谢与氧化还原稳态维持膜结构稳定, 而膜修复机制通过清除脂质过氧化物阻止细胞死亡进程。此外, 细胞器间通过铁代谢协同、ROS信号传递及脂质过氧化物扩散形成动态互作网络, 进一步调节铁死亡的敏感性。本文总结了铁死亡分子机制的最新进展, 还提出靶向膜修复及细胞器协同作用在疾病治疗中的潜在价值, 为相关疾病的精准干预提供新思路。

, authors=陈天放1, 2, 毋文静2, 程霓虹3, 李汉兵1, *, 张瑾2, 3, *, authorsList=陈天放, 毋文静, 程霓虹, 李汉兵, 张瑾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李汉兵, 张瑾, authorNote=

作者贡献:

陈天放负责文章撰写及绘图; 毋文静、程霓虹负责文献查找和文章框架的搭建; 李汉兵和张瑾提供文章的方向和思路; 张瑾负责对文章的修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李汉兵, Tel: 13185064285, E-mail:
张瑾 Tel: 13516831490, E-mail:
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Regulated cell death (RCD) is a programmed form of cell death autonomously regulated by the cell in response to internal and external environmental changes, encompassing apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Apoptosis features nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, cytoplasmic disintegration, and clearance by macrophages. Ferroptosis depends on iron ions and lipid peroxidation. Necroptosis is mediated by the proteins receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL). Pyroptosis is characterized by cell swelling and rupture, releasing inflammatory factors and activated by inflammasomes like caspase-1. Accidental cell death (ACD) or necrosis, is an unprogrammed cell death caused by intense chemical, physical, or mechanical stimuli, lacking biological regulation and causing direct damage leading to loss of cellular function, figureFileSmall=tlBjBZBKDa2B7Yh7hI9zSQ==, figureFileBig=qu3P7z5bWG5iNcsqlCBi4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925390951179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=p1MefKMndA3zZlBZf2pZkg==, figureFileBig=ouZN11FwiA017z5/h/Z5xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925479031564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ferroptosis and diseases. Ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in a variety of organ diseases. This form of cell death is closely associated with cardiac conditions such as heart failure and myocardial infarction, hepatic diseases including hepatitis and liver fibrosis, neurological disorders like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as a spectrum of diseases affecting the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, adipose tissue, and lungs. Ferroptosis is not only linked to organ damage and dysfunction but may also be involved in disease progression and exacerbation. This insight not only enhances our understanding of the role of ferroptosis in pathophysiology but also offers potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases. I/R: Ischemia/reperfusion; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, figureFileSmall=p1MefKMndA3zZlBZf2pZkg==, figureFileBig=ouZN11FwiA017z5/h/Z5xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925554529037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=v1L7riCJkZiRS0PFG2+BZQ==, figureFileBig=mB/Vtrl3GzhO3unmyxIBJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925621637902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Signaling pathways involved in ferroptosis regulation. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of phospholipid peroxidation products. When iron homeostasis is disrupted, the accumulation of intracellular Fe2+ reacts with peroxides (such as H2O2), triggering the Fenton reaction to produce phospholipid peroxyl radical (PL-OO•). Additionally, abnormal lipid metabolism also promotes the formation of PL-OO•. Excessive PL-OO• in the cell membrane triggers ferroptosis. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also lead to ferroptosis. There are several major cellular defense systems against ferroptosis, such as the system xc--glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1-coenzyme Q10 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1-tetrahydrobiopterin pathways. Red indicates pro-ferroptotic pathways; green denotes anti-ferroptotic pathways, figureFileSmall=v1L7riCJkZiRS0PFG2+BZQ==, figureFileBig=mB/Vtrl3GzhO3unmyxIBJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925684552463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oqiAr6rLjFQvUdHIM5z3Xg==, figureFileBig=ibbHEKqCKXUO7H2i2K+Zig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499925747467024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cell biology of lipid peroxide accumulation. Lipid peroxides are known to accumulate at various cellular sites, such as ER, lysosomes, and mitochondria. Among these sites, the ER appears to be a critical locale for the initiation of ferroptosis due to the accumulation of lipid peroxides. However, it remains unclear whether the propagation of signals from the ER to the plasma membrane is essential for the progression of ferroptosis, or if lipid peroxides simply accumulate initially in the ER. The uncertainty regarding the potential transmission of signals from internal organelles to the plasma membrane, and the nature of these signals, is highlighted by the use of arrows and question marks in the relevant diagrams, figureFileSmall=oqiAr6rLjFQvUdHIM5z3Xg==, figureFileBig=ibbHEKqCKXUO7H2i2K+Zig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499927412605713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell death typeKey inducerFeature
FerroptosisImpaired antioxidant defense, uncontrolled lipid peroxidationIncreased cell membrane permeability without complete disintegration
ApoptosisCaspase-8 activation, DNA damage, oxidative stressIntact cell membrane with blebbing; nuclear condensation; cell shrinkage
NecroptosisCaspase-8 inhibition, viral infection, oxidative stress, inflammationTriggers inflammatory responses
PyroptosisPathogen infection, inflammasome activationTriggers inflammatory responses
), ArticleFig(id=1308499927488103186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The comparison of ferroptosis and other types of cell death

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell death typeKey inducerFeature
FerroptosisImpaired antioxidant defense, uncontrolled lipid peroxidationIncreased cell membrane permeability without complete disintegration
ApoptosisCaspase-8 activation, DNA damage, oxidative stressIntact cell membrane with blebbing; nuclear condensation; cell shrinkage
NecroptosisCaspase-8 inhibition, viral infection, oxidative stress, inflammationTriggers inflammatory responses
PyroptosisPathogen infection, inflammasome activationTriggers inflammatory responses
), ArticleFig(id=1308499927571989267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrganelleStimulusMorphological and functional change
MitochondriaErastin, glutamate, doxorubicin, zalcitabineSwollen mitochondria
Mitochondrial membrane potential ↓
Mitochondrial membrane permeability ↑
Mitochondrial ROS ↑
Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation ↑
LysosomeErastin, glutamateLysosomal cathepsins ↑
Lysosomal lipid peroxidation ↑
Lysosomal iron ↑
Lysosomal nitric oxide ↑
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization↑
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Erastin, RSL3Lipid peroxidation ↑
Viscosity of ER ↑
ER stress ↑
PeroxisomeErastin, RSL3, ML210Plasmalogen synthesis ↑
), ArticleFig(id=1308499927643292436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455676032869343, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Role of subcellular organelles in ferroptosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrganelleStimulusMorphological and functional change
MitochondriaErastin, glutamate, doxorubicin, zalcitabineSwollen mitochondria
Mitochondrial membrane potential ↓
Mitochondrial membrane permeability ↑
Mitochondrial ROS ↑
Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation ↑
LysosomeErastin, glutamateLysosomal cathepsins ↑
Lysosomal lipid peroxidation ↑
Lysosomal iron ↑
Lysosomal nitric oxide ↑
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization↑
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Erastin, RSL3Lipid peroxidation ↑
Viscosity of ER ↑
ER stress ↑
PeroxisomeErastin, RSL3, ML210Plasmalogen synthesis ↑
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铁死亡中细胞膜损伤与修复机制及细胞器应答研究进展
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陈天放 1, 2 , 毋文静 2 , 程霓虹 3 , 李汉兵 1, * , 张瑾 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(7): 2049-2059
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (7) : 2049 -2059
铁死亡中细胞膜损伤与修复机制及细胞器应答研究进展
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陈天放1, 2, 毋文静2, 程霓虹3, 李汉兵1, * , 张瑾2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310000
  • 2嘉兴大学生物与化学工程学院, 浙江 嘉兴 314001
  • 3嘉兴爱博生物科技有限公司, 浙江 嘉兴 314050
通讯作者:
李汉兵, Tel: 13185064285, E-mail:
张瑾 Tel: 13516831490, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

陈天放负责文章撰写及绘图; 毋文静、程霓虹负责文献查找和文章框架的搭建; 李汉兵和张瑾提供文章的方向和思路; 张瑾负责对文章的修改。

Mechanistic insights into plasma membrane damage/repair and organellar responses in ferroptosis
Tian-fang CHEN1, 2, Wen-jing WU2, Ni-hong CHENG3, Han-bing LI1, * , Jin ZHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
  • 2College of Biological Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
  • 3Jiaxing i-bio Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314050, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0092
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铁死亡(ferroptosis) 作为一种非凋亡性细胞死亡方式, 主要依赖铁和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 引发氧化-还原失衡, 导致膜脂过氧化、细胞膜受损进而引起细胞死亡。近年来, 铁死亡在胚胎发育、代谢调控、神经退行性疾病和肿瘤治疗中的关键作用逐渐被揭示。本文系统探讨了铁死亡进程中细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤的动态平衡及其修复机制, 并解析线粒体、溶酶体等细胞器在调控铁死亡中的多重功能。质膜损伤与修复的失衡是铁死亡的重要标志, 其中抗氧化系统通过调控脂质代谢与氧化还原稳态维持膜结构稳定, 而膜修复机制通过清除脂质过氧化物阻止细胞死亡进程。此外, 细胞器间通过铁代谢协同、ROS信号传递及脂质过氧化物扩散形成动态互作网络, 进一步调节铁死亡的敏感性。本文总结了铁死亡分子机制的最新进展, 还提出靶向膜修复及细胞器协同作用在疾病治疗中的潜在价值, 为相关疾病的精准干预提供新思路。

铁死亡  /  脂质过氧化  /  细胞膜损伤  /  细胞膜修复  /  细胞器

Ferroptosis, a form of non-apoptotic cell death, mainly depends on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger oxidative-reduction imbalance, causing membrane lipid peroxidation, cell membrane damage, and subsequent cell death. Recently, its crucial roles in embryonic development, metabolic regulation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer therapy have been unveiled. This article delves into the dynamic balance of cell membrane lipid peroxidation injury and repair mechanisms during ferroptosis, and dissects the multifaceted functions of mitochondria, lysosomes, etc., in regulating ferroptosis. The imbalance between membrane damage and repair is a hallmark of ferroptosis. The antioxidant system maintains membrane integrity by regulating lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, while membrane repair mechanisms prevent cell death by removing lipid peroxides. Moreover, organelles interact dynamically through iron metabolism, ROS signaling, and lipid peroxide diffusion, modulating ferroptosis sensitivity. This article encapsulates the latest progress in ferroptosis mechanisms and highlights the potential of targeting membrane repair and organelle interactions for disease therapy, offering novel insights for precise disease intervention.

ferroptosis  /  lipid peroxidation  /  cell membrane damage  /  cell membrane repair  /  organelle
陈天放, 毋文静, 程霓虹, 李汉兵, 张瑾. 铁死亡中细胞膜损伤与修复机制及细胞器应答研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2049 -2059 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0092
Tian-fang CHEN, Wen-jing WU, Ni-hong CHENG, Han-bing LI, Jin ZHANG. Mechanistic insights into plasma membrane damage/repair and organellar responses in ferroptosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2049 -2059 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0092
根据诱因和机制的不同, 生物体中的细胞死亡类型可分为偶发性细胞死亡(accidental cell death, ACD) 和可调控性细胞死亡(regulated cell death, RCD)[1]。根据作用机制, RCD分为凋亡性和非凋亡性死亡两大类, 非凋亡性死亡包括铁死亡[2]、程序性坏死[3]、焦亡[4]等(图1)。其中, 铁死亡是一种依赖于铁和ROS的细胞死亡方式, 细胞形态学特征包括细胞膜破裂和线粒体嵴的减少或消失等[2]。铁死亡主要涉及细胞内游离铁与氧及含多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs) 的脂质反应, 引发高水平的膜脂过氧化, 进而引发细胞死亡[5]。铁死亡与其他几种细胞死亡的诱因、细胞形态特征(尤其是质膜) 的区别见表1[6-8]。细胞中以谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 为代表的抗氧化防御系统负责还原膜脂过氧化物, 当氧化-还原失去平衡, 细胞内的膜脂过氧化物积累至一定阈值, 会导致细胞膜破损并引发细胞死亡[9]。铁死亡在生物体发育、正常生理及病理进程中均发挥重要作用[10]。在胚胎发育过程中, 铁死亡参与细胞选择性清除, 辅助控制细胞密度, 避免细胞过度增殖对胚胎发育的干扰[10]; 在脂肪组织发育过程中, 铁死亡活性发生显著变化, 研究发现肥胖者的脂肪组织中铁死亡活性显著下调[11]; 在心脏疾病中, 铁死亡活性与心肌病、心肌梗死和动脉粥样硬化的发展有关[12, 13]; 在神经退行性疾病(如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病) 中, 发现神经元损伤与铁死亡有关, 表现在胞内出现过量的铁离子积累, 进而促进ROS生成和脂质过氧化, 诱发神经元细胞发生铁死亡[9, 14]; 还在肝脏疾病中发挥着关键作用, 包括药物性肝损伤[15]、肝纤维化[16]、缺血再灌注[17]、酒精性脂肪性肝炎[18]和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎[19]; 此外, 铁死亡还涉及肾脏、肺和胰腺疾病, 并具有潜在的治疗价值[9, 20]。铁死亡与疾病的关系详见图2。
细胞发生铁死亡的过程主要涉及膜脂过氧化、离子异常跨膜转运、细胞膨胀和细胞膜破裂等一系列变化[21]。细胞对铁死亡的易感性受脂质代谢、铁稳态、氧化还原状态等关键分子和信号通路的调控, 这些调控因素广泛分布于细胞膜、细胞质及多种细胞器中[9, 22]。特定代谢物、酶、细胞器对铁死亡的启动与执行具有决定性影响, 且这种作用依赖于细胞类型和铁死亡诱导条件。因此, 揭示细胞器和相关酶与分子在特定情况下调控铁死亡的机制, 对于理解其在疾病中的作用至关重要, 并可能为相关疾病的治疗提供新的策略。
细胞膜主要由磷脂、胆固醇和糖脂等脂质通过双分子层的形式排列而成, 构成了细胞内外环境的屏障膜[23]。研究表明, 当细胞内抗氧化系统失衡时, 会出现氧化-还原电势的改变, 进而影响细胞内铁的还原和自由基的生成, 进一步推动ROS的积累和膜脂的过氧化, 诱发细胞产生铁死亡[24, 25]。ROS促进富含PUFAs的膜脂氧化, 导致脂质过氧化物的积累, 从而降低细胞膜的厚度、破坏通透性及完整性, 最终导致细胞死亡[5]。铁死亡并非由特定的蛋白质机制直接触发, 而是通过控制细胞膜完整性的脂质中心机制, 涉及特定脂质在膜脂过氧化中的作用[5]。铁死亡调控涉及多个信号通路, 包括system xc--GPX4、铁死亡抑制蛋白1 (ferroptosis suppressor protein1, FSP1)/辅酶Q10 (coenzyme Q10, CoQ10)/鸟苷三磷酸环水解酶1 (guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1, GCH1)/四氢生物蝶呤(tetrahydrobiopterin, BH4) 通路, 此外还包括磷脂重塑相关的长链酯酰辅酶A合成酶(long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, ACSLs), 以及铁依赖性的细胞色素P450氧化还原酶(P450 oxidoreductase, POR) 与脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOXs)[9]。铁死亡调控通路详见图3。
细胞膜中PUFAs过氧化是铁死亡发生的核心事件之一[9]。这一过程可能引发细胞膜结构的构象变化, 通过脂质介导的机制形成膜孔[5]。膜孔的形成导致大量Ca2+快速流入胞质, 进而激活内体分拣转运复合体Ⅲ (endosomal sorting complex required for transport, ESCRT), 该复合体参与膜损伤的修复, 限制铁死亡的进一步发展[26]。研究表明, 在铁死亡进程中, 细胞体积显著增加, 导致细胞膜变薄并增加曲率, 从而促进氧化剂生成和孔隙的进一步增多[5, 21]。尽管这种肿胀效应有助于脂质过氧化的扩散, 但细胞膜破裂并非其必要条件[10]。脂质过氧化诱导细胞肿胀, 升高细胞膜张力, 进而激活机械敏感离子通道组件1 (piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1, Piezo1) 和瞬时受体电位通道(transient receptor potential channel, TRP channel), 加速脂质过氧化循环[21]。同时, 脂质过氧化激活蛋白激酶Cβ (protein kinase Cβ, PKCβ), 通过磷酸化ACSLs增强其活性, 促进含PUFAs的膜磷脂合成[27]。
脂质过氧化还会影响细胞内的其他关键酶和蛋白的活性, 进一步加剧细胞损伤。ACSL4在内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER) 和细胞膜上发挥作用, 影响脂质组成, 特别是参与PUFAs的合成与转运[28]。ACSL4通过促进PUFAs生成为磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine, PE) 的合成提供底物[28, 29]。PE作为细胞膜的关键磷脂成分, 与膜脂质过氧化及铁死亡发生密切相关[5, 30]。PE的频繁氧化不仅破坏了细胞膜的结构完整性, 更直接推动细胞铁死亡的发生[30]。PE的合成过程始于ER起始的磷脂酰丝氨酸转运, 最终到达线粒体[31], 转化后的PE通过分泌或脂质转移蛋白分布至细胞其他部位, 如质膜[9]。更为重要的是, 铁死亡能够通过ROS在细胞间传播, 导致组织范围内的细胞死亡现象[10, 32]。综合来看, 细胞膜脂过氧化破坏了质膜的完整性, 导致细胞内外离子平衡失调, 引起细胞渗透性膨胀, 最终可能导致细胞死亡。
铁死亡的执行过程通常发生在质膜, 质膜修复作为铁死亡的防御机制, 能够有效阻止这一细胞死亡途径的最终发生。细胞内具有多层次的防御系统, 用以应对过量的脂质过氧化物积累, 防止其触发铁死亡[33]。在铁死亡的早期阶段, 多种ESCRT-Ⅲ蛋白参与质膜修复, 通过与膜相互作用, 移除受损的膜片段, 并减少脂质过氧化物的积累, 从而有效预防脂质过氧化引发的铁死亡[26, 34]。此外, 当铁死亡过程中质膜形成的膜孔道被适当大小的渗透保护剂(如PEG8000) 堵塞时, 铁死亡的进程同样得到显著抑制[34]。膜磷脂组成的动态变化是质膜修复过程中的重要调节机制。磷脂酶和酰基转移酶通过切除或替换单个酰基链来调节膜磷脂的组成, 尤其是由磷脂酶A2Ⅵ型(phospholipase A2 group Ⅵ, PLA2G6) 编码的钙非依赖性磷脂酶A2β (calcium-independent phospholipase A2β, iPLA2β), 在铁死亡的调节中发挥了关键作用[35]。iPLA2β通过其酯酶活性分解PUFAs, 以抑制脂质过氧化, 从而参与铁死亡的防御[35]。研究表明, 抑制iPLA2β的表达可以显著增强肿瘤细胞内脂质过氧化的程度[36]。在PLA2G6基因敲除的小鼠中, 花生四烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量较高, 特别是在PE和磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC) 中[37], 这表明PLA2G6在从某些磷脂的sn-2位上去除此类PUFA单元方面发挥着作用。因此, PLA2G6可能通过直接去除磷脂中的PUFA来发挥抗铁死亡的功能[35]。综上, iPLA2β也许是铁死亡活性的关键调节因子, 并且是铁死亡介导的肿瘤抑制的潜在靶标。
脂肪酸的合成、分配和流动性在脂质代谢中起到关键作用, 它们通过调节易氧化和难氧化脂质的含量及其在细胞中的分布, 进而影响细胞对铁死亡的敏感度[9]。这一过程中, 细胞膜上的转运机制与细胞内广泛分布的酶类及信号传导路径相互作用, 共同调控铁死亡的发生[9, 38, 39]。如乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, ACC1)、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase, FASN)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, SCD1) 均与铁死亡敏感性相关, 尽管这些机制在不同细胞类型和条件下有所不同[38-40]。ACC1合成丙二酰辅酶A, 既可供FASN用于合成长链不饱和脂肪酸, 也可用于延伸外源性PUFA[41]。PUFAs是细胞膜的关键底物, 确保膜的弹性、流动性及厚度, 并参与铁死亡的诱导[42]。因此, 涉及的酶(如ACC1、FASN、SCD1) 在不同细胞类型和生理或病理条件下对铁死亡敏感性的调节方式可能存在差异[38-40]。在癌细胞中, FASN和SCD1的表达增加与铁死亡敏感性降低相关[36]。此外, Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS) 突变肺癌细胞中FASN的表达升高, 使其富含饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFAs) 的PC, 从而降低铁死亡敏感性[43]。在其他细胞类型或条件下, 这些调节机制可能有所不同, 目前尚不清楚癌细胞外的脂质代谢信号如何影响脂质过氧化及铁死亡的敏感性。
在特定环境下, 限制PUFAs与磷脂结合可阻止铁死亡的启动[5, 9]。此外, 细胞对脂质通量的调控可能更多地与细胞分裂过程中所需的膜重塑事件相关[44]。因此, 对铁死亡的敏感性或抵抗力的变化可能是这些调控过程的间接结果。值得一提的是, 胆固醇水平的变化不仅可以影响脂质过氧化的发生[45], 还能增强癌细胞对脂质过氧化物水平升高和铁死亡的抵抗力, 具体来说, 胆固醇通过降低细胞膜的流动性并促进脂筏形成来减少脂质过氧化底物扩散, 从而保护肿瘤细胞[46]。此外, 通过低密度脂蛋白受体调节胆固醇摄取, 可以影响肿瘤细胞对铁死亡的敏感性, 在小鼠模型中, 使用甲基-β-环糊精(methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MβCD) 耗竭胆固醇可以增强铁死亡对肿瘤的抑制作用[46]。
GPX4是调控铁死亡的关键酶, 广泛存在于细胞内的不同亚细胞结构中, 包括细胞浆型、线粒体型和核型[47, 48]。其中, 细胞浆型GPX4在预防铁死亡中起关键作用, 而线粒体型GPX4在特定情况下也可能对铁死亡有一定的抑制作用[48]。尽管细胞浆型GPX4缺乏明确的细胞膜靶向序列, 但已有研究表明, 其正电荷的赖氨酸和精氨酸残基可能与磷脂发生静电相互作用, 促进GPX4在质膜附近的定位[47]。GPX4通过将磷脂过氧化物转化为磷脂醇发挥抗氧化作用, 保持质膜的完整性[9]。在GPX4的催化循环中, 硒醇基团的氧化产物需要谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 分子进行还原, 形成二硒化物中间体, 这是GPX4重新激活的关键步骤[9]。铁死亡诱导剂, 如erastin或RSL3通过引发GPX4功能障碍, 导致磷脂过氧化物的积累, 从而触发铁死亡[9]。此外, GPX4的活性依赖于硒和GSH的水平。GSH通过其还原性调节细胞对铁死亡的敏感性, 且GSH的合成需要胱氨酸通过system xc-被细胞吸收, 并在还原型辅酶Ⅱ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 的作用下转化为半胱氨酸[22]。当GSH水平耗竭时, 不仅会导致GPX4失活, 还可促进Fe2+通过芬顿反应产生具有强氧化性的羟基和氢过氧自由基, 从而加速铁死亡的发生[2, 22]。尽管GSH的消耗可能促进不稳定铁的利用, 但其并非铁死亡发生的必要条件。研究表明, 直接抑制或敲除GPX4基因本身即可引发铁死亡, 提示GSH的消耗只是影响铁死亡的一个因素, 而非其必然前提[49]。
FSP1特异性地定位于质膜和脂滴, 但也可以在其他亚细胞区室中发现, 通过特异性地靶向细胞膜发挥抗铁死亡作用, 表明细胞膜是内源性亲脂性自由基捕获抗氧化剂(radical-trapping antioxidants, RTAs) 发挥作用的主要场所[50, 51]。将FSP1特异性地靶向质膜足以抑制铁死亡, FSP1可还原CoQ10和维生素K, 这两种物质的还原形式可作为RTAs, 终止脂质过氧化链式反应, 进而抑制铁死亡[50, 51]。此外, 维生素E和CoQ10也可以在细胞膜上通过FSP1局部生成, 从而发挥抗氧化作用, 进一步限制脂质过氧化及铁死亡的发生[50, 51]。甲基转移酶样蛋白3 (methyltransferase-like 3, METTL3) 在不同细胞类型中对FSP1 mRNA的调控作用截然不同, 在人主动脉平滑肌细胞中, METTL3通过降解FSP1 mRNA, 促进细胞铁死亡[52]; 而在神经胶质瘤中, METTL3则通过稳定FSP1 mRNA, 抑制铁死亡并促进肿瘤进展; 敲低METTL3则逆转了这种情况[53]。此外, M1型巨噬细胞通过一氧化氮自由基(nitric oxide radical, NO•) 抑制脂质过氧化, 对铁死亡抗性更强; 而用NO•处理M2也会降低它们对铁死亡的敏感性[54]; M1型巨噬细胞可能通过FSP1或其他抗氧化分子(如NO•) 补偿GPX4失活, 而M2型缺乏此能力[50]。
综合来看, 许多不同起始来源的脂质底物可能会导致脂质过氧化发生, 这些脂质过氧化物破坏膜的结构、厚度和渗透性, 导致质膜的不可逆损伤, 影响膜修复, 最终导致铁死亡过程的完成。脂质过氧化物的积累通常是膜损伤的早期事件, 并且一旦发生, 会显著损害细胞膜的屏障功能, 可能导致细胞内物质的释放, 进而影响免疫细胞功能。
铁死亡的核心事件为膜损伤与修复的失衡, 其中质膜损伤与修复和相关细胞器的应答之间存在着复杂的相互作用, 质膜的损伤主要由脂质过氧化引起, 而细胞内的抗氧化系统和膜修复机制则试图维持膜的完整性[48]。特定细胞器通过调节铁代谢、脂质合成和脂质过氧化的信号参与铁死亡的调控, 这种动态平衡决定了细胞在铁死亡过程中的命运[9]。以下是细胞器在铁死亡关键调节中的描述。铁死亡过程中特定细胞器的形态功能变化于表2。
在铁死亡过程中, 除了细胞膜之外, 线粒体是变化最明显的细胞器, 它不仅是氧化还原反应的中心, 也是代谢重塑和信号传导的重要平台, 在铁死亡的调控中扮演关键角色[33]。研究发现, 线粒体是ROS的主要来源, 线粒体铁通过芬顿反应产生羟基自由基(•OH), 这些自由基与线粒体电子传递链(mitochondrial electron transport chain, ETC) 的漏泄电子结合, 进一步增强ROS的产生, ROS可攻击PUFAs, 生成脂质过氧化物, 促进铁死亡的发生[5, 33]。作为铁代谢的中心, 线粒体通过铁吸收调控铁死亡敏感性。线粒体铁蛋白1 (mitoferrin 1, MFRN1) 介导的铁吸收增加可显著提高铁死亡敏感性[55]。铁硫簇的失调会释放过量的游离铁, 增加细胞内的铁池, 促进芬顿反应和脂质过氧化。线粒体通过脂肪酸β氧化调节PUFAs的代谢, 这些脂肪酸是铁死亡中关键的氧化靶标[33, 45]。与此同时, GSH是铁死亡中重要的抗氧化剂, 当线粒体功能受损时, GSH供给不足会加剧脂质过氧化[12]。线粒体型GPX4可能通过局部还原线粒体脂质氢过氧化物发挥特异性保护作用[48], 而线粒体膜电位崩溃导致的GSH耗竭可通过抑制胞质GPX4活性放大膜损伤, 提示线粒体-胞质抗氧化系统具有空间协同性[56]。
铁死亡过程中常观察到线粒体肿胀、嵴减少、膜电位耗散、膜通透性增加及功能障碍, 表现为膜电位下降和ATP含量降低[9]。研究发现, 线粒体内ROS及其衍生的脂质过氧化物的积累显著增加, 是引起上述变化的原因, 使用靶向线粒体ROS清除剂(如MitoTEMPO和MitoQ) 可以有效抑制这一过程, 在多种细胞类型(癌细胞、心肌细胞和海马神经元细胞等) 中发现, 清除线粒体ROS可能会抑制细胞铁死亡的发生[57, 58]。尽管线粒体是铁死亡的重要调控器, 但其也参与抗铁死亡的保护机制。线粒体抗氧化酶, 如GPX4[59]、含锰超氧化物歧化酶(manganese-containing superoxide dismutase, SOD2)[60]、CoQ10和二氢乳清酸脱氢酶(dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, DHODH)[56]等关键酶和分子通过降低氧化应激和脂质过氧化水平, 抑制铁死亡。此外, 线粒体外膜通透性的局部增加, 虽然是非致命性的, 但却能够活化转录激活因子4 (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4) 信号通路, 进一步增强细胞对GPX4抑制剂引发的铁死亡的敏感性[61]。这一现象表明, 线粒体的某些抗铁死亡功能丧失, 可能会抵消ATF4通路激活所带来的保护效应。
线粒体在铁死亡中是一把双刃剑, 既是触发脂质过氧化和氧化应激的中心, 又是维持抗氧化防御的关键器官。探索其作用机制对揭示铁死亡调控的分子基础和开发相关疾病治疗策略具有重要意义。
ER是真核细胞中一个分布广泛的重要细胞器, 由连接核膜的连续膜系统组成, 其功能包括蛋白质合成、脂质代谢、钙稳态维持等, 在铁死亡过程中扮演多重关键角色[33]。近期研究表明, 脂质过氧化物在特定细胞区域的积累对于触发铁死亡至关重要(图4)。在GPX4抑制后, 脂质过氧化物可能首先在ER和其他细胞器内聚集, 随后在膜破裂前积聚在质膜上[21, 62]。Fer-1 (ferrostatin-1) 的亚细胞器定位和作用机制提示, 它可能通过在ER中积累以发挥其抗铁死亡效果, 而非在溶酶体或线粒体中[21]。在铁死亡过程中, 脂质过氧化的积累会损伤ER膜, 触发ER应激反应[63]。在糖尿病肾病进展过程中, 内质网应激增加导致促进铁死亡的途径激活, 从而发生铁沉积和脂质过氧化等变化[63]。ATF4能够上调system xc-转运蛋白的表达, 调控GSH合成, 从而影响铁死亡的敏感性, 在糖尿病肾病中, 溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11) 的表达下调增加了铁死亡的风险[63]。
在铁死亡中, 多不饱和磷脂(PUFA-phospholipid, PUFA-PL) 的氧化是核心事件, 而PUFA-PL的合成发生在ER膜上[64]。ER膜上的POR和细胞色素b5还原酶1 (cytochrome b5 reductase 1, CYB5R1) 可直接促进膜脂质过氧化, 导致铁死亡[65]。同时, 细胞的脂质组成也是决定铁死亡敏感度的关键因素之一[22, 66]。通过调节易于氧化的PUFAs与相对稳定的MUFAs的比例, 可加剧细胞铁死亡或从易感状态转变为抗铁死亡状态[22, 66]。ER中ACSLs在细胞膜磷脂的生物合成和重塑中发挥重要作用, ACSL4通过酯化PUFA提升脂质过氧化底物水平, 而ACSL3介导的MUFA代谢则增强了抗铁死亡能力[29, 67]。尽管ACSL4定位于ER、脂滴等多部位, 但ER定位的ACSL4通过富集PUFA-PL为脂氧合酶提供底物, 是铁死亡的驱动因素[67, 68], 而ACSL3也同样在ER和脂滴中定位[69]。目前, 尚不清楚不同定位中的哪一个蛋白在铁死亡调节中的作用最为关键。ER中的驻留酶调控着脂质库中PUFAs和MUFAs的相对含量。如3-磷酸甘油酰基转移酶4 (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4, GPAT4) 在磷脂的从头合成中发挥重要作用。它通过增加脂质过氧化的底物, 可能会提高细胞对铁死亡的敏感性[68]。然而, 相较于磷脂的从头合成途径, 磷脂重塑的研究更为广泛。磷脂重塑通过去酰基化和再酰基化过程, 引入多不饱和长链酰基, 从而调控脂质的组成[35]。iPLA2β可裂解氧化的PUFA酰基链, 从而直接限制脂质过氧化的扩散并减少铁死亡的发生, 其功能障碍则会促进铁死亡的发生[35]。不同酶和底物的相对水平决定了膜的整体脂质组成, 目前尚不明确所有与铁死亡相关的脂质合成和重塑过程是否仅限于ER。除了在磷脂代谢的作用外, ER还存在与钙信号的交互, 铁死亡中氧化应激可导致ER钙通道, 如肌醇三磷酸受体(inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor, IP3R) 的激活, 释放钙离子到胞质, 引发钙依赖性信号通路, 进一步促进ROS生成和脂质过氧化[70]。线粒体相关内质网膜(mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes, MAM) 是脂质转运和钙信号调控的关键部位, 在铁死亡的信号传递中起核心作用[71]。ER释放的钙通过MAM被转运到线粒体, 导致线粒体功能紊乱, 间接加剧铁死亡。总之, ER在铁死亡的调控中具有多方面的功能。
溶酶体是由单层磷脂双分子膜包裹, 内部含有多种酸性水解酶的细胞器, 参与多种代谢过程, 包括物质降解、代谢物循环和细胞内稳态的维持。在铁死亡过程中, 溶酶体的功能及其与铁代谢、脂质过氧化和细胞器互作密切相关[33]。溶酶体富含铁蛋白, 是细胞内重要的铁储存库, 铁的细胞内输入主要通过转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor, TFRC) 介导, 而TFRC的沉默显著限制了细胞对铁的内吸收, 从而抑制铁死亡的发生[72]。此外, 核受体辅激活因子4 (nuclear receptor coactivator 4, NCOA4) 的功能丧失可导致铁死亡敏感性降低, 它介导铁蛋白运输到溶酶体, 促进铁释放, 从而触发铁死亡[73]。在氧化应激或脂质过氧化的影响下, 溶酶体膜透化, 导致组织蛋白酶B (cathepsin B, CTSB) 释放至胞质, 从而加剧细胞损伤[74]。研究表明, 通过抑制或敲除CTSB, 不仅能够有效保护细胞免受铁死亡的影响, 还能恢复细胞膜的完整性, 并抑制染色质降解[74]。此外, 重新定位FINO2型内源性过氧化物酶至溶酶体可诱导铁死亡, 但这一过程仍需通过ER进行传播[21]。因此, 推测在常规情况下, 溶酶体并非铁死亡的直接致因者, 而是通过释放其内容物(如铁和其他氧化剂) 间接促发细胞死亡。
综上所述, 溶酶体的损伤可导致铁离子的释放, 这一过程可能进一步加剧脂质过氧化反应和细胞膜的损伤。因此, 维持溶酶体膜的完整性和功能可能成为铁死亡相关疾病治疗的关键策略。如增强溶酶体的抗氧化能力或减少其内含铁的含量, 可能有助于有效抑制铁死亡的发生。
过氧化物酶体是细胞内多种代谢途径的关键参与者, 含有多种抗氧化酶, 包括过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶1 (superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1)、过氧化还原蛋白5和6 (peroxiredoxin 5 and 6, PRDX5 and PRDX6), 这些酶有助于平衡细胞内的氧化应激, 中和过量的ROS和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS)[75]。过氧化物酶体PRDX6通过其GSH依赖性过氧化物酶活性, 与GPX4形成空间互补, PRDX6清除局部脂质过氧化物, 而GPX4修复质膜损伤[76]。这种分区化抗氧化机制解释了为何PRDX6敲除增强肿瘤铁死亡敏感性[77]。PRDX6的抗铁死亡作用已在癌症中得到证实, 在PRDX6基因敲除后, 肿瘤异种移植物对铁死亡的敏感性显著增加[77]。这提示癌细胞对治疗的抵抗力可能部分归因于PRDX6支持下的磷脂双层修复系统的强大能力。
过氧化物酶体还可通过影响脂质合成来调控铁死亡, 这一过程并不涉及对ROS或RNS的直接中和[78]。过氧化物酶体内发挥作用的特定酶类包括脂肪酰基辅酶A还原酶1 (fatty acid remodeling 1, FAR1) 和烷基甘油磷酸合成酶(alkylglycerone phosphate synthase, AGPS)。它们共同调控了多不饱和脂肪酸醚磷脂(polyunsaturated fatty acid-ether linked phospholipids, PUFA-ePLs) 的生成, 在脂质合成和铁死亡调控中起着关键作用[79]。血浆酰乙醇胺去饱和酶1 (plasmanylethanolamine desaturase 1, PEDS1) 通过降低FAR1蛋白水平来限制铁死亡, 其机制在于引入乙烯基醚双键至缩醛磷脂中[80]。
综上所述, 铁死亡的进程本质上是细胞器互作驱动的膜损伤-修复失衡。线粒体铁蓄积和ROS触发脂质过氧化; ER作为PUFA-PL合成中心, 提供氧化底物并放大损伤信号; 溶酶体通过铁蛋白自噬(ferritinophagy) 释放铁离子, 增强氧化压力; 过氧化物酶体则通过过氧化氢酶(如PRDX6) 等酶局部修复膜损伤。这些事件通过脂质代谢、铁/钙离子流动及ROS扩散形成动态调控网络。未来的研究需要解析细胞器接触位点(如MAMs) 在物质交换中的具体作用, 以及亚细胞区域化修复机制(如线粒体GPX4与胞质GPX4) 如何决定细胞命运。如何能将这些细胞器的复杂相互作用化分歧为一致, 在特定情境下产生统一的铁死亡效应, 是一个重要的未解问题。
铁死亡的执行和调控是一个复杂的生物学过程, 涉及细胞内众多代谢物、酶及其相互作用所构成的精细网络。脂质过氧化物或其降解产物通过多途径影响细胞的正常功能, 最终可能导致细胞死亡。尽管目前已有多种抗氧化系统和膜修复机制能够帮助细胞抵御氧化应激和铁死亡所引起的损伤[50, 51, 56], 但各类铁死亡诱导剂和抑制剂在细胞器中的具体作用机制仍需进一步探索[9]。
在细胞器互作的分子机制研究领域, 亟待明确的问题之一是MAMs是否直接参与脂质过氧化物传递。如脂质过氧化物信号传递路径是否可通过靶向脂质组学鉴定ER到质膜的脂质过氧化物种类。此外, 深入研究这些细胞器接触点的分子组成及其动态变化, 有望揭示它们在脂质过氧化物传递过程中的关键作用。细胞器间的相互作用可能通过多种途径发生。如细胞器间的紧密接触可能促进脂质过氧化物的直接转移, 或者关键的促铁死亡或抗铁死亡代谢物的交换。特别是脂质过氧化物可以通过细胞膜接触点在不同细胞器间传递, 引发细胞内部的铁死亡连锁反应。这些相互作用表明, 影响铁代谢、脂质代谢或氧化还原反应的蛋白、代谢物及其他生物分子均可能调节细胞对铁死亡的敏感性。因此, 特定细胞器在铁死亡中的功能和相互作用将成为研究的关键领域。长远来看, 开发针对特定细胞器的药物是未来研究的重要方向之一。如溶酶体膜稳定剂CA-074甲基酯[81]联合MAMs抑制剂PDZD8[82], 是否可以有效阻断跨细胞器损伤信号的传递。此外, 进一步探索其他细胞器靶向药物, 如线粒体铁螯合剂和过氧化物酶体抗氧化剂, 将有助于构建更全面的铁死亡干预策略。单细胞代谢组学与计算模型整合在铁死亡领域的研究中潜力巨大, 通过整合这些技术, 可以量化铁死亡阈值的调控规律, 揭示细胞对铁死亡诱导剂的异质性反应。这种整合方法不仅能够提供更精确的铁死亡调控模型, 而且为个性化医疗提供了新的思路。这些研究方向的推进, 将为铁死亡领域的研究带来新的突破, 并为相关疾病的治疗提供新的希望。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0092
  • 接收时间:2025-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-26
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    1浙江工业大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310000
    2嘉兴大学生物与化学工程学院, 浙江 嘉兴 314001
    3嘉兴爱博生物科技有限公司, 浙江 嘉兴 314050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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