Article(id=1308459274221412767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1745942400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789890600972, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1757606400000, pubDateStr=2025-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789890600972, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789890600972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789890600972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308459188263342104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='2649', pageEnd='2912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757606400000', pubDateStr='2025-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789890580478, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893297273, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470583390401504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308459188263342104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2788, endPage=2797, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308459276297593248, articleId=1308459274221412767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanistic modeling for cell culture process of trastuzumab and intelligent algorithm comparison, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mechanistic modeling, which describes cellular metabolic behavior through mathematical equations, is an important theoretical tool for optimizing and predicting biological processes. In this study, a cell culture mechanistic model for biosimilar trastuzumab was constructed based on the Monod growth metabolism model. To address the high complexity of differential equation parameter fitting and the tendency to fall into local optima, particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and differential evolution (DE) algorithms were introduced for model parameter fitting. The results show that GWO outperforms the others in global search capability and fitting accuracy, demonstrating higher stability and adaptability in handling multi-parameter fitting problems. Furthermore, improvements were made to the position and velocity update methods of the GWO algorithm. The improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) significantly enhanced the model's predictive ability, enabling accurate predictions of cell density, metabolite concentration, and antibody titer. This study provides important theoretical support for improving the production efficiency of biopharmaceuticals, reducing development costs, and optimizing cell culture processes.

, authors=Wen-hui WANG1, Yu-xiang WAN1, 2, Jing-yu JIAO2, Dan GAO2, Dong GAO2, Hai-bin QU1, *, authorsList=Wen-hui WANG, Yu-xiang WAN, Jing-yu JIAO, Dan GAO, Dong GAO, Hai-bin QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hai-bin QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308459280500285871, articleId=1308459274221412767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=曲妥珠单抗细胞培养过程模型建立与智能算法对比, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

机理模型通过数学方程描述细胞代谢行为, 是优化和预测生物过程的重要理论工具, 本研究基于Monod生长代谢模型, 构建了曲妥珠单抗生物类似药的细胞培养机理模型。针对微分方程参数拟合复杂度高且容易陷入局部最优的问题, 通过引入粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)、灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer, GWO) 和差分进化算法(differential evolution, DE) 对模型参数拟合。结果表明, GWO在全局搜索能力和拟合精度方面表现最佳, 在处理多参数拟合问题时具有更高的稳定性和适应性。进一步对GWO算法的位置更新与速度更新方法进行改进, 改进的灰狼算法(improved grey wolf optimizer, IGWO) 显著提升了模型的预测能力, 能够精准预测细胞密度、代谢物浓度及抗体滴度。本研究为提高生物药物生产效率、降低开发成本及优化细胞培养工艺提供了重要理论支持。

, authors=王文慧1, 万宇翔1, 2, 焦静雨2, 高丹2, 高栋2, 瞿海斌1, *, authorsList=王文慧, 万宇翔, 焦静雨, 高丹, 高栋, 瞿海斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=瞿海斌, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王文慧负责文献调研及代码编写; 万宇翔、焦静雨负责培养细胞; 高丹、高栋负责文章修改; 瞿海斌负责论文选题和拟定论文框架指导、把关。

, correspAuthorsNote=
瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
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Parameter/unitParameter meaningD0-D11D12-D16
$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/h-1Maximum specific growth rate0.270.17×10-2
$ {k}_{\mathrm{d},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/h-1Maximum specific death rate0.0240.05
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for glucose10.8829.35
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for lactate2.4042.18
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for ammonium71.0895.48
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for glucose25.09326.63
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for lactate0.466.06
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for ammonium6.7745.71
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol-1·cells·h-1Glucose maintenance coefficient0.001.60×10-4
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to glucose consumption0.46×10-20.34×10-2
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·mmol-1Yield coefficient of lactate formation to glucose uptake1.210.42×10-2
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to ammonium formation8.13×10-40.02
$ {k}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Lactate consumption rate7.28×10-41.58×10-4
$ {K}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Michaelis constant for lactate101.2082.64
$ {k}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Ammonium consumption rate1.40×10-50.00
$ {K}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Michaelis constant for ammonium0.150.07
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for glutamate0.032.47
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for glutamate47.55154.29
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Glutamine maintenance coefficient0.003.18×10-7
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol-1·cells-1Yield coefficient of cell growth to glutamine consumption2.22×10-41.65×10-4
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·cells-1Yield coefficient of glutamine formation to glutamate uptake0.13×10-21.04
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Glutamate maintenance coefficient1.85×10-64.13×10-6
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to glutamate consumption0.004.27×10-4
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/mg·cells-1·h-1Maximum specific productivity5.58×10-40.15×10-2
$ K{S}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol·L-1Protein production saturation constant of glutamine0.000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1308497712375488661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459274221412767, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Model parameter fitting results

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Parameter/unitParameter meaningD0-D11D12-D16
$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/h-1Maximum specific growth rate0.270.17×10-2
$ {k}_{\mathrm{d},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/h-1Maximum specific death rate0.0240.05
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for glucose10.8829.35
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for lactate2.4042.18
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for ammonium71.0895.48
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for glucose25.09326.63
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for lactate0.466.06
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for ammonium6.7745.71
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol-1·cells·h-1Glucose maintenance coefficient0.001.60×10-4
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to glucose consumption0.46×10-20.34×10-2
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·mmol-1Yield coefficient of lactate formation to glucose uptake1.210.42×10-2
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to ammonium formation8.13×10-40.02
$ {k}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Lactate consumption rate7.28×10-41.58×10-4
$ {K}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}} $/mmol·L-1Michaelis constant for lactate101.2082.64
$ {k}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Ammonium consumption rate1.40×10-50.00
$ {K}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}} $/mmol·L-1Michaelis constant for ammonium0.150.07
$ K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·L-1Cell growth Monod constant for glutamate0.032.47
$ K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·L-1Cell death Monod constant for glutamate47.55154.29
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Glutamine maintenance coefficient0.003.18×10-7
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol-1·cells-1Yield coefficient of cell growth to glutamine consumption2.22×10-41.65×10-4
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·cells-1Yield coefficient of glutamine formation to glutamate uptake0.13×10-21.04
$ {m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol·cells-1·h-1Glutamate maintenance coefficient1.85×10-64.13×10-6
$ Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}} $/mmol-1·cellsYield coefficient of cell growth to glutamate consumption0.004.27×10-4
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $/mg·cells-1·h-1Maximum specific productivity5.58×10-40.15×10-2
$ K{S}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}} $/mmol·L-1Protein production saturation constant of glutamine0.000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1308497712467763350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459274221412767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch IDSeed density (106 cells mL-1)Max-Vcd (106 cells mL-1)Passage ratio of N generationsDays of cell cultureFeeding strategy
A1.1927.21:116D2/4: 4% CD1005-A + 0.4% CD1005-B; D6/8/10/12/14: 5% CD1005-A + 0.5% CD1005-B
B1.1020.51:116
C0.7920.11:315D3/5: 4% CD1005-A + 0.4% CD1005-B; D7/9/11/13: 5% CD1005-A + 0.5% CD1005-B
D0.6117.11:315
), ArticleFig(id=1308497712551649431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308459274221412767, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The main process differences between the modeling batch and the model validation batch

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Batch IDSeed density (106 cells mL-1)Max-Vcd (106 cells mL-1)Passage ratio of N generationsDays of cell cultureFeeding strategy
A1.1927.21:116D2/4: 4% CD1005-A + 0.4% CD1005-B; D6/8/10/12/14: 5% CD1005-A + 0.5% CD1005-B
B1.1020.51:116
C0.7920.11:315D3/5: 4% CD1005-A + 0.4% CD1005-B; D7/9/11/13: 5% CD1005-A + 0.5% CD1005-B
D0.6117.11:315
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曲妥珠单抗细胞培养过程模型建立与智能算法对比
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王文慧 1 , 万宇翔 1, 2 , 焦静雨 2 , 高丹 2 , 高栋 2 , 瞿海斌 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(9): 2788-2797
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (9) : 2788 -2797
曲妥珠单抗细胞培养过程模型建立与智能算法对比
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王文慧1, 万宇翔1, 2, 焦静雨2, 高丹2, 高栋2, 瞿海斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学药学院, 药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 2浙江博之锐生物制药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311404
通讯作者:
瞿海斌, Tel: 86-571-88208428, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王文慧负责文献调研及代码编写; 万宇翔、焦静雨负责培养细胞; 高丹、高栋负责文章修改; 瞿海斌负责论文选题和拟定论文框架指导、把关。

Mechanistic modeling for cell culture process of trastuzumab and intelligent algorithm comparison
Wen-hui WANG1, Yu-xiang WAN1, 2, Jing-yu JIAO2, Dan GAO2, Dong GAO2, Hai-bin QU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2BioRay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311404, China
出版时间: 2025-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0071
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机理模型通过数学方程描述细胞代谢行为, 是优化和预测生物过程的重要理论工具, 本研究基于Monod生长代谢模型, 构建了曲妥珠单抗生物类似药的细胞培养机理模型。针对微分方程参数拟合复杂度高且容易陷入局部最优的问题, 通过引入粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)、灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer, GWO) 和差分进化算法(differential evolution, DE) 对模型参数拟合。结果表明, GWO在全局搜索能力和拟合精度方面表现最佳, 在处理多参数拟合问题时具有更高的稳定性和适应性。进一步对GWO算法的位置更新与速度更新方法进行改进, 改进的灰狼算法(improved grey wolf optimizer, IGWO) 显著提升了模型的预测能力, 能够精准预测细胞密度、代谢物浓度及抗体滴度。本研究为提高生物药物生产效率、降低开发成本及优化细胞培养工艺提供了重要理论支持。

细胞培养  /  单克隆抗体  /  曲妥珠单抗  /  机理模型  /  智能算法

Mechanistic modeling, which describes cellular metabolic behavior through mathematical equations, is an important theoretical tool for optimizing and predicting biological processes. In this study, a cell culture mechanistic model for biosimilar trastuzumab was constructed based on the Monod growth metabolism model. To address the high complexity of differential equation parameter fitting and the tendency to fall into local optima, particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and differential evolution (DE) algorithms were introduced for model parameter fitting. The results show that GWO outperforms the others in global search capability and fitting accuracy, demonstrating higher stability and adaptability in handling multi-parameter fitting problems. Furthermore, improvements were made to the position and velocity update methods of the GWO algorithm. The improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) significantly enhanced the model's predictive ability, enabling accurate predictions of cell density, metabolite concentration, and antibody titer. This study provides important theoretical support for improving the production efficiency of biopharmaceuticals, reducing development costs, and optimizing cell culture processes.

cell culture  /  monoclonal antibody  /  trastuzumab  /  mechanistic modeling  /  intelligent algorithm
王文慧, 万宇翔, 焦静雨, 高丹, 高栋, 瞿海斌. 曲妥珠单抗细胞培养过程模型建立与智能算法对比. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2788 -2797 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0071
Wen-hui WANG, Yu-xiang WAN, Jing-yu JIAO, Dan GAO, Dong GAO, Hai-bin QU. Mechanistic modeling for cell culture process of trastuzumab and intelligent algorithm comparison[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (9) : 2788 -2797 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0071
哺乳动物细胞是生产多种生物药物(如重组蛋白药物、病毒疫苗和激素) 的常用表达宿主, 能够进行复杂的翻译和修饰(如N-糖基化), 并确保蛋白质的正确折叠与组装[1, 2]。曲妥珠单抗是一种靶向人表皮生长因子受体-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2) 的重组DNA衍生人源化单克隆抗体。曲妥珠单抗作为单克隆抗体药物的代表, 广泛应用于HER2阳性乳腺癌等疾病的治疗[3]。曲妥珠单抗注射液由瑞士罗氏制药公司原研, 1998年首次由FDA批准上市, 商品名为赫赛汀®。2019年, 赫赛汀®全球销售额达60亿美元, 赫赛汀®的专利分别于2014和2019年在欧洲与美国到期[4]。此后, 曲妥珠单抗生物类似药的开发迎来了迅速发展期, 生物类似药是指在质量、安全性和药效等方面与已批准的参考药物高度一致的药物[5]。如何进一步提高细胞的生长密度、优化培养策略以提升产品品质, 并通过智能制造技术实现培养过程的自适应调控仍是亟待解决的核心技术难题。
在早期细胞培养工艺开发中, 实验设计(design of experiments, DoE) 方法被广泛用于探索工艺参数[6, 7]。然而, DoE方法存在明显的局限性。首先, DoE方法需要大量实验验证, 投入大量的时间与资源, 成本较高[8]; 其次, DoE方法更关注变量间的统计关联, 而对细胞培养过程的机理缺乏深入理解, 导致其结果在未经验证条件下的适用性有限, 难以实现全局优化[9]。此外, 随着研究对象复杂度的增加, DoE方法在多变量和高维空间中的应用难度进一步加剧, 限制了其在现代生物制药工艺开发中的有效性[10]。随着生物制药行业的快速发展, 基于机理的细胞培养模型逐渐受到研究者的关注。机理模型通过数学方程描述细胞代谢行为, 涵盖细胞生长、凋亡、代谢物消耗和产物合成等关键过程, 为培养过程提供更深层次的理解[11]。利用机理模型, 研究人员可以预测不同条件下细胞的生长过程, 优化工艺参数。与传统的DoE方法相比, 机理模型不仅能够显著减少实验次数, 还能在多变量高维空间中预测培养过程的动态行为, 为工艺优化提供更加精准的指导[12]。通过结合具体的细胞系、培养条件及工艺参数, 机理模型能够模拟多种潜在操作场景, 支持跨条件和跨项目的预测与优化, 帮助开发者高效筛选最佳工艺窗口[13]。随着计算能力的提升和优化算法的不断进步[14], 机理建模已成为细胞培养工艺开发中不可或缺的工具, 为提高单克隆抗体等生物药物的生产效率与质量提供了重要的理论与实践支持[15]。
参数估计在细胞培养的机理建模中至关重要, 它直接决定了模型的精度和预测性能。机理模型通常由大量非线性且强耦合的方程组成, 其参数数量随着代谢网络复杂度的增加而显著增加[16]。这使得参数求解成为一个具有高度复杂性的非凸优化问题, 面临局部最优解、维度复杂性及计算成本高昂等多重难题。传统优化方法(如梯度下降法) 虽然在处理规模较小的问题时能够取得一定成效, 但在高维和复杂参数空间中表现出明显不足[17]。它们对初始值的依赖性较高, 易陷入局部最优解, 同时对目标函数的可微性要求较强, 而这种要求在许多生物动力学系统中往往难以满足。为应对上述挑战, 智能优化算法通过模仿自然界中的群体行为、进化法则或物理规律, 提供了一种灵活而高效的求解方法[18]。这类算法具备出色的全局搜索能力和强大的适应性, 特别适合于解决高维非线性优化问题, 在复杂系统的参数估计中展现出巨大潜力[19]。传统参数估计方法对高维、非线性问题的适应性不足, 导致模型预测精度受限。本研究采用粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)、差分进化算法(differential evolution, DE)、灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer, GWO) 进行参数估计, 并将改进的灰狼算法(improved grey wolf optimizer, IGWO) 引入细胞培养建模, 通过动态权重与莱维飞行等策略提升参数估计效率, 为解决多变量强耦合模型的优化难题提供了新方法。
药品与试剂  曲妥珠细胞株由博之锐生物制药有限公司提供。培养基包括CD1005-N-1代培养基、CD1005-N代培养基, 以及补料培养基CD1005-A和CD1005-B, 由于培养基成分涉及浙江博之锐生物的企业机密, 具体成分未公开。SIGMA台盼蓝溶液、SIGMA胰蛋白酶(德国Merck KGaA集团, 批号分别为RNBL3669、SLCL2409); 十二水合磷酸氢二钠、氯化钠、二水磷酸二氢钠、氢氧化钠、甘氨酸(上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司, 批号分别为20220514、20231013、20221220、20220908、20220915); 盐酸(湖南尔康制药股份有限公司, 批号为000420220701)。
实验仪器  BioCore QC台式细胞生物反应器玻璃(上海楚怡生物科技有限公司); M-900 Plus细胞培养生化分析仪(深圳西尔曼科技有限公司); TD5A-WS台式低速大容量离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); Countstar BioTech自动细胞计数仪(上海睿钰生物科技有限公司); 色谱柱(PORPS 20A, 2.1 mm×30 mm, 美国Thermo公司); Agilent 1200/1260液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司)。
细胞复苏  在细胞复苏及摇瓶培养阶段, 先将曲妥珠细胞株(博之锐药业开发的CHO-K1细胞系) 从液氮中解冻, 并以合适的接种密度(每毫升0.4×106~0.6×106个细胞) 接种至CD1005-N-1代培养基中。每代培养48 ± 2 h后进行扩增, 扩增后的细胞继续在摇瓶中培养。培养过程中, 将摇瓶置于培养箱摇床内(37 ℃, 5.0% CO2, 80%湿度, 125 r·min-1, 摇床直径50 cm)。摇瓶培养阶段结束的最终每毫升细胞数在2.0×106~3.0×106个。
细胞培养  曲妥珠细胞在3.0 L玻璃生物反应器中培养, 初始工作体积为1.0 L, 并以1∶1的传代比例接种至反应器中, 初始种子密度为每毫升1.0×106~1.5×106个。培养条件设定为: 在整个培养过程中, 温度维持在35 ℃, 溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO) 维持在40%的空气饱和度水平, 搅拌速度为250 r·min-1。pH值通过二氧化碳气体和碳酸钠溶液调控, 在培养的前7天(D0~D7), pH值范围为6.90 ± 0.30; 从第8~16天(D8~D16), pH值范围调整为6.80 ± 0.20。补料包括CD1005-A培养基、CD1005-B培养基以及浓度为40%的葡萄糖(glucose, Glc) 溶液。其中, CD1005-A和CD1005-B培养基在培养的第2、4、6、8、10、12和14天按10∶1的体积比补充; Glc溶液则根据需求添加以维持目标浓度。
生化测定  在整个细胞生长培养过程中, 每日固定时间通过自动取样器取样一次, 取样前废弃10 mL样品以保证取样均匀性, 在取样后2 h进行补料操作, 通过自动细胞计数仪测定活细胞密度(viable cell density, Vcd) 和细胞存活率, 检测方法为台盼蓝染色(细胞液∶台盼蓝∶胰蛋白酶按1∶1∶2的比例混合), 每个样品取样3次后取平均值。样品经离心机以1 000 r·min-1离心5 min后, 用25 μm滤芯进行过滤, 过滤后的上清液通过细胞培养生化分析仪测定Glc、乳酸(lactate, Lac)、氨(ammonia, Amm)、谷氨酰胺(glutamine, Gln)、谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu) 等生化代谢数据。
滴度测定  抗体滴度使用液相色谱法进行测量, 需要配置流动相A、流动相B与标准曲线溶液。流动相A: 分别称取二水磷酸二氢钠15.6 g和氯化钠17.5 g, 加入2 000 mL纯化水, 搅拌溶解, 用10 mol·L-1氢氧化钠调pH值到7.0, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后超声即得流动相A。流动相B: 称取甘氨酸7.5 g, 加入1 000 mL纯化水搅拌溶解, 用6 mol·L-1盐酸调整pH到2.5, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后超声即得流动相B。将参比品用流动相A梯度稀释为4、2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 mg·mL-1, 做6点标准曲线, 保证被测样品的浓度应该包含在标准曲线的浓度范围内, 其中以1 mg·mL-1的标准曲线作为系统适用性溶液。若样品预估浓度大于方法线形范围的最高点, 则用流动相A将供试品稀释至线形范围, 记录稀释倍数N, 若供试品预估浓度在方法的线形范围内, 则无需稀释。供试品使用0.22 μm滤膜进行过滤。样品盘温度设定为8 ℃, 柱温设定为30 ℃, 流速设定为3.0 mL·min-1, 进样体积为20 μL, 波长设定为280 nm, 运行时间设定为3 min, 运行时间分别为0、0.05、0.51、1.50、1.51、3.00 min时, 流动相A的比例分别为100%、100%、0%、0%、100%、100%。
建模方法  本研究采用Wang等[20]发表的机理模型, 以Monod方程作为生长代谢模型, 主要描述细胞的生长、死亡及蛋白质表达的动态过程。在模型中, 营养物质的消耗主要包括Glc、Glu和Gln, 用于支持细胞的生长及维持细胞活力, Lac和Amm被认为是抑制细胞生长的因素, 以Michaelis-Menten动力学方程形式进行描述。在微分方程组中[X] 代表活细胞密度; [Glc]、[Glu]、[Gln]、[Lac]、[Amm]、[IgG] 分别代表对应代谢物的浓度;$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{G}} $与$ {k}_{\mathrm{d}} $分别为生长速率与死亡速率, KIGlc、KILac、KIAmm、KIGlu分别为对应代谢物的Monod方程生长常数; KDGlc、KDLac、KDAmm、KDGlu分别为对应代谢物的Monod方程死亡常数; mGlc、mGln、mGlu分别为对应代谢物的维持系数; YFx, Glc、YFx, Amm、YFx, Gln、YFx, Glu、YFLac, Glc、YFGln, Glu为产率系数; kLac、kAmm为消耗速率; KLac、KAmm为米氏常数; Qp, max和KSGln分别为最大比生产速率和饱和常数, 具体模型描述如方程1~9所示:
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[X\right]}{\mathrm{d}t}=\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{G}}-{k}_{\mathrm{d}}\right)\bullet \left[\mathrm{X}\right] $
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}}={\mu }_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\bullet \frac{\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}\right]}{K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}}+\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}\right]}\bullet \frac{\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\right]}{K{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}}+\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\right]}\bullet \\ \frac{K{I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}}}{K{I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}}+\left[\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\right]}\bullet \frac{K{I}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}}{K{I}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}+\left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}{k}_{\mathrm{d}}={k}_{\mathrm{d},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\bullet \frac{K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}}}{K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}}+\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}\right]}\bullet \frac{K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}}}{K{D}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}}+\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\right]}\bullet \\ \frac{\left[\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\right]}{K{D}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}}+\left[\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\right]}\bullet \frac{\left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}{K{D}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}+\left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}\end{array} $
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}\right]}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{t}}=-\left({m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}}+\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{c}}}\right)\bullet \left[\mathrm{X}\right] $
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\right]}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{t}}=-\left({m}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}}+\frac{{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}}}\right)\bullet \left[\mathrm{X}\right] $
$ \begin{aligned}\frac{\mathrm{d}[\mathrm{G} \ln ]}{\mathrm{dt}}= & \left(\left(m_{\mathrm{Glu}}+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y F_{\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{Glu}}}\right) \cdot Y F_{\mathrm{Gln}, \mathrm{Glu}}-\right. \\& \left.\left(m_{\mathrm{Gln}}+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y F_{\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{Gln}}}\right)\right) \cdot[\mathrm{X}]\end{aligned}$
$ \begin{aligned}\frac{\mathrm{d}[\mathrm{Lac}]}{\mathrm{dt}}= & \left(\left(m_{\mathrm{Glc}}+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y F_{\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{Glc}}}\right) \cdot Y F_{\mathrm{Lac}, \mathrm{Glc}}-\right. \\& \left.\frac{k_{\mathrm{Lac}} \cdot[\mathrm{Lac}]}{K_{\mathrm{Lac}}+[\mathrm{Lac}]}\right) \cdot[\mathrm{X}]\end{aligned} $
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{t}}=\left(\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}}}{Y{F}_{\mathrm{x},\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}}-\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}\bullet \left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}{{K}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}+\left[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\right]}\right)\bullet \left[\mathrm{X}\right] $
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{I}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{G}\right]}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{t}}={Q}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\bullet \frac{\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\right]}{K{S}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}}+\left[\mathrm{G}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\right]}\bullet \left[\mathrm{X}\right] $
评价指标  本研究利用ode45函数求解一阶微分方程, 并结合实验数据, 通过智能优化算法拟合求解机理模型参数。模型参数求解与拟合过程基于Matlab_R2022b版本运行, 运行电脑配置为MacBook Pro, 采用2.3 GHz四核Intel Core i5处理器, 内存为8 GB。实验数据包括Vcd、Glc、Lac、Amm、Glu、Gln、IgG及取样时间, 实验数据作模型输入, 并通过最小化测量结果与拟合结果之间的残差拟合25个参数。为消除拟合变量在数量级上的差异对残差的影响, 需要进行归一化处理[7, 20]。变量的拟合性能定义为适应度(fitness), fitness值越小拟合越准确, 为确保Vcd和滴度的拟合优先级, 目标函数设置为拟合度与变量权重乘积的最小和。通过计算决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)[21, 20]和均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)[20, 22]评估拟合与预测性能, 具体评价指标描述如方程10~13所示。
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\widehat{{y}_{i}}\right)}^{2}}{\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\stackrel{-}{y}\right)}^{2}} $
$ \mathrm{F}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{s}}_{j}=\frac{\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\widehat{{y}_{i}}\right)}^{2}}{\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\stackrel{-}{y}\right)}^{2}}=1-{R}^{2} $
$ \mathrm{F}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{s}}_{j}={\sum }_{j}^{7}\left({\omega }_{j}\mathrm{*}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{s}}_{j}\right) $
$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}=\sqrt[]{\frac{\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\widehat{{y}_{i}}\right)}^{2}}{n}} $
GWO是一种群体智能的优化算法, 通过模拟灰狼社会中的捕猎行为进行目标优化, 为解决复杂优化问题提供了创新性方法。GWO的主要特点在于, 通过领导者(alpha、beta、delta) 与追随者(omega) 的分层结构, 动态调整个体位置, 从而在全局搜索与局部开发之间实现有效平衡[23]。近年来, GWO逐步应用于细胞培养等复杂生物过程的机理建模中, 用以解决参数估计这一关键问题。在函数寻优过程中, GWO首先通过数学方法描述狼群的等级结构, 其中, alpha表示适应度排名第一的最优解, beta和delta分别表示排名第二和第三的次优解, 其余可行解由omega表示[24]。与其他群体智能算法类似, GWO以狼群的随机初始化为起点。在多维搜索空间中, 狼群每个成员的位置均以矢量表示。在迭代过程中, 狼群在搜索空间内持续探索、信息交换, 并动态调整其位置。标准GWO流程包括狼群初始化、适应度值计算以及位置矢量的更新等步骤[25], 灰狼算法流程示意图如图1所示。GWO通过以下3个核心步骤来模拟捕猎行为。
包围猎物灰狼通过围捕猎物来缩小捕猎范围, 位置更新公式如方程14~17所示。
$ \overrightarrow{D}=\left|\overrightarrow{C}\cdot {\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{y}}-\overrightarrow{X}\right| $
$ \overrightarrow{X}\left(\mathrm{t}+1\right)={\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{y}}-\overrightarrow{A}\cdot \overrightarrow{D} $
$ \overrightarrow{A}=2\cdot \overrightarrow{a}\cdot {\overrightarrow{r}}_{1}-\overrightarrow{a} $
$ \overrightarrow{C}=2\cdot {\overrightarrow{r}}_{2} $
其中: $ {\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{y}} $是猎物的位置, 视为当前最优解, $ \overrightarrow{X} $是灰狼的位置, $ \overrightarrow{A} $和$ \overrightarrow{C} $是动态系数, 控制灰狼对解空间的探索能力, $ \overrightarrow{a} $是线性递减参数, $ {\overrightarrow{r}}_{1} $和$ {\overrightarrow{r}}_{2} $为随机数。
猎物位置更新为了模拟不同层次个体的协作, GWO分别以α、β和δ 3个位置来指导位置更新, 具体公式如方程18所示。
$ \overrightarrow{X}\left(\mathrm{t}+1\right)=\frac{{\overrightarrow{X}}_{1}+{\overrightarrow{X}}_{2}+{\overrightarrow{X}}_{3}}{3} $
攻击猎物随着搜索迭代的进行, 系数$ \overrightarrow{A} $逐渐减小至0, 使得灰狼从全局搜索转向局部搜索, 从而实现对解的逐步精细化。
改进策略  在初始的3种算法的预实验(PSO、DE、GWO) 中, GWO算法在收敛速度、搜索能力指标上表现最佳, 通过对群智能算法的改进(如优化初始种群、调整迭代公式、增添新策略方法) 可以有效地提升算法的性能, 为进一步提升灰狼算法的优越性, 本研究对其进行了改进和创新。首先, 算法基于线性递减权重策略W引入了一个随迭代次数减少的参数q, 通过动态调整权重和参数的方式[26], 使算法在初期能够保持较大的探索范围以增强全局搜索能力, 而在后期则提高收敛精度, 从而在不同阶段自适应地调整搜索行为, 更好地适应问题特征。其次, 引入了基于莱维飞行的位置更新方法[27], 通过增加随机性和长距离跳跃的特性, 有效提升了搜索过程中的全局探索能力, 使算法能够跳出局部最优解, 从而进一步提高求解效率和优化精度。此外, 改进后的算法在速度更新机制中加入了随机值r1和r2, 这一增强机制使速度更新、更加灵活[28], 能够平衡全局搜索与局部搜索之间的关系, 并且根据当前状态选择是否结合莱维飞行方法, 从而进一步增强搜索的随机性与适应性, 最终显著提升了算法的整体优化性能。
在模型建立阶段, 为评估不同优化算法(PSO、GWO、IGWO、DE) 在细胞培养建模中的性能与算法的差异性, 使用一批3 L的细胞培养数据进行参数拟合与模型建立[16]。为了增加算法的可靠性, 各算法均重复运行了10次, 每次迭代次数(iterations) 固定为100次。Fitness随iterations的变化被可视化, 收敛曲线的结果如图2所示, 当迭代次数达到100时, PSO、DE、GWO和IGWO算法的fitness数值分别为20.79、22.86、19.30、15.35。结果表明, IGWO在优化性能和稳定性方面均优于其他算法; PSO和GWO的优化性能接近IGWO, 但相比之下稍逊一筹; DE的性能明显不如IGWO, 尤其是DE的最终适应度值偏高, 表明其对问题的适应能力较弱; 图2中阴影区域代表的置信带进一步说明, IGWO的结果更稳定。
为了更加直观展示GWO和IGWO在优化过程中粒子(或候选解) 分布的可视化对比, 图中的每个点表示一个候选解, 其颜色深度代表着迭代次数的增加, 而黑点表示的全局最优解(global optimum) 的近似解。GWO粒子的分布范围较广(图3A), 集中性较弱, 说明GWO的收敛能力有限, 尽管部分粒子较接近全局最优解(黑点), 但整体分布较分散, 表明算法可能存在搜索精度不足或收敛不充分的问题。而IGWO粒子分布范围较小(图3B), 明显集中在全局最优解附近, 说明IGWO的收敛性能和搜索精度显著提高, 改进后的IGWO算法显著增强了在优化问题上的表现, 能够更有效地找到全局最优解, 并提升解的质量。
除了不同算法(PSO、DE、GWO、IGWO) 会影响算法性能外, 对IGWO算法中的关键参数进行设置也可优化算法性能, 如狼群规模、搜索速度、迭代次数、初始化狼群位置、搜索步长等。根据结果可以得出: ①狼群规模(图4A) 在适中范围(Num = 90) 时, 算法的拟合性能较高且稳定; 在更小规模(Num = 50) 的情况下, 性能有所下降, 而过大的种群规模(Num > 110) 虽然仍能保持较高性能, 但计算复杂度也会增加; ②搜索速度(图4B) 对fitness值的影响较小, 各值之间差异不显著, 但搜索速度为0.4或0.5时, fitness的波动较大, 说明较小的搜索速度可以获得更加稳定的结果; ③随着最大迭代次数(图4C) 的增加, fitness值明显下降, 且误差波动极大, 幅度减少。较少的迭代次数(iter = 50) 会导致算法的结果不理想, 在iter = 100附近, 算法拟合性已达较优程度, 进一步增加迭代次数虽能略微提升性能, 但计算效率显著降低; ④不同初始种群分布方式(图4D) 对算法性能有显著影响, Random初始化策略表现出更大的波动性, 而其他策略(如Gaussian、Grid、Radial) 则表现得较为稳定, fitness值接近; ⑤步长设置(图4E) 的优化效果相对不明显, 采用Fixed、Decay、Adaptive、Random、Levy等步长设置所得fitness值接近, 说明步长参数的设置对算法结果的影响较弱, 但Levy步长下的fitness值波动较大, 证明其相比于其他步长设置具备一定跳出局部最优的可能性。
IGWO算法改进策略通过动态权重调整机制实现搜索行为的自适应优化, 初期大范围探索避免陷入局部最优解, 后期精细收敛确保高维参数空间的精准定位, 特别适合处理多参数耦合情况; 莱维飞行有效避免局部最优提升算法的全局搜索能力和优化效率, 即使在参数间存在强非线性耦合时仍保持良好搜索效率; 在速度更新中引入随机值r1和r2, 结合莱维飞行策略, 进一步优化搜索的随机性和适应性, 有效平衡全局与局部搜索。为了量化各部分对性能提升的贡献, 对改进策略(动态权重、莱维飞行、随机值) 进行敏感性分析。本研究利用蒙特卡洛模拟这3种改进策略的IGWO算法的寻优结果, 对比GWO的方差和均值变动程度, 判断不同搜索策略对IGWO算法的提升效果, 模拟运行50次(每次迭代100次)。在稳定性评估中(图5A), 3种策略的权重差异显著, 随机值策略以58.91%的权重占比成为主导因素, 表明其对系统稳定性的影响最为关键; 莱维飞行策略的贡献次之; 而动态权重策略呈现异常值为-13.11%, 暗示其参数设置可能对稳定性产生负面影响, 需进一步优化。在平均最优解分析中(图5B), 随机值策略仍以53.08%的权重保持最高; 莱维飞行与动态权重的权重占比趋于接近, 表明两者对优化结果的影响程度相当。
使用IWGO算法对曲妥珠细胞分批补料培养的过程数据进行参数拟合, 虽然细胞生长的培养过程中温度恒定, 但在实际拟合过程中为保证有更好的拟合效果, 仍以D11为界分为两段进行拟合, 25个关键参数均为拟合求解得到[29]。在实际拟合过程, 第一段参数作为起始拟合参数对整体模型的拟合效果和预测精度有重要影响, 因此本文重点对第一段(D0~D11) 进行拟合优化以确保模型能够准确捕捉细胞生长和代谢的主要特征。为减少数量级对拟合效果的影响, 计算过程中细胞密度统一以106为数量级, 代谢物的浓度均以mol·L-1作为单位, 模型参数拟合结果如表1所示。
图6展示了建模批次的实验数据预测结果, 其中黑圆点表示实际取样数据, 蓝圆点为模型预测值, 绿圆点则对应补料操作后的实验数据。对于Vcd和IgG (图6A、G), 模型的预测效果优秀, 曲线与实验数据高度吻合。对于Glc和Glu (图6B、F), 模型较好地反映了补料操作对浓度的影响。然而, 对于Glc而言, 模型预测存在一定偏差, 实际浓度并不会为零。这种偏差主要源于模型参数拟合中的权重调整以及数学公式的过度简化, 这些简化限制了机理模型的预测能力[30]。
对于Lac、Amm、Gln (图6C~E), 模型能够较好地捕捉到整体趋势, 但局部存在一定误差, 这可能是因为模型未能完全反映细胞行为的变化[31], 需要从生化代谢的角度进一步修正模型[32]。此外, 由于取样方法与生化仪采用酶标法的缘故, 存在一定程度的校准误差, 可能会导致模型的拟合结果误差增加。
为验证模型的适用性, 选取了不同起始浓度的培养批次进行模型验证, 评估该模型在其他批次上的预测效果, 采用R2和RMSE作为主要的评价指标, 对不同批次数据的模型性能进行全面评估。建模批次与模型验证批次的主要工艺差别如表2所示, 其中A批次的数据用于参数拟合与模型建立, B批次与A批次工艺相同, 均为1∶1传代接种, 并分别在实验的第2、4、6、8、10、12、14天补料。批次C、D为1∶3传代接种, 初始密度低于A、B批次, 并分别在实验的第3、5、7、9、11、13天补料。
整体来看, 模型的预测能力稳定, 预测值与测量值之间具有较高的一致性。A批次与B批次(图7A、B) 的R2和RMSE结果表明模型的拟合效果较好, 预测值与实际值之间有较高的线性相关性。在C与D批次上(图7C、D), 即使初始接种密度与补料工艺有所变化, 模型仍然保持了较强的预测能力, 表明模型在应对工艺变化时具备高度的稳健性和适应性。
本研究针对曲妥珠单抗细胞培养过程建立了机理模型, 结果表明机理模型可以很好地描述细胞密度、代谢物与产物浓度等随着时间的变化, 并且很好地体现了补料操作带来的浓度变化与影响。在参数估计方面, 创新的IGWO算法在收敛速度、适应度优化及解空间搜索能力方面均优于其他算法, 特别是在平衡全局搜索与局部搜索能力方面表现出色, 为微分方程多参数优化问题提供了新思路。此外, IGWO算法在处理多维、高复杂度的生物过程建模时, 能够高效克服传统算法可能面临的局部最优解和计算效率低下的问题。
但由于在实际培养过程中, 环境变量如pH值、溶氧值、转速、温度的改变[29], 使得机理模型的适用性和泛化能力受到挑战, 纳入环境变量的机理模型[33]或混合模型[34]将是未来更深一步的研究方向。

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2025年第60卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0071
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-30
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    1浙江大学药学院, 药物信息学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058
    2浙江博之锐生物制药有限公司, 浙江 杭州 311404

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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