Article(id=1308455817930363762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=1746547200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889776928, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1752249600000, pubDateStr=2025-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889776928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889776928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889776928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455539181114200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='1965', pageEnd='2374', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752249600000', pubDateStr='2025-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889710469, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789895523604, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308479921307807826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455539181114200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2342, endPage=2351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455818156856179, articleId=1308455817930363762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Investigation of substance analysis and protective effect on obstructive kidney of the active phase of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional Chinese medicine decoction is a polydisperse system composed of multiple phases. On the basis of phase separation, conducting chemical composition analysis and efficacy evaluation are helpful to clarify the transformation rules of the effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the classical prescription, Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction was used as the object to track the real-time change of the particle size of the decoction during the boiling process; different phases were separated by centrifugation and ultrafiltration, and various types of chemical components were analyzed. The therapeutic effect of the decoction and its representative phase was evaluated by establishing an in-house mouse obstructive kidney model. The results showed that the mixing degree of particle size distribution decreased during the boiling process of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, and finally stabilized around 200 nm. After phase separation, small molecules, polysaccharide, protein, lipids, RNAs and other components were mainly distributed in the colloidal phase. The whole decoction and the colloid phase showed almost equal activity in alleviating the process of obstructive renal fibrosis. This investigation further confirmed that the chemical components of different Chinese herbs were redistributed and aggregated in the colloidal phase during the boiling process of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, which became the main form of the whole decoction to play its therapeutic effect. This provides a basis for understanding and exploring traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of phase state. The animal experiment has been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No: 202501A012).

, authors=Xue WU1, 2, Yin-ping MAO1, 2, Dan WANG1, 2, Kun GAO3, Hong-zhi QIAO1, 2, *, Liu-qing DI1, 2, *, authorsList=Xue WU, Yin-ping MAO, Dan WANG, Kun GAO, Hong-zhi QIAO, Liu-qing DI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-zhi QIAO, Liu-qing DI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455819817800580, articleId=1308455817930363762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=苓桂术甘汤活性相态的物质解析及对梗阻肾的保护作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药汤剂是由多重相态构成的多分散体系。在相态拆分基础上开展化学成分解析和药效评价, 有助于明晰中药药效物质的传变规律。本研究以经典方剂苓桂术甘汤为对象, 追踪了煎煮过程中汤液粒径的实时变化; 采用离心和超滤法分离不同相态, 并对其各类型化学成分进行分析; 通过建立小鼠梗阻肾模型, 评价了汤剂及其代表相态的治疗活性。结果显示, 苓桂术甘汤煎煮过程中粒径分布的混杂度下降, 最终稳定在200 nm附近; 经相态分离后, 小分子、多糖、蛋白、脂质、RNA等成分主要分布在胶体相中; 全方和胶体相在减轻梗阻肾纤维化进程方面表现出几乎相当的活性。本研究进一步证实, 苓桂术甘汤煎煮过程中不同药味的化学成分重新分布并聚集于胶体相, 成为全方发挥药效的主要作用形式, 为从相态角度认识和研究中药提供了依据。动物实验获得南京中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: 202501A012)。

, authors=吴雪1, 2, 冒银苹1, 2, 王丹1, 2, 高坤3, 乔宏志1, 2, *, 狄留庆1, 2, *, authorsList=吴雪, 冒银苹, 王丹, 高坤, 乔宏志, 狄留庆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=乔宏志, 狄留庆, authorNote=

作者贡献:

吴雪负责具体实验设计、实施、统计分析和撰写论文; 冒银苹和王丹负责部分实验设计和实施、统计分析结果; 高坤负责对汤剂方义的解析和药效学指导评价; 乔宏志和狄留庆负责研究思路的提出、实验设计与修订论文。

, correspAuthorsNote=
乔宏志, Tel: 86-25-85811050, E-mail:
狄留庆, E-mail:
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CompoundWD/μg·g-1CP/μg·g-1SP/μg·g-1TS/μg·g-1
Cinnamaldehyde97.4459.647.36-
Liquiritin98.7789.811.86-
Cinnamic acid63.3756.851.454.81
Glycyrrhizic acid517.32460.4439.61-
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The contents of cinnamaldehyde, liquiritin, cinnamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid in LGZGD phase states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundWD/μg·g-1CP/μg·g-1SP/μg·g-1TS/μg·g-1
Cinnamaldehyde97.4459.647.36-
Liquiritin98.7789.811.86-
Cinnamic acid63.3756.851.454.81
Glycyrrhizic acid517.32460.4439.61-
), ArticleFig(id=1308497890499199356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455817930363762, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metallic elementWD/μg·g-1CP/μg·g-1SP/μg·g-1TS/μg·g-1
Mg151.75120.007.1411.92
Ca91.0673.5110.3313.36
Mn4.413.710.240.40
Fe3.091.471.550.19
Zn1.560.130.170.06
Cu0.281.300.150.33
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Analysis of metal element content in LGZGD phase states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metallic elementWD/μg·g-1CP/μg·g-1SP/μg·g-1TS/μg·g-1
Mg151.75120.007.1411.92
Ca91.0673.5110.3313.36
Mn4.413.710.240.40
Fe3.091.471.550.19
Zn1.560.130.170.06
Cu0.281.300.150.33
), ArticleFig(id=1308497890704720254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455817930363762, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundWD/mg·g-1CP/mg·g-1SP/mg·g-1TS/mg·g-1
Polysaccharide39.2731.971.501.15
Protein13.788.940.130.15
), ArticleFig(id=1308497890801189247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455817930363762, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The contents of polysaccharide and protein in LGZGD phase states

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CompoundWD/mg·g-1CP/mg·g-1SP/mg·g-1TS/mg·g-1
Polysaccharide39.2731.971.501.15
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苓桂术甘汤活性相态的物质解析及对梗阻肾的保护作用
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吴雪 1, 2 , 冒银苹 1, 2 , 王丹 1, 2 , 高坤 3 , 乔宏志 1, 2, * , 狄留庆 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(7): 2342-2351
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (7) : 2342 -2351
苓桂术甘汤活性相态的物质解析及对梗阻肾的保护作用
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吴雪1, 2, 冒银苹1, 2, 王丹1, 2, 高坤3, 乔宏志1, 2, * , 狄留庆1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏省中药高效给药系统工程技术研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2中药制药过程控制与智能制造技术全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3南京中医药大学附属江苏省中医院肾内科, 江苏 南京 210029
通讯作者:
乔宏志, Tel: 86-25-85811050, E-mail:
狄留庆, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

吴雪负责具体实验设计、实施、统计分析和撰写论文; 冒银苹和王丹负责部分实验设计和实施、统计分析结果; 高坤负责对汤剂方义的解析和药效学指导评价; 乔宏志和狄留庆负责研究思路的提出、实验设计与修订论文。

Investigation of substance analysis and protective effect on obstructive kidney of the active phase of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction
Xue WU1, 2, Yin-ping MAO1, 2, Dan WANG1, 2, Kun GAO3, Hong-zhi QIAO1, 2, * , Liu-qing DI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3Division of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
出版时间: 2025-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0038
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中药汤剂是由多重相态构成的多分散体系。在相态拆分基础上开展化学成分解析和药效评价, 有助于明晰中药药效物质的传变规律。本研究以经典方剂苓桂术甘汤为对象, 追踪了煎煮过程中汤液粒径的实时变化; 采用离心和超滤法分离不同相态, 并对其各类型化学成分进行分析; 通过建立小鼠梗阻肾模型, 评价了汤剂及其代表相态的治疗活性。结果显示, 苓桂术甘汤煎煮过程中粒径分布的混杂度下降, 最终稳定在200 nm附近; 经相态分离后, 小分子、多糖、蛋白、脂质、RNA等成分主要分布在胶体相中; 全方和胶体相在减轻梗阻肾纤维化进程方面表现出几乎相当的活性。本研究进一步证实, 苓桂术甘汤煎煮过程中不同药味的化学成分重新分布并聚集于胶体相, 成为全方发挥药效的主要作用形式, 为从相态角度认识和研究中药提供了依据。动物实验获得南京中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: 202501A012)。

苓桂术甘汤  /  相态  /  药效物质解析  /  胶体相  /  单侧输尿管梗阻  /  肾纤维化  /  结构中药学

Traditional Chinese medicine decoction is a polydisperse system composed of multiple phases. On the basis of phase separation, conducting chemical composition analysis and efficacy evaluation are helpful to clarify the transformation rules of the effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the classical prescription, Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction was used as the object to track the real-time change of the particle size of the decoction during the boiling process; different phases were separated by centrifugation and ultrafiltration, and various types of chemical components were analyzed. The therapeutic effect of the decoction and its representative phase was evaluated by establishing an in-house mouse obstructive kidney model. The results showed that the mixing degree of particle size distribution decreased during the boiling process of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, and finally stabilized around 200 nm. After phase separation, small molecules, polysaccharide, protein, lipids, RNAs and other components were mainly distributed in the colloidal phase. The whole decoction and the colloid phase showed almost equal activity in alleviating the process of obstructive renal fibrosis. This investigation further confirmed that the chemical components of different Chinese herbs were redistributed and aggregated in the colloidal phase during the boiling process of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, which became the main form of the whole decoction to play its therapeutic effect. This provides a basis for understanding and exploring traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of phase state. The animal experiment has been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No: 202501A012).

Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction  /  phase state  /  pharmacodynamic substance analysis  /  colloidal phase  /  unilateral ureteral obstruction  /  renal fibrosis  /  structural Chinese medicine
吴雪, 冒银苹, 王丹, 高坤, 乔宏志, 狄留庆. 苓桂术甘汤活性相态的物质解析及对梗阻肾的保护作用. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2342 -2351 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0038
Xue WU, Yin-ping MAO, Dan WANG, Kun GAO, Hong-zhi QIAO, Liu-qing DI. Investigation of substance analysis and protective effect on obstructive kidney of the active phase of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (7) : 2342 -2351 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0038
中药汤剂在煎煮过程中常涉及一系列复杂的物理化学变化, 最终形成一个包括真溶液、胶体、脂滴、混悬液等组成的多相态分散体系[1]。近年来, 关于多相态体系的分离表征、相态形成与传变机制的解析、成分-相态-药效的关联评价等研究成为行业热点, 汤剂这个传统的中药“黑箱”正逐渐被揭开。
研究表明, 不同方剂的汤液存在独特的“相”基础, 可被差速离心、透析等方法拆分成若干相态[2-4]。中药化学成分在煎煮过程中溶出并在空间上重新分配, 是形成差异化相态的化学基础。多个独立的研究结果表明, 相较于单一或有限化学成分, 复方汤剂的药效与特定相态间有更强的相关性和排他性。Lü等[5]通过差速离心和透析法分离白虎汤, 发现100 nm左右的胶体相态具有与全方相当的解热效果。Zhu等[6]通过差速离心的方法将麻杏石甘汤分离成不同相态, 并证明了经13 500 ×g离心得到的S-13500相态具最佳抗菌活性, 且主要有机成分及无机成分均分布于此相态。另外, 有学者发现葛根芩连汤中的沉淀相具有降血糖和抗氧化活性, 去除沉淀相会影响药效, 表明沉淀相是汤剂的药效物质基础[7, 8]。由此可见, 不同方剂煎液的活性相态并不相同, 这是由其化学组成和煎制过程的成分再分配决定的。目前, 汤剂中相态的成分分析和形成机制研究主要集中在小分子层面, 但对其中所含的各类初级代谢产物还鲜有涉及。然而, 无论是从组成含量、相态形成机制和起效层面, 这类成分都不容忽视。
苓桂术甘汤(Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan Decoction, LGZGD) 是经典的温化水饮方剂, 始载于张仲景的《金匮要略》, 由茯苓、桂枝、白术、甘草4味药组成[9, 10]。现代药理研究表明, 该方在治疗肾病综合征、糖尿病肾病等方面具有较好疗效[11-13]。但目前对苓桂术甘汤药理作用的研究主要以整方为主, 其具体起效部位和药效物质还有待进一步探索。本研究首先采用差速离心结合超滤的方法分离苓桂术甘汤不同相态, 对其中各类化学成分进行分析, 并建立小鼠单侧输尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction, UUO) 模型评价其改善效果, 旨在探索苓桂术甘汤多成分的相态分布特征及其药效关联性, 为明确中药多成分传变规律和整体起效的物质基础提供数据参考。
药品与试剂  茯苓(批号: 2208060)、桂枝(批号: 240501)、白术(批号: 240301)、甘草(批号: 2310114), 上述饮片均购自北京同仁堂; 肉桂酸(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: 6648, 上海诗丹德标准技术服务有限公司); 甘草酸(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: A12HS191107)、甘草苷(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: ZO7J12X136344)、葡萄糖(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: N03IB230669) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 肉桂醛(纯度≥ 98%, 批号: MUST24092011, 曼斯特生物技术有限公司); 乙腈(色谱级, 批号: 24066131, 霍尼韦尔国际公司); 磷酸(色谱级, 批号: 20231008)、苯酚(分析级, 20230718)、浓硫酸(分析级, 批号: 20210530) 购自国药集团化学试剂公司; 缬沙坦(批号: MB1341-1, 大连美仑生物技术有限公司); 血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN) 试剂盒(批号: 20240113)、肌酐(creatinine, CRE) 试剂盒(批号: 20240219)、羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline, HYP) 试剂盒(批号: 20240228) 购自南京建成生物科技有限公司; BCA蛋白检测试剂盒(批号: Z928241113, 上海碧云天生物科技有限公司); 超纯水(Milli-Q超纯水仪制备, 电阻率: 18.2 MΩ·cm)。
仪器  超纯水仪(型号: Milli-Q, 美国Millipore公司); 纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪(型号: Nanosight NS300, 英国Malvern公司); 十万分之一分析天平(型号: FA1204B, 上海精密科学仪器公司); 高速冷冻离心机(型号: TGL-16M, 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); 高效液相色谱仪(型号: Waters 2695, 美国Waters公司); 酶标仪(型号: Synergy H1, 美国BioTek公司)。
实验动物  健康ICR雄性小鼠(20~25 g, SPF级), 由江苏华创信诺医药科技有限公司提供, 许可证号: SCXK (苏) 2020-0009。本实验中所有实验动物均饲养于南京中医药大学实验动物中心, 温度为22 ± 2 ℃, 相对湿度为(50 ± 10)%, 12/12 h明暗交替, 小鼠自由饮水摄食。本实验获得南京中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(No: 202501A012)。
苓桂术甘汤的制备  取茯苓120 g、桂枝90 g、白术90 g、甘草60 g, 加超纯水2 400 mL浸泡30 min, 武火煮沸后文火煎煮70 min, 并分别于煮沸后10、40、70 min各取溶液2 mL, 调整浓度至每毫升109个, 通过纳米颗粒跟踪分析(nanoparticle tracking analysis, NTA) 测定其粒径, 在25 ℃条件下平行测定3次, 计算平均值。煎煮结束后通过纱布过滤得“全方水煎液(whole decoction, WD)”。
苓桂术甘汤的相态分离  WD在600 ×g离心10 min, 收集沉淀物并重悬, 所得样品命名为“混悬相(suspension phase, SP)”。将上清液转移至含3 kDa超滤膜的超滤杯中超滤30 min, 收集透过超滤膜的液体, 命名为“真溶液(true solution, TS)”, 将超滤杯中液体于10 000 ×g离心30 min, 上清液命名为“胶体相(colloid phase, CP)”, 少量沉淀物分散并掺入SP中(图1)。
小分子成分分析  采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 测定桂皮醛、肉桂酸、甘草酸、甘草苷的含量。称取适量桂皮醛对照品溶于甲醇, 制备桂皮醛对照品溶液; 称取适量甘草苷、肉桂酸、甘草酸对照品溶于甲醇, 制备混合对照品溶液, 分别取WD、SP、TS、CP适量, 加入等体积甲醇稀释, 离心, 过0.22 μm滤膜得供试品溶液。桂皮醛含量测定条件如下: 色谱柱为X-bridge C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相为超纯水(A)∶乙腈(B) = 40%∶60%; 流速: 1 mL·min-1, 检测波长: 290 nm; 柱温: 30 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL。肉桂酸、甘草酸、甘草苷含量测定条件如下: 色谱柱为X-bridge C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相为0.1%磷酸水(A)-乙腈(B), 洗脱梯度: 0~10 min, 15%~23% B; 10~25 min, 23%~40% B; 25~30 min, 40%~43% B; 30~35 min, 43%~45% B; 35~40 min, 45%~100% B; 流速: 1 mL·min-1, 检测波长: 237和290 nm; 柱温: 30 ℃; 进样量: 20 μL。
无机元素分析  通过电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS) 对各相态无机元素含量进行测定。准确移取样品, 于电热板上低温加热, 待蒸发至近干时加入10 mL硝酸溶液, 加热蒸至近黏稠状, 继续加入5 mL超纯水, 待蒸发至近干时取下冷却, 用超纯水冲洗烧杯, 并定容至10 mL, 摇匀后检测。
初级代谢产物的分析  以修正的苯酚硫酸法测定苓桂术甘汤及各相态的多糖含量[14]。采用BCA蛋白检测试剂盒测定苓桂术甘汤各相态的蛋白含量, 并用SDS-PAGE分析蛋白的组成和分子质量[15]。采用氯仿-甲醇溶剂系统提取苓桂术甘汤及各相态的总脂质并在硅胶薄层板上进行分离[16, 17]。采用Trizol法提取苓桂术甘汤及各相态的RNA, 并在2.5%琼脂糖凝胶上进行分离[18]。
UUO模型建立及动物分组  30只ICR小鼠(雄性, 20~25 g) 随机分为6组: 假手术组(Sham)、模型组(UUO)、缬沙坦组(valsartan, 20 mg·kg-1)、WD组、CP组和WD缺CP组均折合生药3 g·kg-1。采用单侧输尿管结扎建立小鼠UUO模型[19]。小鼠腹部消毒麻醉, 通过侧方切口暴露左肾和输尿管, 左侧输尿管用5-0缝合线分两点结扎, 并在结扎线之间剪断, 创面分层缝合。假手术组小鼠暴露输尿管但不结扎。小鼠术前7天灌胃给药, 术后连续给药21天, 对照组和模型组小鼠给予相同剂量的生理盐水。术后第21天, 每只小鼠提前1天放入代谢笼中, 收集24 h尿液。术后第22天麻醉小鼠后从眼眶静脉丛采血。处死小鼠后在冰上无菌解剖结扎的肾脏, 一半组织用4%多聚甲醛固定, 另一半保存在-80 ℃以供后续实验[20]。
苓桂术甘汤改善梗阻性肾纤维化进程  以小鼠结扎侧肾脏重量除以小鼠体重计算肾脏指数[20]。通过检测肾组织和尿液中HYP含量评估胶原蛋白蓄积[21]。通过检测小鼠BUN、尿液尿素氮(urine urea nitrogen, UUN)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)、尿液肌酐(urine creatinine, UCr)、血清与尿中的蛋白评价肾小球滤过功能[22]。将小鼠肾组织经石蜡包埋、切片进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE) 和Masson染色, 以评估组织学变化和纤维化。采用免疫组化分析小鼠肾组织中纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin, FN) 和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA) 的表达[23]。
统计学分析  实验数据采用平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 以GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计学分析。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
中药煎煮过程化学成分迅速迁移并发生互作转化形成不同相态, 最终达到热力学平衡。利用NTA技术对该过程中的颗粒进行示踪, 可以获得汤液中的相态变化。由图2A可知, 苓桂术甘汤煎煮10 min时, 水煎液中的粒径呈多分散状态, 分布在100~700 nm的较宽区域; 煮沸40 min后, 粒径分布变化明显并有集中趋势(图2B); 煮沸70 min后, 粒径分布进一步收窄, 并在200 nm附近浓集(图2C); 继续延长煎煮时间粒径分布无明显变化, 表明体系达到平衡状态。目前中药汤剂的最佳煎煮时间并无定论, 以有效成分的最大溶出为依据存在多成分最大溶出不统一的问题。本实验表明, 随着煎煮时间的延长, 颗粒的多分散性降低, 粒径分布变窄并最终趋于稳定, 为中药煎煮时间的判定提供了新参照。对苓桂术甘汤进行相态分离, 所得各相态外观存在明显差异。从图3可以观察到WD呈褐色的浑浊状态; CP呈棕黄色, 透光性较好, 有丁达尔效应; TS为澄明液体; SP为棕色浑浊液, 静置沉降明显。
根据2020版《中华人民共和国药典》, 选取4味中药项下含量测定的指标性成分, 即桂枝中的桂皮醛, 甘草中的甘草酸、甘草苷, 同时补充了茯苓、桂枝、白术中的代表成分茯苓酸、肉桂酸及白术内酯, 共同作为检测对象。但水煎液中未检测到茯苓酸和白术内酯, 其余成分的定量分析结果如图4所示。桂皮醛、甘草苷、肉桂酸和甘草酸含量分别在6.25~100.00、9.38~150.00、1.66~26.50和43.13~690.00 μg·mL-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。然而不同相态的成分含量存在显著差异(表1)。4种成分主要分布在CP中, SP和TS中几乎不含有上述4种成分。说明在汤液煎煮过程中, 小分子成分重新分布形成了不同相态。
ICP-MS结果表明苓桂术甘汤中含有多种无机元素[24], 其中Mg、Ca含量最高(表2)。不同元素的分布呈现一定的相态选择性。Mg、Ca、Mn、Cu 4种元素在CP中有明显富集, 相较WD的富集率分别为79%、81%、84%和464%, 而Fe、Zn在SP和CP中含量相当。金属元素的选择性富集可能与其不同的亲和配体及聚集形式有关。
通过苯酚硫酸法测定苓桂术甘汤及各相态中多糖含量, 结果显示WD中多糖含量达到39.27 mg·g-1。相态分离后, 多糖主要分布于CP中(表3)。文献[25-27]表明, 茯苓、白术和甘草含有较多多糖成分, 可能是汤剂中多糖的主要来源。BCA法和SDS-PAGE被用来检测苓桂术甘汤及各相态中的蛋白含量, 结果表明, WD和CP中含有蛋白成分, 而其他相态含量很低, 且蛋白主要分布在50~75 kDa (图5A, 表3)。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示, 苓桂术甘汤中存在小尺寸的RNA, 在经过相态分离后也主要集中在CP中。P188/RNase处理后, WD与CP中条带消失, 表明苓桂术甘汤中RNA的存在(图5B)。薄层色谱(thin layer chromatography, TLC) 分析显示, 苓桂术甘汤中存在不同的脂质种类(图5C), 且主要存在于CP中(图5D)。
苓桂术甘汤具有健脾、利湿、化痰的功效, 已有较多临床病例研究证实苓桂术甘汤可用于治疗慢性肾病[28, 29], 而肾纤维化是进行性慢性肾病多种表现的必然结果[30], 因此选择UUO模型来评价苓桂术甘汤的疗效。
肾脏外观图显示, Sham组小鼠肾脏形态规整, 呈红褐色, 而UUO组小鼠肾组织体积明显增大, 呈囊状, 表明出现肾损伤情况。经缬沙坦、WD和CP治疗后, 小鼠肾损伤有不同程度的减轻(图6A), 肾脏指数降低(P < 0.01, 图6B)。而WD缺CP组无明显治疗作用。图6C显示了接受不同治疗方式小鼠的体重变化。UUO手术明显引起动物体重暂时性下降, 但随后恢复并出现平稳增长; Sham组、WD组和CP组体重增长高于UUO组和WD缺CP组。
HYP是胶原蛋白的重要组成成分, 而胶原蛋白过度蓄积会引发纤维化, 因此常将小鼠肾组织中的HYP含量作为肾纤维化的评价指标。从图7A可以看出, 与Sham组相比, UUO组小鼠的肾组织中HYP明显升高, 这表明胶原蛋白的蓄积。与UUO组相比, 缬沙坦组、WD组和CP组小鼠的肾组织中的HYP出现明显降低(P < 0.001), 而WD缺CP组的HYP并未降低(P > 0.05), 表明本方能降低胶原蛋白蓄积, 其有效部位为CP。另外, 与UUO组相比, 缬沙坦组、WD组、CP组和WD缺CP组小鼠尿液中HYP含量均有不同程度升高(P < 0.01), 特别是中药组升高显著(图7B)。已知HYP主要通过尿液排出, 上述结果提示中药可能加速了HYP的排泄。
在UUO模型中, 肾小球滤过功能受损会导致BUN和SCr无法排出而升高, 因此常用BUN和SCr作为肾小球滤过功能的评价指标。图7C、D显示, UUO组的小鼠的BUN和SCr明显高于Sham组, 表明UUO组小鼠肾小球滤过功能受损。经缬沙坦、WD和CP治疗后, 小鼠的BUN和SCr明显降低(P < 0.001), 表明肾小球滤过功能的改善, 而WD缺CP组未表现出明显的治疗效果(P > 0.05)。图7E、F显示, 与Sham组相比, UUO组小鼠的UUN和UCr明显降低(P < 0.001)。与UUO组相比, WD组和CP组小鼠的UUN和UCr明显升高(P < 0.001), 表明二者从尿液中顺利排泄, 而给药WD缺CP对小鼠UUN和UCr含量无明显影响(P > 0.05)。另外, 经缬沙坦治疗后小鼠的UCr出现明显升高(P < 0.05), 而UUN无明显差异(P > 0.05), 这可能提示在严重肾损伤情况下, 缬沙坦的治疗效果有限, 提示临床开展多指标监测并采取针对治疗措施的必要性。
血清蛋白水平下降和尿蛋白含量升高是肾损伤的重要标志。图7G、H反映了各组小鼠中二者的含量变化。与Sham组相比, UUO组小鼠的血清蛋白含量显著降低, 尿蛋白含量升高(P < 0.001)。经WD和CP治疗后, 小鼠的血清和尿蛋白水平趋于正常(P < 0.001)。而缬沙坦组和WD缺CP组小鼠的血清蛋白相对于UUO组升高(P < 0.01), 但尿蛋白无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 表明肾损伤的状况并未得到改善。
将肾脏切片进行HE和Masson染色, 以评估肾组织的病理情况。HE染色显示, Sham组小鼠肾组织结构完整, 形态正常, 无明显病变情况; UUO组小鼠肾组织出现了空泡、肾小球萎缩等病变情况, 在经过WD和CP治疗后, 肾组织病变情况得到改善(图8A)。图8B为小鼠肾小管评分, 结果显示相比于UUO组, WD组和CP组小鼠的肾小管损伤情况减轻(P < 0.001), 缬沙坦与WD缺CP对肾小管损伤并无明显改善作用(P > 0.05)。Masson染色显示, Sham组小鼠肾组织的蓝色胶原纤维沉积较少, 而UUO组小鼠肾间质纤维化情况较严重。经缬沙坦、WD和CP治疗后, 小鼠肾组织的纤维化情况得到显著改善(P < 0.01), 而WD缺CP组却未表现出明显治疗效果(P > 0.05, 图8C)。
FN和α-SMA在肾纤维化形成过程中起重要作用, 因此将FN和α-SMA在肾脏中的表达作为评价小鼠肾纤维化的指标。图8A的免疫组化结果表明, 与Sham组相比, UUO组小鼠肾组织FN和α-SMA阳性表达显著升高(P < 0.001), 经过WD和CP治疗后的小鼠肾组织FN和α-SMA阳性表达均降低(P < 0.001), 证明WD和CP可以改善小鼠肾纤维化。而缬沙坦组小鼠肾组织FN和α-SMA阳性表达与UUO组无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 表明缬沙坦对严重肾纤维化的治疗效果有限, 同时WD缺CP组也未表现出明显改善小鼠肾纤维化的作用(图8D、E)。
以上结果表明, 苓桂术甘汤的胶体相具有与全汤相当的药理作用, 证实胶体相是苓桂术甘汤的活性相态。现有研究[20, 31]表明, 中药多糖可通过多种途径抑制肾纤维化进程。苓桂术甘汤中不仅多糖含量高, 还含有桂皮醛、甘草酸、甘草苷等小分子化合物, 这些成分在改善肾损伤方面均具有一定疗效[32-34]。前述成分分析已经表明这些成分在煎煮过程中会发生重新分布, 并主要富集于胶体相中。因此, 胶体相表现出的显著治疗效果与其成分的分布存在一定关联性。
本文研究了经典方剂苓桂术甘汤煎煮过程中的相态形成现象及其化学成分迁移规律, 证明多种初级和次级代谢产物发生重分布, 并主要富集于胶体相中。UUO小鼠药效学评价显示, 胶体相能改善肾病综合征指标, 延缓肾纤维化进程, 且活性与全汤相当。表明胶体相是苓桂术甘汤的活性相态, 而这与汤剂煎煮过程中多类型成分的聚集有关, 呈现出“相态-成分-药效”的关联性。
中药方剂的传统研究主要聚焦于个别有限成分及其药理活性[35-37], 常常忽视成分的存在形式、互作规律和传递过程, 导致中药汤剂多分散体系的科学内涵始终未被阐释。“结构中药学”理论认为中药包括复方制剂的药效发挥不是唯成分的, 还与成分的物相状态有关, 后者直接影响活性成分的吸收、分布和效应的协同或拮抗[38], 大量实验研究也印证了这一思想。目前该领域的研究策略主要有两种。一是对汤剂不同相态进行分离、成分鉴定和活性评价, 开展自上而下的研究。该策略能较好地关联汤剂相态与活性的关系, 但对活性相态的具体构成形式与形成机制尚未明确阐明; 另一策略是以具体活性成分入手, 通过分子组装、构象表征和活性验证, 开展自下而上的研究, 该策略能较清晰展示化学成分的互作形式与聚集行为, 但有限成分组装形成的聚集态是否能反映汤剂有效相态还有待考量。特别是体外制备的小分子聚集态往往难以耐受胃肠道剧烈的pH变化与生物分子扰动, 对中药聚集态体内的真实反映有一定局限性。本研究从苓桂术甘汤全方出发, 监测煎煮过程中的相态变化规律, 并对相态初级和次级代谢产物进行了较全面的分析, 为后续多成分互作与转运研究提供数据支持。体内药效学评价证实了相态、成分与药效的初步关系, 为揭示其内在机制提供了线索。本研究进一步支持了中药复方汤剂多分散体系及其特定相态对药效发挥的重要作用, 而阐明活性相态的具体形式与形成机制, 揭示其体内外作用规律是未来需要重点突破的方向。

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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0038
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
  • 修回日期:2025-05-07
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    1南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏省中药高效给药系统工程技术研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    2中药制药过程控制与智能制造技术全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210023
    3南京中医药大学附属江苏省中医院肾内科, 江苏 南京 210029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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