Article(id=1190373730548290072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736006400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-05, revisedDate=1740153600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813437, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1555, endPage=1561, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373730825114138, articleId=1190373730548290072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on enhancing ASNase catalytic activity using directed evolution coupled with bacterial growth strategy, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-Asparaginase (ASNase), an aminohydrolase, is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among its various sources, Escherichia coli K12-derived EcASNase has been employed as a clinical drug for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the limited catalytic activity and stability of EcASNase have restricted its broader application in medicine and food processing. In this study, a random mutagenesis library was constructed via error-prone PCR, followed by high-throughput screening using a coupled bacterial growth strategy. Three positive mutants with enhanced activity were identified: G38S, Q212Y, and S274P, exhibiting activities 1.4-, 1.1-, and 1.2-fold higher than the wild type (WT), respectively. Saturation mutagenesis libraries were subsequently generated for positions 38, 212, and 274, leading to the identification of mutants G38A, G38S, G38Q and G38V, with kcat/Km values 1.7-, 1.5-, 2.1-, and 2.2-fold higher than WT, respectively. Among these, G38V emerged as the most active mutant, with a Tm value increased by 8.4 ℃ compared to WT. Combination mutations, such as G38V/Q212F and G38V/S274P, failed to yield further activity improvements. This research elucidates the contributions of critical residues to the enzyme's activity and stability, providing novel insights into the rational design and development of therapeutic enzymes.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-fei ZHANG, De-hong YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen-yu WANG, Li-xia ZONG, Shuai FAN, Zhi-fei ZHANG, De-hong YU, Zhao-yong YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374153485128544, articleId=1190373730548290072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=定向进化偶联菌体生长策略提高L-天冬酰胺酶催化活性的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-天冬酰胺酶(L-asparaginase, ASNase) 是一种氨基水解酶, 被广泛应用在医药和食品领域。其中, 来源于Escherichia coli K12的EcASNase已被用作治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL) 的临床药物。但EcASNase较低的催化活性和稳定性限制了其在医药和食品等领域的应用。本研究通过易错PCR构建随机突变文库, 结合偶联菌体生长的高通量筛选策略, 筛选获得了三个活性提高的阳性突变体G38S、Q212Y、S274P, 其活性分别是野生型(WT) 的1.4、1.1和1.2倍。随后对38、212、274位点构建了饱和突变文库并进行了筛选, 获得了活性提高的突变体G38A、G38S、G38Q、G38V, 其kcat/Km值分别是WT的1.7、1.5、2.1和2.2倍, 活性最优突变体G38V的Tm值较WT提高8.4 ℃, 对上述突变体进行组合突变, 突变体G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的活性未能进一步提高。本研究不仅阐明了关键位点对酶活性和稳定性的贡献, 还为治疗性酶的设计与开发提供了新思路。

, correspAuthors=张志斐, 于德红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张志斐, E-mail:
于德红, E-mail:
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Primer name Primer sequence (5′-3′)
EcAsparaginase-F GAAGGAGATATACATATGGAGTTTTTTAAAAAAACC
EcAsparaginase-R GTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGATACTGATTAAAAATCTG
G38-F ACCATTGCAGGTNNKGGTGATAGCGCA
G38-R TGCGCTATCACCMNNACCTGCAATGGT
Q212-F AAAATTGACTACNNKCGCACCCCGGCA
Q212-R TGCCGGGGTGCGMNNGTAGTCAATTTT
S274-F AATCTGTATAAANNKGTGTTCGACACC
S274-R GGTGTCGAACACMNNTTTATACAGATT
G38V-F ACCATTGCAGGTGTCGGTGATAGCGCA
G38V-R GACACCTGCAATGGTACCACCGGTTGC
Q212F-F AAAATTGACTACTTTCGCACCCCGGCA
Q212F-R AAAGTAGTCAATTTTACCGTTATGAAT
S274P-F AATCTGTATAAACCCGTGTTCGACACC
S274P-R GGGTTTATACAGATTACCATTACCAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1190694676396130611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373730548290072, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study. M=A or C; N=A, C, G, or T; K=G or T

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Primer name Primer sequence (5′-3′)
EcAsparaginase-F GAAGGAGATATACATATGGAGTTTTTTAAAAAAACC
EcAsparaginase-R GTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGATACTGATTAAAAATCTG
G38-F ACCATTGCAGGTNNKGGTGATAGCGCA
G38-R TGCGCTATCACCMNNACCTGCAATGGT
Q212-F AAAATTGACTACNNKCGCACCCCGGCA
Q212-R TGCCGGGGTGCGMNNGTAGTCAATTTT
S274-F AATCTGTATAAANNKGTGTTCGACACC
S274-R GGTGTCGAACACMNNTTTATACAGATT
G38V-F ACCATTGCAGGTGTCGGTGATAGCGCA
G38V-R GACACCTGCAATGGTACCACCGGTTGC
Q212F-F AAAATTGACTACTTTCGCACCCCGGCA
Q212F-R AAAGTAGTCAATTTTACCGTTATGAAT
S274P-F AATCTGTATAAACCCGTGTTCGACACC
S274P-R GGGTTTATACAGATTACCATTACCAAC
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Enzyme kcat/s-1 Km/mmol·L-1 kcat/Km /s-1·mmol-1·L
WT 17.55 ± 1.24 5.79 ± 1.42 3.03
G38A 34.07 ± 3.86 6.60 ± 2.51 5.16
G38T 22.78 ± 1.68 9.79 ± 2.19 2.33
G38S 23.61 ± 2.56 5.22 ± 2.17 4.52
G38Q 38.32 ± 4.37 6.01 ± 2.36 6.38
G38V 39.21 ± 4.10 6.02 ± 2.17 6.51
Q212Y 18.04 ± 1.20 6.67 ± 1.49 2.70
Q212F 22.12 ± 0.91 10.22 ± 1.39 2.16
S274P 21.32 ± 1.91 6.78 ± 2.03 3.14
G38V/Q212F 39.37 ± 2.32 7.13 ± 1.38 5.52
G38V/S274P 36.71 ± 2.33 6.14 ± 1.33 5.97
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Kinetic parameters of WT and its mutants. n = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$

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Enzyme kcat/s-1 Km/mmol·L-1 kcat/Km /s-1·mmol-1·L
WT 17.55 ± 1.24 5.79 ± 1.42 3.03
G38A 34.07 ± 3.86 6.60 ± 2.51 5.16
G38T 22.78 ± 1.68 9.79 ± 2.19 2.33
G38S 23.61 ± 2.56 5.22 ± 2.17 4.52
G38Q 38.32 ± 4.37 6.01 ± 2.36 6.38
G38V 39.21 ± 4.10 6.02 ± 2.17 6.51
Q212Y 18.04 ± 1.20 6.67 ± 1.49 2.70
Q212F 22.12 ± 0.91 10.22 ± 1.39 2.16
S274P 21.32 ± 1.91 6.78 ± 2.03 3.14
G38V/Q212F 39.37 ± 2.32 7.13 ± 1.38 5.52
G38V/S274P 36.71 ± 2.33 6.14 ± 1.33 5.97
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Enzyme Tm/℃
WT 45.09 ± 0.11
G38A 53.59 ± 0.02
G38T 44.64 ± 0.03
G38S 44.46 ± 0.25
G38Q 53.50 ± 0.21
G38V 53.45 ± 0.02
Q212Y 51.72 ± 0.02
Q212F 53.98 ± 0.05
S274P 45.36 ± 0.04
G38V/Q212F 51.00 ± 0.02
G38V/S274P 50.99 ± 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1190694677436318015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373730548290072, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Tm of WT and its mutants. n = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Enzyme Tm/℃
WT 45.09 ± 0.11
G38A 53.59 ± 0.02
G38T 44.64 ± 0.03
G38S 44.46 ± 0.25
G38Q 53.50 ± 0.21
G38V 53.45 ± 0.02
Q212Y 51.72 ± 0.02
Q212F 53.98 ± 0.05
S274P 45.36 ± 0.04
G38V/Q212F 51.00 ± 0.02
G38V/S274P 50.99 ± 0.07
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定向进化偶联菌体生长策略提高L-天冬酰胺酶催化活性的研究
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王晨宇 1 , 宗丽霞 1 , 樊帅 2 , 张志斐 1, * , 于德红 1, * , 杨兆勇 2
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1555-1561
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1555-1561
定向进化偶联菌体生长策略提高L-天冬酰胺酶催化活性的研究
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王晨宇1, 宗丽霞1, 樊帅2, 张志斐1, * , 于德红1, * , 杨兆勇2
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学药学院, 河北 唐山 063000
  • 2.中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张志斐, E-mail:
于德红, E-mail:
Study on enhancing ASNase catalytic activity using directed evolution coupled with bacterial growth strategy
Chen-yu WANG1, Li-xia ZONG1, Shuai FAN2, Zhi-fei ZHANG1, * , De-hong YU1, * , Zhao-yong YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
  • 2. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0010
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L-天冬酰胺酶(L-asparaginase, ASNase) 是一种氨基水解酶, 被广泛应用在医药和食品领域。其中, 来源于Escherichia coli K12的EcASNase已被用作治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL) 的临床药物。但EcASNase较低的催化活性和稳定性限制了其在医药和食品等领域的应用。本研究通过易错PCR构建随机突变文库, 结合偶联菌体生长的高通量筛选策略, 筛选获得了三个活性提高的阳性突变体G38S、Q212Y、S274P, 其活性分别是野生型(WT) 的1.4、1.1和1.2倍。随后对38、212、274位点构建了饱和突变文库并进行了筛选, 获得了活性提高的突变体G38A、G38S、G38Q、G38V, 其kcat/Km值分别是WT的1.7、1.5、2.1和2.2倍, 活性最优突变体G38V的Tm值较WT提高8.4 ℃, 对上述突变体进行组合突变, 突变体G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的活性未能进一步提高。本研究不仅阐明了关键位点对酶活性和稳定性的贡献, 还为治疗性酶的设计与开发提供了新思路。

天冬酰胺酶  /  定向进化  /  高通量筛选  /  酶动力学

L-Asparaginase (ASNase), an aminohydrolase, is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Among its various sources, Escherichia coli K12-derived EcASNase has been employed as a clinical drug for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the limited catalytic activity and stability of EcASNase have restricted its broader application in medicine and food processing. In this study, a random mutagenesis library was constructed via error-prone PCR, followed by high-throughput screening using a coupled bacterial growth strategy. Three positive mutants with enhanced activity were identified: G38S, Q212Y, and S274P, exhibiting activities 1.4-, 1.1-, and 1.2-fold higher than the wild type (WT), respectively. Saturation mutagenesis libraries were subsequently generated for positions 38, 212, and 274, leading to the identification of mutants G38A, G38S, G38Q and G38V, with kcat/Km values 1.7-, 1.5-, 2.1-, and 2.2-fold higher than WT, respectively. Among these, G38V emerged as the most active mutant, with a Tm value increased by 8.4 ℃ compared to WT. Combination mutations, such as G38V/Q212F and G38V/S274P, failed to yield further activity improvements. This research elucidates the contributions of critical residues to the enzyme's activity and stability, providing novel insights into the rational design and development of therapeutic enzymes.

asparaginase  /  directed evolution  /  high-throughput screening  /  enzyme dynamics
王晨宇, 宗丽霞, 樊帅, 张志斐, 于德红, 杨兆勇. 定向进化偶联菌体生长策略提高L-天冬酰胺酶催化活性的研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1555 -1561 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0010
Chen-yu WANG, Li-xia ZONG, Shuai FAN, Zhi-fei ZHANG, De-hong YU, Zhao-yong YANG. Study on enhancing ASNase catalytic activity using directed evolution coupled with bacterial growth strategy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1555 -1561 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0010
L-天冬酰胺酶(L-asparaginase, ASNase) 是一种氨基水解酶, 可以将L-天冬酰胺水解为L-天冬氨酸和氨[1]。ASNase广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物[2, 3], 由于动植物来源酶的提取过程繁琐又耗时, 成本较高, 因此, 从微生物中提取ASNase被认为是一种经济且高效的途径[4]。目前应用较多的是来源于细菌的ASNase[5]。Ohnuma等[6]于1967年鉴定出ASNase有两种同工酶, 基于ASNase分布位置和功能结构的差异, 将其分为I和II两种亚型。这两种亚型在遗传上是相互分化的[7]。I型存在于细胞质中, 通常以二聚体的形式存在, 与底物的亲和性较差, 无抗肿瘤作用[2, 8], 一般只适用于食品加工业; II型是一种定位在周质上的四聚体, 与底物有很高的亲和性, 具有抗肿瘤活性, 被广泛应用于临床治疗[9]
众多研究表明, ASNase在治疗多种恶性肿瘤方面具有显著效果[10-13]。ASNase目前已被广泛应用于急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL) 的一线治疗, 在美国、日本等国家均已上市销售。来源于Escherichia coliDickeya chrysanthemiErwinia chrysanthemi的ASNase都已被广泛用于治疗ALL[14, 15]。此外, ASNase在食品工业中也发挥了重要作用, 其通过降低食品中天冬酰胺的含量, 有效减少丙烯酰胺的潜在生成。丙烯酰胺是一种具有神经毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性风险的酰胺类化合物[16], 其主要生成前体为天冬酰胺和还原糖[17]。因此, ASNase被广泛应用于含淀粉食品的烘焙、烤制和油炸工艺中, 用于减少食品中丙烯酰胺的含量[18], 从而提升食品的安全性。目前来源于Cobetiaamphilecti[19]Pseudomonas sp PCH182[20]的ASNase已被应用于抑制食品中丙烯酰胺的生成。虽然ASNase是最早被证实具有抗肿瘤性质的药物酶, 近年来也受到国内外学者的高度重视, 但其仍存在一些局限性。该酶的催化效率低、半衰期短、具有耐药性、会引起胰腺炎、肝功能障碍等多种不良反应[21-24]。同时该酶的pH适用范围较为狭窄, 且其热稳定性较差, 这些性质也限制了其在食品工业中的应用潜力[25]。因此, 对于ASNase, 仍需要通过蛋白质工程手段[26, 27]来提高酶的性质以满足其多种应用的需求。
本研究采用定向进化[28-30]的方法提高ASNase的活性, 利用易错PCR[31]对来源于E. coli K12的EcASNase进行随机突变构建突变文库, 通过高通量筛选方法筛选出活性提高的突变体[32], 对突变体进行活性、酶动力学和热力学参数评价, 期望获得活性和稳定性提高的突变体。
菌株与试剂    克隆菌株TOP10 (批号: WD0472125) 和表达菌株BL21(DE3) (批号: WD0462843) 均购自北京六合华大基因科技有限公司; 表达质粒pET-21a(+) 购自Novagen公司; 异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside, IPTG, 批号: 0487072541) 购自北京兰博利德商贸有限公司; 质粒提取试剂盒(批号: 25022)、PCR纯化试剂盒(批号: CIG181) 均购自Genstar公司; QuickMutationTM基因随机突变试剂盒(批号: 123022230606)、Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(批号: 2024R1PP1510) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; ClonExpress® Ultra One Step Cloning Kit突变试剂盒(批号: 151800)、Dpn I限制性内切酶(批号: 7E10704K) 购自Vazyme公司; 苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, PMSF, 批号: P0100) 购自北京亚东博莱生物科技有限公司; Co2+-NTA填料(批号: 2301151A) 购自日本TaKaRa公司; 其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
构建随机突变文库和点饱和文库    序列来源于商品名为左旋门冬酰胺酶的EcASNase (NCBI: P00805.2) 经密码子优化后由华大基因合成, 经过酶切、连接后得到表达质粒pET-21EcASNase, 以此质粒为模板, 使用QuickMutationTM基因随机突变试剂盒构建随机突变文库。同样以表达质粒pET-21EcASNase为模板, 设计兼并引物, 针对不同位点使用ClonExpress® Ultra One Step Cloning Kit突变试剂盒构建点饱和文库, PCR扩增反应体系为: 模板DNA 1 µL, buffer 25 µL, dNTP (2 mmol·L-1) 4 µL, ddH2O 17 µL, KOD 1 µL, 上下游引物各1 µL。PCR条件为: 94 ℃预变性2 min; 94 ℃变性15 s, 58 ℃退火15 s, 68 ℃延伸30 s, 30个循环; 最后68 ℃延伸7 min。反向PCR扩增反应体系为: 模板DNA 1 µL, ddH2O 21 µL, KOD OneTM PCR Master Mix 25 µL, 上下游引物各1.5 µL。PCR条件为: 98 ℃预变性2 min; 98 ℃变性10 s, 60 ℃退火15 s, 68 ℃延伸50 s, 30个循环; 最后68 ℃延伸5 min。突变引物见表 1
突变文库筛选   利用大肠杆菌无法在天冬酰胺作为唯一氮源的基础培养基上生长的特性, 而EcASNase可将天冬酰胺分解为天冬氨酸和NH4+, 大肠杆菌可利用NH4+作为氮源生长, 从而使EcASNase及其突变体的活性与菌体生长(OD600值) 偶联, 即潜在高活性突变体所在的重组菌株生长更快。通过使用96孔板进行筛选, 能够获得活性增强的突变体。
EcASNase及其突变体的表达与纯化 将测序正确的菌液使用质粒提取试剂盒提取质粒后转化至BL21(DE3) 表达感受态中, 在LB固体培养基上于37 ℃过夜培养, 挑取单菌落接种于2 mL含有100 μg·mL-1氨苄霉素的LB中, 37 ℃, 200 r·min-1过夜摇菌。按照2%的接种量接种于1 L含有100 μg·mL-1氨苄霉素的LB中, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1, 摇至OD600值到0.6~0.8, 加入终浓度为0.2 mmol·L-1的IPTG, 16 ℃、180 r·min-1低温诱导14~16 h后, 4 ℃、6 000 r·min-1, 离心5 min收集菌体, 用Lysis Buffer (50 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4, 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 10 mmol·L-1咪唑pH 8.0) 重悬, 加入浓度为1 mmol·L-1的PMSF, 使用高压均质仪裂解菌体。4 ℃、11 000 r·min-1, 离心30 min后, 用0.45 μm滤膜过滤上清液。将上清液置于平衡好的Co2+-NTA亲和层析柱中, 与填料混匀, 并置于混悬仪上4 ℃孵育1 h后, 将填料加入层析柱中, 使用三倍柱体积的Lysis Buffer冲洗杂蛋白, 使用Elution Buffer (50 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4, 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 250 mmol·L-1咪唑, pH 8.0) 将目的蛋白洗脱。用30 kDa的超滤浓缩管浓缩目的蛋白, 将缓冲液置换为20 mmol·L-1 Tris, 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl, pH 8.0。所有突变体均经SDS-PAGE电泳分析, 并使用Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定浓度。
EcASNase及其突变体酶活性测定   测定酶活性的反应体系为980 µL, 将20 µg蛋白加入到40 mmol·L-1 L-天冬酰胺(0.1 mol·L-1 PBS溶解, pH 7.5) 中, 37 ℃反应10 min, 加入100 µL 25% TCA终止反应, 12 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 吸取40 µL上清至860 µL去离子水中, 加入100 µL纳氏试剂混匀后室温显色10 min, 在紫外分光光度计下436 nm处测量吸光度值, 并通过标准曲线计算产生的NH3进而衡量酶的活性。每秒钟催化生成NH3所需要的酶量定义为1 U。
EcASNase及其突变体酶动力学测定    为评估EcASNase及其突变体酶的动力学参数Kmkcat值, 以溶于0.1 mol·L-1 PBS (pH 7.5) 的1~100 mmol·L-1L-天冬酰胺作为底物, 分别与适当稀释的酶液反应, 测定酶活性, 利用GraphPad Prism 8.0中Michaelis-Menten非线性拟合作图法计算KmVmaxkcat值。
EcASNase及其突变体最适反应温度与最适pH值    配制pH值分别为5.0、6.0、6.5、7.0的200 mmol·L-1醋酸钠缓冲液, 7.0、7.5、8.0、9.0的200 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl缓冲液, 9.0、10.0、11.0的200 mmol·L-1碳酸钠缓冲液, 在37 ℃、不同pH下反应10 min, 以最高活性为100%, 计算相对酶活性, 以确定酶的最佳反应pH。将适量酶液与底物在不同温度(20、30、35、40、45、50、55、60和65 ℃) 下反应10 min, 以最高活性为100%, 测定相对酶活性, 以确定酶反应的最佳温度。
EcASNase及其突变体Tm值的测定    将纯化所得蛋白用20 mmol·L-1 Tris, 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl, pH 8.0的缓冲液稀释至1 mg·mL-1, 在八连排管中加入29 µL稀释好的蛋白溶液, 91 µL蛋白荧光染料, 混匀。使用实时荧光定量PCR仪LightCycler 480 System II (Roche) 检测Tm值。
统计学分析    本研究的数据分析采用了GraphPad Prism 8.0软件, 通过单因素方差分析对不同组别进行了比较。所有数据均以平均值±标准差的形式呈现, 当P值小于0.05时, 表明结果具有统计学上的显著性。
采用基因随机突变试剂盒构建EcASNase的随机突变文库, 利用偶联菌体生长的方法筛选高活性的突变体。通过酶标仪测定96孔板中各孔的OD600值, 从而表征出活性增强的突变体, 部分结果如图 1所示。将筛选出活性提高的突变体进行测序, 测序结果显示具体的突变信息为: 第38位氨基酸G突变为S, 第149位氨基酸F突变为M, 第212位氨基酸Q突变为Y, 第272位氨基酸Y突变为P, 第274位氨基酸S突变为P, 第300位氨基酸T突变为V。
通过大肠杆菌表达感受态BL21(DE3) 异源表达EcASNase及其突变体, 经过16 ℃以及终浓度0.2 mmol·L-1的IPTG低温诱导14~16 h后, 离心收集菌体, 经高压均质仪破碎后离心, 上清液经过Co2+亲和层析纯化, 洗脱下来的目的蛋白经Buffer置换后进行SDS-PAGE检测, 得到分子质量约为36.9 kDa的目的蛋白, 结果如图 2所示, 蛋白大小与预期相符, 表明EcASNase及其突变体得到了可溶性表达。
通过体外酶活性测定, 最终确定突变体G38S、Q212Y和S274P的活性相较于WT分别提高了40%、7%和21%。而突变体F149M、Y272P和T300V的活性与WT相比均出现了不同程度的下降, 因此在后续的实验中, 将不再对其进行研究。
为了探究38、212、274位点对酶活性的影响, 对上述位点构建了单点饱和突变文库, 继续采用同样的筛选方法, 通过测量OD600值, 进一步筛选出点饱和文库中活性提高的突变体, 并进行测序确定突变信息。最终, 在38位点的点饱和文库中, 筛选出了活性增强的突变体G38A、G38V、G38Q和G38T; 在212位点的点饱和文库中, 筛选出了活性增强的突变体Q212F; 而在274位点的点饱和文库中, 并未筛选出其他活性增强的突变体。对这些筛选出的突变体进行体外酶活测定, 结果如图 3所示, 突变体G38A、G38V、G38Q和G38T的活性相较于WT分别提高了91%、144%、122%、19%; 突变体Q212F的活性相较于WT提高了21%。
继而对上述位点活性最高的突变体G38V、Q212F和S274P进行组合突变, 活性结果显示, 突变体G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的活性较WT分别提高了148%、128%, 而突变体Q212F/S274P的活性较WT降低了50%, 结果如图 3所示。
对EcASNase以及活性提高的突变体进行酶动力学测定, 结果如表 2所示。突变体G38A、G38T、G38S、G38Q、G38V、Q212Y、Q212F、S274P、G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的kcat值分别是WT的1.9、1.3、1.4、2.2、2.2、1.0、1.3、1.2、2.2和2.1倍。关于米氏常数Km值, 突变体G38S相较于WT降低了11%, 表明该突变体对L-天冬酰胺的亲和力得到了提升, 而其他突变体的Km值相较于WT则表现出不同程度的增加, 表明这些突变体对底物的亲和力有所减弱。最终, 突变体G38A、G38S、G38Q、G38V、S274P、G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的kcat/Km值分别是WT的1.7、1.5、2.1、2.2、1.0、1.8和2.0倍。
对EcASNase及其活性显著增强的突变体G38V和G38V/Q212F的酶学特性进行了深入分析, 结果如图 4所示。突变体G38V和G38V/Q212F的最适反应pH值与WT相同, 均为Tris-HCl缓冲液pH 7.5; 突变体G38V的最适反应温度比WT低5 ℃, 为45 ℃; 突变体G38V/Q212F的最适反应温度比WT低10 ℃, 为40 ℃。
为了探究突变体的热稳定性, 对EcASNase及其活性增强的突变体进行了Tm值测定, 结果如表 3所示, WT的Tm值为45.09 ± 0.11 ℃, 突变体G38A、G38Q、G38V、Q212Y、Q212F、S274P、G38V/Q212F、G38V/S274P的Tm值较WT分别提高了8.5、8.4、8.4、6.6、8.9、0.3、5.9和5.9 ℃, 突变体G38T、G38S的Tm值较WT均有不同程度的降低。
EcASNase与底物L-天冬酰胺的复合物晶体结构已被成功解析(PDB ID: 6PA9)[33]。该晶体结构显示酶以同源二聚体形式存在, 通过结构分析发现, G38、Q212、S274、F149、Y272及T300等氨基酸残基均位于蛋白质表面区域(图 5)。其中, Q212定位于二聚体相互作用界面, F149、Y272和S274分布于α-螺旋, 而G38和T300则位于柔性Loop区域。值得注意的是, G38与底物L-Asn的空间距离约为10 Å, 其余氨基酸残基与底物的相对距离均较远。实验结果显示, 第38、212和274位点的突变对酶活性产生显著影响。特别是G38位点突变体表现出明显的活性提升: 与WT相比, G38S、G38A、G38V和G38Q突变体的催化活性分别提高了40%、91%、144%和122%。结合蛋白结构分析, G38所在的G37~G53 Loop区域构成了EcASNase底物结合腔的关键结构元件。当甘氨酸被丝氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸或谷氨酰胺取代后, 残基侧链的体积显著增加。这种空间位阻效应通过疏水相互作用或静电作用的协同调控, 诱导Loop G37~G53发生构象重排, 进而改变底物结合腔的三维拓扑结构。推测这种结构动态调整可能优化了底物的结合取向或降低了过渡态能量, 最终导致酶催化效率的显著提升。
本研究成功构建了重组表达质粒pET-21a-EcASNase, 并利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 实现了EcASNase蛋白的异源表达。通过易错PCR构建EcASNase随机突变文库, 结合EcASNase分解天冬酰胺生成NH4+可作为大肠杆菌生长氮源的筛选方法, 获得了三个活性提高的阳性突变体G38S、Q212Y、S274P, 其kcat值分别是WT的1.4、1.0和1.2倍。随后对上述位点构建点饱和文库并进行了筛选, 又获得了活性提高的突变体G38A、G38T、G38Q、G38V、Q212F, 其kcat值分别是WT的1.9、1.3、2.2、2.2和1.3倍, 对突变体G38V、Q212F、S274P进行组合突变, 突变体G38V/Q212F和G38V/S274P的kcat/Km值分别是WT的1.8和2.0倍, 相较于G38V有所降低。综上, 本研究通过定向进化结合偶联菌体生长的筛选策略成功获得活性增强的突变体, 并对其酶学特性进行了详细表征, 为未来进一步提升ASNase的药物效能奠定了坚实基础。
作者贡献:王晨宇撰写了论文; 王晨宇、宗丽霞完成了实验; 王晨宇、樊帅分析了实验数据; 杨兆勇、张志斐、于德红负责设计本项实验; 全部作者均阅读并参与修改了本文。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82373767)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-055)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0010
  • 接收时间:2025-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05
  • 修回日期:2025-02-22
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82373767)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-055)
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    1.华北理工大学药学院, 河北 唐山 063000
    2.中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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