Article(id=1190373729512296978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1281, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813189, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813189, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1297, endPage=1314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373729793315347, articleId=1190373729512296978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploration of non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation system of antidepressant, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Depression disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder characterized by high incidence, recurrence and disability rates, which imposes significant social and economic burdens globally. The etiology of depression is still unclear, and treatment options remain limited. Various animal models have been developed for screening and evaluation of antidepressants. This paper reviewed the current trends in depression research and typical non-clinical animal models, summarized the important issues in standardized non-clinical research of depression disorders and proposed criteria for the selection of appropriate R&D models.

, correspAuthors=Jia-qi LAN, Qing-li WANG, Ying PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-yue WANG, Yi WU, Chun-yang ZHAO, Lei WU, Jia-qi LAN, Qing-li WANG, Ying PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190373920550261676, articleId=1190373729512296978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价体系探索, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病, 具有高发病、高复发、高致残的特点, 在世界范围内造成了严重的社会和经济负担。其病因较为复杂, 且现有治疗方案较为有限。研究人员已建立了多种动物模型用于筛选和评价抗抑郁药物。本文综述了抑郁症的研究进展和典型的非临床动物模型, 总结了规范化抑郁症动物模型在非临床研究中需要注意的问题, 并对抗抑郁药物的非临床药效学评价体系的系统化和规范化提出建议。

, correspAuthors=兰嘉琦, 王庆利, 彭英, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*兰嘉琦, E-mail:
王庆利,
彭英, Tel: 86-10-83165742, Fax: 86-10-63017757, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Model type Method for preparing model
Stress induced models Acute models Behavior despair Forced swim
Tail suspension
Learned helpless
Chronic models Chronic unpredicted mild stress
Chronic restriction stress
Chronic social defeat stress
Physical pain, predator, social isolation, maternal separation
Chemical induced models Monoamine related Reserpine
Yohimbine
5-HTP
Dopamine
Inflammation LPS induced depression
HPA axis related chemicals Corticosterone induce depression
Dexamethasone
Surgery induced models Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy model
Genetic models FSL rat
WKY rat
FH/Wjd rat
Monoamine related SERT mutant mouse
TPH2 KO mouse
VMAT2 KO mouse
α2AR KO mouse
HPA axis related CRFR2 deficiency mouse
GR heterozygous mouse
GR antisense RNA transgene mouse
Secondary depression models Post stroke depression Ischemic stroke models
Ischemic stroke models with stress
AD related depression Genetic models
Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy model
Aβ1-42 induced rat model
Stress + AD models
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Natural estrous cycle Emotional stimulation
Chronic restraint stress
Marble burying
Forced swim
Resident invasion
Artificially induced estrous cycle Progesterone withdrawal
3α, 5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone withdrawal
Perinatal depression Antenatal depression Forced swim in antenatal mouse
Postpartum depression Stress induced models
Hormone induced models
Genetic models
Permenopausal depressive disorder Natural aging and CUMS
OVX and CUMS
Natural aging, CUMS and sleep deprivation
Natural aging, CUMS and CCl4 injection
Chemical induced models
Models of TCM syndromes
Nonhuman primate models Natural model Seasonal affective disorder
Postpartum depression model
Induced model Restraint stress model
Chemical induced models
Maternal separation model
Tree shrew Social defeat model
Other animal models Drosophila Genetic models
Chemical induced models
Stress induced models
Zebrafish Genetic models
Reserpine induced depression
CUMS model
In vitro screening models Primary neuronal cell models
Neuronal cell lines
Primary glial cell cultures
Glial cell lines
), ArticleFig(id=1190694461685514751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729512296978, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Animal models in non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation system of depression. CUMS: Chronic unpredicted mild stress; 5-HTP: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; FSL: Flinders sensitive line; WKY: Wistar-Kyoto; SERT: Serotonin transporter; TPH2: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; VMAT2: Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2; α2AR: Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor; CRFR2: Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2; KO: Knock out; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; AD: Alzheimer's disease; OVX: Ovariectomy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model type Method for preparing model
Stress induced models Acute models Behavior despair Forced swim
Tail suspension
Learned helpless
Chronic models Chronic unpredicted mild stress
Chronic restriction stress
Chronic social defeat stress
Physical pain, predator, social isolation, maternal separation
Chemical induced models Monoamine related Reserpine
Yohimbine
5-HTP
Dopamine
Inflammation LPS induced depression
HPA axis related chemicals Corticosterone induce depression
Dexamethasone
Surgery induced models Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy model
Genetic models FSL rat
WKY rat
FH/Wjd rat
Monoamine related SERT mutant mouse
TPH2 KO mouse
VMAT2 KO mouse
α2AR KO mouse
HPA axis related CRFR2 deficiency mouse
GR heterozygous mouse
GR antisense RNA transgene mouse
Secondary depression models Post stroke depression Ischemic stroke models
Ischemic stroke models with stress
AD related depression Genetic models
Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy model
Aβ1-42 induced rat model
Stress + AD models
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Natural estrous cycle Emotional stimulation
Chronic restraint stress
Marble burying
Forced swim
Resident invasion
Artificially induced estrous cycle Progesterone withdrawal
3α, 5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone withdrawal
Perinatal depression Antenatal depression Forced swim in antenatal mouse
Postpartum depression Stress induced models
Hormone induced models
Genetic models
Permenopausal depressive disorder Natural aging and CUMS
OVX and CUMS
Natural aging, CUMS and sleep deprivation
Natural aging, CUMS and CCl4 injection
Chemical induced models
Models of TCM syndromes
Nonhuman primate models Natural model Seasonal affective disorder
Postpartum depression model
Induced model Restraint stress model
Chemical induced models
Maternal separation model
Tree shrew Social defeat model
Other animal models Drosophila Genetic models
Chemical induced models
Stress induced models
Zebrafish Genetic models
Reserpine induced depression
CUMS model
In vitro screening models Primary neuronal cell models
Neuronal cell lines
Primary glial cell cultures
Glial cell lines
), ArticleFig(id=1190694462784422401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729512296978, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Behavior in depression Test
Despair Forced swim
Tail suspension
Anhedonia Sucrose preference test
Novelty suppressed feeding test
Intracranial self-stimulation
Apathy Splash test
Nest building test
Maternal care test
Anxiety Elevated plus maze
O maze
Open field test
Light-dark box…
Social withdraw Three-chamber social approach test
Cognitive impairment Morris water maze
Y maze
Novel object recognition test…
), ArticleFig(id=1190694462973166083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729512296978, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ethological tests to measure the level of depression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Behavior in depression Test
Despair Forced swim
Tail suspension
Anhedonia Sucrose preference test
Novelty suppressed feeding test
Intracranial self-stimulation
Apathy Splash test
Nest building test
Maternal care test
Anxiety Elevated plus maze
O maze
Open field test
Light-dark box…
Social withdraw Three-chamber social approach test
Cognitive impairment Morris water maze
Y maze
Novel object recognition test…
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抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价体系探索
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王洪月 1, # , 武艺 1, # , 赵春阳 2, # , 吴镭 1 , 兰嘉琦 1, * , 王庆利 2, * , 彭英 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(5): 1297-1314
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(5): 1297-1314
抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价体系探索
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王洪月1, #, 武艺1, #, 赵春阳2, #, 吴镭1, 兰嘉琦1, * , 王庆利2, * , 彭英1, *
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*兰嘉琦, E-mail:
彭英, Tel: 86-10-83165742, Fax: 86-10-63017757, E-mail:
Exploration of non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation system of antidepressant
Hong-yue WANG1, Yi WU1, Chun-yang ZHAO2, Lei WU1, Jia-qi LAN1, * , Qing-li WANG2, * , Ying PENG1, *
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出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1281
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抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病, 具有高发病、高复发、高致残的特点, 在世界范围内造成了严重的社会和经济负担。其病因较为复杂, 且现有治疗方案较为有限。研究人员已建立了多种动物模型用于筛选和评价抗抑郁药物。本文综述了抑郁症的研究进展和典型的非临床动物模型, 总结了规范化抑郁症动物模型在非临床研究中需要注意的问题, 并对抗抑郁药物的非临床药效学评价体系的系统化和规范化提出建议。

抑郁症  /  动物模型  /  行为学评价  /  非临床药效学评价  /  新药研发

Depression disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder characterized by high incidence, recurrence and disability rates, which imposes significant social and economic burdens globally. The etiology of depression is still unclear, and treatment options remain limited. Various animal models have been developed for screening and evaluation of antidepressants. This paper reviewed the current trends in depression research and typical non-clinical animal models, summarized the important issues in standardized non-clinical research of depression disorders and proposed criteria for the selection of appropriate R&D models.

depressive disorder  /  animal model  /  ethological evaluation  /  non-clinical pharmacodynamics  /  drug discovery
王洪月, 武艺, 赵春阳, 吴镭, 兰嘉琦, 王庆利, 彭英. 抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价体系探索. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1297 -1314 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1281
Hong-yue WANG, Yi WU, Chun-yang ZHAO, Lei WU, Jia-qi LAN, Qing-li WANG, Ying PENG. Exploration of non-clinical pharmacodynamics evaluation system of antidepressant[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1297 -1314 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1281
抑郁症(depression) 也称抑郁障碍(depressive disorders), 是一种常见的精神障碍[1], 主要包括破坏性心境失调、重度抑郁症(major depression)、持续性抑郁障碍(包括恶劣心境[2])、经前期心绪不良障碍、物质/药物所致诱发的抑郁障碍和医学状况所致的抑郁障碍等[3]。典型症状包括情绪低落、思维缓慢和意志行为降低, 其中情绪低落是其核心症状, 并可能伴有其他症状, 如兴趣与活力减退; 疲劳、无助; 焦虑或激越; 食欲、体重或睡眠改变; 慢性疼痛及自杀念头等[3]。抑郁障碍具有高发病、高复发和高致残的特点, 给社会造成巨大的经济损失[3]。2017年的调查表明, 抑郁症的全球平均发病率约为4.4%[4], 2019年的研究表明, 我国成年人中抑郁症的终身患病率达6.8%, 其中重度抑郁症达3.4%[5]。新冠疫情加剧了精神疾病的发生, 2023年的研究表明, 疫情以来全球新增抑郁症患者超过7 000万[6]。世界卫生组织预测, 到2030年, 抑郁症将成为全球疾病负担的首要原因[7]
抑郁症的发生与遗传、心理和社会因素均相关。其情绪低落症状与其他精神和躯体障碍往往互相促进加重, 使治疗和预后更加复杂化[3]。在心理、社会因素方面, 应激性生活事件是抑郁发生的主要危险因素[3]。在遗传因素方面, 目前普遍认为抑郁通过多基因方式在家族内遗传[3]。在生化因素方面, 传统单胺缺乏假说认为神经突触间隙内5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine, NE) 和多巴胺(dopamine, DA) 等单胺神经递质缺乏是抑郁症的主要病因[8], 谷氨酸[9]、乙酰胆碱(Ache)[10]γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)[11]和各种神经肽[12]等也可能参与其中, 目前临床使用的大多数抗抑郁药物都是基于单胺缺乏假说研发。近年来, 基于临床研究提出了神经内分泌功能失调理论, 认为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA) 轴中的激素水平升高、负反馈调节受损与抑郁症的发生有关[13, 14], 此外, 下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid, HPT) 轴和下丘脑-垂体-性腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, HPG) 轴的异常也被报道参与抑郁症的发生[15]。神经营养假说是近年来抗抑郁研究中的另一个热门理论, 该理论基于在抑郁症患者和模型动物中均观察到神经元和胶质细胞显著减少, 以及抗抑郁治疗对神经细胞损伤的改善而提出[2, 16, 17], 该理论认为脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)[18]及下游的PI3K-PRC通路、Wnt信号通路[19]等一系列细胞内信号转导通路均参与抑郁的发病和治疗。此外, 脑肠轴、肠道菌群变化[20]、炎症[21]以及表观遗传学机制在抑郁的发病机制中也表现出重要作用[22]。神经影像学研究分析表明, 抑郁症患者背外侧前额叶、眶额叶皮层、前扣带回皮层、前岛叶、杏仁核、海马体、基底神经节、丘脑和小脑等多个区域发生持续改变[23], 恐惧、奖赏、摄食、应激等多个神经环路与抑郁症相关[2]
目前, 临床的抗抑郁治疗主要采取非药物和药物治疗两种策略。非药物治疗包括心理疗法[2]、改良电抽搐治疗、重复经颅磁刺激方法[3]、快速眼动睡眠剥夺疗法和运动干预[24]等。在药物治疗方面, 目前临床使用的抗抑郁药主要基于单胺缺乏假说开发, 首选为选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs) 如氟西汀、西酞普兰和舍曲林, 去甲肾上腺素选择性再摄取抑制剂(noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, NRIs) 如瑞波西汀, 5-羟色胺/去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs) 如文拉法辛和度洛西汀, α2-肾上腺素能和5HT2A和5HT3受体拮抗剂如米氮平, DA再摄取抑制剂如安非他酮, 以及MT1和MT2激动剂及5HT2拮抗剂阿戈美拉汀等[2, 3]。2019年, 美国FDA首次批准了两个基于非单胺缺乏假说的抗抑郁药物——氯胺酮和布瑞诺龙, 标志着抗抑郁药物研发的一个重要里程碑[2]。艾司氯胺酮(氯胺酮的S立体异构体) 被批准用于治疗难治型抑郁症[25], 该药物可以通过阻断N-甲基-D天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA) 受体、增强突触可塑性、激活mTOR途径等多种机制发挥快速、强大而持久的抗抑郁作用[26], 但是, 该药物存在滥用、成瘾的可能性。神经类固醇布瑞诺龙是GABAA受体的正向变构调节剂, 被批准用于严重产后抑郁症, 但需要静脉滴注, 且持续监测, 存在过度镇静、血氧降低、突然丧失意识等严重不良反应, 限制了其临床应用[27]。目前, 临床使用的抗抑郁药物大多疗效有限, 起效时间较长, 并且伴随严重的不良反应, 大大降低了患者的依从性[8]。因此, 迫切需要开发起效快、高效低毒的新型抗抑郁药物。规范系统的非临床药效学评价体系的建设是提高药物临床转化成功率的关键环节。本文将基于近年来国内外抑郁模型的研发进展, 介绍常用的不同类型的评价抑郁行为的动物模型和评价指标, 以期建立规范的抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价体系。
鉴于抑郁症的发病机制, 动物模型的建立多采用某种类型的环境压力、化学刺激或基因改造的方式, 使其表现出与抑郁症患者相似的症状[28-30]。常用模型总结见表 1
应激是造成抑郁的主要因素之一[31], 也是建立动物抑郁模型的主要方法。根据应激方式, 可分为急性和慢性应激模型。需要注意的是, 应激也是建立焦虑模型的主要方法, 多种焦虑模型中动物也同样表现出抑郁样行为, 尤其是慢性应激模型, 因此许多焦虑动物模型的应激条件也适用于抑郁模型[32]
行为绝望是通过将动物放置于不愉快且无法逃脱的环境里来建立模型[33]
强迫游泳实验是最早出现、最广泛使用的抗抑郁模型和药物评价方法之一[34]。大鼠强迫游泳实验由间隔24 h的两个阶段组成, 通常使用直径约20 cm的透明圆筒, 水深30 cm[35]。第一阶段为预游泳15 min建立模型, 使大鼠适应环境并诱发行为绝望, 使其在正式测试期间表现出稳定、高水平的不动行为[36-38]。随后, 取出动物擦干并保温使其干燥, 放回原笼, 并分别于测试前23.5、5及1 h给药[35]。第二阶段为游泳测试, 于预游泳24 h后的相同条件下进行5 min的强迫游泳, 用行为学软件记录并进行评价。小鼠强迫游泳实验则无须进行预暴露, 使用直径约13 cm的透明圆筒, 水深10 cm左右[39], 在给药后的适当时间将小鼠放置于水中游泳6 min, 用行为学软件记录并分析后4 min动物的状态[40]。需注意实验的最佳水温为23~25 ℃, 水温偏低可导致不动时间减少, 水温偏高则可能引起不动时间偏长[35]。该模型的优点是易于操作、成本低, 快速且可靠, 既适用于短期急性给药, 也可在抗抑郁药长期给药后评价其治疗效果[41, 42]。其缺点在于对部分药物不敏感, 如SSRIs在强迫游泳模型中则未见显著的抗抑郁作用, 需要使用其他模型进行评价[37, 42]。此外, 作为急性模型的强迫游泳实验并不能反映抗抑郁治疗中的神经环路变化; 其有效剂量往往高于慢性实验中的有效剂量[43]
悬尾实验利用小鼠悬尾后企图逃脱但又无法逃脱, 从而放弃挣扎, 进入特有的抑郁不动状态, 抗抑郁药物和兴奋药物能明显地缩短改变其状态[44, 45]。本实验通常使用小鼠, 因为大鼠的体重较大, 尾部可能会受到过大拉力造成动物掉落和尾部损伤[46]。实验时将小鼠尾部用胶带包裹, 使其头部向下悬挂于钩上6 min, 用行为学软件记录并分析后4 min动物的状态。小鼠最初将通过剧烈的运动来尝试摆脱悬挂状态, 在几分钟后活动逐渐减少。某些品系如C57BL/6存在较多攀尾行为, 可通过在鼠尾增加套管等装置减少此类行为; 出现攀尾行为的动物应不计入统计[47]。该模型的优点是操作简单, 易于自动化, 适用于对化合物的快速评价, 并对遗传、应激、睡眠改变、药物戒断等许多抑郁症易感模型敏感[44]。与强迫游泳实验相比, 悬尾模型可避免低温环境暴露引起的干扰[48], 且可用于研究运动协调性受损的转基因动物, 对SSRIs的抗抑郁作用也具有更高的敏感性[49]。其缺点是对某些化合物的镇静作用特别敏感, 如螺酮类5-HT1A激动剂可显著增加悬尾实验中的不动时间[50], 而在强迫游泳实验中会导致不动时间减少。
习得性无助模型基于抑郁症的核心症状, 即无助和绝望而建立[51], 是最广泛应用的抑郁症动物模型之一。本模型首先需要对实验动物进行两次适当的不可逃避且无法预测的足底电击以诱发LH行为。第二次电击程序结束后24 h, 将动物放在可避免电击的设备中进行行为测试, 常见两种方式, 一是穿梭箱实验, 通过测试动物在穿梭箱内的表现来评估习得性的无助行为, 此方式更适用于小鼠[52]。二是压杆实验, 动物通过按下操纵杆来逃避应激状态[53]。以动物未能逃避电击的次数和逃避潜伏期作为评价指标。在不可控制的电击刺激之后, 行为异常状态可长时间存在, 因此适用于慢性治疗药物治疗作用和预防作用的考察。如果实验设计为急性给药, 则可以在电击前或测试前给药。模型建立后, 若表现出无助行为的动物过少, 说明该模型没有足够的压力, 反之则说明压力过大。通常可以通过改变电流强度或电击的时长使模型中大部分动物做出反应[54]
该模型的优点在于具有很好的预测效度[55]和较少的假阳性[56]。已上市的抗抑郁药均可有效预防和逆转动物在该模型上的习得性无助行为, 并可验证抑郁症的多种病理生理学变化[57, 58]。其缺点在于尚不明确其在多大程度上可以模拟出抑郁患者所承受的压力。此外, 在不可控的电击停止后, 大多数的抑郁样症状不能够持续足够长的时间, 在实验室之间(尤其是在小鼠之间) 较难得到可重复的结果[53]
CUMS模型是目前抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价最常用的慢性抑郁模型。一般使用SD大鼠或C57小鼠建立模型, 动物适应环境一周后, 对照组在不受任何干扰的条件下饲养, 模型组则在3~5周中孤养并随机接受各种轻度应激源, 包括夜间照明、食物或水的短暂缺乏、笼子45°倾斜、潮湿垫料, 以及隔离或拥挤居住环境等[59-61]。在应激暴露期间, 为了避免动物适应, 应激源的顺序必须每周改变, 完全随机[62, 63]。在该模型中不建议使用白噪声、新气味以及在笼中添加异物等强度不足的刺激[64]。可通过蔗糖偏好实验等指标评价动物的抑郁状态[65], 详见2.1
本模型的优点是可诱发各种类似于在抑郁症患者中观察到的长期行为以及神经化学、神经免疫和神经内分泌系统改变[60, 66], 且可通过长期的抗抑郁药治疗逆转[60]。缺点在于造模时间长, 可重复性较差[67, 68], 此外可能出现假阳性和假阴性结果, 如抗组胺药美吡拉明和抗胆碱药阿托品在该模型中表现出抗抑郁活性而在临床无效。选择性5-HT1A部分激动剂阿奈螺酮则在CUMS模型中未见疗效[69, 70]
慢性束缚应激模型可以用于模拟患者因行为受限而引起的焦虑和抑郁样行为。该模型适用于大鼠和小鼠, 在确保不干扰动物的正常昼夜节律活动和休息习惯的情况下, 将动物的头部朝向约束入口放入约束装置, 尾巴放在约束装置外, 并封闭约束装置, 保持动物呼吸正常, 连续42天每天接受6 h束缚刺激[71]。之后对动物进行行为学测试, 评价指标详见2.1。该模型的优点在于可同时诱发心理和生理压力, 对社会支配等社会行为也有显著影响, 缺点在于存在一定比例的动物死亡和动物失败比例, 且动物可能表现出适应性, 抑郁样症状不够稳定。
慢性社交挫败应激抑郁模型基于雄性动物的社会从属关系建立, 也称为居留者-入侵者模式, 大鼠模型可采用雄性Long-Evans或Lister Hooded大鼠作为居留者, 雄性Wistar或SD大鼠作为入侵者隔网接触, 每次接触1 h, 共接触5周[72, 73]。小鼠模型使用退役雄性CD-1种鼠作为居留者, C57BL/6J雄性小鼠作为入侵者进行直接或隔网接触5~10 min, 每天接触1次, 共接触10天[74, 75]。造模结束后对动物进行行为学测试[76], 评价指标详见2.1。本模型的优点是从生理和心理上同时给予重复动物应激, 可以引起动物运动探索、攻击性和性行为减少, 以及顺从、焦虑、抑郁样行为增加[77]; 缺点在于同样存在适应性动物, 需要大量动物进行造模并筛选易感动物, 同时由于其基于雄性动物的行为建立, 不适于雌性动物模型。
除上述模型外, 还可选用物理疼痛、天敌暴露、社会隔离、母婴分离等心理应激方式, 或足底电击、低温等躯体应激方式, 可参考前作《抗焦虑障碍药物非临床药效学评价体系探索》中相应应激模型的造模方法[78], 造模结束后对动物进行行为学测试, 详见2.1
利血平可以非选择性地消耗脑内单胺类物质, 从而诱发运动功能低下及类似快感缺失的行为, 并可被抗抑郁药等治疗方式逆转[79]。该模型在大小鼠均可建立。大鼠一般为慢性模型, 通过对雄性Wistar大鼠腹腔内连续15天注射0.2 mg·kg-1利血平建立, 建模成功的大鼠出现少动、精神萎靡、缺乏主动性、缺乏食欲等情况。可于利血平注射7和14天后通过肛温测定和行为学实验评价动物的抑郁水平, 详见2.1[80]。小鼠一般为急性模型, 单次腹腔注射2.0 mg·kg-1利血平1 h后, 可引起动物眼睑下垂、木僵样行为和肛温下降[81, 82]。该模型的优点是造模简便, 成功率高, 能较快速对药物进行评价; 缺点是仅能考察药物对单胺类神经递质耗竭的影响。
育亨宾是一种α2受体拮抗剂, 可特异性阻断突触前膜的α2肾上腺素能受体, 使NE在突触间隙中释放增加, 抗抑郁药物如阻断其重摄取则可进一步增加突触间隙中的NE浓度, 从而可能产生协同作用, 增加育亨宾的毒性, 导致动物的中毒死亡率升高[82]。该模型通常选用体重20 g左右小鼠, 给予受试药物或溶剂对照30 min后, 腹腔注射育亨宾, 并记录注射育亨宾后24 h内动物的死亡率。育亨宾的剂量应通过预实验确定, 选择致死率在10%左右的剂量, 一般在25 mg·kg-1左右[82]。该模型的优点是可以对药物进行快速筛选, 缺点是不能模拟抑郁样症状, 仅能评价药物对NE重摄取的可能作用。
5-羟基色氨酸(5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HTP) 是5-羟色胺的前体, 可增加突触内5-HT的合成和释放, 单胺氧化酶抑制剂帕吉林可进一步加强5-HT能神经功能并增加突触间5-HT浓度, 促使小鼠出现特征性的甩头行为, 抗抑郁药可增加动物的甩头次数[82]。实验通常选用体重20 g左右小鼠, 腹腔注射100 mg·kg-1帕吉林, 90 min后腹腔注射10 mg·kg-1 5-HTP, 可在帕吉林注射前或5-HTP注射前30 min给药。5-HTP注射后15 min观察记录动物在5 min内的甩头次数, 比较各组甩头次数的差异[82]。与1.2.2类似, 该模型的优点是可以对药物进行快速筛选, 缺点同样是不能模拟抑郁样症状, 仅能评价药物对5-HT系统的可能作用[83]
阿扑吗啡作为突触后DA受体激动剂, 高剂量(16 mg·kg-1) 皮下注射可诱导小鼠体温降低和刻板行为的产生, 与DA相关的抗抑郁药物可拮抗该作用[84]。此外, 与育亨宾增强模型相似, 多巴胺再摄取抑制剂可以增强尾静脉注射亚致死剂量多巴胺(100 mg·kg-1) 的致死率[85]。与1.2.21.2.3相似, 该模型的优点是可以对药物进行快速筛选, 缺点是不能模拟抑郁样症状, 仅能评价药物对DA系统的可能作用。
近年来的研究表明, 内分泌和免疫系统存在交互作用[86], 免疫系统功能障碍的患者常表现出对抑郁症的易感性[87], 多种致炎细胞因子可诱发抑郁症样行为[88]。在动物模型中对体重180~200 g的Wistar大鼠连续7天腹腔注射0.5 mg·kg-1脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS), 可诱导抑郁模型, 于末次注射后12~24 h进行抑郁样行为测试, 详见2.1。该模型的优点是操作简单, 可在较短时间内建立模型, 缺点是细胞因子与抑郁症的发病机制关系仍在研究中, 且抑郁样行为缺乏长期效应, 目前应用仍较为有限[89]
应激是造成抑郁的主要因素之一[31], HPA轴的激活和糖皮质激素的释放是应激的主要反应, 因此可通过对动物重复注射皮质酮或地塞米松等方式激活HPA轴构建模型。4周龄SD大鼠连续21天皮下注射20 mg·kg-1皮质酮和8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠连续21天腹腔注射10 mg·kg-1皮质酮, 均可诱导动物的抑郁样行为, 并可被抗抑郁药物逆转[90, 91]。6~8周雄性C57BL/6J小鼠连续7天腹腔注射5 mg·kg-1地塞米松可使动物的活动明显减少, 蔗糖偏好程度降低, 且给予抗抑郁药物可以有效逆转以上抑郁样行为[92]。行为测试详见2.1。该模型的优点是简单易行, 成功率较高, 周期较短, 适用于开展与HPA轴相关的药物评价和机制研究, 缺点是注射药物存在一定不良反应。
苯丙胺或可卡因等药物停药后, 啮齿动物表现出与抑郁症患者高度相似的行为, 如奖赏缺陷(即大脑奖赏阈值升高), 强迫游泳和悬尾实验的不动时间延长, 以及小鼠的习得性无助行为增强, 在给予抗抑郁药治疗后可逆转上述症状[93]。这类方法主要和成瘾性相关, 在抗抑郁药效学评价中应用较少。
OBX是唯一一种通过手术来构建抑郁症动物模型的方式。该手术引起的嗅觉丧失不会引起动物的行为改变, 但可观察到内分泌、神经递质、免疫系统以及行为上的改变, 很可能是由皮质-海马-杏仁核回路的功能障碍和/或代偿机制所致, 主要反映抗抑郁治疗的长期作用[94-96]。OBX模型最初在SD大鼠上建立, 将大鼠麻醉后暴露颅骨, 在距前囟前7~8 mm与正中缝两侧旁开2 mm的两个交点处, 分别将颅骨钻出一个直径2 mm的小孔, 破坏嗅球并抽吸去除残余组织, 之后填充小孔并缝合皮肤。对照组大鼠仅暴露颅骨、开孔、填充和缝合而不损伤嗅球。手术后, 动物在给予适当的抗生素和镇痛剂下恢复至少3天, 以防术后感染。行为学测试在康复后14天进行[97]。小鼠可以选择CD-1或C57BL/6J品系, 手术方法与大鼠相似, 沿中缝以连接眼球中心的视线为中心, 做一个约1 cm的切口, 在双侧颅骨钻出直径1 mm的小孔, 将嗅球部分暴露并破坏[98, 99]。评价指标见2.1。该模型的优点是稳定性较好, 成功率高。缺点在于手术中存在一定死亡率, 且由于模型是基于嗅球损毁产生, 仅能代表某一类型的抑郁症患者。
遗传性动物模型包括基于自然突变或近交系动物选择培育的模型, 以及转基因动物模型, 可用于探索和研究与抑郁症发病机制和治疗方法有关的生物学基础, 以及相关药物的药效学评价。该类模型的优点是遗传背景清楚, 模型稳定, 个体差异小。其缺点在于, 目前已经鉴定的人类抑郁症风险基因均不具备强效应和高外显率, 因此相关的动物模型仅能反映抑郁症病理生理学中很小的一部分[2]。此外本类动物模型成本较高, 不适于在药物筛选阶段进行药物评价。
FSL大鼠是通过选择性育种从SD大鼠培育而来, 与抑郁症患者一样, FSL大鼠对胆碱能激动剂更敏感[100], 该品系大鼠在强迫游泳实验中不动时间增加, 表现出较低水平的社交互动行为, 但在高架十字迷宫中没有明显焦虑行为[101]
WKY大鼠对压力表现出过度的神经内分泌和行为反应, 特别容易产生应激诱发的抑郁样行为, 作为内源性抑郁症的有效动物模型, 适用于抑郁症遗传因素的研究。WKY可以根据其行为表现进一步分为抑郁症(d-WKY) 和非抑郁症(nd-WKY) 亚群[102]。过度活跃的HPA轴和焦虑样行为增加可能与WKY大鼠的神经化学特征改变有关。越来越多的证据表明, WKY大鼠的5-HT系统已经发生改变, 可能导致这些动物表现出焦虑和抑郁样行为[103]
FH/Wjd大鼠表现出蔗糖偏好降低、皮质酮水平升高、强迫游泳测试不动时间明显延长等抑郁样症状, 且可通过抗抑郁药治疗减轻[104], 提示其可作为抑郁症模型用于药效学研究[105]
研究表明, 涉及5-HT合成、转运等蛋白的突变动物均表现出抑郁样症状。如5-羟色胺转运蛋白(serotonin transporter, SERT) 突变小鼠在成年期观察到多个大脑区域中的SERT含量显著减少, 表现出抑郁样行为和5-HT受体亚型的表达水平改变[106]。色氨酸羟化酶2 (tryptophan hydroxylase 2, TPH2) 敲除小鼠和囊泡单胺转运蛋白2 (vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, VMAT2) 敲除小鼠也表现出明显的抑郁样表型[86]。此外, α2A亚型肾上腺素能受体敲除小鼠同时表现出焦虑[107]和抑郁样行为[108]
HPA轴功能失调是抑郁症发作的重要病因, 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素受体2 (corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2, CRFR2) 缺陷小鼠在应激条件下表现出HPA轴的过度激活[109], 且在强迫游泳实验中的不动时间明显延长。此外, 糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GR) 在糖皮质激素的负反馈调节中起着关键作用, 与野生型相比, GR杂合小鼠具有抑郁样遗传倾向, 表现出更多的无助行为, GR反义RNA转基因小鼠中HPA系统的上调则仅在压力条件下才明显[110, 111], 给予抗抑郁药物治疗可以发生逆转[112], 且对地塞米松抑制试验没有反应, 与抑郁症患者一致[113]。在行为水平上, 该转基因小鼠表现出若干认知缺陷[114]和在新环境中的运动亢进[115], 且可通过抗抑郁药治疗而逆转, 提示其在发现新抗抑郁药中的可能作用[112]
脑器质性疾病、躯体疾病、某些药物和精神活性物质等均可引发继发性抑郁, 如血管性痴呆和阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 早期抑郁发作、癫痫性病理性心境恶劣、风湿性脑病、甲状腺功能低下、药源性抑郁状态等[3]。针对这些继发性抑郁, 一般采取疾病相应的典型模型进行抑郁样行为评价, 也可在疾病模型基础上联合应激刺激, 诱导症状更早出现。
脑卒中后抑郁是脑卒中常见的并发症, 卒中后抑郁的非临床模型一般为卒中模型联合应激建立, 也有部分研究报道仅诱导脑卒中后可观察到动物的抑郁样行为[116]。常用的卒中模型造模方法包括线栓法、结扎法、电凝法、去皮质缺血手术法等[117], 联合的应激包括慢性不可预知应激、社会隔离、社交挫败、皮质酮注射诱导等方法[118]
研究表明, 抑郁是AD的常见精神症状[119], 也是AD的风险因素, 与AD的进展和认知缺陷相关[120]。目前对AD-抑郁共病的研究主要基于AD动物模型, 如APP23小鼠[121]、APP/PS1小鼠[122]、5×FAD小鼠[123]、3×Tg小鼠、J20小鼠、TgCRND8小鼠、Ts65DN小鼠、SAMP8小鼠、APOE4小鼠[124]以及Aβ1-42诱导大鼠[125]等。双侧嗅球切除模型动物同时表现出Aβ增加, 胆碱能损伤和认知障碍等AD样症状, 因此也被用于AD-抑郁共病研究[124]。此外, 在AD模型基础上给予慢性应激, 可诱导更严重的抑郁样行为和认知障碍[126, 127], 也是近年来常用于AD-抑郁共病的研究方法。
经前烦躁症是经前期综合征的一种亚型, 是第五版国际精神障碍诊断与统计手册中抑郁症五种类型之一。对其作用机制的研究主要集中于HPG和HPA轴以及单胺类神经递质等的变化。该疾病与患者的月经周期相关, 其表型在特定生理周期出现及消失, 因此模型的建立也需要考虑啮齿类动物的卵巢周期即动情周期, 目前主要分为以下两类, 但目前没有一种模型能够完整模拟人类女性患者表型[128]
本类型模型对雌性大鼠仅给予应激诱导, 同时每日进行阴道涂片检测动情周期, 刺激方式包括情绪刺激、慢性束缚应激、大理石球埋藏、强迫游泳、居住入侵等方式, 并在不同动情周期阶段进行行为学测试。本类型模型的优点是可以高度模拟自然情况人类女性病理发展, 缺点在于动情周期不稳定, 且诱导的模型类型较为单一[128]
本类型模型对实验动物进行卵巢摘除后, 人为定期给予激素注射使其模拟患者月经周期性激素变化, 从而诱发动物在动情间期晚期出现经前烦躁症样症状。造模方式为孕酮或四氢孕酮撤退模型, 即长期注射孕酮或四氢孕酮后突然停止注射。本类模型的优点在于人为激素诱导可以精准地操控动物的动情周期, 从而实现快速有效的动情周期监控进行病理研究。其缺点在于只具备生理特性, 无心理特性[128]
围产期抑郁是指从妊娠开始到产后1年内发生的以情绪低落、快感缺失为核心症状, 伴有兴趣减退、注意力下降、苦闷、沮丧、自我评价低等症状的心理疾病, 包括产前抑郁和产后抑郁[129]。相关的动物模型一般通过应激建立, 由于动物孕期较短, 一般多为产后抑郁模型, 仅有个别关于产前抑郁模型的报道, 如孕期小鼠强迫游泳的产前抑郁模型[130]
在产后抑郁模型方面, 应激是最常用的造模方法, 在妊娠期或产后通过慢性社会应激、获得性无助、CUMS、母婴分离、母体免疫激活等方法均可造成动物的产后抑郁; 由于激素在围产期抑郁中的重要作用, 通过卵巢摘除后的激素撤停或围产期皮质酮注射, 均可建立激素诱导的产后抑郁模型; 此外, 转基因动物也常用于产后抑郁模型的建立, 如FRL大鼠[131]等。
围绝经期抑郁症是女性从性成熟期到老年期过渡阶段最常见的一种情感障碍性精神疾病, 目前主要使用雌性大小鼠建立相应的模型, 已经有规范的模型制备方法如下[132]
选用11~15月龄雌性大鼠或11~12月龄雌性小鼠, 连续15天检测阴道涂片, 进入围绝经期的标准是动物动情周期紊乱, 多处于动情间期。对其进行18~21天慢性不可预知应激后进行行为学评价。
经手术摘除大(小) 鼠双侧卵巢5天后进行阴道涂片检查, 未见动情反应者证明手术成功, 对其进行18~21天慢性不可预知应激后进行行为学评价。
1.5.5.1动物的基础上, 应激后对动物进行72 h连续快速动眼相睡眠剥夺。
1.5.5.1动物的基础上, 对动物应激的同时腹部皮下注射4% CCl4花生油溶液, 造成肝脏损伤。
此外, 一些化学物质如超促排卵药物, 以及双侧卵巢摘除术或自然老化结合化学物质注射的方法也可以建立围绝经期抑郁模型。
中医药(traditional Chinese medicine, TCM) 在抗抑郁治疗中具有明确的临床疗效, 已经有一系列中药获批上市或处于临床研发阶段。由于中药基于中医理论, 因此应选择符合中医理论的中医证候实验动物模型进行药效学评价[133]。近年来科研人员建立了一系列中医证候模型, 鉴于篇幅仅进行简要介绍, 具体方法可参考相应的文献[133, 134]
中医认为肾阳亏虚可引起各脏腑阳气虚损, 进而诱发抑郁症。肾阳虚动物模型包括自然衰老法、惊恐伤肾法、氢化可的松法、腺嘌呤法、去势法等, 氢化可的松是最为广泛应用的模型, 上述诱导方法也常与应激合用共同诱导抑郁模型的建立[133]
临床医者认为肾阴虚损同样可能导致情绪低落、思维迟缓等抑郁症状。激怒法造模和温燥药造模是较为常见的肾阴虚病因模型, 而甲状腺素模型是常见的病理模型。
研究表明BALB/c小鼠在CUMS等模型中均表现出气虚症候[134]
中医认为肝、肾阳气不足是抑郁症的诱因之一, 大鼠同时注射利血平和氢化可的松可以建立为肝肾阳虚型抑郁症的动物模型[133]
中医理论认为肝主疏泄, 调畅情志, 长期情志不畅则导致肝失条达、气失疏泄、肝郁气滞, 从而造成抑郁症状。慢性应激与慢性束缚是较为常见的肝郁证造模方式, 但是对于气滞与脾虚两种症候尚未有较明确的标准[133]
中医症候模型目前的主要问题是模型往往不能体现中医的病因和病程发展, 中医临床症候研究中的评价标准尚未完全建立和统一, 对动物模型的建立和规范化造成很大影响[133, 134]
抑郁症的非临床研究大多采用啮齿类动物。然而, 啮齿类动物模型在涉及认知和情感的行为方面存在显著的缺陷, 灵长类动物模型则在生物学方面与人类更为相近, 且具有高级的脑功能结构和神经活动, 以及高度发达的前额叶皮质和高级认知功能[135]。目前神经系统疾病研究中常用猕猴属猕猴、食蟹猴等动物建立模型[135], 树鼩由于其体型小、生长繁殖周期短, 对应激敏感和雄性间好斗的特点, 成为应激和社会竞争相关的新兴抑郁症模型[136]
灵长类抑郁模型一般分为自发性模型和诱导性模型两大类: 自发性模型包括自发性冬季抑郁猕猴模型、成年雌性猕猴抑郁模型、产后成年雌性食蟹猴抑郁模型等, 诱导性模型包括母婴分离猕猴模型、糖皮质激素诱导猕猴抑郁模型、拘禁建立的雌性食蟹猴抑郁模型[135]、树鼩社会竞争失败模型[136]等, 非人灵长类动物抑郁行为的检测方法与啮齿类动物相似[137]。但是, 由于非人灵长类动物资源较为紧缺, 实验成本较高[135], 饲养和操作难度较大, 限制了其在抗抑郁非临床药效学评价中的应用。
在目前的抗抑郁药物非临床药效学研究中, 主要使用啮齿类动物模型进行药效学评价, 但其成本较高, 限制了样本例数并可能影响最终的统计, 同时不适于高通量筛选。研究人员开发了一系列基于低等生物的模型作为替代策略[138]
作为模式生物, 已经建立的果蝇抑郁模型包括microRNA-184、VMAT等基因突变的果蝇抑郁模型, 左旋多巴或氯丙嗪等药物喂养诱导的抑郁模型, 以及CUMS诱导建立的抑郁模型等。其评价指标包括强迫游泳、旷场、攻击行为、雄性生育能力、明暗箱等。果蝇抑郁模型的优点是具有与人类相似的生理学和神经生物学特性, 且生长周期短, 易于培养, 繁殖力强, 适用于分子机制的研究[139]。其缺点在于果蝇与人类在神经结构和行为上存在较大差异[139]
斑马鱼作为低等脊椎动物, 具有与人类基因组高度同源, 脑组织与人类高度相似, 易于实现全身光学可视化和适于高通量筛选等优点。常用的斑马鱼抑郁模型包括CUMS-孤养复合模型、利血平诱导模型、GR突变模型等, 其评价指标包括新型水箱测试、社交行为测试等[138]。斑马鱼模型的缺点在于其与人类在脑结构和功能上存在差异, 同时其行为学测试可能无法完全捕捉人类精神疾病的复杂性, 需要通过多种行为分析方法进行充分验证[138]
动物模型是抗抑郁药物非临床研究的主要模型, 但其个体差异大、不可控因素多、实验周期长等特点使其不适于药物研发早期的大规模筛选。近年来基于一些已知的抗抑郁药机制, 建立了一系列体外细胞模型, 可以作为早期药物筛选平台对化合物的抗抑郁活性进行快速筛选[140]。目前, 体外实验中常用于建立抑郁症模型的细胞包括原代皮质或海马神经元细胞, 神经元细胞系如大鼠克隆性嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞、人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞和小鼠海马HT-22细胞等, 原代胶质细胞如星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞, 以及胶质细胞系如大鼠胶质瘤C6和小胶质细胞BV2等[140]。可通过皮质酮、谷氨酸、脂多糖、NMDA和过氧化氢等药物诱导损伤的产生, 评价指标则包括细胞活力、凋亡、氧化应激指标、炎症反应等[140, 141], 此外, 诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) 在抑郁症的机制研究中也有应用, 但由于其成本等问题, 在早期体外筛选中应用较少[141]
抑郁模型的行为学评价主要基于动物与人类抑郁症相似的一系列抑郁样行为, 如快感缺失和抑郁情绪、冷漠、睡眠障碍、体重与食欲改变、精神运动改变, 以及其他合并症状, 如焦虑和社会孤立等[33], 本部分主要综述在啮齿类动物中的评价方法, 非人灵长类动物和其他动物的评价方法也基于这些抑郁样行为, 可参考以上文献, 本节不再详述。常用的评价方法总结见表 2图 1
基于行为绝望的强迫游泳和悬尾模型除了可以用于建立急性应激模型, 也常用于其他模型的行为学评价, 模型的建立方法详见1.1.1.1。通过对动物试图逃离该环境的行为进行评价[33]
大鼠模型的评价指标为第二天游泳5 min的行为学变化, 小鼠则为6 min游泳的后4 min行为学变化。具体评价指标包括不动时间(动物漂浮在水中不挣扎, 仅进行必要的运动以保持头部在水面以上)、游泳时间(动物四肢划水、拍打水面或俯冲) 和攀爬(动物前肢向上的抓爬行为) 时间[30, 35]。研究表明, 大多数抗抑郁药可以减少动物的不动时间[42, 45], 儿茶酚胺能抗抑郁药可选择性地增加攀爬行为, 而5-羟色胺能药物则选择性地增加游泳行为[37, 38, 42], 因此, 通常对3种活动的时间分别进行统计分析。但是, 动物的不动和主动行为指标是否能反映动物的抑郁状态, 目前存在一定的争议[43]
本模型的行为学评价指标记录为小鼠在后4 min静止不动的时间[44, 45]
快感缺失是抑郁症的核心症状之一, 在啮齿类动物中, 快感缺乏通常表现为对甜味、新物体或情境的偏好降低和性互动频率降低等。可通过下述的蔗糖偏好实验、新奇抑制摄食实验进行评价。此外, 颅内自身刺激(intracranial self-stimulation, ICSS)、新奇事物或位置偏爱实验也可用于抑郁动物快感缺失水平的评价[33]
蔗糖偏好实验是用于评估快感缺失最常用的方法, 抑郁动物表现出对糖水的偏好程度下降, 甚至无偏好, 表明对奖励敏感性的降低[66]。实验前将动物单笼饲养, 进行48 h训练, 对于大鼠, 给予2瓶蔗糖水24 h后, 将其中一瓶蔗糖水用饮用水替代, 继续24 h, 中途交换两个水瓶位置。对于小鼠, 48 h全程给予一瓶蔗糖水和一瓶饮用水, 中途交换两个水瓶位置。之后动物禁食水10~24 h, 然后给予预先称重的1%蔗糖溶液和水各一瓶, 大鼠自由饮水1~4 h, 小鼠则自由饮水12~24 h, 实验结束后对两个水瓶再次称重, 分别记录水和蔗糖溶液的摄入量, 计算动物的蔗糖偏嗜度(%) =蔗糖水饮用量/(蔗糖水饮用量+饮用水饮用量) × 100%[142, 143]。本实验可以对接受治疗的同一动物进行连续观察, 但是, 蔗糖的消耗量极易受到环境因素的影响, 以至于很难获得稳定且重复性高的结果, 必须考虑动物嗅觉和听觉的敏感性, 并在单独的测试房间进行[144]
新奇抑制摄食实验可以反映抑郁症患者对食物兴趣降低、食欲下降的状态。实验前24 h仅禁食不禁水, 将动物放置于陌生旷场角落, 旷场中心放入一定量食物, 随即记录动物开始咬食的时间即摄食潜伏期, 以及一定时间内的摄食量[145]
冷漠被认为是一种目标导向行为的缺陷。在啮齿动物中, 冷漠样行为一般表现为包括筑巢能力受损、自我修饰减少、缺乏母性关怀、社交兴趣减少以及对新事物的兴趣降低等[33]
一般使用大鼠, 将10%蔗糖溶液喷洒在鼠笼内大鼠背部, 记录5 min内大鼠的修饰活动总时间, 包括洗脸、鼻、头和整理身体毛发, 抑郁水平较高的动物修饰活动减少[131]
筑巢行为是实验室大鼠和小鼠行为学评价的一个重要指标, 其巢穴的复杂程度受到动物精神状态和躯体痛苦程度的影响, 抑郁动物表现出筑巢复杂程度的降低[146]。小鼠实验采用单笼饲养, 不提供垫料, 仅放入一块长方形脱脂棉, 观察数小时后动物的筑巢等级, 按照0~4分进行评分。0分: 脱脂棉基本没有变化; 1分: 动物有筑巢行为, 少于一半的脱脂棉被撕碎; 2分: 超过一半的脱脂棉被撕碎但未形成稳定的巢穴; 3分: 形成稳定的杯状巢穴; 4分, 形成稳定的圆顶封闭巢穴[131]。大鼠一般一笼两只, 于笼具一角提供28 g粗纸条后每天早间固定时间按照0~4分进行评分。0分: 纸条基本没有变化; 1分: 纸条被移动, 但未形成可见的巢穴; 2分: 可见明显的小于笼底面积一半的筑巢区域, 巢区边缘可能松散; 3分: 形成稳定巢区, 具有不小于1/5笼高的高度并有凹痕; 4分, 巢有至少1/4笼的高度和一个明显的凹痕[146]
通常用于雌鼠产后抑郁症模型等模型的评价, 抑郁母鼠将会出现对幼崽的关爱行为降低、自身积极行为时间减少和自身消极行为增加。实验一般于产后第4天进行, 将幼鼠分散于鼠笼四角, 记录30 min内母鼠关爱幼崽的行为(噙崽潜伏期、集窝时间、舔崽时间、噙崽频率)、积极行为(走动、站立、攀越等探索性行为的总时间), 以及消极行为(不动、无方向的翻动垫料或者蹲位后头、爪、尾不停搔动的总时间)[131]
焦虑样行为是抑郁症中的常见症状[3], 可通过包括高架十字迷宫、O迷宫、旷场等方法进行评价, 详见《抗焦虑障碍药物非临床药效学评价体系探索》一文中的相关测试方法[78]
社交回避也是抑郁的典型症状, 一般可以通过三箱社交模型进行评价, 该方法还可用于自闭症样行为等社交行为障碍的评价[3]。大鼠和小鼠均可用于评价, 实验包括两个阶段。第一阶段, 将实验鼠放在中间腔室, 一侧腔室笼中有一只陌生鼠1, 另一侧腔室为空笼, 记录10 min内实验鼠接触陌生鼠1的时间(S1)。第二阶段, 将另一只陌生鼠2放入笼中探索, 记录10 min内实验鼠接触陌生鼠2的时间(S2), 计算实验鼠的社会新奇偏好指数= (S2-S1)/(S2+S1)[147, 148]
由于认知功能障碍也是抑郁症患者常常出现的症状, 可使用水迷宫、Y迷宫、新物体识别等方法对抑郁模型动物进行相应的评价[3]
由于单胺类神经递质在抑郁症中的重要作用, 其在血清和脑组织中的变化是研究疾病和药物作用的最常见指标。测定方法主要包括: 高效液相色谱-紫外检测法(HPLC-UV)[149]、高效液相色谱-荧光检测法(HPLC-FLD)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)[150]和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)[149]等。
药物对单胺类神经递质受体, 如去甲肾上腺素能受体、5-HT1A、5-HT2C等受体的激活或拮抗作用, 主要通过配体-受体结合实验、膜片钳技术、钙流测定等方法测定[151]。此外, 药物对单胺转运体如去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白(norepinephrine transporter, NET)、SERT、多巴胺转运体(dopamine transporter, DAT)、VMAT等可能靶点的作用, 也可以通过上述方法测定。药物对单胺类神经递质重摄取的作用, 可通过下丘脑重摄取抑制实验测定[82]; 单胺氧化酶(monoamine oxidase, MAO) 活性也是抗抑郁药物的可能作用靶点, 可通过测定酶活性考察药物的作用机制[152]
其他基于单胺神经递质研究的模型包括利血平拮抗模型、育亨宾增强模型、5-HT诱导甩头模型、多巴胺系统药物模型等, 参见1.2.1~1.2.4
由于HPA轴在抑郁症发病机制中的重要作用, 抗抑郁药物可能通过增加糖皮质激素受体的敏感性, 减弱糖皮质激素抵抗, 抑制HPA轴功能, 从而改善抑郁症状。可以通过ELISA法检测相应激素水平的变化, 并通过免疫荧光技术和RT-PCR技术检测海马神经元糖皮质激素受体(GR) 的表达等方法评价药物对HPA轴的可能作用[153]。类似的方法也可用于HPT和HPG轴的研究。
BDNF是神经营养假说中研究最多的因子。可以通过考察BDNF及其下游神经可塑性相关靶点在脑组织、血液或脑脊液中的水平来研究药物的可能作用机制。此外, 还可以通过基因敲除或过表达BDNF的动物模型来研究其对抑郁样行为的影响[154]。神经生长因子(NGF) 是另一种重要的神经营养因子, 同样可以通过考察脑脊液或血液中的NGF水平及其下游相关靶点来考察药物的可能作用机制[155]
近年来的研究表明, 谷氨酸能药物氯胺酮通过拮抗NMDA受体发挥快速强大的抗抑郁作用[26], 提示NMDA受体在抗抑郁药物作用机制中的重要作用; 此外褪黑素受体、大麻素受体、Sigma-1受体等也是抗抑郁药物机制研究中的新兴靶点。
神经环路是近年来神经生物学研究的热点, 杏仁核、伏隔核、外侧缰核等脑区及各脑区的环路均参与抑郁症的发生和药物的作用, 对神经环路的研究是抗抑郁药物机制的新热点, 一般通过全细胞记录、多电极记录、脑电图(electroencephalogram, EEG)[156], 以及双光子成像、电压成像、光遗传学[157]、化学遗传学、神经示踪等方法开展研究。
目前, 用于抑郁症非临床药效学评价的动物模型仍较为有限, 单一模型很难完全模拟这种复杂的疾病, 为了缩小动物研究与临床结果之间的差距, 需要综合应用多个模型进行评估。但是, 目前的非临床药效学研究尚没有建立起系统规范的体系, 这往往导致实验结果的不稳定性和低可靠性、低重复性, 不利于药物的临床转化。为了获得更稳定、更全面、可重复的研究结果, 本研究提出如下几点注意事项, 供实验人员参考。
在抗抑郁药物的非临床药效学研究中, 首先应选用易感品系中的易感动物进行模型的建立。对动物行为学的研究表明, 不同品系动物, 甚至不同公司来源的同一品系动物对相同的应激会表现出不同的适应性(对应激未表现出行为学变化) 和易感性(对应激表现出变化)[2], 如C57小鼠较其他品系小鼠对CUMS模型更为易感[158]。此外, 同一品系的动物中有一部分动物对应激表现出适应性, 慢性社交挫败应激模型中约35%的应激小鼠未表现出行为学变化, 类似的情况也出现在LH和CUMS模型中[2]。在这类实验中, 应通过糖水偏好等测试筛选动物, 选用表现出行为学变化的易感动物进行后续的药效学评价研究。
在性别选择上, 以往大多数抗抑郁药物的非临床药效学研究都采用雄性动物作为研究对象。这很大程度上是由于雄性动物无须考虑发情周期的影响, 相对变异性更小[159, 160]。然而从临床数据来看, 从青春期开始, 女性抑郁症发病率可达男性的两倍, 且对抗抑郁治疗的反应也表现出性别差异[161], 提示在药效学评价中平行设置雌性动物试验并分别统计的必要性。但需要注意的是, 在啮齿类模型中, 雌性动物表现出对压力更强的耐受性[162], 如在LH模型中未表现出习得性无助行为[163, 164], 此类模型一般不考察雌性动物的变化。此外, 已经建立了一些针对女性抑郁症的动物模型, 可参考1.5继发性抑郁模型中的相应类型开展针对性的非临床药效学研究。
在精神类药物行为学实验中, 实验条件、人员和操作的规范性对评价结果的稳定性、可靠性和重现性起决定性作用, 在前作《抗焦虑障碍药物非临床药效学评价体系探索》一文已经详细描述, 可供参考[78]
尽管大多数抗抑郁药需要数周时间才能在患者身上产生显著的临床效果, 但在悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验中, 抗抑郁药在急性治疗和慢性治疗后都能发挥其作用[47]。这类急性应激模型一般仅适于对药物抗抑郁作用的初步快速筛选, 在抑郁症的临床治疗中一般涉及长期/反复用药, 因此在实验设计中必须包含长期给药方案以支持长期给药的有效性。通过慢性应激建立的模型一般使用长期给药方案。为了与临床发病后给药一致, 建议选择造模成功后给药的方式进行设计。
强迫游泳、悬尾与CUMS模型是抗抑郁药物非临床药效学评价的首选模型, 一般抗抑郁药物的非临床评价均应选用。其中, 强迫游泳和悬尾模型等急性应激模型一般是对药物的抗抑郁活性进行快速筛选, 可能存在一定的假阴性与假阳性, 因此必须选用与临床相似的慢性模型, 如CUMS模型; 在此基础上, 习得性无助、嗅球切除模型和其他慢性应激模型可作为进一步的药效学评价方法。对于针对靶点开发的抗抑郁药物, 优先选用与其靶点相关的药物诱导模型进行评价, 如5-HT相关药物应考察在利血平模型和5-羟色胺诱导甩头模型中的作用, 以HPA轴为靶点的药物应设计皮质酮或地塞米松诱导模型。对于以继发性抑郁为适应证的药物, 可参考1.5中的典型模型进行评价。慢性应激, 尤其是产前产后应激和社交挫败, 以及母体免疫异常同时也可用于双相情感障碍模型的建立[165]。但由于发病机制和生理反应的不同, 这两种疾病有其特定的造模方式[165, 166], 可参考相应的文献建立。对于双相情感障碍和精神分裂中的抑郁样症状, 可通过2.1的评价方法进行评价。
对于急性模型如强迫游泳和悬尾模型, 由于模型本身也是基于抑郁行为的评价方法, 因此可不再进行其他行为学评价; 对于其他类型模型, 一般至少在行为绝望、快感缺失和焦虑样行为3种类型中各选择1个指标进行评价。此外对不同类型的模型, 可选用更有针对性的评价方法, 如对于产后抑郁症模型可选择母鼠关爱行为检测, 对于社交挫败、社会隔离等应激模型可选用社会行为评价指标等。
精神类药物的行为学指标往往受到其他药理作用的干扰。与抗焦虑药物非临床评价相似, 药物的镇静、催眠、肌松、木僵等作用对运动能力产生的影响可能导致动物在悬尾、游泳等实验中活动减少, 镇痛作用可能影响涉及电击的模型如获得性无助、CUMS模型等。可参考前作《抗焦虑障碍药物非临床药效学评价体系探索》一文中相应的章节安排相应的实验[78]
近年来, 国内抗抑郁药物的研发主要集中于仿制药、天然产物和中药复方制剂。在天然产物和复方制剂方面, 逍遥散是治疗抑郁症的经典名方之一, 非临床与临床研究均已明确其抗抑郁活性, 其机制与对单胺类神经递质、肠道微生态及脑肠轴等的调控均有一定关系[167]。舒肝解郁胶囊是CFDA于2008年批准的第一个用于治疗轻中度抑郁症的中药, 疗效与氟西汀相当, 其作用机制可能是调节神经递质的功能, 改善神经元突触可塑性和重塑过程[168]。此外, 参葛补肾胶囊(曾用名太子神悦胶囊)、参郁宁神片、解郁除烦胶囊等中药创新药也已被批准上市, 舒郁胶囊、优欣定胶囊等10余种中药新药正处于研发阶段[169]。中药制剂主要针对轻中度抑郁症有效, 更符合中药早期干预复杂疾病的要求。
化学药物研发方面, 2021年三重再摄取抑制剂1.1类抗抑郁化学新药——盐酸托鲁地文安舒法辛缓释片已正式上市[170]。三重再摄取抑制剂JJH201501、5-HT转运体抑制剂和5-HT1A受体部分激动剂磷酸嘧替佐酮均处临床Ⅲ期阶段。此外, 有一批药物已进入临床Ⅱ期阶段, 包括5-HT激动剂和重摄取抑制剂盐酸羟哌吡酮[171]、5-HT及NE再摄取抑制剂盐酸阿姆西汀、褪黑素受体激动剂GW117、三重再摄取抑制剂及BDNF表达刺激剂JS1-1-01、DRD3、DRD2、5-HT1A和5-HT2A拮抗剂SIPI-6398、NMDAR拮抗剂/甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂氘右美沙芬/安非他酮复方、HS-10506和HS-10353以及MI-078等。
抑郁症是一种多种因素导致的复杂的精神疾病, 终生患病率高, 且具有高复发性。目前, 临床药物的有效率仅约50%[3]。在非临床阶段, 建立较完善的药物药效学评价体系有助于推动抗抑郁新药的研发与发展, 提高非临床到临床的转化率。目前基于应激的模型仍然是抗抑郁药物最常用的评价方法, 但在动物身上无法观察到抑郁症的一些关键症状, 如自杀、内疚、绝望、悲伤等。同时, 抗抑郁药物的药效学研究一般使用遗传正常的动物, 这与临床患者的情况差异较大[2]。在非临床药效学评价中, 一方面应关注新技术、新方法的研究进展, 合理选择多种模型以期达到较全面的药效学评价; 另一方面, 应通过规范化的药效学评价体系, 提高药物进入临床试验的成功率。
作者贡献: 王洪月、武艺共同完成了文献收集和初稿的撰写; 赵春阳协助完成了本论文的文献收集和论文修改; 兰嘉琦完成了论文的撰写和修改; 吴镭和王庆利提供了论文写作思路的建议并对论文进行了校对; 彭英为本论文进行了修改和指导。
利益冲突: 本文不涉及任何利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-054)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1281
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-054)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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