Article(id=1193259086167900994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734710400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-21, revisedDate=1736870400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735824, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735824, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735824, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735824, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=587, endPage=594, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259086381810499, articleId=1193259086167900994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Usenamine A inhibits the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating autophagy through down-regulation of PLK1, columnId=1193259082502079273, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Multi-disciplinary exploration in the current situation and future direction of the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Usenamine A (UA) is a dibenzofuran compound isolated from Usnea longissima Arch. Previous studies have demonstrated that UA exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity, inducing both apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study aims to further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect. Based on data obtained from gene chip assay, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot analysis, we found that UA effectively inhibited the expression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. Furthermore, the administration of BI 6727, a PLK1 inhibitor, significantly diminished the inhibitory effect of UA on the viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Additionally, the knockdown of PLK1 expression via RNA interference markedly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and the inhibitory effect of UA on cell viability was attenuated upon PLK1 knockdown. The knockdown of PLK1 expression significantly upregulated the apoptosis rate of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and notably diminished the apoptosis-inducing effect of UA on these cells. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy using the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reduced the proliferation-inhibitory effect of UA on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Utilizing the PLK1 inhibitor BI 6727 or RNA interference, we further demonstrated that PLK1 negatively regulated autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Consequently, the inhibition of PLK1 attenuated the autophagy induction by UA on these cells. Thus, PLK1 plays a crucial role in the inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis by UA. Moreover, UA activates autophagy through the inhibition of PLK1, which subsequently exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-dong HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-jiao WEI, Ai-lin YANG, Dong-xiao LIU, Yi-lin CAI, Hui-ming HUANG, Fei WANG, Zhu-guo WANG, Zhong-dong HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259470177403045, articleId=1193259086167900994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=Usenamine A通过下调PLK1激活自噬抑制人肝癌细胞生长, columnId=1193259082653074221, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

松萝胺A (usenamine A, UA) 为本课题组从中药长松萝中分离得到的一个二苯并呋喃类化合物, 前期研究显示UA具有良好的体内外抗肝癌活性, 且其能够诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡和自噬, 本研究对其抗肝癌分子作用机制进行了进一步探究。基于前期基因芯片检测数据提示以及实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹法结果显示, UA能够抑制人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中polo样激酶1 (polo-like kinase 1, PLK1) 的表达。PLK1抑制剂BI 6727给药能够显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用。利用RNA干扰技术敲低PLK1的表达能够显著抑制人肝癌细胞的增殖能力, 而且敲低PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用。此外, 敲低PLK1表达能够明显上调人肝癌细胞的凋亡率, 而且可以显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。借助自噬抑制剂3-MA抑制自噬能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用。借助PLK1抑制剂BI 6727或RNA干扰技术, 本课题组还发现在人肝癌细胞中PLK1能够负向调节自噬, 而且抑制PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞自噬的诱导作用。因此, PLK1在UA抑制人肝癌细胞增殖和诱导凋亡中发挥了重要作用, 而且UA能够通过抑制PLK1激活自噬, 进而发挥抑制人肝癌细胞生长的作用。

, correspAuthors=胡仲冬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*胡仲冬, Tel: 86-10-64286180, E-mail:
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A: The mRNA levels of PLK1 were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR after UA (8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 24 h; B, C: Representative images (B) and quantification (C) of protein levels of PLK1 were detected by Western blot analysis after UA (0, 4, 6 and 8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h; D, E: Representative images (D) and quantification (E) of protein levels of PLK1 were detected by Western blot analysis after UA (8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 0, 12, 24 and 36 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=2m3cEs4puk/QCjAxrHEP4Q==, figureFileBig=YHGB3YMVWnm5kUTKAitkzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704142649238314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=D/fvBW92TNQXkppBa+S62Q==, figureFileBig=e92YHzh2EnI93vVMzs1/tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704142707958571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= PLK1 was involved in the inhibitory effect of UA on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. A: Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay after the PLK1 inhibitor BI 6727 (100 nmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and UA (8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h; B: The knockdown efficacy of siPLK1 was confirmed by Western blot analysis; C: Cell viability of cells transfected with either siNC or siPLK1 were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay; D: Cell viability of cells transfected with either siNC or siPLK1 were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay after UA (4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=D/fvBW92TNQXkppBa+S62Q==, figureFileBig=e92YHzh2EnI93vVMzs1/tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704142791844652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RfjgtgDa19yTFILe5ln6RQ==, figureFileBig=kvdrot+/Q+dqqL2Fg2s36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704143844614957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= PLK1 was involved in the induction of apoptosis by UA in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. A, B: Representative images (A) and quantification (B) of apoptosis rates of HepG2 cells transfected with siNC or siPLK1 assessed using flow cytometry; C, D: Representative images (C) and quantification (D) of apoptosis rates of HepG2 cells transfected with either siNC or siPLK1 assessed using flow cytometry after UA (4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h; E, F: Representative images (E) and quantification (F) of apoptosis rates of SK-HEP-1 cells transfected with siNC or siPLK1 assessed using flow cytometry; G, H: Representative images (G) and quantification (H) of apoptosis rates of SK-HEP-1 cells transfected with either siNC or siPLK1 assessed using flow cytometry after UA (4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=RfjgtgDa19yTFILe5ln6RQ==, figureFileBig=kvdrot+/Q+dqqL2Fg2s36Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704143932695342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dWr0wYKPBULwD3ESJFiYcg==, figureFileBig=w975ShKE/PjO/crgdKEWMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704143999804207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Autophagy was involved in the inhibitory effect of UA on the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. Cell viability were assessed using CCK-8 assay after the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and UA (8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=dWr0wYKPBULwD3ESJFiYcg==, figureFileBig=w975ShKE/PjO/crgdKEWMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704144083690288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bIsCsJpP3XiYu3mv8lzCpg==, figureFileBig=Fy7XNOC5130S1A3NWOSeIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704144150799153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086167900994, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= UA activated autophagy by inhibiting PLK1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. A: The protein levels of PLK1 and LC3 were detected by Western blot analysis after the PLK1 inhibitor BI 6727 (100 nmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and UA (8 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h; B: The protein levels of PLK1 and LC3 of cells transfected with either siNC or siPLK1 were detected by Western blot analysis after UA (4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment for 48 h. 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Usenamine A通过下调PLK1激活自噬抑制人肝癌细胞生长
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魏雪娇 1, 2 , 杨爱琳 1, 2 , 刘东晓 1, 2 , 蔡依林 1, 2 , 黄惠铭 1, 2 , 王飞 1, 2 , 王柱国 1, 2 , 胡仲冬 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025,60(3): 587-594
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025, 60(3): 587-594
Usenamine A通过下调PLK1激活自噬抑制人肝癌细胞生长
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魏雪娇1, 2, 杨爱琳1, 2, 刘东晓1, 2, 蔡依林1, 2, 黄惠铭1, 2, 王飞1, 2, 王柱国1, 2, 胡仲冬2, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 100029
  • 2.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029

通讯作者:

*胡仲冬, Tel: 86-10-64286180, E-mail:
Usenamine A inhibits the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating autophagy through down-regulation of PLK1
Xue-jiao WEI1, 2, Ai-lin YANG1, 2, Dong-xiao LIU1, 2, Yi-lin CAI1, 2, Hui-ming HUANG1, 2, Fei WANG1, 2, Zhu-guo WANG1, 2, Zhong-dong HU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1270
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松萝胺A (usenamine A, UA) 为本课题组从中药长松萝中分离得到的一个二苯并呋喃类化合物, 前期研究显示UA具有良好的体内外抗肝癌活性, 且其能够诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡和自噬, 本研究对其抗肝癌分子作用机制进行了进一步探究。基于前期基因芯片检测数据提示以及实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹法结果显示, UA能够抑制人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中polo样激酶1 (polo-like kinase 1, PLK1) 的表达。PLK1抑制剂BI 6727给药能够显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用。利用RNA干扰技术敲低PLK1的表达能够显著抑制人肝癌细胞的增殖能力, 而且敲低PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用。此外, 敲低PLK1表达能够明显上调人肝癌细胞的凋亡率, 而且可以显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。借助自噬抑制剂3-MA抑制自噬能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用。借助PLK1抑制剂BI 6727或RNA干扰技术, 本课题组还发现在人肝癌细胞中PLK1能够负向调节自噬, 而且抑制PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞自噬的诱导作用。因此, PLK1在UA抑制人肝癌细胞增殖和诱导凋亡中发挥了重要作用, 而且UA能够通过抑制PLK1激活自噬, 进而发挥抑制人肝癌细胞生长的作用。

松萝胺A  /  肝癌  /  polo样激酶1  /  增殖  /  自噬  /  凋亡

Usenamine A (UA) is a dibenzofuran compound isolated from Usnea longissima Arch. Previous studies have demonstrated that UA exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity, inducing both apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study aims to further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect. Based on data obtained from gene chip assay, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot analysis, we found that UA effectively inhibited the expression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells. Furthermore, the administration of BI 6727, a PLK1 inhibitor, significantly diminished the inhibitory effect of UA on the viability of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Additionally, the knockdown of PLK1 expression via RNA interference markedly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and the inhibitory effect of UA on cell viability was attenuated upon PLK1 knockdown. The knockdown of PLK1 expression significantly upregulated the apoptosis rate of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and notably diminished the apoptosis-inducing effect of UA on these cells. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy using the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reduced the proliferation-inhibitory effect of UA on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Utilizing the PLK1 inhibitor BI 6727 or RNA interference, we further demonstrated that PLK1 negatively regulated autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Consequently, the inhibition of PLK1 attenuated the autophagy induction by UA on these cells. Thus, PLK1 plays a crucial role in the inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis by UA. Moreover, UA activates autophagy through the inhibition of PLK1, which subsequently exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

usenamine A  /  hepatocellular carcinoma  /  polo-like kinase 1  /  proliferation  /  autophagy  /  apoptosis
魏雪娇, 杨爱琳, 刘东晓, 蔡依林, 黄惠铭, 王飞, 王柱国, 胡仲冬. Usenamine A通过下调PLK1激活自噬抑制人肝癌细胞生长. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 587 -594 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1270
Xue-jiao WEI, Ai-lin YANG, Dong-xiao LIU, Yi-lin CAI, Hui-ming HUANG, Fei WANG, Zhu-guo WANG, Zhong-dong HU. Usenamine A inhibits the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating autophagy through down-regulation of PLK1[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 587 -594 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1270
肝癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 全球致死率在各种肿瘤中位居第三[1]。肝癌恶性程度高、预后差, 严重威胁患者的生命健康。现有治疗方法包括手术切除、化疗和放疗等, 然而这些方法大多具有一定的局限性[2]。因此, 推动新的抗肝癌药物的研发对改善肝癌患者的治疗效果具有十分重要的意义。中药来源于天然且经过传统中医临床长期实践, 从中药中筛选出临床疗效强、不良反应小的小分子天然化合物已成为药物研发的重要来源。近年来从中药中寻找具有抗肿瘤活性的单体成分已成为抗肿瘤药物开发的重要方向[3-5]
长松萝Usnea longissima Arch.是真菌界地衣门茶渍目松萝科Usneaceae松萝属地衣, 是藻类和真菌共生的枝状地衣, 是我国的传统药材, 在我国用药历史悠久。《本草纲目》中记载, 长松萝具有清热解毒、止咳化痰、清肝等功效, 可用于治疗肝热、毒热、痈肿疮毒等[6]。长松萝的化学成分包括缩酚酸类、多取代单苯环类、蒽醌类和二苯并呋喃类等[7]。近年来, 多项研究表明长松萝提取物及活性成分具有良好的抗肿瘤活性[8]。松萝胺A (usenamine A, UA, 图 1) 为本课题组前期从长松萝中分离得到的一个二苯并呋喃类化合物, 其具有良好的体内外抗肝癌活性, 且其能够诱导人肝癌细胞发生凋亡和自噬[9, 10]
Polo样激酶1 (polo-like kinase 1, PLK1) 是丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族中的一员, 其结构高度保守, 能调节细胞有丝分裂。研究表明, 与正常组织相比, PLK1在46%的肝癌组织中高表达, 而在正常肝脏中不表达或表达较低[11-13]。自噬是真核细胞内发生的一种高度保守的自我降解机制, 自噬激活可被认为是抑制肿瘤生长的一种机制[14, 15]。研究表明, PLK1的缺失能够显著降低多种肿瘤细胞的细胞活力, 并诱导细胞凋亡[16], 而且PLK1下调可诱导自噬[17]
本研究采用CCK-8法、流式细胞术、实时荧光定量PCR、免疫印迹法和RNA干扰等方法, 进一步探究了PLK1-自噬轴在UA抗肝癌中的作用, 以期为UA抗肝癌作用深入研究提供一定的参考, 以及为UA将来的临床应用提供一定的科学依据。
药品与试剂  DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(FBS) (美国Corning公司, 批号分别为10-013-CV、35-010-CV); 青-链霉素混合液、0.25%胰酶EDTA (美国Thermo Fisher公司, 批号分别为15140122、25200072); 四唑盐WST-8 (CCK-8) 溶液(美仑生物科技有限公司, 批号MA0186); 细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司, 批号C1062L); 细胞RNA提取试剂盒、All-in-one qRT SuperMix、Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司, 批号分别为RC101-01、R333-01、Q712-02); Super ECL Star特超敏化学发光检测试剂盒(百瑞极生物科技有限公司, 批号BN16010); 抗体: β-actin、HRP标记的羊抗鼠和羊抗兔二抗(美国Santa Cruz公司, 批号分别为sc-47778、sc-2357、sc-516102); 微管相关蛋白轻链3 Ⅱ (microtubule associated protein light chain 3-Ⅱ, LC3-Ⅱ)、PLK1 (美国Cell Signaling Technology公司, 批号分别为2946S、2577S)。UA (图 1), 纯度大于99.8%, 由实验室合成获得, 具体方法见前期研究[9], 溶解于二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 中制备为20和40 mmol·L-1的母液, -20 ℃保存。
实验仪器  SIM/F140AY65 37 ℃恒温培养箱(日本SANYO公司); 高压蒸汽灭菌器(日本YAMATO公司); Enspire多功能酶标仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); FACSCantoⅡ型流式细胞仪(美国BD公司); 低温高速离心机(美国Eppendorf公司); 电泳电转槽(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
细胞培养  本研究中使用的人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞来自美国模式培养物集存库(ATCC), 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下使用DMEM完全培养基(含有10% FBS和1%青-链霉素) 进行培养。
CCK-8法  将对数生长期的人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞消化成单细胞悬液, 按照3 000~4 000个/孔的密度接种在96孔板上, 24 h细胞贴壁后, 加入UA处理, 吸去旧培养基, 加入含10% CCK-8的新培养基, 37 ℃孵育2 h, 在450 nm波长下读取各孔A值, 按公式(1) 计算细胞存活率。
$ 细胞存活率 = (A_{实验}-A_{空白}) / (A_{对照}-A_{空白}) $
流式细胞术  将人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞按照每毫升1×105个的密度接种在6孔板中, 24 h细胞贴壁后, 加入UA处理48 h后, 按照Annexin V-FITC/PI检测试剂盒说明书进行操作。最后使用流式细胞仪进行分析并计算细胞凋亡率。
实时荧光定量PCR实验  将人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞接种于6 cm皿中, 24 h细胞贴壁后, 加入UA处理24 h。按照试剂盒说明书提取RNA。然后用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计测定RNA浓度, 并判断RNA质量是否合格。通过逆转录反应得到稳定的cDNA。最后配制QRT-PCR反应体系: 2× Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix: 10 μL; RNase free ddH2O: 4 μL; forward primer (10 μmol·L-1): 0.4 μL; reverse primer (10 μmol·L-1): 0.4 μL; cDNA: 4 μL。设置程序: 94 ℃ 30 s; 94 ℃ 5 s, 60 ℃ 15 s, 40~45个循环。引物序列如下: PLK1 forward primer: 5'-ACGGCAGCGTGCAGATCAACTT-3'; PLK1 reverse primer: 5'-TCCAGGAGACTCAGGCGGTATGT-3'。GAPDH forward primer: 5'-CAGTGCCAGCCTCGTCTCAT-3'; GAPDH reverse primer: 5'-AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC-3'。
免疫印迹法  将人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞按照每毫升1×105个的密度接种在6孔板中, 24 h细胞贴壁后, 加入UA处理48 h后, 每孔加入适当体积的细胞裂解液, 99 ℃加热10 min制得细胞蛋白样品。每孔加入10 μL细胞蛋白样品, 恒压电泳, 恒流电转, 使用快速封闭液室温封闭10 min, 4 ℃一抗孵育过夜, 室温二抗孵育2 h, 最后曝光显影。
RNA干扰实验  将人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞接种于6孔板中, 24 h细胞贴壁后, 保持细胞融合度为50%~60%, 用含低血清的opti-MEM饥饿细胞4~6 h, 将PLK1的siRNA用DEPC水溶解至20 μmol·L-1, 配制每孔的转染体系: 将5 μL lipo2000与250 μL opti-MEM混合吹匀, 不要产生气泡; 将10 μL siRNA加入到250 μL opti-MEM中, 再与上一步加有lipo2000的opti-MEM混合在一起, 室温放置20 min, 使lipo2000充分包裹siRNA。吸弃培养基, 加入上述配好的lipo2000包裹siRNA的溶液, 加入opti-MEM培养基补齐至每孔2 mL培养基。37 ℃转染48 h后, 用免疫印迹法检测转染效率。siRNA序列如下: PLK1: 5'-AGATCACCCTCCTTAAATATT-3'; negative control (NC): 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3'。
统计学分析  实验数据采用x ± s表示, 使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计学分析, 两组之间的差异采用t检验分析, P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
前期基因芯片检测结果[10]显示, UA给药处理人肝癌HepG2细胞24 h后, 可以明显降低PLK1的表达丰度, 其变化倍数是-4.54。在此基础上, 借助实时荧光定量PCR进行验证发现, UA给予人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞后, PLK1的mRNA水平被明显下调(图 2A)。通过免疫印迹法进一步研究发现, UA可以显著下调人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中PLK1的蛋白水平(图 2BC)。此外, 随着UA作用于人肝癌细胞时间的延长, PLK1蛋白下调的趋势更为明显(图 2DE)。因此, UA能够抑制人肝癌细胞中PLK1的表达。
前期研究发现, UA能够显著抑制人肝癌细胞增殖[9]。为了探究PLK1是否参与UA对人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制作用, 本研究使用PLK1抑制剂BI 6727作用于人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞, 然后给予UA处理。BI 6727给药能够显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用(图 3A)。此外, 本研究还利用RNA干扰技术敲低人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中的PLK1表达, 免疫印迹结果显示, 人肝癌细胞中PLK1的表达被明显敲低(图 3B)。进一步研究发现, 敲低PLK1能够显著抑制人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞的增殖能力(图 3C)。而且敲低PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用(图 3D)。以上结果说明, 抑制或敲低PLK1均可以有效削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用。因此, PLK1参与UA对人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制作用。
前期研究发现, UA能够显著诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡[9]。流式细胞术结果显示, 与siNC组相比, siPLK1组人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞的凋亡率明显升高(图 4ABEF), 而且借助siRNA敲低PLK1表达可以显著削弱UA对人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞的凋亡诱导作用(图 4CDGH)。因此, PLK1参与UA对人肝癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。
前期研究发现, UA能够显著激活人肝癌细胞自噬[9]。为了进一步研究自噬在UA抑制人肝癌细胞生长中的作用, 本研究使用自噬抑制剂3-MA作用于人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞, 然后给予UA处理。结果显示, 借助3-MA抑制自噬能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用(图 5)。因此, 自噬参与了UA对人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制作用。
为了进一步探究UA在人肝癌细胞中激活自噬的分子机制, 本研究在人肝癌细胞中使用PLK1抑制剂BI 6727或siPLK1抑制PLK1的功能, 再给予UA处理。免疫印迹实验结果显示, 抑制PLK1能够上调人肝癌细胞中自噬标志物LC3-Ⅱ的蛋白水平, 提示在人肝癌细胞中PLK1能够负向调节自噬(图 6AB)。此外, 借助BI 6727或siPLK1抑制PLK1均能够削弱UA对人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中LC3-Ⅱ蛋白水平的上调作用, 即抑制PLK1能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞自噬的诱导作用(图 6AB)。因此, 在人肝癌细胞中UA能够通过抑制PLK1进而激活自噬。
从中药中筛选发现抗癌天然药物, 是目前抗癌药物发现的重要途径。中药单体及其衍生化合物也是被开发为治疗肿瘤药物的重要来源, 目前临床上批准使用广泛的化疗药物如喜树碱、紫杉醇和长春新碱等都来源于中药或其衍生物[18]。长松萝是我国的传统药材, 具有清热解毒、止咳化痰、清肝等功效。有研究发现, 长松萝乙酸乙酯提取物可以预防模型大鼠中胃癌和食管癌的发生, 而且在治疗剂量范围内没有表现出毒性[19]。此外, 长松萝水提物可以提高非癌细胞的总抗氧化能力, 并对人胶质母细胞瘤细胞具有显著的细胞毒作用[20]。松萝酸是从长松萝中分离出的二苯并呋喃类化合物, 多项研究表明其对肺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症具有抑制作用, 具有良好的用药前景[21-23]。然而, 由于其溶解度差和具有肝毒性的原因而限制了其应用[24]。本课题组前期对长松萝进行了化学成分研究, 从中分离出了一系列天然松萝酸类似物, 其中分离得到的UA具有良好的抗肿瘤活性[9]。与松萝酸相比, UA的结构中将C-11上的羟基变为氨基, 提高了溶解度和生物利用度[25]。有研究发现UA能够抑制乳腺癌中泛素样修饰激活酶5的表达并激活自噬[26]。UA还可以通过靶向DEAD解旋酶3X/隔离体蛋白1轴介导肺腺癌中NLR家族Pyrin域蛋白3/半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1/gasdermin D介导的焦亡[27]。此外, UA能够通过干扰肌球蛋白重链9/肌动蛋白依赖性细胞骨架重塑诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡和自噬性细胞死亡以及通过干扰蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白/信号转导及转录激活因子3/DNA结合抑制因子1信号轴抑制人肝癌细胞的增殖和侵袭[9, 10]
PLK1属于polo样激酶家族, 是一类广泛存在于真核细胞中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。PLK1能够通过磷酸化多种底物来调节细胞进入有丝分裂, 还能够参与纺锤体的组装和维持[28]。研究显示, PLK1在肝癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等多种癌症中高表达[29]。抑制PLK1对结直肠癌细胞的增殖具有显著的抑制作用, 并可以增加结直肠癌细胞对放化疗的敏感性[30]。Liu等[16]研究发现, PLK1的缺失能够显著降低多种肿瘤细胞的细胞活力, 并诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡, 表现为caspase 3的激活以及核碎片的形成, 同时p53通路参与PLK1缺失诱导的肿瘤细胞凋亡。此外, PLK1能够通过调节微小染色体维持缺陷蛋白3磷酸化, 进而调控肾细胞癌细胞的增殖和凋亡[31]。Jiang等[32]以PLK1羧基端包含的特征性结构域为靶点, 筛选出结构新型的抗肿瘤化合物F083-0063。本研究发现, UA能够抑制人肝癌HepG2和SK-HEP-1细胞中PLK1的表达。利用RNA干扰技术敲低PLK1的表达能够显著抑制人肝癌细胞的增殖能力, 并且能够明显促进人肝癌细胞凋亡的发生, 表明在肝癌中PLK1具有促癌活性。此外, 阻断PLK1能够显著削弱UA对人肝癌细胞活力的抑制作用以及对人肝癌细胞凋亡的诱导作用。因此, UA能够通过抑制PLK1的表达, 进而发挥抑制人肝癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡的作用。
自噬是真核细胞内发生的一种高度保守的自我降解机制[33]。LC3是自噬的标志蛋白, 主要参与自噬体的形成和延伸阶段。当自噬发生时, 胞浆型LC3-Ⅰ与磷脂酰乙醇胺发生偶联, 形成的LC3-Ⅱ聚集于自噬体膜上, LC3-Ⅱ的蛋白水平往往可反映自噬水平高低[34]。研究表明, 激活自噬能够作为一种细胞死亡方式发挥抗肿瘤作用[14]。药物通过促进肿瘤细胞发生自噬性死亡是常用的抗癌策略[15]。自噬在中药活性成分发挥抗癌作用方面也发挥着重要作用[35, 36]。黄芪有效成分毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花苷等可通过调节p53/AMPK/mTOR信号通路诱导肺癌细胞发生自噬从而发挥抗癌作用[37]。白及中的苄基化合物bletillain通过调节蛋白激酶B/糖原合酶激酶3β/β-连环蛋白信号通路诱导肺癌细胞发生自噬性死亡[38]。此外, 研究显示抑制PLK1能够通过mTOR去磷酸化进而诱导急性髓样白血病细胞发生自噬[17]。Chan等[39]研究发现, PLK1通过调节细胞自噬影响卵巢透明细胞癌的化疗抗性。因此, 本课题组推测在肝癌细胞中可能也存在PLK1对自噬的调节作用。本研究借助PLK1抑制剂和RNA干扰技术, 发现在人肝癌细胞中PLK1能够负向调节自噬。已知UA能够激活人肝癌细胞自噬[9], 而本研究发现3-MA抑制自噬能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制作用。此外, 抑制PLK1还能够削弱UA对人肝癌细胞自噬的诱导作用。因此, UA能够通过抑制PLK1激活自噬, 进而发挥抑制人肝癌细胞生长的作用。
综上所述, 长松萝中天然化合物UA能够抑制人肝癌细胞中PLK1的表达。进一步研究发现UA能够通过抑制PLK1进而抑制人肝癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡以及激活自噬, 从而发挥抗肝癌活性(图 7)。本研究工作能够为UA抗肝癌作用深入研究提供一定的参考, 并为UA将来的临床应用提供一定的科学依据。
作者贡献: 魏雪娇、杨爱琳、刘东晓进行实验研究、数据采集及分析、论文撰写; 蔡依林、黄惠铭进行实验数据分析; 王飞、王柱国进行文献调研与分析; 胡仲冬进行实验设计、研究思路指导、论文撰写与修改、提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873044)
  • 北京中医药大学国家级人才精准培育计划(JZPY202206)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023-JYB-JBQN-051)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1270
  • 接收时间:2024-12-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-21
  • 修回日期:2025-01-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873044)
北京中医药大学国家级人才精准培育计划(JZPY202206)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023-JYB-JBQN-051)
作者信息
    1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 100029
    2.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029

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*胡仲冬, Tel: 86-10-64286180, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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