Article(id=1190335352775742283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1160, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732204800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-22, revisedDate=1739030400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727663462, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727663462, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727663462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727663462, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1166, endPage=1174, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335353400693580, articleId=1190335352775742283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Isolation and functional analysis of SmCYP72A395 in Salvia miltiorrhiza, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the genome and transcriptome data of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a cytochrome P450 gene annotated as SmCYP72A395, which was highly expressed in the periderm of S. miltiorrhiza root was cloned. The total length of the cDNA sequence of SmCYP72A395 was 1 578 base pairs, encoding 525 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight of the protein was 59.9 kDa. The physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, protein structure, and conserved domains were predicted by online bioinformatic tools. The theoretical isoelectric point of SmCYP72A395 was 8.68, with a transmembrane domain in the protein. This gene was highly expressed in the flower, leaf, and root periderm tissues of S. miltiorrhiza. To further identify the biological function of SmCYP72A395, the transgenic hairy roots with SmCYP72A395 overexpressed (SmCYP72A395-OE) and RNA interference (SmCYP72A395-RNAi) were constructed, and the content of tanshinone compounds was detected by UPLC between these transgenic lines and control line (haboring the vector plasmid in the transgenic line). Compared with the control line of transgenic hairy roots, the content of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone ⅡA in the SmCYP72A395-OE lines was significantly less than those in the control line. On the contrary, the content of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone Ⅰ was higher in the SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines than those in the control line. These results demonstrated that SmCYP72A395 played a negative role in the regulation of tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. This study lays the foundation for further elucidating the biosynthesis and regulatory pathways of tanshinone compounds in S. miltiorrhiza.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-ying SUN, Hong-mei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin-ke SUN, Jian-hong ZHANG, Zhe WANG, Hong-yu CHEN, Wen-ying ZHANG, Wen-fang ZHENG, Yi-mian MA, Liu HE, Zhi-ying SUN, Hong-mei LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190336069439688744, articleId=1190335352775742283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=丹参细胞色素P450 SmCYP72A395基因克隆及功能研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) 基因组与转录组数据, 克隆获得在丹参根周皮中高丰度表达的细胞色素P450基因, 命名为SmCYP72A395。采用多种在线分析工具对其编码蛋白质的理化性质、亚细胞定位、蛋白质二级结构及保守结构域进行预测分析, 发现SmCYP72A395基因编码区全长为1 578 bp, 编码525个氨基酸残基, 蛋白质分子量为59.9 kDa, 理论等电点为8.68, 具有一个跨膜结构域。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测发现SmCYP72A395在丹参花、叶和根的周皮部位表达量较高。为进一步研究该基因的生物学功能, 分别构建了SmCYP72A395过表达(SmCYP72A395-OE) 和RNA干扰(SmCYP72A395-RNAi) 转基因毛状根材料, 并利用UPLC方法检测阳性株系中丹参酮类化合物的含量。与对照株系(转化空载体的毛状根株系) 相比, 发现SmCYP72A395-OE株系中, 二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ及丹参酮ⅡA的含量均显著低于对照株系; 而在SmCYP72A395-RNAi株系中, 二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ的含量显著高于对照株系。以上结果表明SmCYP72A395在丹参酮类化合物的合成积累过程起负调控作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明丹参酮类化合物生物合成及调控途径奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=孙稚颖, 罗红梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙稚颖, E-mail:
罗红梅, E-mail:
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Identification, Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Gene Families Involved in Gibberellin Metabolism in Salvia milotiorrhiza (丹参赤霉素合成与代谢相关基因家族的鉴定、分子克隆及表达分析) [D]. 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190350112376328765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335352775742283, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YydWkbnUZs8347nv9syJtQ==, figureFileBig=QRvPfIr6TnhkW/uZp9dllw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350112426660414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335352775742283, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=

Protein tertiary structure and phylogenetic tree analysis of SmCYP72A395. A: Atomic confidence diagrams of SmCYP72A395; B: Tertiary structure prediction of SmCYP72A395; C: Phylogenetic tree analysis of SmCYP72A395 and other CYP450s

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Expression patterns of SmCYP72A395 in different tissues of S. miltiorrhiza. A: Relative expression level of SmCYP72A395 in different positions; B: Relative expression level of SmCYP72A395 in different tissues of the root; C, D: Phenotypic diagram of hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza; E: Expression analysis of SmCYP72A395 in SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines; F: Expression analysis of SmCYP72A395 in SmCYP72A395-OE lines. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. ##P < 0.01, ####P < 0.000 1 vs Root; ※※※P < 0.001, ※※※※P < 0.000 1 vs Xylem; **P < 0.01 vs PKi; &&P < 0.01 vs PKOE

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Content of tanshinones in transgenic hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. A: Detection of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ in SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines; B: Detection of cryptotanshinone in SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines; C: Detection of tanshinone Ⅰ in SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines; D: Detection of tanshinone ⅡA in SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines; E: Detection of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ in SmCYP72A395-OE lines; F: Detection of cryptotanshinone in SmCYP72A395-OE lines; G: Detection of tanshinone Ⅰ in SmCYP72A395-OE lines; H: Detection of tanshinone ⅡA in SmCYP72A395-OE lines. DW: Dry weight. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PKi; &P < 0.05, &&P < 0.01 vs PKOE

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Reagent Manufactory
RNAprep PurePlant Plus Kit (Polysaccharides$Polyphenolics-rich) (DP441); TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (DP103); TIANgel Purification Kit (DP219) Tiangen Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
PrimeScriptTM Ⅱ 1st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (6210A); Pyrobest TM DNA Polymerase (R005A); T4 DNA Ligase (2011A) Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pEASY-Blunt Zero Cloning Kit (CB501) TransGen Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
Gateway® BP ClonaseTM Ⅱ Enzyme Mix (11789), Gateway® LR ClonaseTM Ⅱ Enzyme Mix (11791) Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA)
E. coil DH5α Competent Cells (ZK206); carbenicillin (CC32111621); spectinomycin (CS322212120); rifampicin (SL342130200); kanamycin monosulfate (CK312234200) Beijing Zoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Coolaber Science & Technology (Beijing)
), ArticleFig(id=1190350112992891460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335352775742283, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reagents used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reagent Manufactory
RNAprep PurePlant Plus Kit (Polysaccharides$Polyphenolics-rich) (DP441); TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (DP103); TIANgel Purification Kit (DP219) Tiangen Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
PrimeScriptTM Ⅱ 1st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (6210A); Pyrobest TM DNA Polymerase (R005A); T4 DNA Ligase (2011A) Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pEASY-Blunt Zero Cloning Kit (CB501) TransGen Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
Gateway® BP ClonaseTM Ⅱ Enzyme Mix (11789), Gateway® LR ClonaseTM Ⅱ Enzyme Mix (11791) Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA)
E. coil DH5α Competent Cells (ZK206); carbenicillin (CC32111621); spectinomycin (CS322212120); rifampicin (SL342130200); kanamycin monosulfate (CK312234200) Beijing Zoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Coolaber Science & Technology (Beijing)
), ArticleFig(id=1190350113060000325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335352775742283, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Primer name Primer sequence (5′-3′)
Gene cloning SmCYP72A395-F ATGGCGGTGGAATACCAAATT
SmCYP72A395-R CTAGAGCTTGTGCAAGGTAAGG
Overexpression SmCYP72A395-OE-F (395OE-F) GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTATGGCGGTGGAATACCAAATT
SmCYP72A395-OE-R (395OE-R) GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCTAGAGCTTGTGCAAGGTAAGG
RNAi SmCYP72A395-RNAi-F (395i-F) GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTCCCATTAGTCTTGACGCTGAT
SmCYP72A395-RNAi-R (395i-R) GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTTCACCTCCTTAACTAGCTCAGG
qRT-PCR SmCYP72A395-qPCR-F
SmCYP72A395-qPCR-R
CCCATTAGTCTTGACGCTGAT
TCACCTCCTTAACTAGCTCAGG
Housekeeping gene SmActin-F
SmActin-R
AGGAACCACCGATCCAGACA
GGTGCCCTGAGGTCCTGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1190350113143886406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335352775742283, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Primer name Primer sequence (5′-3′)
Gene cloning SmCYP72A395-F ATGGCGGTGGAATACCAAATT
SmCYP72A395-R CTAGAGCTTGTGCAAGGTAAGG
Overexpression SmCYP72A395-OE-F (395OE-F) GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTATGGCGGTGGAATACCAAATT
SmCYP72A395-OE-R (395OE-R) GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCTAGAGCTTGTGCAAGGTAAGG
RNAi SmCYP72A395-RNAi-F (395i-F) GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTCCCATTAGTCTTGACGCTGAT
SmCYP72A395-RNAi-R (395i-R) GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTTCACCTCCTTAACTAGCTCAGG
qRT-PCR SmCYP72A395-qPCR-F
SmCYP72A395-qPCR-R
CCCATTAGTCTTGACGCTGAT
TCACCTCCTTAACTAGCTCAGG
Housekeeping gene SmActin-F
SmActin-R
AGGAACCACCGATCCAGACA
GGTGCCCTGAGGTCCTGTT
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丹参细胞色素P450 SmCYP72A395基因克隆及功能研究
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孙琳可 1, 2, 3 , 张建红 4 , 王喆 5 , 陈泓宇 2 , 张文颖 2 , 郑文芳 2 , 马艺沔 2 , 何柳 2 , 孙稚颖 1, * , 罗红梅 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 1166-1174
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 1166-1174
丹参细胞色素P450 SmCYP72A395基因克隆及功能研究
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孙琳可1, 2, 3, 张建红4, 王喆5, 陈泓宇2, 张文颖2, 郑文芳2, 马艺沔2, 何柳2, 孙稚颖1, * , 罗红梅2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 2 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 3 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 4 河北省沧州市中心医院药学部, 河北 沧州 061001
  • 5 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

孙稚颖, E-mail:
罗红梅, E-mail:
Isolation and functional analysis of SmCYP72A395 in Salvia miltiorrhiza
Lin-ke SUN1, 2, 3, Jian-hong ZHANG4, Zhe WANG5, Hong-yu CHEN2, Wen-ying ZHANG2, Wen-fang ZHENG2, Yi-mian MA2, Liu HE2, Zhi-ying SUN1, * , Hong-mei LUO2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 4Department of Pharmacy, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1160
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基于丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) 基因组与转录组数据, 克隆获得在丹参根周皮中高丰度表达的细胞色素P450基因, 命名为SmCYP72A395。采用多种在线分析工具对其编码蛋白质的理化性质、亚细胞定位、蛋白质二级结构及保守结构域进行预测分析, 发现SmCYP72A395基因编码区全长为1 578 bp, 编码525个氨基酸残基, 蛋白质分子量为59.9 kDa, 理论等电点为8.68, 具有一个跨膜结构域。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测发现SmCYP72A395在丹参花、叶和根的周皮部位表达量较高。为进一步研究该基因的生物学功能, 分别构建了SmCYP72A395过表达(SmCYP72A395-OE) 和RNA干扰(SmCYP72A395-RNAi) 转基因毛状根材料, 并利用UPLC方法检测阳性株系中丹参酮类化合物的含量。与对照株系(转化空载体的毛状根株系) 相比, 发现SmCYP72A395-OE株系中, 二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ及丹参酮ⅡA的含量均显著低于对照株系; 而在SmCYP72A395-RNAi株系中, 二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ的含量显著高于对照株系。以上结果表明SmCYP72A395在丹参酮类化合物的合成积累过程起负调控作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明丹参酮类化合物生物合成及调控途径奠定基础。

丹参  /  细胞色素P450酶  /  SmCYP72A395  /  丹参酮类化合物  /  生物合成调控

Based on the genome and transcriptome data of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a cytochrome P450 gene annotated as SmCYP72A395, which was highly expressed in the periderm of S. miltiorrhiza root was cloned. The total length of the cDNA sequence of SmCYP72A395 was 1 578 base pairs, encoding 525 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight of the protein was 59.9 kDa. The physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, protein structure, and conserved domains were predicted by online bioinformatic tools. The theoretical isoelectric point of SmCYP72A395 was 8.68, with a transmembrane domain in the protein. This gene was highly expressed in the flower, leaf, and root periderm tissues of S. miltiorrhiza. To further identify the biological function of SmCYP72A395, the transgenic hairy roots with SmCYP72A395 overexpressed (SmCYP72A395-OE) and RNA interference (SmCYP72A395-RNAi) were constructed, and the content of tanshinone compounds was detected by UPLC between these transgenic lines and control line (haboring the vector plasmid in the transgenic line). Compared with the control line of transgenic hairy roots, the content of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone ⅡA in the SmCYP72A395-OE lines was significantly less than those in the control line. On the contrary, the content of dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone Ⅰ was higher in the SmCYP72A395-RNAi lines than those in the control line. These results demonstrated that SmCYP72A395 played a negative role in the regulation of tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. This study lays the foundation for further elucidating the biosynthesis and regulatory pathways of tanshinone compounds in S. miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza  /  cytochrome P450  /  SmCYP72A395  /  tanshinone  /  biosynthetic regulation
孙琳可, 张建红, 王喆, 陈泓宇, 张文颖, 郑文芳, 马艺沔, 何柳, 孙稚颖, 罗红梅. 丹参细胞色素P450 SmCYP72A395基因克隆及功能研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1166 -1174 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1160
Lin-ke SUN, Jian-hong ZHANG, Zhe WANG, Hong-yu CHEN, Wen-ying ZHANG, Wen-fang ZHENG, Yi-mian MA, Liu HE, Zhi-ying SUN, Hong-mei LUO. Isolation and functional analysis of SmCYP72A395 in Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1166 -1174 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1160
丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) 为多年生草本植物, 属唇形科鼠尾草属药用植物。以根及根茎入药, 中药名丹参, 又名“赤参”, 外表皮色越红, 其质越佳。该药入心经及肝经, 具有活血散瘀、调经止痛、清心除烦等功效, 常被用于治疗淤血阻滞之月经不调、心烦失眠等临床病症[1, 2]。有研究发现, 丹参富含丹参酮类化合物等脂溶性活性成分[3], 如二氢丹参酮Ⅰ (dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ)、隐丹参酮(cryptotanshinone)、丹参酮Ⅰ (tanshinone Ⅰ) 及丹参酮ⅡA (tanshinone ⅡA) 等, 且该类成分在丹参根及根茎组织中显著富集[4]。现代药理学研究表明, 丹参具有抗菌消炎[5, 6]、抗肿瘤[7, 8]、抗氧化[9]等药理活性。此外, 丹参在治疗心血管疾病方面也具有显著疗效[10, 11]
丹参酮类化合物的基本碳骨架化合物为次丹参酮二烯。次丹参酮二烯由前体物质牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphat, GGPP) 在柯巴基焦磷酸合酶(copalyl diphosphate synthase, CPS) 和类贝壳杉烯合酶(kaunene synthase, KSL) 的催化下合成。随后, 次丹参酮二烯在细胞色素P450单加氧酶(CYP450) 等修饰酶的作用下, 进一步转化为多种类型的丹参酮类化合物[12-16]
CYP450是植物基因组中一类超基因家族[17], 其独特的半胱氨酸-亚铁血红素结构赋予其多样性的催化功能[18], 在萜类、脂类、黄酮类以及生物碱类等多种化合物的生物合成途径中发挥重要作用[19]。迄今为止, 已从丹参中鉴定出116条CYP450基因[20], 其中SmCYP76AH1SmCYP76AH3SmCYP76AK1SmCYP71D373SmCYP71D375等基因被证实直接参与丹参酮类化合物的生物合成过程[20-23]。例如, SmCYP76AH1与丹参酮生物合成关键酶基因SmCPS1SmKSL1共表达, 且发现SmCYP76AH1催化次丹参酮二烯的C-12位羟基化, 生成铁锈醇; SmCYP71D373SmCYP71D375参与催化生成隐丹参酮和15, 16-二氢丹参酮Ⅰ[23]
尽管CYP450在丹参酮生物合成途径中发挥重要作用, 但目前丹参酮生物合成途径中仍有多个可能由CYP450催化的步骤尚未解析。Xu等[24]前期研究发现, SmCYP72A395与已知参与丹参酮生物合成的SmCPS1等基因具有共表达趋势。依据已发表的丹参基因组和转录组数据[25, 26], 本研究克隆得到SmCYP72A395基因。为进一步探究SmCYP72A395的表达特性和生物学功能, 对其进行生物信息学分析、研究其在不同组织中的表达模式, 并构建表达载体转化丹参获得转基因毛状根阳性株系。通过检测SmCYP72A395-OE和SmCYP72A395-RNAi株系中的丹参酮类化合物含量差异, 明确其功能, 为研究SmCYP72A395在丹参酮合成调控中的作用提供科学依据。
植物材料   丹参取自中国医学科学院药用植物研究所的试验田, 对丹参的根、茎、叶、花及根的周皮、韧皮部和木质部等组织分别取样。使用无菌水彻底清洗干净后用滤纸轻轻吸干样品表面水分, 立即置于液氮中速冻, 而后储存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存备用。
实验试剂   实验过程中所用试剂见表 1
RNA提取和cDNA合成   总RNA的提取步骤主要参考RNAprep Pure多糖多酚植物总RNA提取试剂盒说明书, 经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和NanoDrop 2000测定RNA浓度与完整性, 而后参考PrimeScriptTM Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit试剂盒说明书进行反转录合成cDNA。
SmCYP72A395基因的筛选及克隆   参考Xu等[24]前期研究结果, 筛选出和参与丹参酮生物合成的SmCPS1等基因共表达的SmCYP72A395基因。依据丹参基因组中的SmCYP72A395基因全长序列设计特异引物SmCYP72A395-F/R以扩增获得基因编码区序列(表 2), 扩增后产物经由琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 并利用DNA纯化试剂盒回收, 连接至pEASY-Blunt Zero载体, 并利用Sanger法测序。
生物信息学分析    利用InterPro (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/) 在线工具预测蛋白质保守结构域, 通过ExPASy-protparam[27] (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 在线工具预测蛋白质的分子量、等电点等理化性质; 借助ExPASy-protScale (https://web.expasy.org/Scale/) 分析蛋白质的亲疏水性; 使用NetPhos 3.1 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos-3.1/) 预测蛋白的磷酸化位点。通过SignalP 5.0 Server (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-5.0/) 预测信号肽, 跨膜结构域的预测则借助TMHMM Server 2.0[28] (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) 完成。亚细胞定位分析使用Cell-PLoc[29] (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/Cell-PLoc-2/) 在线平台预测; 此外, 通过SOPMA[30]在线工具分析蛋白质的脂肪系数及二级结构。利用Alphafold3[31] (https://golgi.sandbox.google.com/about) 预测蛋白三级结构, 并通过Pymol软件[32]对蛋白结构进行可视化。
SmCYP72A395系统进化分析   查阅NCBI数据库及拟南芥数据库, 并下载拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)[33]及其他物种中已鉴定的CYP450氨基酸序列, 包括人参(Panax ginseng)[34]、薄荷(Mentha canadensis)[35]、黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)[20]、美国紫珠(Callicarpa americana)[36]、水稻(Oryza sativa)[37, 38]、蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)[39]、喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)[40, 41]、芝麻(Sesamum indicum)[18]、大豆(Glycine max)[18]、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)[18]、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)[42]等25条序列, 利用TB-tools软件[43]构建系统进化树, 并通过iTOL (https://itol.embl.de) 在线网站对进化树进行美化。
基因过表达和RNAi载体的构建    根据Gateway克隆的工作原理, 基于SmCYP72A395基因序列中一段高度特异性的序列片段设计RNAi引物(395i)。过表达引物(395OE) 的设计是在基因全长扩增引物基础上, 于引物的5′端直接添加attB序列构成(表 2)。以重组质粒pEASY-SmCYP72A395-RNAi或pEASY-SmCYP72A395-OE为模板, 利用上述395i或395OE引物进行PCR扩增, 将PCR回收产物与pDONR221入门载体进行BP反应, 产物转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH5α中, 菌落PCR验证后将阳性克隆摇菌提取质粒并进行测序鉴定。pDONR221-SmCYP72A395基因片段与pK7GWIWG2D(Ⅱ)/pK7WG2D植物表达载体进行LR反应, 产物转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞, 菌落PCR验证后将阳性克隆摇菌提取质粒并进行测序鉴定。对重组后的载体质粒进行提取, 分别将重组载体质粒和空载体质粒转入发根农杆菌ACCC10060中, 获得RNAi毛状根株系(395i) 及对照株系(PKi), 以及过表达毛状根株系(395OE) 及对照株系(PKOE)。
叶盘法转化丹参    选取生长状态良好的丹参组培苗叶片, 剪成1 cm2叶盘后将其接种于MS固体培养基中, 25 ℃预培养2天。将发根农杆菌ACCC10060 (含重组载体质粒或空载体质粒) 接种到含50 mg·L-1盐酸壮观霉素(spectinomycin, Spec) 和50 mg·L-1利福平(rifampicin, Rif) 的液体LB培养基, 28 ℃、180 r·min-1振荡培养至OD600达到0.4~0.6集菌, 使用MS液体培养基重悬菌体, 侵染叶盘后将其置于MS固体培养基上, 25 ℃黑暗条件下共培养2天。将共培养的叶盘分别用无菌水和400 mg·L-1羧苄青霉素(carbenicillin, Car) 的无菌水洗净, 置于含400 mg·L-1 Car和50 mg·L-1硫酸卡那霉素(kanamycin, Kana) 的MS固体培养基上, 25 ℃黑暗条件下筛选培养[44]。筛选获得含荧光标记的阳性株系395i-3、395i-4、395OE-1、395OE-2、395OE-5, 并将其转接至6, 7-V液体培养基中继续培养。
SmCYP72A395基因表达分析    取丹参转基因株系和对照株系, 以及丹参不同组织部位, 提取总RNA后反转录为cDNA。挑选SmCYP72A395基因特异性片段设计qRT-PCR引物, 以管家基因SmActin (HM231319.1) 作为内参基因, 制备qRT-PCR系统(每个反应3个生物学重复): TB Green®Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ 7.5 μL, cDNA模板1 μL, 正反引物各1 μL, 适量RNase-free ddH2O至总体系为15 μL。qRT-PCR程序为95 ℃变性30 s; 95 ℃退火5 s, 60 ℃延伸34 s, 40个循环。在65~95 ℃内进行熔解曲线分析, 记录Ct值, 在不同实验组间以2-ΔΔCt方法计算SmCYP72A395基因的相对表达量, 采用t检验对结果进行差异显著性分析。
丹参酮类化合物含量检测   观察并记录丹参毛状根形态颜色变化, 干燥后称重。取0.2 g毛状根粉末, 加入1 mL色谱级甲醇, 超声避光提取30 min, 8 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤上清液后注至进样瓶内, 采用UPLC检测其丹参酮类化合物含量。相关色谱条件如下: Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 检测波长: 255 nm; 系统温度: 25 ℃; 流速: 0.25 mL·min-1; 进样量: 5 μL; 组成流动相的溶剂为甲醇(A)-水(B), 洗脱条件为: 0~5 min, 20%~60% A; 5~20 min, 60%~70% A; 20~25 min, 70%~80% A; 25~26 min, 80%~100% A; 26~30 min, 100% A。记录出峰时间及峰面积, 每个样品设3个生物学重复, 采用外标一点法进行计算[44], 采用t检验对结果进行差异显著性分析。
以丹参叶cDNA为模板, 经RT-PCR方法克隆获得基因全长1 578 bp的丹参基因SmCYP72A395, 编码525个氨基酸, 确认其为包含CYP450保守结构域、血红素结合域FXXGXRXCXG基序和螺旋K区EXXR基序的CYP450超家族成员。
通过ExPASy预测SmCYP72A395蛋白的理化性质, 其相对分子质量为59.9 kDa, 分子式为C2728H4284N720O756S22, 原子总数为8 510, 理论等电点为8.68。氨基酸组成分析结果显示, 异亮氨酸(Ile) 占比7.2%、丙氨酸(Ala) 占比7.4%、亮氨酸(Leu) 占比9.7%, 说明SmCYP72A395蛋白主要由疏水性氨基酸组成。SmCYP72A395蛋白不稳定系数为46.12, 为不稳定性蛋白; 水合作用总平均值为-0.138 < 0, 表明SmCYP72A395为疏水性蛋白。在SmCYP72A395蛋白中预测到48个潜在的蛋白磷酸化位点, 其中丝氨酸占比最大, 为60%; 苏氨酸次之, 为27%; 酪氨酸占比最少, 为13%。
利用SignalP-5.0在线工具对SmCYP72A395蛋白质进行信号肽预测, 结果显示该蛋白质具有信号肽的可能性仅为0.1%, 而不含信号肽的可能性高达99.9%, 推断SmCYP72A395不含信号肽, 且不是分泌性蛋白。跨膜结构域预测结果表明SmCYP72A395在第17至39个氨基酸区间内形成了一个跨膜区域。亚细胞定位预测结果推测SmCYP72A395可能定位于内质网。蛋白质二级结构预测结果表明, SmCYP72A395蛋白α-螺旋结构包含了261个氨基酸, 占比最高, 为49.71%; 其次是无规则卷曲结构, 由210个氨基酸组成, 占比40.0%; 而延伸链则由54个氨基酸构成, 占比10.29%。
通过Alphafold3对蛋白质结构进行高精度预测, 图 1A中蛋白质颜色越深, 数值越大, 表示置信度越高。结果显示pLDD > 90, 说明预测蛋白质结构可靠; ipTM = pTM = 0.92, 表明模型预测质量较高, 预测的蛋白质折叠质量较好, 与真实结构的相似性较高(图 1A)。利用Pymol软件对预测后的蛋白质结构进行可视化, 蛋白质三级结构情况如图 1B所示。
基于NCBI数据库下载得到的25条CYP450氨基酸序列, 利用TB-Tools软件构建系统进化树(图 1C)。结果显示, 本研究中所有属于CYP72A亚家族的蛋白均聚类在同一分支上, 且丹参SmCYP72A395与芝麻SiCYP72A219、烟草NtCYP72A219和NtCYP72A54聚为一分支, 与蒺藜苜蓿MtCYP72A68、大豆GmCYP72A68及甘草GuCYP72A153聚在一个同源支。
分别以丹参根、茎、叶、花、周皮、韧皮部和木质部七个不同组织的cDNA为模板, 对SmCYP72A395基因的表达水平进行检测(图 2A)。分析发现, 该基因在丹参花和叶中表达水平较高; 在根中, 发现其在周皮部的表达量显著高于韧皮部和木质部(图 2B)。
分别构建SmCYP72A395-RNAi载体及SmCYP72A395-OE载体, 利用农杆菌介导的转化方法, 成功获得了丹参的转基因毛状根阳性株系。与对照株系相比, SmCYP72A395转基因毛状根的生长发育正常, 无异常表型(图 2CD)。但与只转化空载体的对照株系(PKi) 相比, 在395i-4株系中, SmCYP72A395的表达量显著降低(图 2E); 而在过表达株系395OE-1、395OE-2和395OE-5中, SmCYP72A395的表达水平均显著高于对照株系(图 2F)。
UPLC检测结果发现, 在RNAi株系中, 二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ的含量均显著高于对照株系(图 3A~C)。其中二氢丹参酮Ⅰ的含量差异最显著, 其次是隐丹参酮和丹参酮Ⅰ (图 3A~C), 而丹参酮ⅡA的含量与对照株系相比无显著差异(图 3D); 但在过表达株系中, 这四种丹参酮的含量与对照株系相比均显著降低(图 3E~H)。这一研究结果表明SmCYP72A395可能在丹参酮类化合物合成和积累过程中起负调控作用。
随着测序技术的不断升级和合成生物学的飞速发展, CYP450在植物生物合成途径中的功能正在被逐步验证。目前, 通过基因组、转录组、RNA干扰、过表达、异源表达等技术体系, 研究人员已在人参[45]、拟南芥[46]、番茄[47]、绞股蓝[48]等植物中鉴定出CYP450的功能。而关于丹参CYP450基因的研究主要聚焦在CYP71D[23]、CYP76AH、CYP76AK[20-22]、CYP81C[44]、CYP98A[49]等亚家族成员, CYP72A亚家族的研究较少。
本研究利用RT-PCR克隆到丹参SmCYP72A395基因的全长序列, 并对其进行生物信息学分析。SmCYP72A395蛋白质具有CYP450家族的保守结构域、血红素结合域和螺旋K区保守基序[50]。亚细胞定位预测结果显示SmCYP72A395蛋白位于内质网中, 与大多数CYP450的定位趋势一致, 且与丹参SmCYP76AH1蛋白的亚细胞定位一致[51]。文献[20-23]报道, CYP71D、CYP76AH、CYP76AK亚家族主要参与丹参酮类化合物的合成, 但本研究系统进化分析发现CYP72A395与CYP72A亚家族的蛋白在进化中具有较高的同源性, 而蒺藜苜蓿[39]、大豆[18]、甘草[42]等物种的一些CYP72A亚家族成员参与齐墩果烷三萜骨架的催化合成, 推测丹参SmCYP72A395可能参与丹参中三萜类化合物的生物合成途径, 从而间接影响丹参酮的生物合成。
丹参酮类化合物是分布于丹参根部的一类二萜类化合物。在前期研究中, Xu等[24]发现一些参与丹参酮类化合物生物合成的CYP450基因主要在根和根周皮中高表达。而本研究发现SmCYP72A395虽然在丹参根周皮组织中的相对表达量高于韧皮部和木质部, 这与CYP76AH1等参与丹参酮生物合成的关键酶基因表达模式相似, 但其在叶和花中的表达量显著高于根(图 2AB), 这与参与丹参酮类化合物生物合成的关键CYP450基因表达部位明显不同, 暗示SmCYP72A395可能不直接参与丹参酮类化合物的生物合成。重要的是, 在SmCYP72A395转基因毛状根株系中, SmCYP72A395基因的表达水平与丹参酮类化合物的含量呈负相关(图 3)。Guo等[51]研究发现, SmCPS1SmCYP76AH1双基因超表达的转基因丹参根中丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA和隐丹参酮的含量都极显著升高。这与本研究发现的SmCYP72A395-OE转基因毛状根中丹参酮类化合物的含量变化结果相反。上述研究结果表明SmCYP72A395基因可能负调控丹参酮类化合物的生物合成。
高等植物CYP72A亚族成员在生理功能上具有一定的保守性[52]。有研究表明, CYP450基因参与GGPP氧化为赤霉酸的反应过程, 且水稻OsCYP72A20可调节水稻穗发芽[53]。赤霉素为四环二萜类化合物, 与丹参酮类化合物共享底物GGPP, 可能是丹参酮类化合物生物合成的竞争途径[54]。但SmCYP72A395具体催化底物及参与丹参中哪类次生代谢物的生物合成途径仍在进一步探索中, 将通过体外酶促反应、CRISPR-Cas9等技术明确SmCYP72A395在调控丹参次生代谢物生物合成途径中的具体功能, 为解析丹参酮复杂生物合成途径的分子机制奠定基础。
作者贡献:
孙琳可负责部分实验、生物信息学分析、数据分析整理及文章撰写; 张建红、陈泓宇和王喆负责部分实验操作; 张文颖、郑文芳、马艺沔、何柳参与数据分析、图片绘制、文章修改等; 孙稚颖对本文实验思路及文章修改提供了宝贵意见; 罗红梅从实验设计、实验思路、方法建立及文章修改提供了专业指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-071)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31570302)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1160
  • 接收时间:2024-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22
  • 修回日期:2025-02-09
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-071)
国家自然科学基金(31570302)
作者信息
    1 山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
    2 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193
    3 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
    4 河北省沧州市中心医院药学部, 河北 沧州 061001
    5 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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