Article(id=1190335349206389551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732204800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-22, revisedDate=1736265600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727662612, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727662612, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727662612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727662612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1029, endPage=1040, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335349512573747, articleId=1190335349206389551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment and evaluation of a mouse model of severe alcoholic hepatitis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) represents the most extreme form of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), accompanied by an extremely high mortality rate. Currently, there is a dearth of appropriate animal models for related research. The objective of this study is to establish a mouse model of SAH, thereby providing a preclinical animal model for subsequent research on SAH. This study is based on the NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) model and constructs a mouse model by combining bacterial endotoxins. This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University (approval number: AEEI-2023-102). The model emulates the pathological processes of clinical SAH in terms of mouse mortality, liver tissue damage, and inflammatory markers, thereby establishing the model. Ultimately, it is ascertained that the optimal conditions for SAH mouse modeling based on the NIAAA model are the last intragastric administration of alcohol at a concentration of 7.5 g·kg-1 in combination with intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide at a dose of 5 mg·kg-1 for a period of 12 h. Under these conditions, the mouse model effectively simulates the high mortality and liver dysfunction seen in clinical SAH, with pathological staining results closely mirroring clinical findings. Additionally, it demonstrates a significant infiltration of neutrophils in the liver, indicative of an excessive inflammatory response. This model provides an ideal platform for preclinical research on SAH.

, correspAuthors=Min LIU, Jia-bo WANG, Ying-hao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-jin ZHU, Shu-wen ZHENG, Guang-de ZHOU, Yan-yu XU, Tao PAN, Min LIU, Jia-bo WANG, Ying-hao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190336016281080739, articleId=1190335349206389551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=重症酒精性肝炎小鼠模型的建立与评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

重症酒精性肝炎(severe alcoholic hepatitis, SAH) 是酒精性肝病中最严重的一种, 死亡率极高, 目前缺乏适合的动物模型进行相关研究。本研究旨在建立一种小鼠SAH模型为后续开展重症酒精性肝炎的相关研究提供临床前动物模型。本研究在NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) 模型的基础上采用联合给予细菌内毒素构建小鼠模型[本实验所有动物实验均获得首都医科大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: AEEI-2023-102]。在小鼠死亡率、肝脏组织损伤及炎症相关指标等方面模拟临床重症酒精性肝炎的病理过程。最终确立在NIAAA模型的基础上, 最后一次灌胃酒精浓度为7.5 g·kg-1, 联合腹腔注射脂多糖剂量5 mg·kg-1, 作用时间12 h作为SAH小鼠造模最优条件。该条件下, 小鼠模型能够较好地模拟临床上SAH的高死亡率、肝脏功能损害, 并且其病理染色结果与临床结果高度一致, 肝脏中也出现了大量中性粒细胞浸润等过度炎症反应的情况, 为SAH的临床前研究提供了理想的模型。

, correspAuthors=刘敏, 王伽伯, 王英豪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘敏, E-mail:
王英豪, E-mail:
王伽伯, E-mail:
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Geneva: WHO, 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274603/9789241565639-eng.pdf?ua=1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190350053790290380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dang K, Hirode G, Singal AK, et al. Alcoholic liver disease epidemiology in the United States: a retrospective analysis of 3 US databases [J]. 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Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 5: 494-506., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190350053215670727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, awardId=U21A200211, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金联合基金重点支持项目(U21A200211), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190350053270196680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, awardId=GZC20231759, language=CN, fundingSource=“国家资助博士后研究人员计划”资助(GZC20231759), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190350049050726767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049054921072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049050726767, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049063309681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049050726767, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350049126224242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049134612851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049126224242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049138807156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049126224242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350049205916021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049210110327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049205916021, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Clinical Pathology Center of Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049218498935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049205916021, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院临床病理中心, 北京 100069)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350049268830585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049277219193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049268830585, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Research and Translational Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Severe Hepatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350049285607802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, companyId=1190350049268830585, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 首都医科大学中医药防治传染性重症肝病研究与转化实验室, 北京 100069)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190350051957379511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M2QYRMJqM40xZkFwJKcH9g==, figureFileBig=aqCy6eL1wFHmi91UxiWj2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052003516856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=

Experimental design process of severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) model. A: Modeling process of different groups; B: Modeling process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with different stimulation times

, figureFileSmall=M2QYRMJqM40xZkFwJKcH9g==, figureFileBig=aqCy6eL1wFHmi91UxiWj2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052091597241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EwZUVmR6C6oHa0kv6QYrUQ==, figureFileBig=Yy/uf2OGbDh1HB0gNxa6pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052154511802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=

Death of mice in each group (n = 20)

, figureFileSmall=EwZUVmR6C6oHa0kv6QYrUQ==, figureFileBig=Yy/uf2OGbDh1HB0gNxa6pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052213232059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tqvhNaEKPHcPgsZZ7wvzCw==, figureFileBig=apNBoSClWF7RRk8SxAUbeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052263563708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=

Liver tissue of mice in each group was stained by H & E and IHC staining with myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G (Ly6G). A: H & E staining and IHC staining of mouse liver tissues in different groups; B: Quantitative analysis of steatosis and inflammatory infiltration; C: Quantitative analysis of MPO; D: Quantitative analysis of Ly6G. Magnification ×200; scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=tqvhNaEKPHcPgsZZ7wvzCw==, figureFileBig=apNBoSClWF7RRk8SxAUbeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052351644093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PeT+klH7+QCKLHzw6W6lUg==, figureFileBig=sdw6txagl/W6XsGoqzySnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052439724478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=

The effect of LPS stimulation time on mouse liver and the study final design. A: H & E staining and IHC staining of mouse liver tissues at different times; B: Quantitative analysis of MPO; C: Quantitative analysis of Ly6G; D: Serum alanine transaminase (ALT); E: Serum aspartate transaminase (AST). Magnification ×200; scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

, figureFileSmall=PeT+klH7+QCKLHzw6W6lUg==, figureFileBig=sdw6txagl/W6XsGoqzySnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052519416255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=efS3zGPAQMig7R6ruBZrDw==, figureFileBig=Jv4JqgLZAIC8KfGRSlwqkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052573942208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=

Pathological staining analysis of clinical and mouse SAH samples. A: H & E, Masson and MPO staining of SAH patients; B-D: Quantitative analysis of H & E, Masson and MPO staining; E: H & E, Masson, MPO and TUNEL staining of SAH mice; F-I: Quantitative analysis of H & E, Masson, MPO and TUNEL staining. Magnification ×100; scale bar = 200 μm. n = 3, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=efS3zGPAQMig7R6ruBZrDw==, figureFileBig=Jv4JqgLZAIC8KfGRSlwqkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052649439681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5UbeJ+SXEHBM6rojU4EfHA==, figureFileBig=OaLUcF359akgQybBArGKWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052703965634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=

The liver function of SAH mice was significantly impaired. A: Weight change during modeling; B: Liver index; C: Serum ALT; D: Serum AST; E: Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); F: Serum direct bilirubin (DBIL); G: Serum total bile acid (TBA); H: Serum albumin (ALB); I: Serum cholinesterase (CHE). n = 6, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=5UbeJ+SXEHBM6rojU4EfHA==, figureFileBig=OaLUcF359akgQybBArGKWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052775268803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eUPYQKAyJZ1E6EfBVjkpQQ==, figureFileBig=pmuTgut9gA1X3Eek8IpyVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052842377668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=

Serum levels of inflammatory factors and chemokines in SAH mice were significantly increased. A: Serum interleukin (IL)-1β; B: Serum IL-6; C: Serum IL-18; D: Serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); E: Serum macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2); F: Serum C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2); G: Serum C-X-C chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1); H: Serum C-X-C chemokine ligand 7 (CXCL7). n = 6, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=eUPYQKAyJZ1E6EfBVjkpQQ==, figureFileBig=pmuTgut9gA1X3Eek8IpyVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052930458053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j7N4Kb7PBKExq25XEbpvCA==, figureFileBig=4H/pLgnU6Czzguf3shfSwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350052997566918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349206389551, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption=

Expression of inflammation related proteins in liver tissue of SAH mice. A: The expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) were detected by Western blot; B-E: Quantitative analysis of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, NLRP3 protein. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1

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重症酒精性肝炎小鼠模型的建立与评价
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朱学进 1, 2, 4 , 郑淑文 1, 2, 4 , 周光德 3 , 许燕瑜 1, 2, 4 , 潘涛 2, 4 , 刘敏 2, 4, * , 王伽伯 1, 2, 4, * , 王英豪 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 1029-1040
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 1029-1040
重症酒精性肝炎小鼠模型的建立与评价
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朱学进1, 2, 4, 郑淑文1, 2, 4, 周光德3, 许燕瑜1, 2, 4, 潘涛2, 4, 刘敏2, 4, * , 王伽伯1, 2, 4, * , 王英豪1, *
作者信息
  • 1 福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
  • 2 首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
  • 3 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院临床病理中心, 北京 100069
  • 4 首都医科大学中医药防治传染性重症肝病研究与转化实验室, 北京 100069

通讯作者:

刘敏, E-mail:
王英豪, E-mail:
王伽伯, E-mail:
Establishment and evaluation of a mouse model of severe alcoholic hepatitis
Xue-jin ZHU1, 2, 4, Shu-wen ZHENG1, 2, 4, Guang-de ZHOU3, Yan-yu XU1, 2, 4, Tao PAN2, 4, Min LIU2, 4, * , Jia-bo WANG1, 2, 4, * , Ying-hao WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
  • 2College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 3Clinical Pathology Center of Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 4Research and Translational Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Severe Hepatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1159
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重症酒精性肝炎(severe alcoholic hepatitis, SAH) 是酒精性肝病中最严重的一种, 死亡率极高, 目前缺乏适合的动物模型进行相关研究。本研究旨在建立一种小鼠SAH模型为后续开展重症酒精性肝炎的相关研究提供临床前动物模型。本研究在NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) 模型的基础上采用联合给予细菌内毒素构建小鼠模型[本实验所有动物实验均获得首都医科大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: AEEI-2023-102]。在小鼠死亡率、肝脏组织损伤及炎症相关指标等方面模拟临床重症酒精性肝炎的病理过程。最终确立在NIAAA模型的基础上, 最后一次灌胃酒精浓度为7.5 g·kg-1, 联合腹腔注射脂多糖剂量5 mg·kg-1, 作用时间12 h作为SAH小鼠造模最优条件。该条件下, 小鼠模型能够较好地模拟临床上SAH的高死亡率、肝脏功能损害, 并且其病理染色结果与临床结果高度一致, 肝脏中也出现了大量中性粒细胞浸润等过度炎症反应的情况, 为SAH的临床前研究提供了理想的模型。

重症酒精性肝炎  /  肝损伤  /  炎症反应  /  动物模型  /  模型评价

Severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) represents the most extreme form of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), accompanied by an extremely high mortality rate. Currently, there is a dearth of appropriate animal models for related research. The objective of this study is to establish a mouse model of SAH, thereby providing a preclinical animal model for subsequent research on SAH. This study is based on the NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) model and constructs a mouse model by combining bacterial endotoxins. This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University (approval number: AEEI-2023-102). The model emulates the pathological processes of clinical SAH in terms of mouse mortality, liver tissue damage, and inflammatory markers, thereby establishing the model. Ultimately, it is ascertained that the optimal conditions for SAH mouse modeling based on the NIAAA model are the last intragastric administration of alcohol at a concentration of 7.5 g·kg-1 in combination with intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide at a dose of 5 mg·kg-1 for a period of 12 h. Under these conditions, the mouse model effectively simulates the high mortality and liver dysfunction seen in clinical SAH, with pathological staining results closely mirroring clinical findings. Additionally, it demonstrates a significant infiltration of neutrophils in the liver, indicative of an excessive inflammatory response. This model provides an ideal platform for preclinical research on SAH.

severe alcoholic hepatitis  /  liver injury  /  inflammatory response  /  animal model  /  model evaluation
朱学进, 郑淑文, 周光德, 许燕瑜, 潘涛, 刘敏, 王伽伯, 王英豪. 重症酒精性肝炎小鼠模型的建立与评价. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1029 -1040 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1159
Xue-jin ZHU, Shu-wen ZHENG, Guang-de ZHOU, Yan-yu XU, Tao PAN, Min LIU, Jia-bo WANG, Ying-hao WANG. Establishment and evaluation of a mouse model of severe alcoholic hepatitis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1029 -1040 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1159
酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease, ALD) 是由长期过量饮酒引起的一系列肝脏疾病[1], 据WHO统计报告, 我国酒精性肝病患者已超600万, 占全球1.5亿酒精性肝病患者的40%[2, 3]。我国酒精性肝病的疾病负担不容忽视。ALD可分为轻症酒精性肝病、酒精性脂肪肝、酒精性肝炎(alcoholic hepatitis, AH)、酒精性肝纤维化、酒精性肝硬化5种临床分型[4]。其中, 重症酒精性肝炎(severe alcoholic hepatitis, SAH) 是在AH基础上出现肝功能衰竭表现的一种进展性疾病, 30天自然病死率可高达35%~50%, 90天病死率可达70%, 是酒精性肝病相关死亡的主要原因之一[5, 6]
SAH的临床病理特征主要是过度炎症反应, 肝脏中大量中性粒细胞浸润, 发生炎症因子风暴、全身性炎症等[7]。SAH炎症反应及诱因是系统性的免疫炎症紊乱, 酒精摄入后, 肝脏是主要的代谢器官, 其中酒精代谢毒物损伤肝细胞后产生的危险相关分子模式(danger associated molecular patterns, DAMPs)[8], 诱发强烈天然免疫和炎症反应; 并且酒精摄入还会导致肠道屏障功能障碍, 增加肠道细菌和内毒素作为病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)[9]的易位, 进而激活肝脏的免疫反应。此基础上的复杂免疫炎症反应级联放大过程和代谢紊乱[10, 11], 引起失控性炎症、细胞能量危机, 最终导致大量细胞死亡和脏器功能衰竭。
对于重症酒精性肝炎来说, 目前缺乏一种动物模型能较好复制临床症状。所以建立SAH动物模型, 特别是构建能模拟人类饮酒习惯和SAH发病过程的模型, 具有重要理论价值和现实意义。目前, 研究ALD大多采用美国国立卫生研究院酒精滥用与中毒研究所(NIAAA) 建立的慢性乙醇喂养加急性乙醇灌胃模型(NIAAA模型)[12], 可造成肝脏脂肪变性和酒精性肝炎早期少量炎性细胞浸润现象(第一次打击)。而脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 作为革兰阴性细菌的细胞壁成分, 是内毒素的主要毒性成分, 可以介导炎症因子破坏血管内皮的完整性, 导致肝细胞凋亡和坏死, 激活炎症反应, 加剧肝脏损伤[13]。在酒精刺激的基础上, LPS能够进一步介导炎症因子破坏血管内皮从而入血[14], 并且改变肠道微生物结构[15], 对肝脏进行“二次打击”, 加剧肝脏炎症和损伤, 更符合临床上高死亡率、大量炎症反应的特征。目前, 国内外尚无基于酒精联合LPS模拟“二次打击”的SAH动物模型的报道。基于此, 本研究在NIAAA模型的基础上, 加大最后一天急性大剂量灌胃酒精的剂量并联合给予LPS刺激, 从而模拟临床上SAH患者由于大量饮酒和肠道菌内毒素诱发急性重症酒精性肝炎的特点。
动物  雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, SPF级, 体质量20~25 g, 8~10周龄, 购自维通利华(北京) 生物技术有限公司。实验动物生产许可证号SYXK (京) 2022-0049, 所有小鼠均饲养于温度22~25 ℃、相对湿度40%~70%的环境中, 自由进食饮水, 适应性饲养7天后进行动物实验。实验获首都医科大学伦理委员会批准(批准号AEEI-2023-102)。重症酒精性肝炎临床样本及对照样本切片由首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院临床病理中心提供。实验获北京佑安医院伦理委员会许可(项目许可证号LL-2023-018-Y)。
药品和试剂  42% vol汾酒购自山西杏花村汾酒厂股份有限公司; LPS (货号: L2880) 购自美国Sigma公司; Lieber-DeCarli对照饲料(货号: F1259SP)、Lieber-DeCarli酒精饲料(货号: F1258SP) 购自美国Bio-Serv公司; 麦芽糊精(货号: M8450) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 抗髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 抗体(货号: AB208670) 购自英国Abcam公司; 淋巴细胞抗原6G (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G,Ly6G) 抗体(货号: 87048) 购自美国CST公司; 谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT) 测定试剂盒(货号: C009-2-1)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate transaminase, AST) 测定试剂盒(货号: C010-2-1)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 测定试剂盒(A020-2-2)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL) 测定试剂盒(货号: C019-2-1)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA) 测定试剂盒(E003-2-1)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB) 测定试剂盒(货号: A028-2-1)、胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase, CHE) 测定试剂盒(货号: A023-2-1) 购自南京建成生物工程技术有限公司; 小鼠白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β ELISA定量试剂盒(货号: KTE7005)、小鼠白介素(interleukin, IL)-6 ELISA定量试剂盒(货号: KTE7009)、小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) ELISA定量试剂盒(货号: HT7015)、小鼠C-C基序趋化因子配体2 (C-C chemokine ligand 2, CCL2) ELISA定量试剂盒(货号: KTE7001) 购自武汉亚科因生物技术有限公司; 小鼠IL-18 ELISA试剂盒(货号: EK0433)、小鼠巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2, MIP-2) ELISA试剂盒(货号: EK0452)、小鼠C-X-C基序趋化因子配体1 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 1, CXCL1) ELISA试剂盒(货号: EK0732)、小鼠C-X-C基序趋化因子配体7 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 7, CXCL7) ELISA试剂盒(货号: EK0730) 购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司。
主要仪器  FlexStation 3多功能酶标仪(美谷分子仪器有限公司)、Velocity 18R Pro型高速冷冻离心机(上海天美生化仪器设备工程有限公司)、-20 ℃冰箱、4 ℃冰箱、-80 ℃超低温冰箱(美菱公司)。
SAH模型的构建  本研究将小鼠随机分为6组, 即对照组、NIAAA组(Gao-Binge模型)、4种改良的NIAAA模型组。其中, 4种改良的NIAAA模型组考察了NIAAA模型最后一天大剂量酒精灌胃和LPS腹腔注射的不同剂量的组合, 分别是: 条件组合① (Comb. 1): 5 g·kg-1酒精ig+5 mg·kg-1 LPS ip; 条件组合② (Comb. 2): 5 g·kg-1酒精ig+10 mg·kg-1 LPS ip; 条件组合③ (Comb. 3): 7.5 g·kg-1酒精ig+5 mg·kg-1 LPS ip; 条件组合④ (Comb. 4): 7.5 g·kg-1酒精ig+10 mg·kg-1 LPS ip。
具体来说, 造模分为4个阶段: 第一阶段预适应(preadaptation), 小鼠适应性饲养1周。第二阶段液体饲料适应(liquid diet adaptation), 以Lieber-DeCarli液体饲料(225 g干燥混合对照饮食, 加入860 mL自来水中充分混匀) 喂养小鼠5天, 使小鼠适应液体饲料, 保证每只小鼠摄入25 mL的对照液体饲料。第三阶段慢性酒精液体饲料饲喂(chronic alcohol liquid diet feeding), 从第6天开始给对照组小鼠饲喂对照液体饲料, 其他各组每天给予含5%酒精的液体饲料(与对照组液体饲料具有相同的总卡路里), 保证其自由饮食, 给予每只小鼠25 mL, 且每24 h液体饲料的给予量始终保持与模型组相同, 连续饲养10天。第四阶段大剂量酒精灌胃和LPS注射(Binge and LPS injection), 在第16天早上7:00~9:00进行灌胃, 其中对照组给予糊精溶液灌胃(每10 mL糊精溶液含4.5 g糊精); 其他各组给予31.5%酒精溶液灌胃, 1 h后对照组与NIAAA组腹腔注射生理盐水(100 g·mL-1), 其余各组腹腔注射相应剂量LPS, 8 h后处死小鼠(图 1A), 收集血清和肝脏进行后续分析。
确定最佳酒精灌胃剂量以及LPS腹腔注射的剂量后, 本研究在此基础上增加了LPS在小鼠体内的作用时间, 分别设置了10和12 h后进行取材(图 1B), 收集血清和肝脏进行后续分析, 直至确定SAH小鼠模型最优干预剂量与时间。
死亡率统计  在最后一天给予急性大剂量灌胃酒精并联合给予细菌内毒素刺激后, 直到取材前, 观察并记录各组小鼠的死亡情况。
肝组织病理检测  在肝右叶同一位置留取组织, 置入4%多聚甲醛缓冲液中固定, 48 h后常规包埋, 切片, 烤片, H & E染色, 在光学显微镜下观察肝脏组织的病理变化。
免疫组织化学法染色  取各组小鼠肝脏组织石蜡切片, 脱蜡, 水化, 抗原修复, 阻断内源性过氧化氢酶, 2%山羊血清封闭, 分别加入MPO、LY6G抗体(标记中性粒细胞) 4 ℃孵育过夜。磷酸盐缓冲液冲洗5 min×3次, 滴加相应二抗, 37 ℃孵育1 h。PBS冲洗5 min×3次, 3, 3-二氨基苯联胺(diaminobenzidine, DAB) 显色, 蒸馏水冲洗后进行苏木素复染, 梯度乙醇脱水, 二甲苯透明后封片, 扫描显微镜下扫片观察结果。
Masson染色  将肝组织用4%多聚甲醛固定, 常规石蜡包埋, 制成4~6 μm的切片。脱蜡至水、染色(Weigert铁苏木素染色; Masson蓝化液返蓝; 丽春红酸性品红染色; 磷钼酸处理; 苯胺蓝染色)、脱水、透明和封片(依次用95%乙醇、无水乙醇脱水, 每次5 min左右; 再用二甲苯透明, 每次1~2 min; 最后用中性树胶封片)。
TUNEL染色  取肝组织制成石蜡切片, 厚度约4~6 μm。脱蜡至水、抗原修复与处理、平衡与反应液孵育(室温平衡: 切片稍甩干后, 圈内滴加buffer平衡液覆盖组织, 室温10 min; 加反应液孵育: 按TdT∶FITC∶buffer=1∶5∶50比例混合TUNEL反应液, 加到圈内覆盖组织, 37 ℃恒温孵育1 h, PBST冲洗5 min×3)、复染与封片(染核: 用DAPI核染2 min, PBST冲洗5 min×3次; 封片: 切片稍甩干后, 用抗荧光淬灭剂封片)。在荧光显微镜下观察, 凋亡细胞的细胞核呈现绿色荧光, 正常细胞的细胞核呈现蓝色荧光。
小鼠血清生化指标检测  小鼠眼球取血后, 室温静置2 h, 采用低温离心方法收集血清样本, 于-80 ℃保存。试剂盒检测小鼠血清内ALT、AST、LDH、DBIL、TBA、ALB、CHE的水平。
小鼠血清炎症因子及趋化因子检测  小鼠眼球取血后, 室温静置2 h, 采用低温离心方法收集血清样本, 于-80 ℃保存。严格按照ELISA检测试剂盒说明书进行操作, 测定小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α、MIP-2、CCL2、CXCL1、CXCL7的水平。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行统计学分析, 数据以均值±标准差表示, 两组间比较采用t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
临床上SAH的特点是肝脏炎症迅速恶化, 伴有高短期死亡率, 30天自然病死率可高达35%~50%。本研究在给予最后一次急性大剂量酒精灌胃并联合LPS刺激, 直到取材前(8 h后), 结果显示, 对照组死亡率为0; 在5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃剂量下, NIAAA、Comb. 1、Comb. 2组的死亡率均低于10%。然而, Comb. 3组的死亡率达到35%, 与SAH的临床死亡率相近。Comb. 4组的死亡率异常高, 达到80%, 这在动物实验研究中是不可取的。因此, 从模拟SAH临床死亡率的角度来看, 7.5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃联合5 mg·kg-1 LPS腹腔注射(ip) 被认为是较为合适的造模条件。各组死亡率情况见图 2
在本研究中, 通过H & E染色对小鼠肝脏组织病理变化进行了评估。对照组显示正常的肝小叶结构和肝细胞排列, 伴随少量脂肪空泡; NIAAA组观察到肝细胞胞质疏松、肝小叶结构紊乱以及大量脂肪空泡; Comb. 1和Comb. 2组同样表现出肝细胞胞质疏松、肝小叶结构紊乱和大量脂肪空泡, 伴随中性粒细胞的浸润; Comb. 3和Comb. 4组则显示出更为显著的肝细胞胞质疏松、肝细胞间隙增大、脂肪空泡明显, 以及中性粒细胞的大量聚集(图 3AB)。进一步通过免疫组化染色评估中性粒细胞浸润, 结果显示对照组和NIAAA组中性粒细胞浸润较少, 而Comb. 1和Comb. 2组中性粒细胞浸润较为明显; Comb. 3和Comb. 4组则显示出极为明显的中性粒细胞浸润(图 3ACD), 与SAH患者肝脏中观察到的过度炎症反应和大量中性粒细胞浸润相一致。
综合考虑小鼠死亡率和肝脏炎症反应(中性粒细胞浸润) 的病理学变化, 7.5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃联合5 mg·kg-1 LPS腹腔注射的剂量组合在模拟SAH病理特征方面表现最佳。相比之下, 7.5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃联合10 mg·kg-1 LPS的剂量导致小鼠死亡率过高, 不利于后续实验研究。因此, 选择7.5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃联合5 mg·kg-1 LPS作为进一步模型研究的剂量。
本研究评估了腹腔注射5 mg·kg-1 LPS后, 不同时间点对小鼠肝脏炎症和功能的影响。通过在8、10和12 h后对肝组织进行H & E和免疫组化染色, 观察到随着LPS作用时间的延长, 小鼠肝脏的病理变化包括肝细胞胞质疏松、细胞间隙增大、脂肪空泡增多及中性粒细胞浸润程度增强(图 4A~C)。血清生化分析显示, 与对照组相比, 各时间点小鼠的ALT和AST水平均升高, 尤其在10和12 h后, 与对照组的差异具有统计学意义, 12 h时的升高最为显著(图 4DE)。这些结果表明, 12 h的LPS作用时间能够最大程度地模拟SAH模型中肝脏中性粒细胞的大量浸润和炎症因子风暴。因此, 本研究选择了12 h的LPS作用时间进行模型构建, 并通过临床样本病理染色进行对比分析、系统的血清肝功能指标、炎症因子和趋化因子的检测分析, 以及肝组织中炎症相关蛋白的表达, 以深入对该SAH小鼠模型进行评价。
将临床上SAH患者和SAH小鼠肝组织进行病理学检测分析。临床样本H & E染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, SAH患者肝组织中脂肪变性和炎性细胞浸润明显增多(P < 0.01, 图 5AB); Masson染色结果显示, SAH患者的胶原纤维面积百分比显著高于对照组(P < 0.01, 图 5AC); MPO染色结果显示, SAH患者的MPO阳性细胞面积百分比显著高于对照组(P < 0.01, 图 5AD), 说明其肝组织中中性粒细胞浸润明显。在SAH小鼠中, 其肝组织H & E染色结果也显示出SAH组的脂肪变性和炎症细胞浸润显著高于对照组(P < 0.001, 图 5EF); Masson染色结果同样显示SAH组的胶原纤维面积百分比显著高于对照组(P < 0.01, 图 5EG); MPO对小鼠肝组织中性粒细胞进行染色, 与临床结果相似, SAH组的MPO阳性细胞面积百分比显著高于对照组(P < 0.001, 图 5EH); TUNEL检测细胞凋亡, SAH组小鼠肝脏显示出更多的凋亡细胞, TUNEL阳性细胞面积百分比显著高于对照组(P < 0.000 1, 图 5EI)。SAH小鼠模型的肝脏病理特征与临床SAH患者高度一致, 包括脂肪变性、炎症细胞浸润、纤维化、中性粒细胞浸润和细胞凋亡。这些发现证实了SAH小鼠模型在模拟人类SAH病理变化方面的有效性。
小鼠肝重比和血清肝脏功能指标的变化可以反映肝脏的损伤程度、炎症反应、脂肪变性等病理状态, 为肝脏疾病的研究提供了重要的实验数据。将上述研究最终条件下模型小鼠(SAH组) 与对照组进行肝体比和血清肝功指标比较, 结果显示, 对照组与SAH组小鼠在整个饲养过程中, 体重变化无明显差异, 但SAH组体重略有减轻(图 6A), 而肝脏指数, SAH组与对照组相比明显升高(P < 0.01, 图 6B)。肝脏功能指标中, SAH组与对照组相比, ALT、AST、LDH、DBIL的含量均显著性增高(P < 0.01, 图 6C~ F), TBA水平增高最为明显(P < 0.000 1, 图 6G), ALB与CHE的水平均明显降低(P < 0.01、P < 0.001, 图 6HI)。SAH小鼠模型显示出严重的肝脏功能损伤, 其血清肝脏功能指标的变化与临床SAH患者相一致。这些结果验证了SAH小鼠模型在模拟人类SAH肝脏病理变化方面的有效性, 为进一步研究SAH的病理机制和治疗策略提供了可靠的实验基础, 提示SAH小鼠模型较成功。
血清中的炎症因子和趋化因子是免疫系统的重要组成部分, 它们在炎症反应、免疫监视、组织再生等过程中发挥着关键作用。炎症因子在局部和循环性炎症反应中发挥重要作用, 它们可以触发血管内皮细胞表达, 增强白细胞黏附分子的表达, 促进免疫细胞浸润到感染或受损部位[16]; 趋化因子能够诱导细胞定向迁移, 吸引免疫细胞沿着趋化因子浓度增加的方向迁移[17]。研究检测对照组与SAH组小鼠血清炎症因子和趋化因子, 结果显示, 与对照组相比, SAH组小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、CCL2、CXCL1、CXCL7的表达水平上调极其显著(P < 0.000 1, 图 7A~CF~H), MIP-2表达水平也显著上升(P < 0.01, 图 7E), 而TNF-α表达水平有所增高, 但无明显差异(图 7D)。SAH小鼠模型中炎症因子和趋化因子的显著上调表明了模型中存在过度炎症反应, 这与肝脏中性粒细胞的大量浸润和炎症因子风暴的状态相一致。这些结果进一步证实了SAH小鼠模型在模拟人类SAH病理特征方面的有效性, SAH小鼠模型较成功。
Western blot检测SAH小鼠肝组织炎症相关蛋白的表达水平。结果显示, 与对照组相比, SAH小鼠肝组织中炎症相关蛋白IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α、NLRP3蛋白的表达水平均显著升高(P < 0.05、P < 0.000 1、P < 0.01、P < 0.05, 图 8A~E), 这可能与SAH引起的炎症反应有关, 说明SAH小鼠肝脏中发生了明显炎症反应。
众所周知, ALD是由于长期大量饮酒导致的肝脏疾病, 目前国际上已经探索并建立了多种ALD小鼠模型, 其中以急性酒精灌胃模型[18]、Lieber-DeCarli模型[19]和NIAAA模型[12]应用较多。急性酒精灌胃模型只是短时间内给予高剂量酒精, 仅能模拟急性酒精中毒对肝脏造成的一次性损伤, 无法体现长期酗酒导致的肝脏渐进性病变过程, 且小鼠酒精耐受性不高, 给予浓度过高或多次后小鼠有极高死亡风险, 并且急性酒精灌胃虽然会引发一定的炎症反应, 但这种反应是短暂的、程度较轻; Lieber-DeCarli模型通过酒精液体饮食诱导肝损伤, 实验周期较长, 仅可以诱导出肝脏脂肪变性等早期肝脏损伤的表现, 在炎症反应方面有明显局限; NIAAA模型是通过短期慢性酒精液体饮食联合较大剂量急性酒精灌胃来模拟酒精性肝病, 较符合人类饮酒所导致的酒精性肝病发病模式, 然而其在模拟复杂的炎症反应方面存在缺陷, 并且不能较好体现肝细胞的坏死和紊乱, 也仅仅只能诱导出肝脏脂肪变性和早期酒精性肝炎的表现。对于SAH来说, 这些是远远不够的, 重症酒精性肝炎有较高的死亡率, 是酒精性肝病中致死的主要原因之一[5, 6], 而单纯的ALD模型在死亡率方面与SAH严重不符。另一方面, SAH是复杂的病理生理机制, 包括严重的肝细胞坏死、炎症因子大量释放、免疫反应的过度激活等多种因素共同造成的[20], 而单纯的ALD模型对炎症反应程度的模拟与真实的人类SAH疾病中以中性粒细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润、炎症因子风暴等严重情况有差距。
目前只有临床上研究重症酒精性肝炎[21-23], 而在基础实验中并没有良好的动物模型来辅佐临床研究。重症酒精性肝炎的临床和病理特征主要是过度炎症反应, 肝脏中大量中性粒细胞浸润, 发生炎症因子风暴、全身性炎症等, 迫切需要一种良好的SAH动物模型来为治疗重症酒精性肝炎做铺垫。建立一种SAH模型, 首先需要从发病机制考虑, 慢性酒精液体饮食的应用, 是模拟重症酒精性肝炎长期致病因素的关键。长期酗酒是人类患上重症酒精性肝炎的重要前提, 而慢性酒精液体饮食能够精准地重现这一过程。持续摄入酒精会使肝脏持续处于异常代谢状态, 引发肝脏细胞内一系列的生化改变。首先肝细胞内脂肪代谢紊乱, 脂肪开始在肝细胞内堆积, 逐渐形成脂肪变性, 随着时间的推移, 这种慢性损伤不断累积, 逐渐侵蚀肝脏的正常结构和功能, 为重症化发展奠定了基础。在此基础上, 大剂量酒精灌胃则是对已经受损的肝脏进行“致命一击”。这一步骤模拟了酗酒者短时间内大量饮酒的极端行为。对于已经长期受到酒精慢性损害的肝脏, 大剂量酒精灌胃带来的是更严重的破坏。大量酒精迅速进入肝脏, 会直接损害肝细胞的细胞膜和细胞器, 导致肝细胞内的代谢活动进一步紊乱。这种突然的强烈冲击会加剧肝细胞的损伤, 引发急性炎症反应。而且这种炎症反应与慢性损伤相互叠加, 使得肝脏的炎症程度急剧上升, 更接近重症酒精性肝炎中严重的炎症状态。而LPS干预的加入, 则是考虑到了重症酒精性肝炎中内毒素血症这一重要环节。在酒精长期作用下, 肠道屏障功能遭到破坏, 肠道内的LPS更容易进入血液循环, 引发内毒素血症。通过人为给予LPS干预, 能够真实地模拟这一病理过程[24, 25]。LPS进入血液后, 会迅速激活肝脏内的免疫细胞, 尤其是Kupffer细胞[26]。这些被激活的免疫细胞会释放大量的炎症因子, 如TNF-α、IL-6等, 进一步加剧肝细胞的坏死和炎症反应, 对肝脏进行“二次打击”, 使肝脏病变朝着重症酒精性肝炎的方向发展。而NIAAA模型较符合人类饮酒所导致的酒精性肝病发病模式, 因此本研究采用改良的NIAAA模型, 即在NIAAA Gao Bin教授建立的acute-on-chronic酒精性肝炎小鼠模型基础上, 加大最后一次急性大剂量灌胃酒精的剂量并联合给予细菌内毒素刺激, 模拟临床上SAH患者由于大量饮酒和肠道菌内毒素诱发急性重症肝炎的特点。
本研究结合实验室前期研究基础, 探索了最后一次酒精灌胃剂量以及细菌内毒素的剂量, 研究发现7.5 g·kg-1酒精灌胃剂量联合LPS 5 mg·kg-1的剂量最佳, 之后进一步探索了LPS刺激后不同作用时间对肝脏的影响, 发现在作用12 h后取材, 取材前的死亡率为35%, 这与SAH的临床短期死亡率较为吻合。此条件下小鼠肝脏功能损伤最为严重, 其中小鼠血清ALT的升高水平达到了对照组近5倍, 血清AST和TBA的升高水平也为对照组的近3倍, 以及病理检测结果与临床患者呈现高度相似性。血清的炎症因子和趋化因子水平均成倍明显升高。其中, 肝脏中性粒细胞浸润最为明显。中性粒细胞在SAH中扮演极其重要角色, Wright等[27]和Zhou等[28]研究表明, 肝脏中性粒细胞的异常浸润可触发炎症, 其通过释放炎症介质和活性氧损伤肝细胞。而且, 中性粒细胞与特定基因相互作用影响着疾病发展。Hu等[29]和Kusumanchi等[30]研究发现应激反应基因FK506结合蛋白5的变化也不容忽视, 它可通过激活相关信号通路和诱导趋化因子表达, 导致中性粒细胞募集与炎症加重。此外, 免疫反应异常影响显著, Sehrawat等[31]研究表明酒精引发肠道菌群变化, 增加肠道通透性, 病原体相关分子模式进入循环激活炎症, 同时肝脏免疫细胞如Kupffer细胞被激活, 释放炎症因子损伤肝细胞。同时, 炎症环境进一步扰乱肝脏的代谢和免疫平衡, 让肝脏陷入恶性循环, 最终促使重症酒精性肝炎的形成。因此, 从肠道角度对肝脏的“二次打击”是造成SAH必不可少的环节。这些机制相互交织, 共同构成了重症酒精性肝炎复杂的病理图景。最终, 本研究确立在NIAAA模型的基础上, 最后一天灌胃酒精7.5 g·kg-1联合腹腔注射LPS 5 mg·kg-1, 且作用时间12 h作为SAH小鼠造模条件, 可较好地模拟临床SAH的发病过程。
综上, 本研究构建的重症酒精性肝炎模型通过病理学检测、血生化指标、肝功水平检测, 以及各种血清炎性因子和趋化因子表达水平等方面综合判断, 符合临床SAH发生发展的表现, 具有出色的稳定性、可行性和易操作性。该模型的建立, 可为下一步开展重症酒精性肝炎的致病机制相关研究提供较好的理想动物模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金重点支持项目(U21A200211)
  • “国家资助博士后研究人员计划”资助(GZC20231759)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1159
  • 接收时间:2024-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22
  • 修回日期:2025-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金重点支持项目(U21A200211)
“国家资助博士后研究人员计划”资助(GZC20231759)
作者信息
    1 福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
    2 首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
    3 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院临床病理中心, 北京 100069
    4 首都医科大学中医药防治传染性重症肝病研究与转化实验室, 北京 100069

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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