Article(id=1190335349298659535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727662634, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727662634, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727662634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727662634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=919, endPage=928, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335349516763346, articleId=1190335349298659535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application and research progress of metal coordination chemistry in the research and development of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are abundant resources of traditional Chinese medicine in China, and it is found that the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine contain functional groups that are easy to coordinate with metal ions, such as amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl, which can complex with transition metal ions to derive new compounds. These traditional Chinese medicine metal complexes often exhibit unique properties and functions compared with their corresponding monomers, providing a new path for new drug development. Based on the formation principle of metal complexes with traditional Chinese medicine and the common coordination metal ions, in this review, the effective components in traditional Chinese medicine are roughly divided into anthraquinone, alkaloid, flavone, coumarin, amino acids and polysaccharide compounds, so as to provide new ideas for the discovery of new traditional Chinese medicine, and provide scientific basis for the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

, correspAuthors=Hui-rong FAN, Ya-qi YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen-na XU, Hao-ran DING, Zi-hang XU, Meng-ru WU, Ye-han ZHU, Meng-jiao ZHOU, Yu-bo LI, Hui-rong FAN, Ya-qi YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190336348750971129, articleId=1190335349298659535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=金属配位化学在中药新药研发中的应用及研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

我国中药资源丰富, 许多有效成分中含有易与金属离子发生配位反应的官能团, 如氨基、羧基、羟基等。这些官能团能够与金属离子络合, 产生新的化合物。这些中药金属配合物与对应单体相比, 往往表现出独特的性质和功能, 为新药开发提供了新路径。本综述从中药金属配合物的形成原理及常见配位金属离子出发, 将中药中的有效成分大致分为蒽醌、生物碱、黄酮、香豆素、氨基酸类、多糖类化合物, 对其与金属形成的配合物进行综述, 以期为中药新药的发现和开发提供新的思路, 为中药现代化和国际化提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=樊慧蓉, 姚雅琦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
樊慧蓉, Tel: 13820021685, E-mail:
姚雅琦, Tel: 86-22-59596171, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者

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Compound Active ingredient Matrix structure Ion Biological activity Ref.
Flavonoids Quercetin Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mo2+, Sn2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
Anti-tumor
[22-24]
Morin hydrate Cu2+, Zn2+, V2+ Anti-diabetic
Anti-dyslipidemia
Anti-oxidant
Anti-tumor
[25, 26]
Naringenin Cu2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
DNA cleavage
[27]
Chrysin Ge4+, V2+, Ga3+, Cu2+ Anti-oxidant
Anti-tumor
[26, 28, 29]
Baicalin Ce3+, La3+, Y3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ Anti-tumor [30-32]
Curcumin Fe3+ Anti-oxidation
Anti-Alzheimer's disease
Anti-tumor
Anti-bacterial
Anti-viral
Anti-atherosclerosis
[33-35]
Anthraquinone Emodin Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+ Anti-tumor
Antibacterial
Anti-oxidant
DNA cleavage effects
[36-38]
Aloe-emodin Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
Anti-tumor
[39]
Plumbagin Cu2+, Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+ Anti-tumor [40, 41]
Alizarin complexone dihydrate Fe3+ Anti-tumor [42]
Alkaloids 8-Hydroxyquinoline Pt2+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Dy3+, Gd3+ Anti-tumor [43-45]
Liriodenine Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Au2+, Pt2+ Anti-tumor
Inhibit topoisomerase I
[46, 47]
Beta-carboline Ru2+, Pt2+ Induces autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells [43, 48]
Papaverine Au3+, Ru3+, V3+ Anti-tumor [49]
Oxoisoaporphine alkaloids Ru2+, Rh3+, Ir3+, Os3+, Pt2+, Pd2+ Anti-tumor [50]
Coumarin Coumarin Cu2+, Ce3+, Zr4+ Anti-tumor
Anti-bacterial
Anti-oxidant
Enzyme inhibition
[51, 52]
Dihydroxy coumarin Zr4+ Anti-tumor [53]
Amide coumarin Sm3+, Tb3+, Eu3+, Dy3+ Anti-tumor [54]
Amino acids Arginine Co2+ Anti-tumor [55]
Taurine Mg2+ Antiarrhythmic [56]
), ArticleFig(id=1190359253593456777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335349298659535, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Biological activities of metal complexes with traditional Chinese medicine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Active ingredient Matrix structure Ion Biological activity Ref.
Flavonoids Quercetin Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mo2+, Sn2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
Anti-tumor
[22-24]
Morin hydrate Cu2+, Zn2+, V2+ Anti-diabetic
Anti-dyslipidemia
Anti-oxidant
Anti-tumor
[25, 26]
Naringenin Cu2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
DNA cleavage
[27]
Chrysin Ge4+, V2+, Ga3+, Cu2+ Anti-oxidant
Anti-tumor
[26, 28, 29]
Baicalin Ce3+, La3+, Y3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ Anti-tumor [30-32]
Curcumin Fe3+ Anti-oxidation
Anti-Alzheimer's disease
Anti-tumor
Anti-bacterial
Anti-viral
Anti-atherosclerosis
[33-35]
Anthraquinone Emodin Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+ Anti-tumor
Antibacterial
Anti-oxidant
DNA cleavage effects
[36-38]
Aloe-emodin Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ Anti-oxidant
Antibacterial
Anti-tumor
[39]
Plumbagin Cu2+, Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+ Anti-tumor [40, 41]
Alizarin complexone dihydrate Fe3+ Anti-tumor [42]
Alkaloids 8-Hydroxyquinoline Pt2+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Dy3+, Gd3+ Anti-tumor [43-45]
Liriodenine Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Au2+, Pt2+ Anti-tumor
Inhibit topoisomerase I
[46, 47]
Beta-carboline Ru2+, Pt2+ Induces autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells [43, 48]
Papaverine Au3+, Ru3+, V3+ Anti-tumor [49]
Oxoisoaporphine alkaloids Ru2+, Rh3+, Ir3+, Os3+, Pt2+, Pd2+ Anti-tumor [50]
Coumarin Coumarin Cu2+, Ce3+, Zr4+ Anti-tumor
Anti-bacterial
Anti-oxidant
Enzyme inhibition
[51, 52]
Dihydroxy coumarin Zr4+ Anti-tumor [53]
Amide coumarin Sm3+, Tb3+, Eu3+, Dy3+ Anti-tumor [54]
Amino acids Arginine Co2+ Anti-tumor [55]
Taurine Mg2+ Antiarrhythmic [56]
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金属配位化学在中药新药研发中的应用及研究进展
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徐振娜 1, 2, # , 丁浩冉 3, # , 徐子航 1 , 吴梦茹 1 , 朱叶寒 1 , 周梦娇 1 , 李遇伯 1 , 樊慧蓉 2, * , 姚雅琦 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(4): 919-928
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(4): 919-928
金属配位化学在中药新药研发中的应用及研究进展
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徐振娜1, 2, #, 丁浩冉3, #, 徐子航1, 吴梦茹1, 朱叶寒1, 周梦娇1, 李遇伯1, 樊慧蓉2, * , 姚雅琦1, *
作者信息
  • 1 天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
  • 2 中国医学科学院放射医学研究所, 天津 300192
  • 3 山东现代学院药学院, 山东 济南 250154

通讯作者:

樊慧蓉, Tel: 13820021685, E-mail:
姚雅琦, Tel: 86-22-59596171, E-mail:
Application and research progress of metal coordination chemistry in the research and development of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine
Zhen-na XU1, 2, Hao-ran DING3, Zi-hang XU1, Meng-ru WU1, Ye-han ZHU1, Meng-jiao ZHOU1, Yu-bo LI1, Hui-rong FAN2, * , Ya-qi YAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 2Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China
  • 3College of Pharmacy, Shandong Xiandai University, Jinan 250154, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1111
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我国中药资源丰富, 许多有效成分中含有易与金属离子发生配位反应的官能团, 如氨基、羧基、羟基等。这些官能团能够与金属离子络合, 产生新的化合物。这些中药金属配合物与对应单体相比, 往往表现出独特的性质和功能, 为新药开发提供了新路径。本综述从中药金属配合物的形成原理及常见配位金属离子出发, 将中药中的有效成分大致分为蒽醌、生物碱、黄酮、香豆素、氨基酸类、多糖类化合物, 对其与金属形成的配合物进行综述, 以期为中药新药的发现和开发提供新的思路, 为中药现代化和国际化提供科学依据。

中药  /  天然产物  /  中药配伍  /  金属配合物  /  生物活性  /  新药研发

There are abundant resources of traditional Chinese medicine in China, and it is found that the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine contain functional groups that are easy to coordinate with metal ions, such as amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl, which can complex with transition metal ions to derive new compounds. These traditional Chinese medicine metal complexes often exhibit unique properties and functions compared with their corresponding monomers, providing a new path for new drug development. Based on the formation principle of metal complexes with traditional Chinese medicine and the common coordination metal ions, in this review, the effective components in traditional Chinese medicine are roughly divided into anthraquinone, alkaloid, flavone, coumarin, amino acids and polysaccharide compounds, so as to provide new ideas for the discovery of new traditional Chinese medicine, and provide scientific basis for the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

traditional Chinese medicine  /  natural product  /  coordination chemistry theory  /  metal complex  /  biological activity  /  innovative drug
徐振娜, 丁浩冉, 徐子航, 吴梦茹, 朱叶寒, 周梦娇, 李遇伯, 樊慧蓉, 姚雅琦. 金属配位化学在中药新药研发中的应用及研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 919 -928 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1111
Zhen-na XU, Hao-ran DING, Zi-hang XU, Meng-ru WU, Ye-han ZHU, Meng-jiao ZHOU, Yu-bo LI, Hui-rong FAN, Ya-qi YAO. Application and research progress of metal coordination chemistry in the research and development of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 919 -928 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1111
我国具有丰富的中药资源, 最新一次全国中药资源普查调查显示, 系统已汇总到近1.3万多种野生药用资源。针对中药的植物化学研究为新药开发提供了大量的天然产物, 且已成为创新药物发展的重要源泉[1]。长期以来, 来自中药天然产物的新药发现主要包括: ①对中药单体进行化学合成和结构改造, 使其作用在多靶点[2]; ②中药组分间配伍, 作用在不同靶点的数个中药有效部位或成分进行组合[3]; ③改变传统剂型提高药剂疗效扩大应用范围[4]。目前, 中药新药的研发已经取得了重大的成果, 并逐渐形成了基于天然产物的新药创制模式[5-8]。在这一过程中, 配位化学能从分子水平阐释中药成分在生物体内的作用, 众多研究表明, 金属配位络合物在生物体内发挥着关键作用, 金属配位化学在中药新药研发中的应用已逐渐成为热点。
在中医理论和系统科学理论的指导下, 曹治权提出了中药配位化学理论[9]。该理论认为, 中药成分十分复杂, 不仅含有各种有机成分, 也包含人体必需的各种微量元素。因此, 中药中的药效成分不仅是有机成分和微量元素, 还可能是在煎煮过程中形成的金属配合物。这些金属配合物通过配位作用, 可以在不同成分之间产生协同或拮抗作用, 甚至产生新的生物学活性。研究已证实, 许多中药金属配合物不仅具有生物活性, 而且其活性往往优于单独的中药配体[10]。在中药配位化学理论的指导下, 许多学者将金属离子与药理活性成分相结合, 合成了一系列活性更高、毒性更低的中药-金属配合物。他们在细胞、分子及化学键层面深入研究其作用机制, 提高了中药研发的效率。研究方法从以往的盲目筛选转变为按需修饰, 中药金属配合物的开发, 不仅推动了中药理论的深化与创新, 也为新药研发提供了崭新的思路与实践方法。本文从中药金属配合物的形成原理、常见金属配位离子、金属配位化学在中药领域中的应用进行综述, 旨在为中药新药的开发提供新视角。
金属配合物是金属离子与有机化合物配体通过配位键结合形成的化合物[11]。由于金属配合物具有独特的化学结构, 在治疗肿瘤、糖尿病、心血管疾病以及抗菌、抗病毒等方面受到了极大关注。中药化学成分种类繁多且结构复杂, 但从分子结构来看, 能够形成金属配合物的有效成分中通常含有如羧基(-COOH)、巯基(-SH)、羟基(-OH)、羰基(C=O)、氨基(-NH2) 和杂环氮等带有孤对电子的基团, 这些基团可以与金属离子通过配位键结合形成配合物。以羧酸类金属配合物为例, 根据配体的分子结构特征可分为4类, 分别是脂肪族羧酸类配体、刚性芳香羧酸类配体、柔性羧酸类配体和氨基酸类配体。如脂肪族羧酸类金属配合物多以草酸、丙二酸、己二酸作为配体。Pravin等[12]以丙二酸为配体设计的8种过渡金属配合物表征为八面体几何嵌入型结构, 具有良好的水溶性, 体外抗菌筛选表明, 这些金属配合物具有优良的抗菌性能, 可以进行结构改造从而成为更好的抗菌剂和DNA探针。
配合物在溶液中的稳定性受多种因素影响: ①中心原子的半径、电荷及其在周期表中的位置, 例如过渡金属通常具有较高的核电荷, 导致原子半径相对较小, 又有部分空的d轨道易于形成配位键, 这些特性使得过渡金属在形成配合物方面表现出高度的稳定性; ②中心原子的d电子数目, 例如第一过渡系金属离子的配合物(从Mn2+到Cu2+) 随d电子数目的增加, 其稳定性也逐渐递增, 该规律被称为欧文-威廉顺序; ③螯合环的数量和大小, 一般来讲, 环数越多, 螯合物越稳定, 通常以五元环和六元环形成的配合物最为稳定; ④取代基的影响, 亲电取代基可以提高配合物的稳定性, 但也可产生空间阻碍, 使稳定性下降。
中药金属配合物的形成涉及到多靶点、多方面的因素, 形成机制复杂。目前, 针对中药与金属离子的普遍配位规律相关研究较少, 包括价键理论、晶体场理论和分子轨道理论等配位化学理论, 对中药有机配体与金属离子的结合位点、结合机制等方面还需要进一步研究。
目前一般认为人体和其他动植物体内微量元素约有14~18种, 分别是铁、铜、锰、锌、钴、钼、铬、镍、钒、氟、硒、碘、硅、锡等, 其中金属元素作为机体内环境的组成成分之一, 不仅以离子形式存在, 而且还能与天然产物中的有机化合物配合形成多种配合物, 参与机体的调控活动, 在治疗各种疾病上显示出颇高的潜力。
铜离子是中药中一种常见元素, 也是一种人体必需微量元素, 主要作为酶的辅助因子参与呼吸、神经传递、组织成熟、抵御氧化应激和铁代谢等过程。铜离子在中药煎煮过程中, 能与多种天然产物配体进行配位, 形成多种结构和生物活性的配合产物。Liu等[13]发现阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimner's disease, AD) 患者大脑中生物活性离子浓度远高于正常人群, 其中铜离子和铁离子处于低氧化态时, 可以与多巴胺神经元中产生的过氧化氢参与Fenton (和类Fenton) 反应, 产生高活性羟基自由基, 加速大脑衰老。用传统中药益智仁中的白杨素作为多靶点定向配体与铜离子螯合, 能产生胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase, ChE) 抑制活性、强抗氧化活性和Aβ1-42聚集抑制活性, 显示出多靶点治疗AD的效果。Halevas等[14]使用姜黄素和槲皮素两种多酚天然产物与铜离子螯合, 通过调节在水性介质中的稳定性和溶解度增强天然多酚的还原性, 两种复合物均表现出比游离配体更强的抗氧化活性和与DNA结合能力。
铁元素在人体中最重要的生物学功能是血红蛋白的合成以及参与氧的运输。作为人体所需量最大的微量元素, 有关铁离子与天然产物配合的新药开发研究已是该领域焦点。Han等[15]所构建的超小铁-槲皮素天然配位纳米颗粒能够减少核因子-κ-基因(NFB) 结合通路的激活, 去除多余活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 释放和体内抑制关节肿胀、减少炎症细胞浸润, 表现出优异的抗炎和抗氧化生物活性, 对类风湿关节炎有显著治疗作用。Du等[16]通过光催化-Fenton反应得到低分子质量硫酸软骨素(low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate, LMWCS)-铁配合物并进行外翻肠囊实验, 发现其铁吸收率是FeSO4的3.75倍, 提示该配合物可能作为一种效果更好的补铁剂, 且发现配合物的体外抗氧化活性强于硫酸软骨素本身。Liu等[17]将木犀草素和Fe3+以2∶1的摩尔比利用金属离子配位反应形成了稳定的药物递送系统, 这不仅提高了木犀草素的溶解度和稳定性, 并且抗氧化稳定性增强。
铂离子虽然未归纳到人体必需金属之一, 但其在抗肿瘤临床研究上仍值得深入探讨。现有的铂类化疗药物包括顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂等。然而, 这种金属药物的毒副性和耐药性同样不可忽视, 开发低毒、高效的新型金属抗肿瘤药物成为迫切解决的问题。天然产物具有多种生物活性, 在癌症治疗药物开发方面有巨大潜力, 将天然产物作为配体与铂离子结合, 可能减轻含铂药物带来的不良反应。研究表明, 去甲基斑蝥素系列与铂的配合物的抗肿瘤活性方向上取得了重大研究成果, 去甲基斑蝥素系列的铂金属化合物对SK2Hep21细胞具有选择毒性, 而且能克服交叉耐药性; 此外, 根据给药后小鼠的药代动力学和组织分布研究结果显示, 与顺铂相比, 这些配合物也许能提供更高的临床有效性和减少系统不良反应[18]。汉黄芩素以其对正常组织细胞的低毒性为基础, 与铂(Ⅳ) 结合的配合体可以抑制环氧合酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) 活性, 发挥配体的抗氧化作用, 同时, 该配合体的细胞周期阻滞作用比顺铂更强, 提示一种新型“一体化”前药抗肿瘤策略[19]
锌元素在人体中发挥着不可或缺的作用, 长期缺锌人群较正常摄入锌人群更容易发生生长发育不良, 肠道菌群失衡等问题, 严重缺乏者甚至可能患侏儒症和智力障碍等疾病。作为一种人体微量元素, 锌离子同样可以与天然产物中的有机化合物进行配位, 从而增强原有配体药效或产生新的生物活性。Ikeda等[20]合成的芦丁-锌(Ⅱ) 不但表现出更强的抗氧化活性, 还显示出原配体未表现的抗肿瘤活性, 主要机制为与紫杉醇联用增强癌细胞DNA碎片化以及显著降低线粒体膜电位。此外, 锌离子的抗菌性同样引起了研究人员的注意。Wu等[21]制备了甘草酸-锌离子(GA-Zn) 金属配合物超分子水凝胶, 发现该配合物不仅具备优越的材料学性质, 还具有潜在的抗菌、抗炎及抗氧化的多重生物活性。
在中药配位理论的指导下, 中药金属配合物的合成和表征研究也形成了较为系统和成熟的方法。然而, 由于中药化学成分的复杂性和多样性, 以及天然存在的配合物数量少且不稳定, 直接进行分离提取面临诸多困难, 使得关于中药中金属配合物的分离和纯化研究仍然相对匮乏。如果能够以中药中的有机活性成分为基础, 合成出具有良好活性的金属配合物作为新药, 其开发前景确实十分可观。这不仅能推动中药科学的进步, 还能拓宽新药研发的领域。
从当前的研究来看, 中药配合物的研究集中在黄酮、蒽醌类、生物碱、香豆素及氨基酸化合物。然而, 中药化学成分繁多, 还含有其他小分子(如酚类、强心苷等) 及各种结构复杂的生物大分子(如多糖、蛋白质、脂类等)。当分子结构含有-NH2、-OH、-COOH、-CN、-S的配位基团时, 也具有潜在与金属离子配位的能力, 这指引着学者去发现更多活性更高、毒性更低的先导化合物。中药天然产物中的蒽醌、生物碱、黄酮、香豆素、氨基酸类、多糖类等有机分子, 在结构上大多数能满足形成配合物的条件, 可以作为配体, 与过渡金属离子形成配合物, 从中衍生得到新的活性药物, 而这些新的成分不仅具有一定的药理作用, 还有着一定的临床开发价值, 见表 1[22-56]
黄酮类化合物具有很好的超离域度和大π键共轭体系, 其分子结构中往往具有3-OH、4-C=O、5-OH、4-C=O、邻二羟基等基团, 使其容易形成稳定的六元环配位络合物。
当黄酮结构中存在3-OH、5-OH及邻二酚羟基的结构时, 3-OH、4-C=O会优先与金属离子发生配位。已经有证据表明在3-OH和5-OH之间, 3-OH具有更大的螯合能力[22]。因为与5-OH相比, 氧电子的离域程度更大, 这有助于π电子在分子结构上的离域。例如: 槲皮素、桑色素。Da Silva等[57]研究了槲皮素与Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Co2+和Fe2+的配位行为, 确认槲皮素分子中的3-OH和4-C=O参与了与金属离子的配位过程。作者观察到槲皮素-铁配合物与胆碱系统相互作用, 显著降低细胞中乙酰胆碱诱发的神经信号化电流, 并直接抑制局部酶活性, 槲皮素-铁配合物表现出最好的抗氧化性能和抗乙酰胆碱酯酶作用, 而槲皮素-铜配合物和槲皮素-锌配合物对斑马鱼的运动活性的抑制程度最高, 提示可能具有抗焦虑作用。因此, 提示上述槲皮素配合物可进一步优化成为理想的抗阿尔茨海默症药物。桑色素可与锌(Ⅱ) 形成1∶2的配合物, 其配位过程与槲皮素类似[25]。灌胃桑色素-锌配合物后的糖尿病大鼠显示其血糖和HbA1c水平降低, 血浆胰岛素水平显著增加, 脂质过氧化物水平、血浆脂肪因子(如脂联素和瘦素) 水平、血清中的脂质和脂蛋白状态显著改善并趋于正常, 抗氧化能力得到显著提高。表明桑色素-锌配合物具有抗糖尿病、抗血脂异常和抗氧化的潜力。
当分子结构中不存在3-OH时, 则配位反应可发生在5-OH、4-C=O上。例如: 柚皮素、白杨素、黄芩苷。与金属的螯合作用改变了柚皮素的电子分布, 这将会导致其光谱、物理化学和生物特性发生变化。Celiz等[58]合成了柚皮素-铜配合物, 晶体学结果显示, 柚皮素结构中的5-OH、4-C=O与二甲基甲酰胺分子的氧原子参与了配位。与柚皮素单体相比, 柚皮素与铜配位显著增强了柚皮素的抗自由基活性, 这是因为铜离子的电子密度受体特性, 稳定了产生的自由基, 其四方锥或八面体构型及水分子配位特性也利于自由基清除。金属与类黄酮的螯合降低了两者的氧化还原电位, 反过来这又延缓了金属促进自由基形成的倾向, 并增强了类黄酮与生物膜的相互作用。此外, 柚皮素和橙皮素与1, 10-菲罗啉共配体形成Cu (Ⅱ) 配合物时的抗氧化增强似乎是通过线粒体非依赖性途径改善对恶性A549细胞凋亡作用的原因。另外, 研究发现白杨素-钌配合物也符合上述配位过程[59]。药理活性表明, 不管在体内还是体外白杨素-钌配合物都具有抗乳腺癌的活性, 可通过阻滞肿瘤细胞的细胞周期及诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡减少大鼠乳腺癌组织的增生性病变。
当分子结构中有β-二酮结构, 能够很好地与金属离子形成配位。如姜黄素含有1, 3-二酮结构, 它们不仅具有抗肿瘤和抗氧化作用并且具有良好的金属离子络合潜力。Özbolat等 [60]的研究表明铁可与姜黄素中的β-二酮结构配位, 所形成的配合物对ECV304细胞系的抗氧化作用及细胞毒性明显强于姜黄素, 同时通过ELISA检测到该配合物作用于人结肠直肠腺癌细胞系SW480后, 其凋亡蛋白Bax、caspase 3和Bcl-2的活性在48 h后显著升高, 表现出促凋亡的作用。该配合物所表现出的细胞毒性可用于筛选潜在的抗肿瘤药物。
异黄酮类结构同样可以与金属离子配位, 表现出更显著的生物活性。Liu等[61]以黄芩苷为配体与多种微量金属离子进行配合, 发现加入锰(Ⅱ) 的黄芩苷水煎液的抗菌活性增强了4倍, 其合成的黄芩苷-锰配合物也表现出比黄芩苷单体更为突出的抗菌活性和更低的耐药性甚至耐药逆转性。这可能是因为黄芩苷与Mn2+形成配合物后, 能和Mn2+一起通过铁离子转运途径进入细菌内部, 从而提高细菌对黄芩苷的利用率。
蒽醌类化合物结构中的1-OH、8-OH和9-C=O可以与金属离子发生配位反应。Li等[56]合成一种新的大黄素-锰配合物, 验证了大黄素通过9-C=O和1-OH与锰配位, 该配合物通过诱导肿瘤细胞G0/G1期阻滞和凋亡表现出明显的抗癌活性。在细胞毒性的研究中, 该配合物表现出显著的活性, 与大黄素相比, 该配合物对5种癌细胞系(HepG2、HeLa、MCF-7、B16及MDA-MB-231) 的IC50值提高了约3倍。该配合物可诱导细胞形态变化, 降低活力百分比, 并诱导癌细胞的G0/G1期阻滞和凋亡。刘美艳课题组[36]合成了芦荟大黄素的锰、铁、钴、铜、镁配合物, 配合物和配体对3种自由基均具有清除作用, 并且发现大多数配合物的抗菌和抗氧化能力强于配体, 可能是由于芦荟大黄素与金属离子(Fe2+、Mg2+、Cu2+) 配位后产生了协同作用, 增强了其配体本身抗氧自由基活性。
生物碱是一种含氮的有机化合物, 在多种中药中作为活性成分存在, 根据氮原子在生物碱中位置不同, 其性质也有很大差异。作为天然产物, 生物碱与金属配位从而提高生物活性的研究已有了先例, 如氧代阿朴菲型生物碱、β-咔啉类生物碱、喹啉类生物碱、8-羟基喹啉类生物碱等, 都可以与金属离子进行配合。以8-羟基喹啉类生物碱为例, 具有平面芳香骨架, 结构中的1-N和8-OH能够作为配体进一步与金属离子结合, 可能产生具有更高细胞毒性的金属配合物, 而且有利于进一步稳定金属的特定氧化还原态[62]。Zhang等[63]以8-羟基喹啉衍生物希夫碱(Schiff base of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative, 8HQL) 为配体与ZnCl2配合得到8HQL-Zn配合物, 采用密度泛涵理论原理对8HQL-Zn配合物进行量子化学计算, 结果表明, 8HQL-Zn具有较好的稳定性和生物活性。并通过MTT法发现该配合物与8HQL相比, 其对肿瘤细胞SY5Y和SW480具有更明显的增殖抑制作用, 而对正常细胞LO2增殖抑制作用则相对较弱, 体现出对肿瘤细胞较好的选择性。此外, 研究发现当结构中含有卤素基团时, 配合物表现出更强的细胞毒性。Chen等[64]合成了3种二卤代8-羟基喹啉镧系(G3+, Dy3+, Er3+) 配合物, 针对BEL7404的体外细胞毒性实验表明, 与游离配体相比, 3种配合物表现出显著增强的细胞毒性, IC50值可达到nmol·L-1量级。
香豆素类化合物是一类以苯骈α-吡喃酮为母核的天然化合物, 具有抗凝血、抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化、抗癌等多种生物活性功能。其环上常含有羟基、烷氧基、苯基、异戊烯基等取代基。这种特定结构使得香豆素类化合物具有优异的电荷和电子传输特性, 形成共轭体系, 使得整个分子的电负性倾向于酚羟基的氧原子上, 从而易于金属阳离子的空轨道配位[10]。Zhu等[65]合成了香豆素衍生物与邻菲罗啉的铜(Ⅱ) 配合物, 铜离子与1, 10-菲罗啉配体中的2个氮原子和香豆素配体中的1个-COOH氧原子以及1个-NH2氮原子相连, 形成后的配合物在抗癌方面显示出显著的活性。这种配合物不但以剂量和时间依赖性方式有效抑制LA795细胞的增殖, 还以时间依赖性方式显著诱导LA795细胞凋亡, 对LA795癌细胞表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性, 显著抑制LA795肿瘤的生长(P < 0.05), 因此具有开发为肺癌治疗剂的潜力。由于在体外实验中显示出的抗肿瘤活性, 这种香豆素衍生物与铜(Ⅱ) 的配合物具有开发成为肺癌治疗剂的潜力。秦皮乙素是一种香豆素衍生物, 在苯并-吡喃环的6和7位置具有羟基, Shinde等[66]探讨了秦皮乙素-铜配合物与循环肿瘤DNA (ct-DNA) 之间的相互作用, 结果显示, 与游离配体相比, 秦皮乙素-铜配合物与ct-DNA相互作用明显强于秦皮乙素, 这可能与金属配合物的电荷、立体化学和氧化还原电位的改变有关。
氨基酸在生物体内大量存在, 同时具有-NH2和-COOH双官能团, 易于与金属离子形成配合物。Zhu等[67]对家犬灌胃自制的L-赖氨酸-锌配合物和锌离子单体, 并通过药动学研究发现L-赖氨酸-锌配合物的血清锌峰浓度、曲线下面积和相对生物利用度都明显优于锌离子单体, 提示锌离子与氨基酸配合后可能更有利于机体吸收。Li等[55]则以牛磺酸为配体与镁配位合成牛磺酸-镁配合物, 将其静脉注射或口服给予豚鼠后, 均能降低动脉血压, 其中静脉给药还具有减慢心率的作用。另外, Li等[55]和Liu等[68]合成了精氨酸-钴配合物, 精氨酸配体的α-氨基、α-羧基及胍基等配体基团与钴离子的配位作用可能改变了配体的电子特性, 增强了其与肿瘤细胞的相互作用, 使得该配合物对A549肺癌细胞的抗肿瘤效果明显高于精氨酸配体。
源自天然产物的多糖被认为是重要的生物反应调节剂, 由于其单糖结构中含有大量羟基, 因此具有孤对电子, 容易与金属离子形成配合物。这种配位作用可以改变多糖的物理化学性质, 增强其生物活性。Jia等[69]的研究表明, 黄芪多糖与铁(Ⅲ) 形成的配合物比黄芪多糖单体具有更好的免疫保护反应和更高的补体固定活性。这可能是因为配合物的形成增强了多糖的稳定性和生物利用度, 从而提高了其生物活性。黄芪多糖-铁(Ⅲ) 配合物被认为是一种良好的铁补充剂, 能够快速为缺铁性贫血小鼠补充铁元素, 且没有明显的不良反应。这表明配合物可以作为一种有效的营养补充剂, 改善铁的吸收和利用。Li等[70]从夏枯草中提取的多糖(P1), 与醋酸锌反应合成的P1-锌配合物(P1-Zn) 对HepG2细胞的生长具有显著的抑制作用, 这种抑制作用可能与配合物诱导的细胞周期阻滞和线粒体膜电位降低有关。
金属离子(如铜、铁、锌) 与中药有机配体(如多酚、生物碱、黄酮) 形成的配合物, 在提高治疗效果和生物利用度具有应用潜力。这一策略为中药现代化和新药开发提供了新思路, 优化了传统中药的治疗效果和安全性, 但仍需克服多重科学和技术挑战。①金属离子与中药成分的结合位点和机制尚不明确, 需要未来通过结构生物学和计算化学深入研究, 通过解析金属离子与中药成分的结合结构, 解释相互作用机制, 揭示其生物活性基础。例如, 了解金属离子如何通过与特定的功能基团(如-OH、-COOH等) 结合, 进而影响中药成分的溶解性与生物可利用性, 将有助于设计更为有效的治疗方案; ②现有的药理活性研究多集中于体外, 需增加动物实验和临床试验, 以验证其在体内的药理作用及安全性。体外实验固然能够提供初步的活性数据, 但生物系统的复杂性意味着体外结果并不一定能完全反映其在体内的表现。特别是在药物的代谢、分布以及排泄等过程中的变化, 往往会直接影响最终的治疗效果。因此, 深入的体内研究是必不可少的; ③新药开发应重点关注中药成分金属配合物的筛选、优化和临床转化, 在今后的研究中应集中于配合物的药效学和药动学特性, 包括稳定性、溶解性、吸收、分布、代谢及排泄等方面。对这些特性的系统评估, 有助于筛选出具有优良药理特征的金属配合物, 从而推动临床应用。从当前的研究来看, 中药配合物的研究集中在黄酮、醌类、生物碱、香豆素及氨基酸化合物, 如果以这些有机成分为基础去筛选配合物新药, 其前景将是十分可观的, 并能发展成为一类新型中药。然而, 中药化学成分繁多, 还含有其他小分子(如酚类、强心苷等) 及各种结构复杂的生物大分子(如多糖、蛋白质、脂类等)。当分子结构含有-NH2、-OH、-COOH、-CN、-S的配位基团时, 也具有潜在与金属离子配位的能力, 说明可能会发现更多活性更高、毒性更低的先导化合物。与此同时, 针对金属离子的特性以及其与中药成分的相互作用, 研究者可以设计多种新型配合物。例如, 铜离子通常具有良好的抗氧化活性, 与某些含酚结构的中药成分结合后, 可能产生协同效应, 增强生物活性; 铁离子在血红蛋白合成和氧的运输中发挥着重要作用, 探索其与中药成分的结合亦有助于改善贫血等病症的治疗。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204760)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1111
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82204760)
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    1 天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
    2 中国医学科学院放射医学研究所, 天津 300192
    3 山东现代学院药学院, 山东 济南 250154

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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