Article(id=1190373732129538751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730995200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-08, revisedDate=1734796800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813813, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813813, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1454, endPage=1463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373732385391299, articleId=1190373732129538751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of Alismatis Rhizoma extracts in bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury caused by various pathogenic factors, leading to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen. It represents a common pathological hallmark during the progression of most chronic liver diseases. However, there is currently no universally recognized specific and effective drug for the clinical treatment of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of Alisma Rhizoma on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis and explores the potential pharmacological mechanisms. The animal experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (registration No. PZSHUTCM2303280007), in compliance with relevant animal welfare and ethical standards. Mice were subjected to BDL to induce liver fibrosis. Mice were divided into five groups: sham operation group (Sham), model group (BDL), ethanol extract protection group (BDL+EE, 1.6 g·kg-1), water extract protection group (BDL+WE, 4.0 g·kg-1), obeticholic acid protection group (BDL+OCA, 10 mg·kg-1). The results showed that both of EE and WE could attenuate BDL-induced liver fibrosis as evident by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities, total bile acids (TBA) levels, and improved pathological conditions such as cholestasis, collagen deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver tissue necrosis. Notably, EE showed better efficacy than WE. Further studies showed that EE improved liver fibrosis dose dependently. EE treatment impaired the bile acids homeostasis in serum and liver, and recovered the hepatic mRNA expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as well as the downstream genes including small heterodimer partner (SHP), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile salt export pump (BSEP). Further study also proved that the four major triterpenes in EE increased the transcriptional activities of FXR in vitro. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of Alisma Rhizoma in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.

, correspAuthors=Guan-cheng LI, Ai-zhen XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kua DONG, Ying-ying TANG, Jia-rui JIANG, You-mei HUANG, Li-hua GU, Li-li DING, Guan-cheng LI, Ai-zhen XIONG, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374212662558749, articleId=1190373732129538751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=泽泻改善胆管结扎致小鼠肝纤维化的药效与机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肝纤维化是由多种致病因素导致的慢性肝损伤, 造成胶原在内的细胞外基质过度堆积, 是多数慢性肝病进展过程中常见的病理改变, 然而迄今尚无公认特异有效的药物用于肝纤维化的临床治疗。因此本文研究中药泽泻对胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL) 诱导的肝纤维化的改善作用, 并初步探讨其潜在的药理作用机制。动物实验方案经上海中医药大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审查(批准号: PZSHUTCM2303280007), 符合实验动物福利与伦理相关规范。对小鼠进行胆管结扎以诱导肝纤维化模型, 并设立假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(BDL组)、泽泻醇提物保护组(BDL+EE)、泽泻水提物保护组(BDL+WE)、奥贝胆酸保护组(BDL+OCA)。结果表明, 泽泻可明显改善胆管结扎诱导的肝纤维化: 泽泻提取物可显著降低肝纤维化小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰转移酶及总胆汁酸水平, 改善胆汁淤积、胶原沉积、炎性细胞浸润、肝组织坏死等病理状况, 其中醇提物药效优于水提物。进一步考察泽泻醇提物改善胆管结扎诱导小鼠肝纤维化的量-效关系, 并探讨其作用机制, 发现泽泻醇提物可缓解胆管结扎致肝纤维化小鼠体内血清和肝脏胆汁酸代谢失衡, 调节肝组织内胆汁酸代谢关键核受体法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 及其下游靶基因小异二聚体伴侣(small heterodimer partner, SHP)、胆固醇7-羟化酶(cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase, CYP7A1)、胆盐输出泵(bile salt export pump, BSEP) 的mRNA表达; 体外进一步证实泽泻醇提物中4种主要三萜可在转录水平激活FXR。本研究表明泽泻在临床上防治肝纤维化的应用提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=李冠成, 熊爱珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李冠成,E-mail:
熊爱珍,Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail:
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The bar in B and C is 200 μm; D: Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and total bile acids (TBA) in serum (<i>n</i> = 8); E: The protein levels of <i>α</i>-SMA in liver tissues (<i>n</i> = 5); F: The content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in liver tissue (<i>n</i> = 8); G: Fibrotic area (<i>n</i> = 6). $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Sham group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> BDL group , figureFileSmall=GvG29iMamjyUj4TbyJujUg==, figureFileBig=DY4IGclus9v3ZaiZU/Dikw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694737490359169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732129538751, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=illPtELPvG+P34ajj9LwTA==, figureFileBig=1OGr07ah42VfkSfVl9h48w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694737641354114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732129538751, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Dose effect of EE in improving BDL-induced liver injury in mice. 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A: Hepatic mRNA expression of <i>Fxr</i> and its downstream genes, including <i>Cyp7a1</i>, <i>Shp</i>, and <i>Bsep</i> (<i>n</i> = 6). $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Sham group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> BDL group; B: The luciferase activity of <i>Fxr</i> (<i>n</i> = 3). $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> DMSO , figureFileSmall=1h/BHJuQhVfacN787wB8fQ==, figureFileBig=M/qHUBKKcE25oWD6Hyg5zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694738945782665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732129538751, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Primer Sequence (5' to 3')
  α-Sma Forward GGGAGTAATGGTTGGAATGG
Reverse GGTGATGATGCCGTGTTCTA
  Bsep Forward TCTGACTCAGTGATTCTTCGCA
Reverse CCCATAAACATCAGCCAGTTGT
  Col1a1 Forward TGACTGGAAGAGCGGAGAGT
Reverse GACGGCTGAGTAGGGAACAC
  Col3a1 Forward ATGGGTTTCCCTGGTCCTAA
Reverse TGCCTTGTAATCCTTGTGGA
  Cyp7a1 Forward CAAGAACCTGTACATGAGGGAC
Reverse CACTTCTTCAGAGGCTGCTTTC
  Fxr Forward ATGTACCAGCCTGAGAACCC
Reverse CTCAGCGTGGTGATGGTTGA
  Shp Forward AACATTCCAGGCACCCTTCT
Reverse GGTCACCTCAGCAAAAGCAT
  Gapdh Forward GGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGT
Reverse ACATACTCAGCACCGGCCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1190694739117749130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732129538751, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequences for RT-PCR. α-Sma: Alpha smooth muscle actin; Bsep: Bile salt export pump; Col1a1: Collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1 chain; Col3a1: Collagen type Ⅲ alpha 1 chain; Cyp7a1: Cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase; Fxr: Farnesoid X receptor; Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Shp: Small heterodimer partner

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene name Primer Sequence (5' to 3')
  α-Sma Forward GGGAGTAATGGTTGGAATGG
Reverse GGTGATGATGCCGTGTTCTA
  Bsep Forward TCTGACTCAGTGATTCTTCGCA
Reverse CCCATAAACATCAGCCAGTTGT
  Col1a1 Forward TGACTGGAAGAGCGGAGAGT
Reverse GACGGCTGAGTAGGGAACAC
  Col3a1 Forward ATGGGTTTCCCTGGTCCTAA
Reverse TGCCTTGTAATCCTTGTGGA
  Cyp7a1 Forward CAAGAACCTGTACATGAGGGAC
Reverse CACTTCTTCAGAGGCTGCTTTC
  Fxr Forward ATGTACCAGCCTGAGAACCC
Reverse CTCAGCGTGGTGATGGTTGA
  Shp Forward AACATTCCAGGCACCCTTCT
Reverse GGTCACCTCAGCAAAAGCAT
  Gapdh Forward GGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGT
Reverse ACATACTCAGCACCGGCCTCA
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泽泻改善胆管结扎致小鼠肝纤维化的药效与机制研究
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董跨 1 , 唐莹莹 1 , 蒋嘉瑞 1 , 黄幼媚 1 , 谷丽华 1, 2 , 丁丽丽 1, 2 , 李冠成 3, * , 熊爱珍 1, 2, * , 杨莉 1, 2 , 王峥涛 1, 2
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1454-1463
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1454-1463
泽泻改善胆管结扎致小鼠肝纤维化的药效与机制研究
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董跨1, 唐莹莹1, 蒋嘉瑞1, 黄幼媚1, 谷丽华1, 2, 丁丽丽1, 2, 李冠成3, * , 熊爱珍1, 2, * , 杨莉1, 2, 王峥涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 3.上海中医药大学附属上海市中医医院, 上海 200071

通讯作者:

*李冠成,E-mail:
熊爱珍,Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail:
Study on the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of Alismatis Rhizoma extracts in bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice
Kua DONG1, Ying-ying TANG1, Jia-rui JIANG1, You-mei HUANG1, Li-hua GU1, 2, Li-li DING1, 2, Guan-cheng LI3, * , Ai-zhen XIONG1, 2, * , Li YANG1, 2, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3. Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1104
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肝纤维化是由多种致病因素导致的慢性肝损伤, 造成胶原在内的细胞外基质过度堆积, 是多数慢性肝病进展过程中常见的病理改变, 然而迄今尚无公认特异有效的药物用于肝纤维化的临床治疗。因此本文研究中药泽泻对胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL) 诱导的肝纤维化的改善作用, 并初步探讨其潜在的药理作用机制。动物实验方案经上海中医药大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审查(批准号: PZSHUTCM2303280007), 符合实验动物福利与伦理相关规范。对小鼠进行胆管结扎以诱导肝纤维化模型, 并设立假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(BDL组)、泽泻醇提物保护组(BDL+EE)、泽泻水提物保护组(BDL+WE)、奥贝胆酸保护组(BDL+OCA)。结果表明, 泽泻可明显改善胆管结扎诱导的肝纤维化: 泽泻提取物可显著降低肝纤维化小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰转移酶及总胆汁酸水平, 改善胆汁淤积、胶原沉积、炎性细胞浸润、肝组织坏死等病理状况, 其中醇提物药效优于水提物。进一步考察泽泻醇提物改善胆管结扎诱导小鼠肝纤维化的量-效关系, 并探讨其作用机制, 发现泽泻醇提物可缓解胆管结扎致肝纤维化小鼠体内血清和肝脏胆汁酸代谢失衡, 调节肝组织内胆汁酸代谢关键核受体法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 及其下游靶基因小异二聚体伴侣(small heterodimer partner, SHP)、胆固醇7-羟化酶(cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase, CYP7A1)、胆盐输出泵(bile salt export pump, BSEP) 的mRNA表达; 体外进一步证实泽泻醇提物中4种主要三萜可在转录水平激活FXR。本研究表明泽泻在临床上防治肝纤维化的应用提供了理论依据。

泽泻  /  三萜  /  胆汁淤积  /  肝纤维化  /  胆汁酸代谢  /  法尼醇X受体

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver injury caused by various pathogenic factors, leading to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen. It represents a common pathological hallmark during the progression of most chronic liver diseases. However, there is currently no universally recognized specific and effective drug for the clinical treatment of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of Alisma Rhizoma on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis and explores the potential pharmacological mechanisms. The animal experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (registration No. PZSHUTCM2303280007), in compliance with relevant animal welfare and ethical standards. Mice were subjected to BDL to induce liver fibrosis. Mice were divided into five groups: sham operation group (Sham), model group (BDL), ethanol extract protection group (BDL+EE, 1.6 g·kg-1), water extract protection group (BDL+WE, 4.0 g·kg-1), obeticholic acid protection group (BDL+OCA, 10 mg·kg-1). The results showed that both of EE and WE could attenuate BDL-induced liver fibrosis as evident by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities, total bile acids (TBA) levels, and improved pathological conditions such as cholestasis, collagen deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver tissue necrosis. Notably, EE showed better efficacy than WE. Further studies showed that EE improved liver fibrosis dose dependently. EE treatment impaired the bile acids homeostasis in serum and liver, and recovered the hepatic mRNA expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as well as the downstream genes including small heterodimer partner (SHP), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile salt export pump (BSEP). Further study also proved that the four major triterpenes in EE increased the transcriptional activities of FXR in vitro. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of Alisma Rhizoma in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.

Alisma Rhizoma  /  triterpene  /  cholestasis  /  liver fibrosis  /  bile acid metabolism  /  farnesoid X receptor
董跨, 唐莹莹, 蒋嘉瑞, 黄幼媚, 谷丽华, 丁丽丽, 李冠成, 熊爱珍, 杨莉, 王峥涛. 泽泻改善胆管结扎致小鼠肝纤维化的药效与机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1454 -1463 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1104
Kua DONG, Ying-ying TANG, Jia-rui JIANG, You-mei HUANG, Li-hua GU, Li-li DING, Guan-cheng LI, Ai-zhen XIONG, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG. Study on the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of Alismatis Rhizoma extracts in bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1454 -1463 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1104
肝纤维化是由多种致病因素导致的肝损伤造成胶原在内的细胞外基质过度堆积[1], 是多数慢性肝病进展过程中常见的病理改变, 临床上可见肝功能减退和门静脉高压症表现[2], 主要的病因有酒精、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、病毒感染性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎、非酒精性脂肪性肝病及胆汁淤积性肝炎[3]。肝纤维化是一个可逆的过程[4], 然而目前肝纤维化的治疗手段仍然有限[5-8]。如果不能有效地加以干预和控制, 会导致器官功能障碍, 最终诱发肝硬化甚至是肝癌, 病情难以逆转导致死亡。
泽泻始载于《神农本草经》, 被列为上品, 具有利水、渗湿、泄热的功效, 有悠久的药用历史。《中国药典》2020年版收录泽泻(Alismatis Rhizoma) 为泽泻科植物东方泽泻Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep.或泽泻A. plantago-aquatica Linn.的干燥块茎。除传统的利尿功效之外, 现代药理学研究表明泽泻具有多种药理活性, 如抗炎、抑制纤维化等[9-13]。本课题组前期研究发现泽泻能够改善千里光碱致小鼠急性肝损伤[14], 缓解胆汁酸代谢紊乱。基于前期研究基础, 本研究通过胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL) 构建小鼠肝纤维化模型, 探讨泽泻不同提取部位对肝纤维化的改善作用及量-效关系, 并从胆汁酸代谢调节方面探讨其作用机制, 为临床肝纤维化的防治提供实验基础和理论依据。
药品与试剂    23-乙酰泽泻醇B (alisol B-23 acetate, AB23A; 货号: A0446)、23-乙酰泽泻醇C (alisol C-23 acetate, AC23A; 货号: A0873)、乙酰泽泻醇B (alisol B, AB; 货号: A0882)、乙酰泽泻醇A (alisol A, AA; 货号: A0865) 购自成都曼思特生物科技有限公司, 纯度大于98%; 奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA; 货号: AG-CR1-3560-M100) 购自AdipoGen公司, 纯度大于95%; 谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 活力测试试剂盒(货号: C009-2-1)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 活力测试试剂盒(货号: C010-2-1)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP) 活力测试试剂盒(货号: A059-2)、谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT) 活力测试试剂盒(货号: C017-2-1)、总胆汁酸(total bile acids, TBA) 含量测试试剂盒(货号: E003-2-1)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL) 含量测试试剂盒(货号: C019-1-1)、羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline, HYP) 含量测试试剂盒(货号: A030-2-1) 均购自南京建成生物工程研究所; RNA fast 2000总RNA极速抽提试剂盒(货号: 220011) 购自上海飞捷生物技术有限公司; Prime Script RT Master Mix试剂盒(货号: AG11706)、SYBR Premix Ex Taq试剂盒(货号: AG11718) 均购自湖南艾科瑞生物科技有限公司使用; 蛋白酶抑制剂(货号: 64155900) 购自美国Roche公司; RIPA裂解液(货号: 89901)、Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒(货号: 11668500) 购自美国Thermo Scientific公司; BCA蛋白测定试剂盒(货号: ZJ102) 购自上海翌圣生物科技有限公司; α-SMA抗体(货号: A17910) 和GAPDH抗体(货号: AC027) 均购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。
实验动物    雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(20 ± 2 g, 6~8周, SPF级) 80只购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司[合格证号: SCXK (沪) 2022-0004], 饲养于上海中医药大学动物实验中心。饲养条件: 湿度55% ± 10%, 温度20 ± 2 ℃, 12 h昼夜交替, SPF级。小鼠适应性饲养1周后进行实验, 实验期间不限量摄食和饮水。本实验方案经上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: PZSHUTCM2303280007), 实验期间严格遵循国家和上海中医药大学动物中心动物使用管理条例进行。
药物配制    泽泻粉碎为细粉后取粉末0.5 g, 按《中国药典》2020版泽泻含量测定项下测定饮片中AB23A和AC23A的含量。为初步明确泽泻改善肝纤维化的药效部位, 本研究分别制备泽泻醇提物和水提物进行研究。泽泻药材60 ℃干燥过夜, 打粗粉(过24目), 取泽泻粗粉100 g, 加80%乙醇(0.8 L) 回流提取1 h, 过滤后药渣再加80%乙醇提取2次, 合并3次提取液, 取上清液旋转蒸发回收溶剂至无醇味并冷冻干燥, 得泽泻醇提取部位(ethanol extract, EE), 得率为15.7%; 取药渣加水(0.8 L) 煎煮, 大火沸腾后保持微沸1 h, 过滤后药渣再加水提取2次, 合并3次提取液, 取上清液旋转蒸发并冷冻干燥, 得泽泻水提取部位(water extract, WE), 得率为40.0%。
动物实验    模型组小鼠行BDL手术, 过程如下: 小鼠手术前1日禁食过夜; 实验当日剃去小鼠腹部毛以暴露皮肤, 使用气体麻醉机以异氟烷麻醉小鼠, 取仰卧位并以酒精棉球消毒手术部位, 沿中线开腹约2 cm, 使用蘸有生理盐水的棉签暴露胆管, 用镊子小心将胆管与侧翼门静脉和肝动脉分开, 用缝合线双结扎胆管, 随后将腹部器官放回生理位置, 逐层缝合关腹, 手术切口消毒。假手术组(Sham组) 小鼠仅分离胆管不结扎, 其余同BDL组。
根据前期研究基础及提取物得率, 确定醇提取部位、水提取部位的给药剂量分别为1.6和4.0 g·kg-1 (折合10 g·kg-1生药)。泽泻醇提取部位、水提取部位分别以0.5% CMC-Na溶液制成浓度为0.16、0.4 g·mL-1溶液, 用于后续的动物实验。取小鼠40只, 随机分为5组(每组8只): 假手术组(Sham)、胆管结扎模型组(BDL)、泽泻醇提取部位组(BDL+EE) 组、泽泻水提取部位组(BDL+WE)、阳性药奥贝胆酸组(BDL+OCA)。BDL+EE组小鼠从BDL手术后10天起灌胃泽泻醇提取部位(1.6 g·kg-1), BDL+WE组小鼠从BDL手术后10天起灌胃泽泻水提取部位(4.0 g·kg-1), BDL+OCA组小鼠从BDL手术后10天起灌胃奥贝胆酸(10 mg·kg-1), BDL和Sham组小鼠从手术后10天起灌胃相应体积0.5% CMC-Na溶液。每天给药1次, 连续给药1周。
另取小鼠40只, 随机分为5组(每组8只): 假手术组(Sham)、胆管结扎模型组(BDL)、泽泻醇提取部位低剂量组(BDL+0.4 EE)、中剂量组(BDL+0.8 EE) 和高剂量组(BDL+1.6 EE)。泽泻醇提取部位低、中、高剂量组小鼠在BDL手术后10天起分别灌胃0.4、0.8、1.6 g·kg-1三个不同剂量的泽泻醇提取部位, BDL和Sham组小鼠从手术后10天起灌胃相应体积0.5% CMC-Na溶液。每天给药1次, 连续给药1周。
末次给药24 h后, 小鼠以异氟烷麻醉摘眼球取血, 收集全血、肝脏。全血于室温下静置2 h, 4 ℃、4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 分离血清; 取小鼠肝脏最大叶中1 cm ×1 cm置4%多聚甲醛中, 其余肝脏以液氮速冻后保存于-80 ℃。
肝功能评价    根据试剂盒说明书测定血清肝功能指标, 包括ALT、AST、ALP、GGT活力和TBA、TBIL含量。采用多功能酶标仪(VARIOSKAN FLASH, 美国Thermo Scientific公司) 读取各吸光度值, 根据标准曲线计算ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TBA、TBIL的水平。
肝脏组织以4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后, 依次进行脱水、包埋、切片、苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE) 染色、马松(Masson) 染色、乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、树胶封固, 于光学显微镜下观察组织病理变化并采集图片。
胆汁酸含量测定    根据课题组前期建立的方法[15], 利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定小鼠血清和肝脏中21种主要胆汁酸的含量, 包括胆酸(cholic acid, CA)、α-鼠胆酸(α-muricholic acid, α-MCA)、β-鼠胆酸(β-muricholic acid, β-MCA)、ω-鼠胆酸(ω-muricholic acid, ω-MCA)、鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA)、脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic acid, DCA)、猪去氧胆酸(hyodeoxycholic acid, HDCA)、熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid, UDCA), 以及部分牛磺酸结合物(taurine conjugated bile acids) 和甘氨酸结合物(glycine conjugated bile acids)。
逆转录-聚合酶链式反应分析    取10 mg小鼠肝脏样本, 以RNA fast 2000总RNA极速抽提试剂盒提取总RNA, 取1 μg总RNA用Prime Script RT Master Mix试剂盒转录为cDNA。使用SYBR Premix Ex Taq试剂盒进行实时荧光PCR检测目的基因的mRNA表达水平。以内参基因Gapdh为参照, 通过2-ΔΔCt方法分析目标基因的相对表达量, Sham组设为1, 引物序列见表 1
蛋白免疫印痕分析    取10 mg小鼠肝脏组织样本, 加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液, 4 ℃充分碾磨, 10 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液。用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。蛋白变性后, 取20 μg蛋白进行蛋白免疫印痕分析检测目标蛋白。以内参蛋白GAPDH为参照, 计算目的蛋白的相对表达量。
双荧光素酶报告基因实验    参考课题组前期报道[16], 采用人肾胚胎细胞HEK293T细胞进行实验。HEK293T细胞接种于96孔板(20 000个/孔), 利用Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒对HEK293T细胞进行转染(FXR∶RXR-α∶ECRE∶renilla=25∶25∶50∶1); 6 h后分别加入DMSO、OCA (10 µmol·L-1) 及不同泽泻三萜化合物(10 µmol·L-1) (n = 3)。给药24 h后, 根据双荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒说明书操作, 于酶标仪上检测renilla luciferase报告基因活性。
统计学分析    实验数据采用均数±标准差($\bar{x} \pm s$) 表示, GraphPad Prism 10.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA) 软件用于统计分析, 两组间比较满足正态分布采用参数检验进行差异分析, 其中两组之间的统计分析采用student t检验, 多组间比较采用one way ANOVA分析, 若P < 0.05则表示差异有统计学意义。
泽泻中已发现90多种三萜。《中国药典》2020版规定泽泻含AB23A和AC23A的总量不得低于0.10%。参照《中国药典》方法对本研究所用泽泻饮片进行含量测定, 测得AB23A含量为0.141%, AC23A含量为0.016%, 二者总量为0.157%, 符合药典标准。本研究制备泽泻醇提取部位, 并测定其中4种主要泽泻三萜AB23A、AC23A、AB、AA (图 1) 的含量, 分别为11.22、2.10、7.08、3.57 mg·g-1, 4种三萜总含量为23.97 mg·g-1; 剩余药渣继续以水煎煮得到水提取部位, 其中泽泻三萜含量极低, 4种三萜AB23A、AC23A、AB、AA分别为0.00、0.01、0.00、0.00 mg·g-1, 4种三萜总含量为0.01 mg·g-1
以胆总管结扎诱导小鼠肝纤维化, 评价泽泻不同提取部位对肝纤维化的改善作用(图 2A)。参考文献[17, 18]报道, 本研究动物实验醇提取部位、水提取部位给药剂量分别为1.6 g·kg-1 (折合生药剂量10 g·kg-1, 折合4种三萜的给药剂量为38.35 mg·kg-1) 和4.0 g·kg-1 (折合生药剂量10 g·kg-1, 折合4种三萜的给药剂量为0.04 mg·kg-1)。对各组小鼠肝组织进行病理切片HE染色(图 2B) 和Masson染色(图 2C), 可观察到Sham组小鼠肝小叶结构清晰, 肝细胞形态完整、功能正常; BDL组小鼠肝组织可见明显的细胞坏死和排布不整齐、胞核皱缩、组织结构大面积破坏、炎性浸润等, 且肝脏中胶原纤维结缔大量增生沉积并延伸到门静脉区。给药组均有不同程度的改善效果; 相较于WE给药组, EE给药组改善肝脏损伤的效果更加明显。
BDL组小鼠血清肝功能指标血清ALT活力较Sham组升高10.2倍(P < 0.001), WE和EE给药组均能不同程度地降低BDL小鼠血清ALT活力, 其中EE组小鼠血清ALT活力较BDL组显著下降35.0% (P < 0.05, 图 2D); 此外, BDL组小鼠血清AST、ALP、GGT活力及TBA含量较Sham组分别显著升高10.0倍(P < 0.001)、11.9倍(P < 0.001)、2.80倍(P < 0.001) 及47.1倍(P < 0.001), WE和EE给药组小鼠以上指标较模型组均明显降低, WE给药组小鼠AST、ALP、GGT活力及TBA含量降为BDL组的48.0% (P < 0.05)、91.1%、71.4% (P < 0.01) 及63.5% (P < 0.05), EE给药组小鼠AST、ALP、GGT活力及TBA含量降为BDL组的40.0% (P < 0.01)、71.6% (P < 0.05)、55.3% (P < 0.001) 及49.0% (P < 0.01)。
进一步测定各组小鼠肝组织内α-SMA蛋白表达水平(图 2E) 和HYP含量(图 2F), 模型组小鼠肝组织α-SMA蛋白表达量较Sham组升高1.9倍(P < 0.001), HYP含量较Sham组升高1.7倍(P < 0.01); WE和EE给药组小鼠α-SMA蛋白表达水平较模型组均明显降低, EE给药组小鼠肝脏内HYP含量较模型组显著降低28.3% (P < 0.05)。此外, 统计各小鼠肝脏纤维化区域面积(图 2G), 模型组小鼠肝纤维化区域面积达15.9%, WE和EE组小鼠肝纤维化区域面积分别降为13.0% (P < 0.01)、8.5% (P < 0.001)。
综合以上结果, 泽泻醇、水提取部位均能改善BDL诱导的小鼠肝纤维化, 且醇提取部位的药效更好。
进一步考察不同剂量泽泻醇提取部位(0.4、0.8、1.6 g·kg-1, 分别折合生药的剂量为2.5、5.0、10 g·kg-1) 改善BDL诱导小鼠肝损伤的量-效关系。结果显示, 以上剂量的EE均可以不同程度地改善BDL诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤, 缓解BDL诱导的小鼠肝细胞坏死、淤血、炎性浸润等(图 3A), 并明显减少肝脏中胶原沉积及纤维化面积(图 3B)。此外, EE还可降低BDL小鼠血清ALT、AST、ALP、GGT活力及TBIL、TBA含量(图 3C), 减少肝组织HYP含量(图 3D), 降低肝纤维化标志物α-SmaCol3a1Col1a1的mRNA表达水平(图 3E), 高剂量EE对胶原Col3a1Col1a1 mRNA表达水平的降低尤为显著(分别为模型组的10.1%、8.4%)。
血液和肝脏中胆汁酸水平升高是各种形式胆汁淤积的共同特征, 高水平胆汁酸的蓄积会引发一连串的病理反应, 对肝纤维化的发生发展起着关键的作用。与Sham组小鼠比较, BDL模型组小鼠血清胆汁酸代谢轮廓发生了显著的变化(图 4)。BDL小鼠血清内的α-MCA、β-MCA、ω-MCA、tauro-α-muricholic acid (T-α-MCA)、tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA)、tauro-ω-muricholic acid (T-ω-MCA)、glycocholic acid (GCA)、glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)、glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA)、taurocholate acid (TCA)、taurolithocholic acid (TLCA)、taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA)、tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)、taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) 水平显著升高, CA、lithocholic acid (LCA)、taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA)、UDCA、CDCA、HDCA含量显著降低(图 4A); BDL模型组血清中主要胆汁酸的总含量较Sham组升高(图 4B), 各胆汁酸相对百分含量也有明显变化(图 4C)。与模型组比较, EE给药组小鼠血清T-β-MCA、GCA、GCDCA、LCA、TCA、TDCA、TLCA、TUDCA、UDCA、CDCA水平均明显回调; 主要胆汁酸的总含量降低。
进一步测定各组小鼠肝脏中胆汁酸的含量(图 5)。与Sham组比较, 小鼠肝脏内T-β-MCA、T-ω-MCA、GHDCA、GUDCA、TCA、TUDCA、TCDCA水平显著升高, α-MCA、β-MCA、ω-MCA、CA、GCA、GCDCA、TDCA、THDCA、UDCA、CDCA、HDCA水平显著降低(图 5A)。EE给药组小鼠肝脏内T-β-MCA、T-ω-MCA、GHDCA、TCA、TLCA、TUDCA水平显著回调。此外, BDL模型组肝内总胆汁酸含量增加(图 5B), 提示胆汁酸在肝内淤积; EE给药组肝内总胆汁酸含量较BDL组下降22.6%~45.2% (图 5C)。
以上结果表明, EE可以调节BDL诱导的肝损伤小鼠胆汁酸代谢紊乱, 缓解胆汁淤积。
测定胆汁酸核受体法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR) 及其下游靶基因的mRNA表达水平(图 6A)。BDL模型组小鼠肝脏Fxr的mRNA表达水平降为Sham组的25% (P < 0.001), 不同剂量EE给药组Fxr的mRNA表达水平均较BDL组显著升高。BDL模型组小鼠肝脏小异二聚体伴侣(small heterodimer partner, SHP) 的mRNA表达水平降为Sham组的62% (P < 0.01), 不同剂量EE给药组Shp的mRNA表达水平均较BDL组显著升高。此外, BDL组小鼠调节胆汁酸合成的关键酶胆固醇7-羟化酶(cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase, CYP7A1) 的mRNA表达水平均较Sham组升高4.1倍(P < 0.001), EE给药组其表达均较BDL组显著下降。BDL组小鼠胆盐输出泵(bile salt export pump, BSEP) 的mRNA水平较Sham组有所降低, 而EE给药后其表达亦有不同程度的升高。以上结果提示, BDL诱导肝纤维化小鼠的胆汁酸代谢相关因子受到显著影响, 而泽泻醇提取部位可以调节肝脏内FXR及其下游靶基因, 影响胆汁酸的合成与转运, 从而恢复胆汁酸的代谢解毒功能。
荧光素酶报告基因实验表明泽泻醇提取部位中4种泽泻三萜AB23A、AB、AA、AC23A (10 μmol·L-1) 均能增强Fxr的转录活性; 其中AB23A的激动活性最强, 与FXR激动剂OCA (10 μmol·L-1) 的活性相近(图 6B)。
肝纤维化是多数慢性肝病进展过程中常见的病理改变, 其因高发病率和高致死率在全球范围内受到广泛关注[2]。肝纤维化的发生发展通常伴随着多种病理反应, 其重要特征包括胆汁酸的代谢紊乱。胆汁酸是肝脏中的一种内源性物质, 主要以胆固醇合成, 是胆汁中不可或缺的重要组成部分。在正常的生理条件下, 胆汁酸由胆固醇合成后, 从肝脏中分泌并储存到胆囊中, 随胆汁释放到小肠中促进脂质吸收, 在回肠处被重吸收, 通过门静脉转运到肝脏中, 形成完整的肝肠循环, 对营养吸收、代谢调节和能量稳态维持起着重要的作用。而在病理条件下, 胆管阻塞、药物作用、病毒感染等原因导致胆汁酸代谢和肝肠循环紊乱, 胆汁酸在肝脏和血液内蓄积, 致使对肝细胞、胆管细胞、星状细胞等产生刺激和毒害作用[19], 对胆汁酸的含量测定与分析是临床上判断肝病严重程度的重要手段[20, 21], 以针对病因而减轻胆汁酸代谢紊乱成为目前临床上治疗肝纤维化的主要策略之一。
泽泻作为一种应用历史悠久的传统药物, 目前国内外已有大量关于泽泻的药效研究, 包括保肝、利尿、降糖、降脂等[22-27]。因此, 本研究制备了泽泻醇提取部位和水提取部位, 并探讨其对BDL诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的改善作用。结果表明两个提取部位均可以不同程度地改善BDL小鼠肝损伤状态, 降低血清肝功能指标中ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TBA水平, 减轻肝组织坏死和胶原沉积, 降低肝脏内肝纤维化标志物的表达。相比较而言, 泽泻醇提取部位的药效更佳, 并且其药效呈现出一定的剂量依赖性。
泽泻三萜是《中国药典》泽泻的含量测定指标成分, 其中AB23A是三萜中含量最高的成分[28]。分别测定本研究中泽泻醇提取部位和水提取部位中AB23A、AC23A、AA、AB 4种主要三萜的含量, 发现醇提取部位中含大量三萜, 而水提取部位中三萜含量极低。课题组前期研究提示, 胆汁酸核受体FXR是泽泻三萜改善肝纤维化的重要靶点[29]。且目前已有研究报道称泽泻三萜AB23A可通过激动FXR来保护α-萘异硫氰酸酯所致胆汁淤积和肝损伤[30]。因此, 进一步考察泽泻醇提取部位对BDL诱导的小鼠胆汁酸代谢紊乱的影响及对FXR的调节作用。
结果表明, 泽泻醇提取部位可显著降低BDL小鼠血清和肝脏中的胆汁酸含量, 缓解胆汁淤积, 提高BDL小鼠肝脏Fxr的mRNA表达水平, 并回调Fxr下游靶基因Cyp7a1ShpBsep的mRNA表达水平。这提示泽泻醇提取部位可提高肝内FXR的表达, 一方面抑制CYP7A1的表达来抑制胆汁酸的过量合成, 另一方面上调胆汁酸外排蛋白BSEP的表达来加速肝内胆汁酸外排, 进一步降低胆汁酸对肝脏的毒性作用, 从而改善胆汁淤积。
在肝脏的生理调控过程中, FXR在胆汁酸代谢的各个环节均扮演着重要角色, 参与调控胆汁酸的摄取、外排以及在肝肠循环中的代谢, 以维持机体内各种胆汁酸含量及比例的稳态。FXR激动剂可促进SHP的表达, SHP可与肝细胞核因子4a和肝受体同系物1形成抑制性复合物, 抑制胆汁酸合成的关键酶胆固醇7-羟化酶的转录, 从而抑制胆汁酸合成。研究表明, FXR调控减弱会导致胆汁淤积并进一步促进肝纤维化, FXR已成为治疗肝纤维化的潜在靶点[31-33]。本研究发现, 泽泻醇提取部位中主要的4种三萜均能在转录水平激活FXR, 进一步证实泽泻可以通过调节FXR改善BDL诱导的小鼠胆汁酸代谢紊乱, 继而缓解肝纤维化。
综上所述, 本研究评价了泽泻不同提取部位改善BDL诱导的小鼠肝纤维化药效, 发现富含泽泻三萜类成分的泽泻醇提取部位改善肝纤维化的效果优于泽泻水提取部位, 且该药效与其中所含的三萜类成分对肝脏FXR的激动作用有关。以本研究为基础, 后续将进一步探讨泽泻三萜类活性成分改善肝纤维化的量-效关系和构-效关系, 继续深入探讨泽泻及其三萜类活性成分调节胆汁酸代谢改善肝纤维化的深层机制, 为泽泻及其复方用于肝纤维化的应用提供理论基础, 为临床肝纤维化的预防与治疗提供参考。
作者贡献: 董跨、熊爱珍、李冠成设计实验、撰写及修改论文; 董跨、唐莹莹、蒋嘉瑞、黄幼媚负责实验样本及数据的采集与分析; 谷丽华、丁丽丽、杨莉、王峥涛提供学术指导; 熊爱珍提供基金支持。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 上海市自然科学基金资助项目(20ZR1473300)
  • 上海市自然科学基金资助项目(23ZR1463200)
  • 上海市人才发展资金(2020099)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1104
  • 接收时间:2024-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-08
  • 修回日期:2024-12-22
基金
上海市自然科学基金资助项目(20ZR1473300)
上海市自然科学基金资助项目(23ZR1463200)
上海市人才发展资金(2020099)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.中药功效成分发掘与利用全国重点实验室, 上海 201203
    3.上海中医药大学附属上海市中医医院, 上海 200071

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熊爱珍,Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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