Article(id=1308455453734756734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0993, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=1737993600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889690096, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889690096, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889690096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889690096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1755, endPage=1766, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455453931889023, articleId=1308455453734756734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the mechanism of action of Guizhi Fuling Wan on angiogenesis and ferroptosis for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma based on p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Firstly, the therapeutic effect of GZFLW on HCC was evaluated by constructing a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of H22 hepatoma cell line and combining with cell experiments. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the drug components of GZFLW, and network pharmacology and transcriptomics methods were combined to screen out the potential core targets and signaling pathways of GZFLW in the treatment of HCC, and the core targets were verified by molecular experiments. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that, GZFLW may regulate p53, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which may play an important role in the regulation of GZFLW. HIF-1α and other key targets, which have a certain impact on angiogenesis and ferroptosis in HCC. The results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that GZFLW could significantly inhibit the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumor, and the serum containing GZFLW could inhibit the proliferation of H22 cells in vitro. The results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that GZFLW could down-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial markers cluster designation 31 (CD31) and cluster designation 34 (CD34). It also reduced the levels of VEGF-A and HIF-1α. Western blot analysis further showed that after GZFLW treatment, the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SCL7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was significantly decreased. However, the expression of p53 was significantly increased. The comprehensive analysis results suggest that GZFLW may induce ferroptosis in HCC by regulating the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, and inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A, thereby effectively inhibiting the occurrence and development of HCC. This experiment has been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (ethics approval number: SUCMDL20230915001).

, authors=Xing-qiang LI1, Xu CHAO1, 2, Tian TIAN3, Cong ZHOU2, Jing WANG1, Xue-song FENG1, *, authorsList=Xing-qiang LI, Xu CHAO, Tian TIAN, Cong ZHOU, Jing WANG, Xue-song FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-song FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455457002119566, articleId=1308455453734756734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路研究桂枝茯苓丸抑制肝癌肿瘤组织血管生成及诱导铁死亡的分子机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Wan, GZFLW) 对肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) 的治疗效果及其作用机制。首先通过构建H22肝癌细胞系皮下移植瘤小鼠模型以及结合细胞实验来评估GZFLW对HCC的治疗效果; 采用液质联用技术分析GZFLW的药物成分, 并结合网络药理学和转录组学筛选GZFLW治疗HCC的潜在核心靶点和信号通路, 通过分子实验对核心靶点进行验证。生物信息学分析结果表明, GZFLW可能通过调控p53、血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-A)、缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 等关键靶点, 对HCC的血管生成和铁死亡的发生产生一定影响。体内外实验结果表明, GZFLW可较为显著地抑制皮下移植肿瘤的生长, 并且其含药血清可抑制体外H22细胞的增殖。免疫荧光和免疫组化实验结果显示, GZFLW能够下调血管内皮标记物CD31 (cluster designation 31)、CD34 (cluster designation 34) 的表达, 同时也能降低VEGF-A和HIF-1α的水平。Western blot分析结果进一步显示, 在GZFLW治疗后, 铁死亡相关蛋白溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SCL7A11) 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的表达显著降低, 而p53的表达则显著升高。综合分析结果表明, GZFLW可能通过调控p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路诱导HCC铁死亡, 并通过抑制HIF-1α和VEGF-A的表达抑制肿瘤血管生成, 从而有效抑制HCC的发生和发展。本实验已获陕西中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号: SUCMDL20230915001)。

, authors=李兴强1, 晁旭1, 2, 田甜3, 周聪2, 王婧1, 冯雪松1, *, authorsList=李兴强, 晁旭, 田甜, 周聪, 王婧, 冯雪松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯雪松, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李兴强负责动物实验、细胞实验, 数据分析及文章撰写; 晁旭负责论文指导; 田甜参与部分动物实验; 周聪、王婧参与部分分子实验; 冯雪松负责课题设计、论文指导。实验均在咸阳市中西医结合防治肿瘤重点实验室(L2023-CXNL-CXPT-ZDSYS-002) 完成。

, correspAuthorsNote=
冯雪松,Tel: 15291912852, E-mail:
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GSTZ1 sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib-induced ferroptosis via inhibition of NRF2/GPX4 axis [J]. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12: 426., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497760530293118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760534487423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760530293118, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760542876032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760530293118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陕西中医药大学基础医学院, 陕西 咸阳 712000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497760618373505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760622567810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760618373505, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760630956419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760618373505, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陕西中医药大学第二附属医院, 陕西 咸阳 712000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497760719036804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760727425413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760719036804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497760735814022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, companyId=1308497760719036804, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3西安大兴医院, 陕西 西安 710003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308497765517320624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9fRR7bK/bLFjPpNzlphAiA==, figureFileBig=FcFpHA2ihqqfBEnimfPQtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497765592818097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total ion chromatogram of the components in Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW). The first column presents the total ion current plot in negative ion mode (upper-level diagram). Meanwhile, the second column showcases the total ion current plot in positive ion mode (lower-level diagram). The small arrows indicate the peak time of the nine active ingredients, figureFileSmall=9fRR7bK/bLFjPpNzlphAiA==, figureFileBig=FcFpHA2ihqqfBEnimfPQtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497765718647218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bvbGSyC8zZtPtMPot3v1Uw==, figureFileBig=454QjH8MdRCbP5Fa8tE56A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497765798338995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (A) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (B) are presented. The GO analysis encompasses three major categories: biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), and molecular functions (MF), with the top 10 significantly enriched terms displayed for each category, respectively. The KEGG analysis reveals the top 10 signaling pathways significantly enriched in the target gene set, figureFileSmall=bvbGSyC8zZtPtMPot3v1Uw==, figureFileBig=454QjH8MdRCbP5Fa8tE56A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497765894807988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5nqZ6c9hnlAMFYxMy5q0Dg==, figureFileBig=tcEKSQS7Y5XaUhEngmBsDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497765999665589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption="Active ingredient-target-target pathway" network. Node size is proportional to its topological importance, where: blue nodes represent key pathways identified through KEGG enrichment analysis, green nodes denote potential therapeutic targets of GZFLW for HCC intervention, and orange nodes characterize pharmacologically active constituents of GZFLW. Edge thickness corresponds to interaction strength between nodes, figureFileSmall=5nqZ6c9hnlAMFYxMy5q0Dg==, figureFileBig=tcEKSQS7Y5XaUhEngmBsDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766083551670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lmY/pfDChTke72U/uom3Uw==, figureFileBig=KFGucuGHHN/wikt08sayvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766167437751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Transcriptomic profiling of subcutaneous transplanted tumor tissues. A: PCA principal component analysis diagram, green dots represent 3 samples from the control group, red dots represent 3 samples from the treatment group; B: Differential gene volcano map, red dots represent up-regulated genes, green dots represent down-regulated genes, and rectangular boxes represent genes related to ferroptosis, figureFileSmall=lmY/pfDChTke72U/uom3Uw==, figureFileBig=KFGucuGHHN/wikt08sayvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766276489656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kugfBXSDo6/fPZ6U9fPXkg==, figureFileBig=Iudzh4Lqt4cndzlYf7kVIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766377152953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=GZFLW induces ferroptosis in H22 cells. A: Cell viability of H22 cells after 24-h intervention with 10% drug-containing serum from various GZFLW dose groups and the sorafenib group, presented as a statistical histogram; B, C: Proliferation of H22 cells treated with 10% drug-containing serum from the high-dose GZFLW group or sorafenib group for 24 h, assessed by EdU assay, with statistical analysis of red-positive signals (magnification: 400×, scale bars: 20 μm); D, E: Changes in intracellular ROS levels in H22 cells treated with 10% drug-containing serum from the high-dose GZFLW group or sorafenib group for 24 h, analyzed via green fluorescence intensity (magnification 100×, scale bars: 200 μm); F, G: Western blots of p53, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), respectively, and histograms of statistical analysis of their protein expression gray values. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group. NS: No difference, figureFileSmall=kugfBXSDo6/fPZ6U9fPXkg==, figureFileBig=Iudzh4Lqt4cndzlYf7kVIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766469427642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2Z9eBGhJPvEh/H810x6z9Q==, figureFileBig=X8tfmaaFfg8hibD476badA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766586868155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=GZFLW inhibited the growth of the H22 tumor. A: Diagrams of subcutaneous tumours of animals at the termination of animal experiments; B, C: Changes in tumour volume (B) and subcutaneous tumour weight (C) after 16 days of drug intervention; D: Diagrams of HE pathological sections of subcutaneous tumors, with light pink areas (indicated by red arrows) indicating necrotic areas; E: HE pathology sections of liver tissues after 16 days of drug intervention. Magnification: 100× and 200×, scale bars: 50 μm. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=2Z9eBGhJPvEh/H810x6z9Q==, figureFileBig=X8tfmaaFfg8hibD476badA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766691725756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GZRvSfutL9PneugxDD9K3w==, figureFileBig=FK5cFBJkLtsAyGSTEBcFLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766809166269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of GZFLW on protein expression in subcutaneous tumor tissues of H22 hepatocellular carcinoma-loaded mice. A: Employ the double-labeling co-localization method with cluster designation 34 (CD34, red fluorescence) and cluster designation 31 (CD31, green fluorescence) to quantify the tumor vascular density; B: Count the number of positive signals of the two kinds of fluorescence, which represents the number of blood vessels, and draw a statistical histogram; C: Immunohistochemical detection of VEGF-A and HIF-1α expression in subcutaneous tumor tissues from tumor-bearing mice across experimental groups; D, E: Statistical histograms quantifying immunohistochemical expression levels of VEGF-A (D) and HIF-1α (E); F, G: Western blots of p53, SLC7A11 and GPX4, respectively, and histograms of statistical analysis of their protein expression gray values. Scale bars in panel A: 20 μm (400× magnification), 100 μm (100× magnification); panel C: 50 μm (200× magnification). n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the model group, figureFileSmall=GZRvSfutL9PneugxDD9K3w==, figureFileBig=FK5cFBJkLtsAyGSTEBcFLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497766888858046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundMolecular formulaMass error/DaObserved value/mVMass/charge (m/z)Retentin time/minSecondary fragments (m/z)Mode
Gluconic acidC6H12O7-46.006 3150.052195.051.36475.007 3, 129.018 1[M+FA-H]-
D-Malic acidC4H6O5-0.001 25134.02133.0131.7771.012 3, 115.002 3[M-H]-
Citric acidC6H8O7-0.000 77192.026191.0192.78185.028 0, 87.007 3, 111.007 4[M-H]-
HydroquinoneC6H6O3-0.001 31126.03125.0235.236125.023 1[M-H]-
D-TryptophanC11H12N2O2-0.000 57204.089203.0827.326116.049 2, 125.023 1, 141.054 5, 159.091 7[M-H]-
Salicylic acidC7H6O3-0.001 21138.03137.0238.455137.023 1[M-H]-
Gallic acidC7H6O5-0.000 97170.021169.0139.118125.023 1[M-H]-
AmygdalinC20H27NO110.000 43457.159502.15710.26759.012 3, 71.012 3, 89.022 9, 101.023 0[M+FA-H]-
AlbiflorinC23H28O11-0.000 37480.163525.16110.863121.028 1[M+FA-H]-
1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoseC34H28O220.000 42788.108787.111.406125.023 1, 169.013 3, 313.056 9[M-H]-
1,3-Phenylene glycol monoacetateC8H8O3-0.001 19152.046151.03912.017151.038 9[M-H]-
Kaempferol-3-O-glucosideC21H20O110.000 26448.101447.09413.746227.034 4, 255.029 8, 300.027 6[M-H]-
Benzoic acidC7H6O2-0.001 66122.035121.02814.763121.028 2[M-H]-
3,9-Dihydroxy-2-prenylpterocarpanC20H20O40.000 13324.136323.12916.773133.064 6, 145.065 0, 147.044 1[M-H]-
Arachidonic acidC20H36O20308.272307.26421.399289.254 1, 307.264 4[M-H]-
CholineC5H13NO0.000 4103.1104.1071.33104.107 2[M+H]+
α-LactoseC12H22O1117.026 17359.142360.151.52185.028 9, 97.028 7, 127.038 9, 145.049 3[M+H]+
Mussaenosidic acidC16H24O1017.026 4393.163394.1713.244133.064 6, 151.075 0, 179.069 9[M+H]+
AdenineC5H5N5-17.026 6118.028136.0624.558119.035 2[M+NH4]+
4-Indole aldehydeC9H7NO-0.000 04145.053146.067.321118.065 2[M+H]+
Ethyl acetoacetateC7H12O30.000 3144.079177.1128.27271.049 8, 99.044 4, 127.038 9[M+H+MeOH]+
CatechinC15H14O6-0.000 18290.079291.0869.099109.028 1, 125.023 1, 151.038 9, 179.034 0[M+H]+
VanillinC9H10O3-0.000 16166.063167.0710.139121.064 8, 125.059 7, 149.059 5[M+H]+
CarvoneC10H14O0.000 02150.104151.11211.239105.073 4[M+H]+
CoumarinC9H6O2-0.000 14146.037147.04412.2391.054 6, 103.054 5[M+H]+
trans-CinnamaldehydeC9H8O-0.000 03132.057133.06512.60779.054 8, 105.070 0, 115.054 3[M+H]+
KaempferolC15H10O6-0.000 02286.048287.05514.279121.028 4, 153.017 9, 165.017 9[M+H]+
QuercetinC15H10O7-0.000 04302.043303.0514.839121.028 2, 151.002 6, 178.997 7, 185.023 7[M+H]+
Arachidonic acidC20H32O2-0.000 42304.24287.23721.43381.070 4, 85.065 3, 95.085 9, 121.101 1[M+H-H2O]+
EstroneC18H22O221.982 4292.144293.15316.995105.070 1, 119.085 6, 149.095 9, 151.111 5[M+H]+
α-Linolenic acidC18H30O2-0.000 59278.224279.23119.49867.054 9, 81.070 4, 95.085 8[M+H]+
Oleanolic acidC30H48O3-18.011 2438.349439.35621.94395.085 9, 109.101 4, 123.116 7, 137.132 2[M+H]+
Ergosterol peroxideC28H44O3-0.000 25428.329429.33624.50181.070 4, 95.085 9, 109.101 3, 119.085 7[M+H]+
), ArticleFig(id=1308497768616911295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition identification information of GZFLW

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundMolecular formulaMass error/DaObserved value/mVMass/charge (m/z)Retentin time/minSecondary fragments (m/z)Mode
Gluconic acidC6H12O7-46.006 3150.052195.051.36475.007 3, 129.018 1[M+FA-H]-
D-Malic acidC4H6O5-0.001 25134.02133.0131.7771.012 3, 115.002 3[M-H]-
Citric acidC6H8O7-0.000 77192.026191.0192.78185.028 0, 87.007 3, 111.007 4[M-H]-
HydroquinoneC6H6O3-0.001 31126.03125.0235.236125.023 1[M-H]-
D-TryptophanC11H12N2O2-0.000 57204.089203.0827.326116.049 2, 125.023 1, 141.054 5, 159.091 7[M-H]-
Salicylic acidC7H6O3-0.001 21138.03137.0238.455137.023 1[M-H]-
Gallic acidC7H6O5-0.000 97170.021169.0139.118125.023 1[M-H]-
AmygdalinC20H27NO110.000 43457.159502.15710.26759.012 3, 71.012 3, 89.022 9, 101.023 0[M+FA-H]-
AlbiflorinC23H28O11-0.000 37480.163525.16110.863121.028 1[M+FA-H]-
1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoseC34H28O220.000 42788.108787.111.406125.023 1, 169.013 3, 313.056 9[M-H]-
1,3-Phenylene glycol monoacetateC8H8O3-0.001 19152.046151.03912.017151.038 9[M-H]-
Kaempferol-3-O-glucosideC21H20O110.000 26448.101447.09413.746227.034 4, 255.029 8, 300.027 6[M-H]-
Benzoic acidC7H6O2-0.001 66122.035121.02814.763121.028 2[M-H]-
3,9-Dihydroxy-2-prenylpterocarpanC20H20O40.000 13324.136323.12916.773133.064 6, 145.065 0, 147.044 1[M-H]-
Arachidonic acidC20H36O20308.272307.26421.399289.254 1, 307.264 4[M-H]-
CholineC5H13NO0.000 4103.1104.1071.33104.107 2[M+H]+
α-LactoseC12H22O1117.026 17359.142360.151.52185.028 9, 97.028 7, 127.038 9, 145.049 3[M+H]+
Mussaenosidic acidC16H24O1017.026 4393.163394.1713.244133.064 6, 151.075 0, 179.069 9[M+H]+
AdenineC5H5N5-17.026 6118.028136.0624.558119.035 2[M+NH4]+
4-Indole aldehydeC9H7NO-0.000 04145.053146.067.321118.065 2[M+H]+
Ethyl acetoacetateC7H12O30.000 3144.079177.1128.27271.049 8, 99.044 4, 127.038 9[M+H+MeOH]+
CatechinC15H14O6-0.000 18290.079291.0869.099109.028 1, 125.023 1, 151.038 9, 179.034 0[M+H]+
VanillinC9H10O3-0.000 16166.063167.0710.139121.064 8, 125.059 7, 149.059 5[M+H]+
CarvoneC10H14O0.000 02150.104151.11211.239105.073 4[M+H]+
CoumarinC9H6O2-0.000 14146.037147.04412.2391.054 6, 103.054 5[M+H]+
trans-CinnamaldehydeC9H8O-0.000 03132.057133.06512.60779.054 8, 105.070 0, 115.054 3[M+H]+
KaempferolC15H10O6-0.000 02286.048287.05514.279121.028 4, 153.017 9, 165.017 9[M+H]+
QuercetinC15H10O7-0.000 04302.043303.0514.839121.028 2, 151.002 6, 178.997 7, 185.023 7[M+H]+
Arachidonic acidC20H32O2-0.000 42304.24287.23721.43381.070 4, 85.065 3, 95.085 9, 121.101 1[M+H-H2O]+
EstroneC18H22O221.982 4292.144293.15316.995105.070 1, 119.085 6, 149.095 9, 151.111 5[M+H]+
α-Linolenic acidC18H30O2-0.000 59278.224279.23119.49867.054 9, 81.070 4, 95.085 8[M+H]+
Oleanolic acidC30H48O3-18.011 2438.349439.35621.94395.085 9, 109.101 4, 123.116 7, 137.132 2[M+H]+
Ergosterol peroxideC28H44O3-0.000 25428.329429.33624.50181.070 4, 95.085 9, 109.101 3, 119.085 7[M+H]+
), ArticleFig(id=1308497768730157504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameFull gene nameFold changeP-value
Gpx4Glutathione peroxidase 4-0.3634.19E-05
Acsl4Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 40.3931.91E-06
Trp53Tumor protein p53-0.1810.005 674
Cisd1CDGSH iron-sulfur domain containing 1-0.3811.22E-06
VegfaVascular endothelial growth factor A-0.51.16E-08
Slc3a2Solute carrier family 3 member 2-0.6632.29E-11
Ncoa4Nuclear receptor coactivator 40.3782.92E-12
LoxLipoxygenase1.5350.010 796
Casp8Caspase 80.1550.041
Casp3Caspase 30.0990.131
Casp9Caspase 90.2860.028
Bcl2B-cell lymphoma 2-0.1890.109
BaxBcl-2-associated X protein-0.5467.58E-12
Parp1Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 10.2947.05E-08
FasFas cell surface death receptor1.250.013
CycsCytochrome c-0.3142.64E-08
Becn1Beclin 1, autophagy related-0.2050.003
Map1lc3aMicrotubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha0.8760.226
Map1lc3bMicrotubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta-0.0810.327
Sqstm1Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62)-0.1930.082
Atg5Autophagy related gene 5-0.0740.31
Atg7Autophagy related gene 7-0.0570.651
Ulk1Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 10.1240.101
MtorMechanistic target of rapamycin0.2518.31E-05
), ArticleFig(id=1308497768843403713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455453734756734, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Genetic information related to programmed cell death differences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameFull gene nameFold changeP-value
Gpx4Glutathione peroxidase 4-0.3634.19E-05
Acsl4Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 40.3931.91E-06
Trp53Tumor protein p53-0.1810.005 674
Cisd1CDGSH iron-sulfur domain containing 1-0.3811.22E-06
VegfaVascular endothelial growth factor A-0.51.16E-08
Slc3a2Solute carrier family 3 member 2-0.6632.29E-11
Ncoa4Nuclear receptor coactivator 40.3782.92E-12
LoxLipoxygenase1.5350.010 796
Casp8Caspase 80.1550.041
Casp3Caspase 30.0990.131
Casp9Caspase 90.2860.028
Bcl2B-cell lymphoma 2-0.1890.109
BaxBcl-2-associated X protein-0.5467.58E-12
Parp1Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 10.2947.05E-08
FasFas cell surface death receptor1.250.013
CycsCytochrome c-0.3142.64E-08
Becn1Beclin 1, autophagy related-0.2050.003
Map1lc3aMicrotubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha0.8760.226
Map1lc3bMicrotubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta-0.0810.327
Sqstm1Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62)-0.1930.082
Atg5Autophagy related gene 5-0.0740.31
Atg7Autophagy related gene 7-0.0570.651
Ulk1Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 10.1240.101
MtorMechanistic target of rapamycin0.2518.31E-05
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基于p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路研究桂枝茯苓丸抑制肝癌肿瘤组织血管生成及诱导铁死亡的分子机制
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李兴强 1 , 晁旭 1, 2 , 田甜 3 , 周聪 2 , 王婧 1 , 冯雪松 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 1755-1766
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 1755 -1766
基于p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路研究桂枝茯苓丸抑制肝癌肿瘤组织血管生成及诱导铁死亡的分子机制
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李兴强1, 晁旭1, 2, 田甜3, 周聪2, 王婧1, 冯雪松1, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西中医药大学基础医学院, 陕西 咸阳 712000
  • 2陕西中医药大学第二附属医院, 陕西 咸阳 712000
  • 3西安大兴医院, 陕西 西安 710003
通讯作者:
冯雪松,Tel: 15291912852, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李兴强负责动物实验、细胞实验, 数据分析及文章撰写; 晁旭负责论文指导; 田甜参与部分动物实验; 周聪、王婧参与部分分子实验; 冯雪松负责课题设计、论文指导。实验均在咸阳市中西医结合防治肿瘤重点实验室(L2023-CXNL-CXPT-ZDSYS-002) 完成。

Exploring the mechanism of action of Guizhi Fuling Wan on angiogenesis and ferroptosis for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma based on p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway
Xing-qiang LI1, Xu CHAO1, 2, Tian TIAN3, Cong ZHOU2, Jing WANG1, Xue-song FENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Basic Medical Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China
  • 3Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0993
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本研究旨在探讨桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Wan, GZFLW) 对肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) 的治疗效果及其作用机制。首先通过构建H22肝癌细胞系皮下移植瘤小鼠模型以及结合细胞实验来评估GZFLW对HCC的治疗效果; 采用液质联用技术分析GZFLW的药物成分, 并结合网络药理学和转录组学筛选GZFLW治疗HCC的潜在核心靶点和信号通路, 通过分子实验对核心靶点进行验证。生物信息学分析结果表明, GZFLW可能通过调控p53、血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-A)、缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 等关键靶点, 对HCC的血管生成和铁死亡的发生产生一定影响。体内外实验结果表明, GZFLW可较为显著地抑制皮下移植肿瘤的生长, 并且其含药血清可抑制体外H22细胞的增殖。免疫荧光和免疫组化实验结果显示, GZFLW能够下调血管内皮标记物CD31 (cluster designation 31)、CD34 (cluster designation 34) 的表达, 同时也能降低VEGF-A和HIF-1α的水平。Western blot分析结果进一步显示, 在GZFLW治疗后, 铁死亡相关蛋白溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SCL7A11) 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的表达显著降低, 而p53的表达则显著升高。综合分析结果表明, GZFLW可能通过调控p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路诱导HCC铁死亡, 并通过抑制HIF-1α和VEGF-A的表达抑制肿瘤血管生成, 从而有效抑制HCC的发生和发展。本实验已获陕西中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号: SUCMDL20230915001)。

桂枝茯苓丸  /  肝细胞性肝癌  /  铁死亡  /  网络药理学  /  转录组学

The objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Firstly, the therapeutic effect of GZFLW on HCC was evaluated by constructing a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of H22 hepatoma cell line and combining with cell experiments. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the drug components of GZFLW, and network pharmacology and transcriptomics methods were combined to screen out the potential core targets and signaling pathways of GZFLW in the treatment of HCC, and the core targets were verified by molecular experiments. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that, GZFLW may regulate p53, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which may play an important role in the regulation of GZFLW. HIF-1α and other key targets, which have a certain impact on angiogenesis and ferroptosis in HCC. The results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that GZFLW could significantly inhibit the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumor, and the serum containing GZFLW could inhibit the proliferation of H22 cells in vitro. The results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that GZFLW could down-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial markers cluster designation 31 (CD31) and cluster designation 34 (CD34). It also reduced the levels of VEGF-A and HIF-1α. Western blot analysis further showed that after GZFLW treatment, the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SCL7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was significantly decreased. However, the expression of p53 was significantly increased. The comprehensive analysis results suggest that GZFLW may induce ferroptosis in HCC by regulating the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, and inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A, thereby effectively inhibiting the occurrence and development of HCC. This experiment has been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (ethics approval number: SUCMDL20230915001).

Guizhi Fuling Wan  /  hepatocellular carcinoma  /  ferroptosis  /  network pharmacology  /  transcriptomics
李兴强, 晁旭, 田甜, 周聪, 王婧, 冯雪松. 基于p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路研究桂枝茯苓丸抑制肝癌肿瘤组织血管生成及诱导铁死亡的分子机制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1755 -1766 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0993
Xing-qiang LI, Xu CHAO, Tian TIAN, Cong ZHOU, Jing WANG, Xue-song FENG. Exploring the mechanism of action of Guizhi Fuling Wan on angiogenesis and ferroptosis for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma based on p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1755 -1766 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0993
肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) 是肝癌的主要组织学亚型, 占原发性肝癌的90%以上[1]。目前, 临床上主要以手术、药物治疗为主, 由于HCC起病隐匿、恶性程度高和远处转移发生早, 多数患者诊断时已无手术指征, 且药物治疗易产生耐药性、毒副作用[2]。而中医药在癌症治疗领域具有独特优势, 是临床HCC治疗的重要辅助措施, 可为HCC的治疗提供新思路[3]。桂枝茯苓丸(Guizhi Fuling Wan, GZFLW) 出自汉代《金匮要略》, 由桂枝、茯苓、牡丹皮、桃仁、芍药五味药组成, 主要治疗气滞血瘀证; 具有活血化瘀、消癥散结、清热解毒等功效[4]。现代临床应用该方, 所治疾病范围广泛, 不仅局限于治疗妇科疾病[5], 同时也用以治疗肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝囊肿、肝癌等肝病[6]。尽管有研究证实GZFLW在治疗HCC方面具有良好的临床疗效, 但GZFLW对HCC病变的影响及其作用机制尚不清楚, 故本研究着重于探究GZFLW治疗HCC的分子机制, 通过网络药理学、转录组学以及体内外实验验证, 阐明其潜在抗肿瘤的作用机制, 为GZFLW临床治疗HCC提供理论基础。
实验动物    实验动物采用6周龄SPF级性昆明小鼠56只, 雌雄各半, 体重20 ± 5 g, 均购于陕西中医药大学实验动物中心[许可编号: SYXK (陕) 2022-008], 并饲养于SPF级屏障环境内。实验程序均经陕西中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号: SUCMDL20230915001)。
药物与试剂    桂枝茯苓丸(批号231001), 成都九芝堂金鼎药业有限公司; 甲苯磺酸索拉菲尼片(批号: 22011021), 重庆药友制药有限公司; 异氟烷(兽药字号151987015), 山东安特牧业科技有限公司。小鼠腹水肝癌细胞H22 (货号: TCM-C788), 苏州海星生物科技有限公司; CCK8试剂盒(货号: G4103), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司; EdU检测试剂盒(货号: K1176), 上海伟寰生物科技有限公司; 活性氧检测试剂盒(货号: S0033S), 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。抗体CD31 (cluster designation 31)、CD34 (cluster designation 34)、血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGF-A)、缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) (货号分别为: GB12063、GB14165、GB14165、GB111339), 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)、溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SCL7A11)、p53, 货号分别为: YN3047、YT8130、YT3528, Immunoway生物。
GZFLW成分测定    取GZFLW 50 μg, 加400 µL甲醇, 涡旋混匀10 min, 13 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清上机分析。通过Q-Orbitrap高分辨液质联用仪对GZFLW中化学成分进行鉴定。仪器采用电喷雾电离源, 正负离子切换扫描, full mass/dd-MS2检测方式, 毛细管温度300 ℃。鞘气: 氮气, 40 Arb; 辅助气: 氮气, 15 Arb; 喷雾电压3.2 kV, 数据采集时间30 min。色谱条件, 色谱柱: AQ-C18, 150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μmol·L-1; 水相: 0.1%甲酸/水溶液; 有机相: 甲醇; 柱温箱温度: 35 ℃; 自动进样器进样体积: 5 µL。高分辨率液质数据通过Compound Discoverer 3.3 (CD 3.3) 系统和mzCloud数据库进行比对与整理, 最终实现对GZFLW样品中化学成分的定性分析。
网络药理学分析    通过TCGA数据库(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov), 在数据库入口Access TCGA Data中输入TCGA-LIHC后, 下载361例HCC患者和50例肝脏正常对照的mRNA表达谱及其临床数据, 去除缺失值, 利用R软件包的impute.knn函数进行缺失值补全, 后对数据进行log2 (X+1) 转换, 采用R软件包limma (version 3.40.6) 进行差异分析, 以获得HCC样本与癌旁正常组织的差异基因, 并以|log2[fold change (FC)]| > 0、FDR < 0.05作为筛选标准, 将二者差异基因作为HCC的疾病靶点; 使用Q-Orbitrap高分辨液质联用方法对GZFLW水煎液进行成分分析; 将检测出的中药成分通过TCMSP (https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php) 等数据库检索[7], 收集GZFLW相关治疗靶点。通过venny2-1-0在线网站(https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es) 将人HCC的疾病靶点与GZFLW活性成分的治疗靶点取交集, 以获得GZFLW治疗HCC的潜在作用靶标。并利用DAVID (https://david.ncifcrf.gov) 数据库对交集靶点进行富集分析, 使用R软件包clusterProfiler (version 3.14.3) 进行富集分析可视化。将交集靶点导入到String在线网站(https://cn.string-db.org), 蛋白种属设置为“Homo sapiens”, 下载蛋白互作相关tsv格式文件, 并通过Cytoscape_v3.9.0软件进行可视化分析。
动物造模、分组及给药    H22细胞传代3次后, 采用细胞计数板计数, 将每毫升细胞数目调整为1×107个。随机选取6只昆明小鼠(雌雄各半), 将配置的H22细胞混悬液约0.2 mL注射至小鼠腹腔内, 1周后, 共抽取4 mL淡黄色腹水, 用PBS稀释, 选取50只小鼠, 每只小鼠右侧腋部皮下接种0.2 mL细胞悬液(约3×106个细胞), 1周后测量肿瘤大小, 肿瘤体积V=a×b2/2 (a为长径, b为短径)。肿瘤体积约为100 ± 30 mm3, 即为造模成功。小鼠随机分组, 每组8只, 雌雄各半, 雌雄分笼饲养, 共分为5组, 即HCC模型组(model), GZFLW低、中、高(low、middle、high) 剂量治疗组, 索拉菲尼(sorafenib) 阳性对照组。GZFLW的临床成人用量1次为1.35 g, 依照60 kg成年人体重计算, 按每次成人用药总量的1、3、5倍设置小鼠给药剂量, 低、中、高剂量分别为每次0.28、0.84和1.4 g·kg-1; 将GZFLW使用纯水充分溶解, 配置成120 mg·mL-1母液, 每日灌胃1次; 将甲苯磺酸索拉菲尼片研磨成粉末, 80目筛网过筛, 按60 kg成人每次200 mg临床剂量, 换算成小鼠剂量为41.1 mg·kg-1, 最终成8 mg·mL-1药物混悬液灌胃, 治疗15天后, 剥离各组小鼠皮下肿瘤组织, 测定瘤体质量及体积, 按公式计算抑瘤率: 抑瘤率= [1-(治疗组平均瘤质量/模型组平均瘤质量)] × 100%。
肿瘤样本转录组学测序与数据分析    小鼠在异氟烷气体麻醉机下麻醉, 用1 mL注射器心脏采血, 离心取其上清后脱颈处死, 上清即为小鼠含药血清, 用于培养细胞。用玻璃分针剥去皮下肿瘤, 将模型组、GZFLW高剂量组(每组3个肿瘤), 根据试剂盒提取样本总RNA, 后采用Illumina Novaseq6000测序平台进行测序。以|log2FC| > 0、P < 0.05为条件筛选高剂量vs模型组的差异mRNA。
CCK-8法检测细胞存活率    将H22细胞接种于96孔板中(8×103个/孔), 分别用不同组别的小鼠含药血清处理H22细胞, 并在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下孵育24 h。随后去除培养基, 每孔加入10 mL CCK-8溶液, 继续孵育60 min, 在450 nm处测量吸光度(A) 值以确定细胞存活率, 细胞存活率按公式计算: 细胞存活率= (A含药血清-A空白)/(A对照-A空白) × 100%。
EdU法检测细胞增殖情况    取对数生长期的H22细胞(1×105个/孔) 接种于6孔板内, 将细胞培养在2 mL完全培养基中, 每孔代表不同组别, 分别为模型组、GZFLW高剂量治疗组和索拉菲尼阳性对照组, 每组加入100 μL相应组别的小鼠含药血清, 干预24 h后。将各组细胞进行离心(1 300 r·min-1, 3 min) 取下层细胞沉淀, 4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min后进行中性树脂包埋, 切片厚度为3 μm, 将切片放入6孔板内, 采用EdU细胞增殖检测试剂盒, 按照说明书操作, 每孔加入500 μL EdU稀释液, 处理4 h, EdU标记的增殖细胞为红色, 而用DAPI染色细胞核为蓝色。
荧光法检测细胞内活性氧水平    将H22悬浮细胞接种于6孔板内, 细胞分组及干预同“EdU法检测细胞增殖情况”项, 干预细胞24 h后在6孔板内每孔加入1 mL DCFH-DA荧光染料, 置于细胞培养箱内孵育30 min后, 分别将各孔内培养基吸出, 以1 300 r·min-1离心3 min得到细胞沉淀, 将各细胞沉淀用1 mL PBS溶液重悬。之后各取50 μL细胞悬液滴在载玻片上, 轻盖载玻片, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察。
HE染色检测肿瘤组织的病理学形态    取皮下瘤组织在4%中性多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 经流水清洗后, 梯度乙醇脱水, 二甲苯透明, 石蜡包埋后切片, 切片厚度为3 μm, 再进行HE常规染色。
免疫组化检测肿瘤组织VEGF-A的表达    肿瘤组织包埋切片, 脱蜡水化后, EDTA (pH 9.0) 微波中火8 min停火8 min转中低火7 min修复抗原, 3%双氧水溶液灭活内源性过氧化物酶和生物素, 血清室温封闭25 min, 一抗(VEGF-A稀释100倍) 孵育4 ℃过夜, 二抗室温孵育1 h, DAB显色, 复染后流水振洗再放入氨水中返蓝, 脱水封片, 扫片拍照。
免疫荧光检测肿瘤组织中CD34、CD31的表达    肿瘤组织包埋切片, 脱蜡水化, EDTA (pH 8.0) 微波中火8 min, 停火8 min, 转中低火7 min修复抗原, 血清室温封闭25 min, 两种不同来源的一抗混合配置, 滴加配好的一抗, 切片平放于湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜。玻片置于PBS中在脱色摇床上晃动洗涤3次, 每次5 min。加对应的二抗, 避光室温孵育50 min。DAPI复染细胞核。淬灭组织自发荧光, 抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片, 倒置荧光显微镜采集图像。
Western blot检测皮下瘤组织、H22细胞中铁死亡相关蛋白表达    将H22悬浮细胞接种于6孔板, 每孔加入1 mL含细胞的完全培养基(每毫升细胞数1×105个), 分组同“动物造模、分组及给药”项, 并且取相应的各组小鼠血液上清干预细胞, 每孔加入100 μL血液上清, 在培养箱中干预24 h, 离心获得细胞沉淀, RIPA裂解液提取各组肿瘤组织蛋白和细胞蛋白, BCA定量后, 以每孔40 μg蛋白上样, 电泳转膜后, 5%牛奶室温封闭2 h, 一抗p53、SLC7A11、GPX4、GAPDH用TBST稀释1 000倍, 4 ℃孵育过夜, HRP标记的二抗稀释10 000倍, 室温孵育1.5 h, ECL发光法显色, 显影机拍片。
统计学方法    用SPSS 25.0统计软件做统计分析, 实验重复3次, 采用GraphPad Prism 8软件绘图。数据结果用x ± s表示, 多组间采用单因素方差分析, 以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
将GZFLW分别在正负离子模式下进行检测。结合总离子流图(图1)、二级质谱信息和相关文献分析GZFLW中的主要成分, 最终推测出33种主要化合物(表1), 通过TCMSP数据库检索[6], 以OB ≥ 30与DL ≥ 0.18为阈值筛选, 并结合相关文献报道, 将吸收入血、药理活性较确切的化学成分纳入到GZFLW潜在活性成分中, 最终筛选出9种GZFLW的潜在活性成分, 主要包括芍药内酯苷、花生二烯酸、儿茶素、香豆素[8]、山柰酚、槲皮素、花生四烯酸、雌酚酮、过氧麦角甾醇[9]。
将GZFLW鉴定出的9种活性成分, 与TCMIP[10]、TCMSID[11]数据库收录的化合物匹配, 共收集到377个药物治疗靶点。
采用R软件包limma对TCGA-HCC样本进行差异分析[12], 分析50例癌旁正常组织与361例HCC肿瘤组织的差异基因, 以|log2FC| > 0、FDR < 0.05作为筛选标准, 筛选出11 454个上调基因、1 627个下调基因, 将13 081个差异基因作为HCC的疾病靶标。
通过venny2-1-0在线网站, 与377个GZFLW活性成分靶点取交集, 获得249个GZFLW治疗HCC的潜在靶点。249个交集靶点以String数据库作为数据源[13], 通过Cytoscape软件进行拓扑分析, 并根据节点度值(degree值) 筛选核心治疗靶点。结果显示, TP53在互作网络中处于关键地位, 其连接度最高(degree: 39), 提示该靶点可能在GZFLW抗HCC过程中发挥核心调控作用。
利用R软件包对249个交集靶点进行GO富集分析[14], BP主要涉及小分子代谢、脂质代谢等过程; CC包括胞质、囊泡、细胞外空间等; MF主要涉及催化活性、氧化还原酶活性和水解酶活性等分子功能(图2A)。KEGG分析[14]主要涉及调控肿瘤增殖、氧化应激、血管生成等信号通路, 其中主要包括PI3K-AKT信号通路、MAPK信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、VEGF信号通路、p53信号通路等。通过对P值的筛选, 选取与肿瘤相关的富集分析条目, 对排名靠前的10条重要条目进行可视化(图2B)。表明GZFLW可能在多个生物学过程、多个信号通路的协同分工下发挥抗HCC的作用。
结果如图3所示, 图中包含980条边、238个节点, 橙色倒三角节点代表GZFLW中的活性成分(从左往右依次为芍药内酯苷、槲皮素、儿茶素、雌酚酮、花生四烯酸、过氧麦角甾醇、山柰酚、香豆素、花生二烯酸)。绿色椭圆形节点为GZFLW治疗HCC的靶点, 蓝色五边形节点代表交集靶点富集分析中与HCC相关的通路。
蛋白互作结果显示, TP53为GZFLW治疗HCC的核心靶点, 且交集靶点富集分析结果显示缺氧诱导因子信号通路(HIF-1 signaling pathway) 为GZFLW治疗HCC的核心通路之一, 由此推测GZFLW主要通过缺氧诱导因子信号通路干预肿瘤血管生成, 发挥抗HCC的作用。选取VEGF-A、TP53、HIF-1α等靶点进行后续实验验证。
通过比较GZFLW高剂量处理组与模型对照组(每组3个样本) 的转录组测序数据, 主成分分析(PCA) 显示两组样本均呈现较为显著的组内聚类(图4A)。以|log2FC| > 0、P < 0.05作为筛选标准, 共鉴定出4 731个差异表达基因, 其中包括2 567个上调基因, 2 164个下调基因(GZFLW高剂量组vs模型组, 图4B)。
与模型组比较, GZFLW高剂量治疗组皮下瘤组织中多个铁死亡关键基因发生改变(P < 0.05), 且这些关键基因呈现相应的改变趋势, 凋亡和自噬的多数关键基因无显著改变(P > 0.05) (表2)。故后续通过Western blot对铁死亡关键蛋白p53、SLC7A11、GPX4进行验证。
如图5A所示, 与模型组相比GZFLW低、中、高剂量组及索拉菲尼组的小鼠含药血清(终浓度10%, 即10 μL血清+ 90 μL培养基) 干预24 h后, 均可显著抑制H22细胞存活。其中, GZFLW高剂量小鼠含药血清组的细胞存活率为65%, 索拉菲尼含药血清组为53%。进一步通过EdU染色分析细胞增殖发现(图5B、C), 终浓度10%的GZFLW高剂量组含药血清及索拉菲尼含药血清干预H22细胞24 h后, 可显著抑制H22细胞增殖(P < 0.01)。
如图5D、E所示, 与模型组相比, 终浓度10%的GZFLW高剂量含药血清及索拉菲尼含药血清干预H22细胞24 h后, 可显著增加细胞内ROS水平(P < 0.01)。
如图5F、G所示, 与模型组比较, 10%的GZFLW中、高治疗组小鼠血清干预H22细胞24 h后, 可促进细胞中p53的表达(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 而各剂量组均可抑制SCL7A11的表达(低、中剂量P < 0.01, 高剂量P < 0.001); 仅GZFLW高剂量组可抑制GPX4的表达(P < 0.001)。
腹泻是索拉菲尼治疗中常见的不良反应之一[15], 各组小鼠在成瘤1周后, 出现运动迟缓、精神状态低下的症状, 索拉菲尼治疗组小鼠出现不同程度的腹泻, GZFLW各剂量组均无明显腹泻症状, 各组荷瘤小鼠实验前后体重均无明显差异, 无统计学意义。
与模型组相比, GZFLW中剂量、高剂量治疗组的肿瘤体积均低于模型组(P < 0.05), GZFLW高剂量组抑瘤效果最显著(P < 0.01), 抑瘤率达到13.8%, 中剂量组抑瘤率为9.96% (图6A~C)。
模型组小鼠皮下肿瘤组织内细胞排布紧密均匀, 细胞形态较完整, GZFLW低、中、高剂量治疗组的小鼠肿瘤内细胞均出现不同程度的破裂、坏死, 并且细胞排列紊乱, 与剂量呈正相关, 红色箭头指示区域为细胞坏死区域(图6D)。结果表明, GZFLW能破坏肿瘤组织内细胞形态, 具有抑瘤作用。
而GZFLW治疗组均无明显改变索拉菲尼治疗组小鼠肝组织局部可见少量肝细胞水样变性, 肝细胞索排列不规则, 多处可见肝细胞局灶性的坏死, 细胞核破裂, 局部可见炎性细胞浸润, 未见明显的纤维化。模型组、GZFLW各剂量治疗组肝组织结构清晰完整, 无肝细胞变性, 无炎性细胞浸润(图6E)。
采用CD34 (红色荧光)、CD31 (绿色荧光) 双标记共定位法量化肿瘤血管密度, 结果显示, 与模型组相比, GZFLW中、高剂量组共定位信号数分别减少29%和46% (P < 0.001, 图7A、B)。免疫组化半定量分析进一步表明, 与模型组比较, GZFLW中、高剂量组均可抑制组织内VEGF-A、HIF-1α表达, 但高剂量效果最显著(P < 0.001) (图7C~E)。以上结果提示, GZFLW可能通过阻断HIF-1α/VEGF-A信号轴抑制肿瘤血管新生。
Western blot结果(图7F、G) 显示, 与模型组比较, GZFLW中、高剂量组肿瘤组织中p53蛋白表达上调(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 但各剂量组SLC7A11蛋白均表达下调(低剂量P < 0.05, 中、高剂量P < 0.01); 而对于GPX4蛋白的表达, 仅GZFLW高剂量组表现出显著的抑制作用(P < 0.001)。
本研究利用Q-Orbitrap高分辨液质联用技术、网络药理学方法预测GZFLW干预HCC的作用靶点及其潜在机制, 结果筛选出GZFLW的9个核心活性成分(芍药内酯苷、槲皮素、儿茶素、雌酚酮、花生四烯酸、过氧麦角甾醇、山柰酚、香豆素、花生二烯酸) 和3个核心靶点(p53、VEGF-A、HIF-1α)。通过转录组学进一步明确GZFLW可能通过调控p53相关途径诱导HCC铁死亡的发生, 以及调控VEGF-A、HIF-1α影响肿瘤血管生成。
p53、VEGF-A、HIF-1α这3个核心靶点与HIF信号通路密切相关, 而HIF-1信号通路作为肿瘤缺氧微环境中的主要信号通路之一, 主要参与调控细胞的增殖、凋亡及血管生成等多个生物学过程[16]。研究表明, HIF-1α在缺氧条件下积累, 激活HIF-1信号通路并诱导VEGF-A的转录, 从而促进肿瘤的血管生成[17]。与此同时, HIF-1α还可以抑制p53基因的转录, 进而增强肿瘤细胞的存活能力, 促进肿瘤的侵袭[18, 19]。免疫荧光、免疫组化结果显示GZFLW可通过抑制VEGF-A、HIF-1α的表达抑制皮下移植瘤内血管的生成, 这与网络药理学以及转录组学预测结果一致。此外, 本研究还揭示了GZFLW在铁死亡调控中的潜在作用。铁死亡是一种依赖于铁离子的细胞死亡机制, 通常由脂质过氧化物的积累引发, 破坏细胞膜结构并导致细胞死亡, 铁死亡的发生机制与铁代谢紊乱、氨基酸代谢失衡以及抗氧化系统的失调密切相关[20]。其中, system Xc—[21]和GPX4[22]是铁死亡氨基酸代谢中的重要调控靶点。System Xc—由溶质转运家族SLC7A11和SLC3A2组成[23], 将胱氨酸运输至细胞内并被还原为半胱氨酸, 用于合成细胞内主要的抗氧化剂GSH[24], 而GPX4可将还原型GSH转化为氧化型GSH, 同时还原脂质过氧化物, 从而减轻氧化应激损伤[21]。p53作为一种重要的肿瘤抑制因子, 在调控铁死亡中起到了至关重要的作用[25]。研究发现, p53通过抑制SLC7A11和GPX4等关键代谢靶基因的表达, 导致抗氧化系统失衡, 从而促进铁死亡的发生[18]。在本研究中, Western blot实验结果显示, GZFLW治疗后, p53的表达水平显著上升, 同时SLC7A11和GPX4的表达水平则下降, 这表明GZFLW可能通过激活p53途径, 促进铁死亡在肿瘤组织中的发生。
芬顿反应作为铁死亡执行阶段的关键化学驱动力[26], Fe2+是芬顿反应的关键化学因子, 血液循环中的Fe3+被铁转运蛋白转运入细胞后, 被还原成Fe2+并释放到胞质的不稳定铁池LIP中, 而多余的铁贮存在铁蛋白中[27]。胞内不稳定铁池的Fe²⁺通过芬顿反应生成羟自由基[28], 触发脂质过氧化, 破坏膜稳定性并诱导细胞铁死亡的发生[29]。而GZFLW通过激活p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路, 削弱GPX4的表达, 放大芬顿反应的破坏效应[30]。
值得注意的是, GZFLW与阳性药索拉菲尼在治疗HCC的机制上存在相似之处, 二者均能抑制肿瘤血管生成并诱导HCC铁死亡。分子水平实验显示, GZFLW和索拉菲尼对铁死亡相关蛋白的影响相近。这可能是由于索拉菲尼作为多靶点抑制剂[31], 并非专一的铁死亡激动剂, 诱导铁死亡的作用相对较弱[32]。然而, GZFLW的抑瘤效果远不及索拉菲尼。因此, GZFLW可作为HCC治疗的辅助疗法, 与索拉菲尼等药物联用, 为肝癌患者提供更有效的治疗方案。总体来说, GZFLW的多靶点作用使其在治疗HCC时具有显著的优势。其通过调控血管生成、低氧适应和铁死亡等多个途径, 能够在多个层面上抑制肿瘤的生长与转移。与传统单一靶点治疗相比, GZFLW可能在克服耐药性、提高治疗效果方面更具潜力, 这也为HCC的综合治疗提供了新的思路。
综上所述, GZFLW具备一定的抗HCC作用, 能够较为有效地抑制H22肝癌细胞增殖, 抑制HCC皮下移植瘤的生长。其作用机制可能与下调HIF-1α、VEGF表达以减少血管生成, 以及调控p53/SLC7A11/GPX4信号通路诱导铁死亡相关。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0993
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
  • 修回日期:2025-01-28
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    1陕西中医药大学基础医学院, 陕西 咸阳 712000
    2陕西中医药大学第二附属医院, 陕西 咸阳 712000
    3西安大兴医院, 陕西 西安 710003

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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