Article(id=1190373731219374767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0988, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728576000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-11, revisedDate=1737820800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813596, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813596, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813596, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1407, endPage=1413, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373731433284275, articleId=1190373731219374767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The inhibitory effect and mechanism of MDM2-p53 inhibitor nutlin-3 on wild-type p53 tumor cell lines, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nutlin-3 is a representative small molecule MDM2-p53 antagonist, which can stabilize the p53 state by disrupting the interaction between p53 and MDM2, thereby inducing the p53 signaling pathway to exert antitumor effects. In this study, six wild-type p53 tumor cell lines, HCT-116, H460, HepG2, MCF-7, A549 and SJSA-1, were used as research objects, and the effects of nutlin-3 on the proliferation of six wild-type p53 cancer cells were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and plate cloning assay. The effects of nutlin-3 on H460 cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to detect ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), death domain-associated protein (DAXX), murine double minute 2 (MDM2), murine double minute 4 (MDMX/ MDM4), p53, to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of nutlin-3; co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was used to detect the effect of nutlin-3 on the interaction between MDM2, MDMX and p53. The results showed that nutlin-3 inhibited the proliferation of H460 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The results of cell cycle and apoptosis showed that nutlin-3 could block the H460 cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and induce apoptosis by activating cleaved-PARP. Western blot results showed that nutlin-3 could up-regulate the expression of USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX and p53 in H460 cells. Co-IP results showed that nutlin-3 inhibited the protein interactions between MDM2 and p53 and MDM2 and MDMX. In conclusion, nutlin-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of wild-type p53 cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which may be related to the disruption of MDM2/MDMX's interaction with p53 to activate the MDM2-p53 signaling pathway.

, correspAuthors=Si-yu ZHOU, Ming-dong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-yuan MA, Ying-ying LIU, Yu-qing QIAN, Si-yu ZHOU, Ming-dong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374177644315476, articleId=1190373731219374767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=MDM2-p53抑制剂nutlin-3对野生型p53肿瘤细胞系的抑制作用及机制的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nutlin-3是代表性小分子MDM2-p53拮抗剂, 能通过破坏p53和MDM2的相互作用, 稳定p53状态, 从而诱导p53信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究以HCT-116、H460、HepG2、MCF-7、A549、SJSA-1六种野生型p53肿瘤细胞系为研究对象, 采用噻唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT) 法、平板克隆实验检测nutlin-3对6种不同野生型p53癌细胞增殖的影响; 通过流式细胞术检测nutlin-3对H460细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响; 通过蛋白印迹实验检测泛素特异蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7, USP7)、细胞死亡结构域相关蛋白(death domain-associated protein, DAXX)、鼠双微体2 (murine double minute 2, MDM2)、鼠双微体4 (murine double minute 4, MDMX/MDM4)、p53的表达, 探讨nutlin-3的抗肿瘤作用机制; 通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP) 实验检测nutlin-3对MDM2与MDMX、p53相互作用的影响。结果显示, nutlin-3呈时间和浓度依赖性地抑制H460的增殖; 细胞周期和凋亡结果显示, nutlin-3能阻滞H460细胞周期于G0/G1期, 通过激活cleaved-PARP并诱导细胞凋亡; 蛋白印迹结果显示, nutlin-3能够上调H460细胞中USP7、DAXX、MDM2、MDMX、p53蛋白的表达; Co-IP结果表明, nutlin-3抑制MDM2与p53、MDM2与MDMX的蛋白相互作用。综上所述, nutlin-3能够显著抑制野生型p53癌细胞的增殖, 并诱导细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡, 其机制可能与破坏MDM2/MDMX与p53相互作用, 从而激活MDM2-p53信号通路有关。

, correspAuthors=周思雨, 李铭东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周思雨, Tel: 18279180552, E-mail:
李铭东, Tel: 18079426518, E-mail:
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J Biol Chem, 2004, 279: 50566-50579., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190694686420517248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, awardId=GJJ2400827, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400827), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190694686491820417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, awardId=GJJ2400835, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400835), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190694676442267956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694676450656565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, companyId=1190694676442267956, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694676459045174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, companyId=1190694676442267956, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190694683341898096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4OA8sw26L2A5vyfz96LsPw==, figureFileBig=DJWrW0DV4UgsViyWuYbI/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694683497087346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Nutlin-3 inhibits cell proliferation in wild-type p53 cell lines. A: MTT was used to detect the effect of nutlin-3 on the proliferation of MCF-7, HCT-116, H460, A549, HepG2 and SJSA-1 cells; B: The clone formation rate assay was used to detect the effect of nutlin-3 on the proliferation of H460 cells; C: Statistical analysis was performed on the results in B. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=4OA8sw26L2A5vyfz96LsPw==, figureFileBig=DJWrW0DV4UgsViyWuYbI/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694683945877876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WEb8iu2/Msc1YXmOfAS3EA==, figureFileBig=FF3ETaiMFNqtqdwnDegFgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685162226038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Nutlin-3 is able to arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis. A: Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry. Cells were treated with indicated concentrations of nutlin-3 for 12 h, followed by flow cytometry examination; B: Cell apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry. Cells were treated with indicated concentrations of nutlin-3 for 24 h, followed by flow cytometry examination; C: The percent cells in each phase presented graphically; D: The percentages of apoptotic cells were determined by expressing the numbers of Annexin V<sup>+</sup> cells as percentages of all cells; E: Protein expression of cleaved-PARP and GAPDH in H460 cell after 24 h of DMSO or nutlin-3 treatment; F: Quantitative analysis of the cleaved-PARP protein in H460 cells. The Western blot bands of cleaved-PARP in E were quantified by grayscale analysis. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=WEb8iu2/Msc1YXmOfAS3EA==, figureFileBig=FF3ETaiMFNqtqdwnDegFgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685384524151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UdltdeTQggdVMoexsGkFdg==, figureFileBig=X5sAociA3D9zVtJtL9fTSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685535519097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Western blot was used to detect the levels of related proteins of MDM2-p53 pathway in different cells. A: Protein expression of USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX, p53 and GAPDH in each cell after 24 h of DMSO or nutlin-3 (5 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) treatment; B, C: Quantitative analysis of the USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX and p53 protein in cells. The Western blot bands of USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX, p53 in A were quantified by grayscale analysis. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control. MDM2: Murine double minute 2; MDMX: Murine double minute 4; USP7: Ubiquitin-specific protease 7; DAXX: Death domain-associated protein , figureFileSmall=UdltdeTQggdVMoexsGkFdg==, figureFileBig=X5sAociA3D9zVtJtL9fTSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685673931131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A5KoceXdJljs6HmT1Ds2qg==, figureFileBig=LDOrIF0mFzwNATDljkLa0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685787177340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Western blot was used to detect the levels of related proteins of MDM2-p53 pathway in different cells. A: Protein expression of USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX, p53 and GAPDH in H460 cell after 24 h of DMSO or nutlin-3 treatment; B, C: Quantitative analysis of the USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX, p53 protein in H460 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=A5KoceXdJljs6HmT1Ds2qg==, figureFileBig=LDOrIF0mFzwNATDljkLa0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694685938172285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eiWgprEmSgpzvtRlF9wbFg==, figureFileBig=KvcU4Mk99pBviGkQ57XhQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694686097555838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731219374767, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Nutlin-3 can disrupt the interaction between MDM2-MDMX and MDM2-p53. A: H460 cells were treated with DMSO or compound nutlin-3 for 8 h, and analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assays using anti-MDM2 antibody; B: Quantitative analysis of p53 and MDMX protein in different IP groups. The Western blot data of A were quantified by grayscale analysis. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=eiWgprEmSgpzvtRlF9wbFg==, figureFileBig=KvcU4Mk99pBviGkQ57XhQQ==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, 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MDM2-p53抑制剂nutlin-3对野生型p53肿瘤细胞系的抑制作用及机制的研究
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马明远 , 刘莹莹 , 钱宇卿 , 周思雨 * , 李铭东 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1407-1413
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1407-1413
MDM2-p53抑制剂nutlin-3对野生型p53肿瘤细胞系的抑制作用及机制的研究
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马明远, 刘莹莹, 钱宇卿, 周思雨* , 李铭东*
作者信息
  • 江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330006

通讯作者:

*周思雨, Tel: 18279180552, E-mail:
李铭东, Tel: 18079426518, E-mail:
The inhibitory effect and mechanism of MDM2-p53 inhibitor nutlin-3 on wild-type p53 tumor cell lines
Ming-yuan MA, Ying-ying LIU, Yu-qing QIAN, Si-yu ZHOU* , Ming-dong LI*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0988
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Nutlin-3是代表性小分子MDM2-p53拮抗剂, 能通过破坏p53和MDM2的相互作用, 稳定p53状态, 从而诱导p53信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究以HCT-116、H460、HepG2、MCF-7、A549、SJSA-1六种野生型p53肿瘤细胞系为研究对象, 采用噻唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT) 法、平板克隆实验检测nutlin-3对6种不同野生型p53癌细胞增殖的影响; 通过流式细胞术检测nutlin-3对H460细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响; 通过蛋白印迹实验检测泛素特异蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7, USP7)、细胞死亡结构域相关蛋白(death domain-associated protein, DAXX)、鼠双微体2 (murine double minute 2, MDM2)、鼠双微体4 (murine double minute 4, MDMX/MDM4)、p53的表达, 探讨nutlin-3的抗肿瘤作用机制; 通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, Co-IP) 实验检测nutlin-3对MDM2与MDMX、p53相互作用的影响。结果显示, nutlin-3呈时间和浓度依赖性地抑制H460的增殖; 细胞周期和凋亡结果显示, nutlin-3能阻滞H460细胞周期于G0/G1期, 通过激活cleaved-PARP并诱导细胞凋亡; 蛋白印迹结果显示, nutlin-3能够上调H460细胞中USP7、DAXX、MDM2、MDMX、p53蛋白的表达; Co-IP结果表明, nutlin-3抑制MDM2与p53、MDM2与MDMX的蛋白相互作用。综上所述, nutlin-3能够显著抑制野生型p53癌细胞的增殖, 并诱导细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡, 其机制可能与破坏MDM2/MDMX与p53相互作用, 从而激活MDM2-p53信号通路有关。

nutlin-3  /  MDM2-p53抑制剂  /  MDM2  /  野生型p53  /  抗肿瘤

Nutlin-3 is a representative small molecule MDM2-p53 antagonist, which can stabilize the p53 state by disrupting the interaction between p53 and MDM2, thereby inducing the p53 signaling pathway to exert antitumor effects. In this study, six wild-type p53 tumor cell lines, HCT-116, H460, HepG2, MCF-7, A549 and SJSA-1, were used as research objects, and the effects of nutlin-3 on the proliferation of six wild-type p53 cancer cells were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and plate cloning assay. The effects of nutlin-3 on H460 cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to detect ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), death domain-associated protein (DAXX), murine double minute 2 (MDM2), murine double minute 4 (MDMX/ MDM4), p53, to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of nutlin-3; co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was used to detect the effect of nutlin-3 on the interaction between MDM2, MDMX and p53. The results showed that nutlin-3 inhibited the proliferation of H460 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The results of cell cycle and apoptosis showed that nutlin-3 could block the H460 cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and induce apoptosis by activating cleaved-PARP. Western blot results showed that nutlin-3 could up-regulate the expression of USP7, DAXX, MDM2, MDMX and p53 in H460 cells. Co-IP results showed that nutlin-3 inhibited the protein interactions between MDM2 and p53 and MDM2 and MDMX. In conclusion, nutlin-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of wild-type p53 cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which may be related to the disruption of MDM2/MDMX's interaction with p53 to activate the MDM2-p53 signaling pathway.

nutlin-3  /  MDM2-p53 inhibitor  /  MDM2  /  wild-type p53  /  anti-tumor
马明远, 刘莹莹, 钱宇卿, 周思雨, 李铭东. MDM2-p53抑制剂nutlin-3对野生型p53肿瘤细胞系的抑制作用及机制的研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1407 -1413 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0988
Ming-yuan MA, Ying-ying LIU, Yu-qing QIAN, Si-yu ZHOU, Ming-dong LI. The inhibitory effect and mechanism of MDM2-p53 inhibitor nutlin-3 on wild-type p53 tumor cell lines[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1407 -1413 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0988
根据2024年世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC) 发布的报告, 肺癌、乳腺癌和结直肠癌是全球患者数量最多的3种癌症, 其中肺癌患者数位居第一[1]。转录因子p53是人体最重要的抑癌基因之一, 其主要机制是作为转录因子, 调节下游靶蛋白, 诱导铁死亡、DNA损伤修复、氧化应激、细胞凋亡等与肿瘤细胞死亡密切相关的生理活动[2-4]。鼠双微体2 (murine double minute 2, MDM2)、鼠双微体4 (murine double minute 4, MDMX/MDM4/HDMX) 是p53的主要负向调控因子, 通过p53-MDM2/MDMX负反馈环路调控p53的表达[5-7]。研究发现, 大部分肿瘤中都出现了p53信号通路的异常, 如p53突变或MDM2/MDMX扩增引起的p53失活[8]。其中, MDM2/MDMX导致的p53异常已被发现与肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、食管癌、脂肪肉瘤、胶质母细胞瘤等多种癌症相关[9-12]。因此, 以激活野生型p53 (wt p53) 为目的的p53激活剂成为了当前抗肿瘤药研发的新热点。但由于p53结构的特殊性, 目前已发现的p53激活剂大多不是直接以p53为靶点, 而是以MDM2、泛素特异蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7, USP7)、细胞死亡结构域相关蛋白(death domain-associated protein, DAXX) 等可以与p53发生相互作用的蛋白为靶点。目前, 已经有十余个p53激活剂进入临床试验, 其中大部分是通过破坏MDM2-p53相互作用发挥药效的MDM2抑制剂[13]。因此, 探究MDM2-p53相互作用抑制剂的作用机制对抗肿瘤药的开发具有重要意义。
Nutlins是从合成化学库筛选确定的一类顺式咪唑小分子MDM2-p53拮抗剂, 代表化合物是nutlin-3[14]。Nutlin-3通过破坏p53和MDM2的相互作用, 抑制MDM2对p53的泛素化降解, 稳定p53状态, 改善wt p53细胞中p53的表达, 诱导p53信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用[15]。然而, nutlin-3是否具有普遍的抑癌活性, 以及是否可以通过调节MDM2-p53通路相关蛋白如MDMX、USP7、DAXX等来抑制肿瘤生长仍未得到证实。因此, 本研究旨在探讨nutlin-3在体外对p53野生型癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响, 并探讨其对p53与MDM2及其相关蛋白的调控机制, 为后续研究提供理论支持。
主要材料与试剂  Nutlin-3 (N864239) 购自德国Sigma公司; DMEM高糖培养基(C11995500BT)、RPMI 1640培养基(C11875500BT) 均购自美国赛默飞公司; 胎牛血清购自以色列Biological Industries公司; 青链霉素混合液(P1400)、0.25%胰酶(T1300) 均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; USP7 (66514-1-Ig)、DAXX (67879-1-Ig)、MDMX (17914-1-Ig)、cleaved-PARP (A19612) 抗体均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; MDM2 (sc-965)、p53 (sc-126)、protein A/G plus-agrose (sc-2003)均购自美国Santa Cruz Biotecnology公司; GAPDH (AC001) 抗体购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 噻唑蓝(MTT) (A600799-0001)、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(C503051-0500) 均购自生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; cell cycle and apoptosis analysis kit (40301ES60)、Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit (Annexin V-FITC/PI) 细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(40302ES60)、ECL化学发光超敏显色试剂盒super ECL detection reagent (36208ES60) 均购自翌圣生物科技(上海) 股份有限公司。
细胞培养  MCF-7、HepG2、HCT-116、A549和SJSA-1细胞使用含10%胎牛血清、100 u·mL-1青霉素、100 μg·mL-1链霉素的DMEM培养基; H460细胞系使用含10%胎牛血清、100 u·mL-1青霉素、100 μg·mL-1链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基, 上述所有的细胞均在5% CO2、37 ℃条件下培养。
MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制活性  将对数生长期的细胞按1 000~2 000个/孔的密度接种于96孔板, CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加入含不同浓度化合物的10% FBS培养基, 以DMSO的孔作为对照组。加药72 h后, 加MTT, 37 ℃培养4 h。吸去培养基, 每孔加入150 µL DMSO, 酶标仪490 nm处测定吸光度值, 计算得到细胞生长IC50值。
平板克隆形成实验  将对数生长期的细胞以1 000个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加入含不同浓度的nutlin-3或DMSO, 加药后每隔72 h更换一次培养基, 培养15天。弃去培养基, 加PBS缓冲溶液洗涤1~2次, 加1 mL甲醇固定30 min, 加入0.5%结晶紫染液染色15 min。吸去结晶紫染色液, ddH2O洗涤, 室温干燥后保存。
流式细胞仪检测细胞周期  H460细胞以6×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加DMSO (对照组) 或5 μmol·L-1 nutlin-3 (加药组) 处理12 h (每组3个复孔)。收集细胞制成细胞悬液后, 每管加70%冰乙醇固定2 h。离心, 弃去上清, PBS清洗2次, 加染色缓冲液, 37 ℃避光孵育30 min, 流式细胞仪检测。
流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡  H460细胞以6×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加DMSO (对照组) 或5 μmol·L-1 nutlin-3 (加药组) 处理24 h (每组3个复孔)。离心收集, 细胞用预冷的PBS洗涤2次, 加Annexin V-FITC和PI染液进行染色, 室温避光孵育15 min, 流式细胞仪检测。
蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB) 检测p53相关蛋白的表达  MCF-7、HepG2、HCT-116、A549、H460、SJSA-1细胞以1×106个/孔的密度接种于6孔板, CO2培养箱中培养过夜。每孔加入含不同浓度的nutlin-3或DMSO, 处理24 h。用含Cocktail的RIPA裂解液裂解细胞, 提取蛋白, BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度后制样, 10% SDS-PAGE电泳, PVDF转膜, 3% BSA封闭, 分别使用DAXX、USP7、MDM2、MDMX、p53、GAPDH一抗(1∶1 000), 4 ℃孵育过夜。二抗室温孵育l h, ECL显色, ImageJ分析各条带灰度值。
免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)  15 cm培养皿培养细胞, 细胞密度达到70%后加不同浓度的nutlin-3处理。裂解, 离心, 取10%上清为input组, 测定蛋白浓度后制样, 其余的上清加入anti-MDM2抗体4 ℃孵育过夜。加1 mL裂解液洗涤磁珠proteinA/G beads, 重复3次, 加20 μL proteinA/G beads孵育4 h。裂解液洗涤beads, 重复5次, 最后一次尽量吸全部上清, 制样, Western blot检测。
统计学分析  采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行数据分析。ImageJ软件对Western blot条带进行量化, GraphPad Prism 8.0绘制图形。计量资料采用x ± s表示, 先进行正态性检验, 满足正态性时采用t检验, 否则采用非参数检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
从数据库查询得知, MCF-7、HepG2、HCT-116、A549、H460、SJSA-1中的p53均为野生型p53, 因此选择上述细胞进行研究。MTT结果显示, nutlin-3能够有效地抑制MCF-7等野生型p53肿瘤细胞系的增殖(图 1A)。Nutlin-3对SJSA-1、H460、A549、MCF-7、HCT-116、HepG2肿瘤细胞系的IC50值分别为3.71 ± 0.07、1.23 ± 0.05、2.28 ± 0.05、17.9 ± 0.45、1.82 ± 0.04、5.07 ± 0.21 μmol·L-1, 其中nutlin-3对H460细胞的抗增殖活性最强。结晶紫染色实验结果同样证实, nutlin-3在5~10 μmol·L-1时能够有效抑制H460细胞的增殖, 且抑制效果呈现浓度依赖性(图 1BC)。基于上述实验结果, 本研究选择使用H460细胞进行后续实验。
为了判断nutlin-3是否通过细胞周期阻滞诱导细胞凋亡, 本研究使用流式细胞术分析了nutlin-3对H460细胞周期和凋亡的影响。细胞周期的结果显示, 5 μmol·L-1 nutlin-3处理12 h后, H460细胞的G0/G1期细胞数量显著增加, S期细胞数明显减少, G2/M则保持稳定。因此, 本研究认为nutlin-3将H460细胞阻滞在了G0/G1期(图 2AC)。与对照组相比, 5 μmol·L-1 nutlin-3处理24 h后, 早期凋亡的比例由0.57%上升至2.17%, 晚期凋亡的比例由3.35%上升至5.59% (图 2BD)。H460经nutlin-3处理后凋亡标志蛋白cleaved-PARP水平明显上调(图 2EF), 因此, nutlin-3可诱导H460细胞发生凋亡。
本研究使用Western blot测试了nutlin-3对6种不同的野生型p53肿瘤细胞系USP7-MDM2-p53信号通路的影响, 实验结果如图 3所示, 在6种肿瘤细胞系中, nutlin-3对USP7、DAXX、MDMX的影响相对较小。其中, USP7在加药后6种细胞均无显著变化, A549细胞加药后DAXX和MDMX出现了显著的变化。相较于USP7等蛋白, nutlin-3对MDM2和p53的作用十分显著(图 3), 除MCF-7由于MDM2和p53蛋白量较低, 结果不明显外, HCT-116、H460、HepG2、A549、SJSA-1细胞经nutlin-3 (5 μmol·L-1) 处理后, MDM2和p53的蛋白水平均明显增高(P < 0.05)。因此, nutlin-3可以上调野生型p53肿瘤细胞系中的MDM2和p53的表达, 但对USP7-MDM2-p53信号通路中的其他蛋白影响相对有限, 其效果取决于细胞的种类和性质。
为了进一步研究nutlin-3对野生型p53肿瘤细胞系USP7-MDM2-p53信号通路的影响, 本研究测试了不同浓度的nutlin-3对H460细胞蛋白表达的影响。实验结果如图 4所示, 在H460细胞中, 在高浓度时(> 5 μmol·L-1), nutlin-3会浓度依赖性地上调USP7、DAXX、MDMX的蛋白水平, 在浓度低于5 μmol·L-1时, 其对USP7等蛋白的影响不明显。而对于MDM2、p53等蛋白, nutlin-3在2~30 μmol·L-1内都会浓度依赖性地上调其表达水平, 这意味着nutlin-3不仅能通过打断MDM2-p53相互作用影响MDM和p53的蛋白水平, 还会进一步影响整个USP7-MDM2-p53信号通路。
最后, Co-IP实验研究nutlin-3是否能破坏H460细胞中MDM2-p53、MDM2-MDMX的相互作用。结果如图 5所示, 在未加nutlin-3处理的对照组中, p53和MDMX会与MDM2形成复合体, 与MDM2一同被protein A/G beads捕获。然而, 经5 μmol·L-1 nutlin-3处理后, 与MDM2形成复合体的MDMX和p53明显减少, 因此, 本研究认为nutlin-3破坏了MDM2-p53、MDM2-MDMX的相互作用。
癌症又称恶性肿瘤, 其特点是细胞增殖异常, 生长不受控制, 癌细胞易扩散和转移, 复发率高。癌症的发病原因通常是由于机体受到化学、物理、病毒等多种因素的作用, 引发一系列基因异常改变。研究显示, 大部分肿瘤中都出现了p53信号通路的异常, 50%以上的恶性肿瘤中存在p53基因突变[16]。突变后的p53会反向抑制野生型p53的抑癌活性, 并诱导细胞出现恶性增殖[17]
MDM2、MDMX是p53的主要调节因子, MDM2蛋白通过直接抑制p53的转录活性、将p53转移到细胞核外或将p53泛素化促进蛋白酶体介导对p53的降解来发挥作用。虽然MDM2在调节p53的稳定性和活性方面的关键作用早已被证实, 但p53调控的第二个主要参与者是MDMX, 它与MDM2具有高度的同源性, 功能上比较复杂且有争议。MDMX一方面与MDM2相似, 具有致癌基因活性, 其高表达会导致抑癌基因p53失活而诱发肿瘤, 另外一方面MDMX可以反向激活p53, 促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[18]
此外, 越来越多的研究表明p53不仅受MDM2、MDMX的调控, 其他蛋白质也参与其中, 如USP7、DAXX等也可直接或间接影响p53的功能[19, 20]。如USP7可以通过调控关键底物MDM2, 促进肿瘤抑制因子p53的降解。DAXX是一种凋亡调节蛋白, 被认为是p53的新型调节因子, 可以抑制p53过度表达和p53依赖性应激反应诱导的细胞死亡[21], 与MDM2和p53密切相关。有研究表明, MDM2、DAXX和USP7相互作用形成三级配合物。这种复合物的形成减少了MDM2的自身泛素化, 在非应激条件下维持了MDM2连接酶对p53的活性。在细胞应激和DNA损伤过程中, 如使用化疗药物治疗时, DAXX-MDM2-USP7复合物被破坏, 促进了MDM2的自泛素化降解, 从而增强了p53的稳定性[22]。在野生型p53肿瘤细胞系中, MDM2与p53的关系及主导性对肿瘤的发展和治疗有着重要的影响。因此, 以MDM2或p53为靶点的药物研究对肿瘤的治疗有着重要的意义。
本课题通过对目前最常见的肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等野生型p53细胞进行研究, 证实了nutlin-3是一种高选择性的MDM2-p53相互作用拮抗剂, 能够显著抑制6种不同野生型p53肿瘤细胞的增殖, 其中对肺癌细胞H460的抗增殖活性最强(IC50 = 1.23 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1)。此外, nutlin-3还能通过阻滞细胞周期, 激活细胞凋亡标志蛋白cleaved-PRAP从而诱导细胞凋亡。Nutlin-3通过破坏MDM2-p53、MDM2-MDMX的相互作用上调野生型p53细胞中DAXX、MDM2、MDMX、p53的蛋白水平, 阻滞细胞周期, 诱导细胞凋亡。本研究揭示了nutlin-3通过破坏MDM2-p53、MDM2-MDMX的相互作用影响USP7-MDM2-p53信号通路的机制, 为丰富抗肿瘤药物的作用机制及特异性MDM2-p53相互作用抑制剂的开发提供实验支持与理论基础, 将进一步推动nutlin-3抗肿瘤作用的研究。
作者贡献: 李铭东、钱宇卿、周思雨负责实验设计、论文修改、提供研究经费, 提供了方法理论支持和建议; 马明远完成文献调研与分析、实验研究; 刘莹莹完成实验数据采集与分析、论文写作与修改。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400827)
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400835)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0988
  • 接收时间:2024-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-11
  • 修回日期:2025-01-26
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江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400827)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2400835)
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    江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330006

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*周思雨, Tel: 18279180552, E-mail:
李铭东, Tel: 18079426518, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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