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(c) Hydrogen-bond network formed by 55 and PKBα residues within 3 Å of the inhibitor, figureFileSmall=z6Op82cCoCi7xYoJlJDHYg==, figureFileBig=opM+EIwVd1nwuzwYHEwJlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834500323410783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.PKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) cell/IC50/µmol·L-1
16 900Not testNot test
2290890> 50.
32704 100> 50.
477046032.
51801 55048.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500407296864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Typical compounds of the bicyclic heteroaromatic group

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Compd.PKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) cell/IC50/µmol·L-1
16 900Not testNot test
2290890> 50.
32704 100> 50.
477046032.
51801 55048.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500470211425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.XRPKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) IC50/µmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) IC50/µmol·L-1
6CHPh-24672638.Not test
7CH4-Cl-Ph-25547.46.0
8N4-Cl-Ph-712723.Not test
9N4-Cl-Ph-1635.7Not test
10CH4-Cl-Ph-851.00.52
11N4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-3720.Not test
12CH4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-5915.4.3
13N4-Cl-Ph-723> 50.Not test
14CH4-Cl-Ph-7158.4.7
15N4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-25286> 50.Not test
16CH4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-616812.5.0
17CH4-t-Bu-C6H4-CH2-273 400Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500596040546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Addition of the lipophilic group to the 4-aminomethyl- and 4-aminopiperidines

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Compd.XRPKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) IC50/µmol·L-1SRB (PC3M) IC50/µmol·L-1
6CHPh-24672638.Not test
7CH4-Cl-Ph-25547.46.0
8N4-Cl-Ph-712723.Not test
9N4-Cl-Ph-1635.7Not test
10CH4-Cl-Ph-851.00.52
11N4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-3720.Not test
12CH4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-5915.4.3
13N4-Cl-Ph-723> 50.Not test
14CH4-Cl-Ph-7158.4.7
15N4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-25286> 50.Not test
16CH4-Cl-C6H4-CH2-616812.5.0
17CH4-t-Bu-C6H4-CH2-273 400Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500679926627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RPKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1Selectivity PKA: PKB
164-Cl-Ph-CH2-6.168.28.
184-Cl-Ph-CH2OCH2-8.013.1.6
194-Cl-Ph-CONHCH2-69.Not testNot test
204-Cl-Ph-CH2NHCO-2.230.14.
212, 4-Cl2-Ph-CH2NHCO-4.9120.20.
224-F3C-O-Ph-CH2NHCO-11.110.10.
234-Cl-Ph-CH2N(CH3)CO-25.84.3.4
24 250.Not testNot test
25 680.Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500768007012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Development of 4-amino-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-piperidine-4-carboxamide PKB inhibitors

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Compd.RPKB IC50/nmol·L-1PKA IC50/nmol·L-1Selectivity PKA: PKB
164-Cl-Ph-CH2-6.168.28.
184-Cl-Ph-CH2OCH2-8.013.1.6
194-Cl-Ph-CONHCH2-69.Not testNot test
204-Cl-Ph-CH2NHCO-2.230.14.
212, 4-Cl2-Ph-CH2NHCO-4.9120.20.
224-F3C-O-Ph-CH2NHCO-11.110.10.
234-Cl-Ph-CH2N(CH3)CO-25.84.3.4
24 250.Not testNot test
25 680.Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500847698789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
20H136657328665 2352.9150.
29CH3840301971017 2002.7180.
30R-CH32768365234 5941 3969 0923.377.
31S-CH342016134556 7472.7110.
32C2H5723131441266 4953.513.
33c-Pr530252082612 6003.431.
34Ph412102701 6205761 8004.1< 1.
35Ph-CH2311901501 6505863 5004.1< 1.
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PKB enzyme and cell potency, selectivity, and hERG activity for α-alkyl-substituted benzylamine analogues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
20H136657328665 2352.9150.
29CH3840301971017 2002.7180.
30R-CH32768365234 5941 3969 0923.377.
31S-CH342016134556 7472.7110.
32C2H5723131441266 4953.513.
33c-Pr530252082612 6003.431.
34Ph412102701 6205761 8004.1< 1.
35Ph-CH2311901501 6505863 5004.1< 1.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834500986110823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
31S-CH342016134556 747.2.7110.
36(CH3)2N(CH2)2-21479630> 105Not testNot test
37(CH3)2N(CH2)3-315412671> 1051.4> 1 700.
38 49636209104> 1051.3> 1 500.
39 5421515613474 807.2.71 400.
40 5301091122> 33 300.Not testNot test
41S-(CH3)2N(CH2)2-3Not testNot test11034> 33 300.Not test2 320.
42 43118433921 030.Not test> 2 470.
43 4136783429 367.2.4> 2 090.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834501086774120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=CN, label=Tab.5, caption=

PKB enzyme and cell potency, selectivity, and hERG activity for α-substituted benzylamide analogues carrying a basic side chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
31S-CH342016134556 747.2.7110.
36(CH3)2N(CH2)2-21479630> 105Not testNot test
37(CH3)2N(CH2)3-315412671> 1051.4> 1 700.
38 49636209104> 1051.3> 1 500.
39 5421515613474 807.2.71 400.
40 5301091122> 33 300.Not testNot test
41S-(CH3)2N(CH2)2-3Not testNot test11034> 33 300.Not test2 320.
42 43118433921 030.Not test> 2 470.
43 4136783429 367.2.4> 2 090.
), ArticleFig(id=1308834501153882985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
44 301591051 126351> 1052.2460
45 42Not testNot test681266> 33 300.2.4400
46 31Not testNot test2 893182> 33 300.2.4> 1 200
47 12Not testNot test48937> 33 300.2.25
48 6Not testNot test87462> 33 300.Not testNot test
49 16Not testNot test99590> 33 300.2.129
50 7363041415380 124.2.286
51 7464030289> 1052.447
52 4221591112> 1052.521
53 624221387657 793.2.8130
54 101301003032049 369.3.052
55 3888956> 1052.5780
), ArticleFig(id=1308834502839993194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828796971741774, language=CN, label=Tab.6, caption=

PKB enzyme and cell potency, selectivity, and hERG activity for α-substituted benzylamide analogues carrying a neutral side chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RIC50/nmol·L-1LogDSolubility/μmol·L-1
PKBαPKBβPKBγCellROCK2hERG
44 301591051 126351> 1052.2460
45 42Not testNot test681266> 33 300.2.4400
46 31Not testNot test2 893182> 33 300.2.4> 1 200
47 12Not testNot test48937> 33 300.2.25
48 6Not testNot test87462> 33 300.Not testNot test
49 16Not testNot test99590> 33 300.2.129
50 7363041415380 124.2.286
51 7464030289> 1052.447
52 4221591112> 1052.521
53 624221387657 793.2.8130
54 101301003032049 369.3.052
55 3888956> 1052.5780
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靶向PKB治疗乳腺癌的首创性药物卡帕塞替尼
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2026,61(3): 990-995
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药学学报 |新药发现与研究实例简析 2026 , 61 (3) : 990 -995
靶向PKB治疗乳腺癌的首创性药物卡帕塞替尼
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0936
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郭宗儒. 靶向PKB治疗乳腺癌的首创性药物卡帕塞替尼. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 990 -995 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0936
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 990 -995 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0936
当前治疗乳腺癌有3类药物: 细胞毒药物、雌激素受体拮抗剂(和降解剂) 以及靶向药物等。然而治疗中癌细胞产生耐药性, 成为患者的需求和研制新抗乳腺癌药物的动力和依据。人体细胞中广泛存在激酶和级联反应轴, 其中由磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶B (PKB或称Akt)-哺乳动物雷帕霉素蛋白(mTOR) 构成的信号转导通路(PI3K/PKB/mTOR), 控制着细胞的增殖和存活。在恶性肿瘤细胞的发生发展过程中, 这个信号通路也对癌细胞的增殖、凋亡、侵袭、转移和血管新生起重要作用。这些蛋白基因的异常或突变在HR+/HER2-乳腺癌患者中占比50%, 因而以靶向PI3K/PKB/mTOR通路研制治疗耐药乳腺癌药物, 成为临床和患者之需。
干预PI3K/PKB/mTOR通路上这3个节点的药物已有PI3K抑制剂阿培利司(alpelisib, 图1), 是诺华公司于2019年上市的, 与氟维司群(fulvestrant, 雌激素受体降解剂) 联合使用, 治疗HR+/HER2-且携带PIK3CA突变的绝经后女性或男性晚期及转移性乳腺癌。mTOR抑制剂如依维莫司(everolimus), 也是由诺华公司研制, 于2009年上市, 治疗ER+/HER-绝经后晚期女性乳腺癌患者。
然而该通路关键环节的PKB蛋白虽然已知30多年, 但多方研究抑制剂均未成功, 是因为靶标可药性差, 候选物多终止于临床阶段。本品作为首创性药物是第一个批准的PKB抑制剂。
PKB有3种亚型(PKBα/β/γ), 存在于大多数正常细胞中, 也在肿瘤细胞中表达, 3种酶的组织结构相似: N-端都具有普列克同源蛋白(PH) 结构域, 是与细胞膜结构整联(integreting) 的第二信使蛋白所具有的结构域; 中央丝氨酸/苏氨酸催化结构域; 以及C-端的一个短调控区, 也叫做疏水基序。PKB的独特结构是C-端回折将两个芳香基定位在ATP的N环套的疏水凹槽中, 从而堵塞了溶剂通道, 而大多数激酶是开放的。
PKA与PKB同源性达80%, 造成潜在的脱靶作用, 成为研制PKB选择性抑制剂重要障碍, 本项目体外筛选酶活性是用PKA-PKB嵌合体模型, 嵌合体的PKA中4个重要残基变异成与PKB相同的氨基酸, 以此嵌合体作为表征PKB选择性活性。
项目的展开始于基于片段的药物设计(FBDD) 方法、X-射线晶体学引导进行的。普筛发现氮杂吲哚有微弱活性, 换成6-氨苄嘌呤(1) 活性显著提高, 1与PKA-PKB嵌合体的复合物单晶提示, 碱性氨基与Glu127和Asn171 (经结构水) 形成氢键结合(图2a), 1的平面性较强, 6位苯环换成哌啶, 化合物2和3的活性显著提高, 哌啶环呈椅式构象, 挤开Met173的S-CH3扭转了180°, 氢键网络依然存在, 却结合的内容不同, 3的NH2靠近Glu127形成了盐键, 而2是与Asp184结合(图2b、c), 这或许是3提高了对PKB选择性抑制的因素。
变换嘌呤环成其他稠合杂环, 吡咯并嘧啶化合物4和5的活性进一步提高, 而且4′-氨基哌啶(5) 对PKB的选择性也显著高于4′-氨甲基哌啶4。表1列出了这些化合物的活性。
分析复合物的晶体结构, 发现在哌啶环附近P-环套处的疏水腔存在有片段生长空间, 遂即合成了苯基取代的化合物6, 活性略有增加, 苯基对位仍有空间, 设计4-氯苯基化合物7的活性提高到10倍, 虽然选择性不高(对PKA抑制作用也很强), 但对PC3M细胞和胶质母细胞瘤细胞U87MG有显著活性。母核为嘌呤的化合物即使有与吡咯并嘧啶的药效团相同, 因分子的极性强(logP值低, 极性表面积高), 使细胞活性减弱。化合物13~16是4′,4′-二取代哌啶的化合物, 对PKB的选择性显著高于其他连接方式, 而且16 (表2) 的选择性尤其高, 抑制PKB活性强于PKA大约28倍, 细胞活性也很高, 是个里程碑式化合物(Taylor K, Ruddle R, Raynaud FI, et al. Identification of 4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as selective inhibitors of protein kinase B through fragment elaboration. J Med Chem, 2008, 51: 2147-2157)。
化合物16的不足是生物利用度低, 体内清除太快, 须克服这些药代缺点, 为此细调不影响药效团结合的部位, 例如变换末端4-氯苯基的取代基或萘基取代, 结果发现2, 4-二氯苯基和2-萘基化合物提高了PKB选择性, 但活性略降(数据省略), 故仍以4-氯取代为优选片段。
变换4-取代链的长度, 合成的化合物列于表3。以16为参比物, 构效关系如下: ①嵌入氧原子的醚键, 18对PKB活性变化不大, 但选择性显著下降。②亚甲基换成酰氨键-CONH-, 19的活性显著下降; 而换作氨酰基-HNCO-, 20抑制PKB活性提高近2倍, 仍保持较好的选择性。提示酰氨连接的方向对形成氢键的结合至关重要。20的NH被甲基化, 23的活性下降了10倍, 提示该位置氢键供体的重要性。③ 20的4-氯换成2,4-二氯, 21的活性稍降, 选择性有所提高, 而4-三氟甲氧基(22) 不如21。④ 24和25是20的环状等排体, 几乎丧失活性, 可能是失去氢键供体和构象发生重大变化的缘故。
研究至此, 20是活性和选择性占优的化合物, 此时由于其他位置的结构变换, 需要验证吡咯并嘧啶是否仍是优选的母核, 因为不同位置的氮或氧的增添或失去, 可能会改变对两个酶的选择性结合, 因而设计合成了7-氮杂吲哚(通式26)、8-氧代嘌呤(通式27) 和吡唑并嘧啶(通式28)。以求PKB和PKA的ATP结合腔的重要残基差异是Leu/Met之区分, R是前面优选的少数侧链。结果表明, 26系列活性和选择性下降, 母核27的活性略降, 但选择性提高, 是由于羰基氧与PKB的Thr213形成氢键而PKA的残基是Val没有羟基。28也未见改善(数据省略)。以上说明3个母核变换皆不可取。
化合物17 (4-叔丁苯基) 具有较高选择性抑制PKB活性(强于PKA 125倍), 与PKB的复合物晶体结构提示, 叔丁基进入P环套的疏水腔内, 氨基与Glu236和核糖结合腔中骨架Glu279的羰基发生电荷结合作用(图3A)。20与PKB的结合模式除与17相同外, 链中的酰氨NH与Asp293侧链羰基形成氢键(3.3 Å) (图3B), 23的酰氨被甲基化失去氢键结合, 导致活性降低10倍。图3C是晶体结构中的化合物7、17和20的叠合图, 主要的药效团都可叠合在一起(McHardy T, Caldwell JJ, Cheung KM, et al. Discovery of 4-amino-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamidesas selective, orally active inhibitors of protein kinase B (Akt). J Med Chem, 2010, 53: 2239-2249)。
化合物20的活性、选择性、细胞活性、生物利用度、半衰期和清除率等良好的药效与药代性质仍未能确保进入临床研究, 原因是对ROCK2激酶和hERG钾通道的脱靶作用。ROCK2因与PKB1同源性有40%, 序列等同达86%, 20抑制ROCK2只弱于PKB 5倍, 因而引起实验犬的低血压和心律过速。20抑制hERG的IC50 5 μmol·L-1 (应 > 30 μmol·L-1), 具有发生潜在的心血管事件。因此下一步的优化是对20的结构微调, 寻找向靶/脱靶的界面。
在苯乙氨片段的α位作简单的烷基或苯基取代, 考察对PKB激酶亚型、细胞活性、ROCK2激酶和hERG钾通道的脱靶作用和构效关系, 以及测定的分布系数logD和缓冲液中溶解度列于表4。构效关系如下: ①甲基、乙基和环丙基取代(29, 32, 33) 对PKB和ROCK2的活性影响不大, 对hERG的作用略有减弱。②甲基化合物29拆分成光活体, 对酶和细胞活性有显著不同, R是劣映体(30), 基本没有活性, S为优映体(31), 提示这个位置与P-环套的结合具有立体专属性。30和31对ROCK2显示有类似的立体专属性。③ α-甲基的手性对ROCK2抑制也有优劣之分, 31强于30, 但差异低于对PKB的抑制, 提示此处有可能分开向靶/脱靶作用。④ α-苯基(32) 和苄基(33) 取代使活性降低, 却提高了对hERG的抑制, 可能与疏水性增加有关。
苯乙基的α-甲基取代后, 原来优化的4-氯取代是否仍是优化基团, 须实验确定, 合成了无取代苯基、4-F、4-甲磺酰基、3,4-二甲氧基以及2-吡啶基和3-吡啶基等化合物, 对PKB酶和细胞活性大都下降(4-F取代酶活性未变, 但细胞活性锐减), 虽然因化合物极性增加对hERG降低了作用, 但此得不偿彼失(数据从略)。
α-S-甲基取代的化合物31有良好的活性和选择性, 鉴于溶解性的不足, 循此路径加入碱性基团合成的化合物列于表5。构效关系提示, 所有的化合物都保持了抑制PKB的高活性和细胞活性, 含氮杂环还显示了对ROCK2的选择性作用, 但S-光活体的选择性反而不高。所有的化合物因溶解性的提高而降低了对hERG钾通道的抑制作用。然而体内实验表明含氨基化合物的清除率较高, 口服生物利用度较低。总的评价仍不可取。
表6列出了含有极性基团的中性侧链。构效关系提示, ①酰氨化合物(44~46) 消除了对hERG的作用, 但细胞活性和对ROCK2的选择性受到不利的影响。②磺酰氨化合物47~50的酶活性较高, 但对细胞作用弱, 可能是极性难以过膜, 但也有抑制ROCK2活性, 降低了选择性, 不过对hERG作用较弱。所以, 酰氨或磺酰氨都不是优选基团。③羟基连接在亚甲基、亚乙基和亚丙基, 以羟乙基化合物52活性和选择性最好, 对hERG作用很弱, 也有良好的水溶解性。拆分后S-为优映体(55), R构型的活性很弱。
数轮的优化终于设计出体外呈现高活性和选择性以及较少脱靶作用的优质化合物55, 对75种激酶(其中35个属于AGC家族激酶) 1 μmol·L-1浓度下抑制率 > 75%, 只有两个激酶(P70S6K和PKA) IC50为6和7 nmol·L-1, 但对这两个激酶驱动的细胞活性很低, 提示55有很高的选择性作用。以抑制PKB驱动的3种细胞系的增殖、用两个终点标示物评价55的活性, 6个指标的IC50在0.06~0.76 μmol·L-1范围内(数据从略); 55对多种癌细胞有显著抑制活性。小鼠/大鼠/犬的药动学表明, 口服生物利用度分别为86%/13%/37%, 静注半衰期为0.2/0.5/2.7 h; 血浆蛋白结合率为85%/76%/79% (其余数据从略)。遂确定55为候选物, 定名为卡帕塞替尼(capivasertib) 进入临床前和临床研究, 证明可口服治疗雌激素受体(ER) 阳性和人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2) 阴性的乳腺癌患者。研发公司阿斯利康于2023年得到FDA批准卡帕塞替尼上市, 成为首创的以PKB (或称Akt) 为靶标的乳腺癌口服治疗药(Addie M, Ballard P, Buttar D, et al. Discovery of 4-amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (AZD5363), an orally bioavailable, potent inhibitor of Akt kinases. J Med Chem, 2013, 56: 2059-2073)。
本项目始自于FBDD方法, 苗头的发现和结构生长过程是在结构生物学指导下进行的, 后来的先导物优化更多以药物化学和构效关系方法, 结构生物学验证。下面讨论上市的卡帕塞替尼(55) 与PKB (亦称Akt) 激酶ATP结合域的结合模式。X-射线晶体学(图4a~c) 显示特征如下: ①活化态PKB的C端回折到N端环套定位于Phe469和Phe472构成的疏水腔, 这对PKB的调控功能至关重要。②哌啶环的1, 4-位连接的母核与氯苯基侧链的单键是以直立键构象存在, 是受到母核邻位sp2杂化N的制约, 并且使处于平展键的NH2与Glu234和Glu278负离子穴(anion hole) 结合(图4a、c)。这与图2c的化合物6和图3A的化合物17呈现的直立键是吻合的。③ 55的吡咯并嘧啶母核与Ala230和Tyr229发生氢键结合(图4c)。④氯苯基进入P-环套处的Lys179、Leu181和Val164以及酶骨架的Lys158和Gly162构成的疏水腔, 形成疏水-疏水结合(图4a、b未显示残基)。⑤酰氨的NH通过结构水与Asp292和Asn279形成氢键(图4c)。⑥侧链上的羟基经结构水介导与Glu278氢键结合(图4c), 但不能解释该羟乙基何以对55有如此大的贡献。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0936
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
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    中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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