Article(id=1193523097824358715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0884, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487681108, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487681108, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487681108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487681108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=388, endPage=396, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523098071822654, articleId=1193523097824358715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Therapeutic effect of anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody combined with gemcitabine in synergy with PBMC on pancreatic cancer treatment, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of highly malignant tumor with a low survival rate and poor prognosis. The effectiveness of gemcitabine as a first-line chemotherapy drug is limited; however, it can activate dendritic cells and improve antigen presentation which increase the sensitivity of tumor cell to immunotherapy. Although immunotherapy has made some advancements in cancer treatment, the therapeutic benefit of programmed cell death receptor 1/programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy remains relatively low. The chemokine C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by recruiting immunosuppressive cells. The receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), highly expressed in various tumors including pancreatic cancer, plays a crucial role in tumor development and progression. In this study, the anti-tumor immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) was enhanced using the combination of BsNb PX4 (anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody) and gemcitabine. In a co-culture system of gemcitabine-pretreated hPBMCs with tumor cells, the BsNb PX4 synergized gemcitabine to improve the cytotoxic activity of hPBMCs against tumor cells. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ T cells in combination treatment. In NOD/SCID mice bearing pancreatic cancer, the combination treatment exhibited more infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues, contributing to an effective anti-tumor response. This study presents potential new therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Ethical approval was obtained for collection of hPBMC samples from the Local Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethic Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (authorizing number: A2024246).

, correspAuthors=Ming-yuan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai HU, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523439936959464, articleId=1193523097824358715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体联合吉西他滨协同PBMC对胰腺癌治疗作用的探究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胰腺癌是一种高度恶性的肿瘤, 生存率低, 预后极差。一线化疗药物吉西他滨单药治疗效果有限, 但在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时可以活化树突状细胞, 促进抗原提呈, 提高肿瘤对免疫疗法的敏感性。免疫疗法在肿瘤治疗中取得了一定进展, 但程序性细胞死亡受体-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体-1 (programmed death receptor-ligand 1, PD-L1) 免疫检查点疗法临床响应率仍较低。C-X-C趋化因子配体12 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 12, CXCL12) 能够募集免疫抑制细胞, 形成免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境, 其受体C-X-C趋化因子受体4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) 在胰腺癌等多种肿瘤中高表达, 参与肿瘤的发生发展及侵袭转移。本研究通过双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体(anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody, BsNb PX4) 联合吉西他滨, 能够协同增强人外周血单核细胞(human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, hPBMC) 的抗肿瘤免疫效应。在吉西他滨预处理的hPBMC与肿瘤细胞共孵育体系中, 加入双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体, 能够提高hPBMC杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性; 流式细胞术分析证明, BsNb PX4与吉西他滨联用能够增加CD8+/CD4+T细胞的比例; 体内实验表明, 联合用药组的胰腺癌荷瘤NOD/SCID小鼠肿瘤组织中有更多CD8+T细胞浸润, 并且抑瘤效果优于单药组, 为胰腺癌的免疫治疗提供了新的潜在治疗方式。人外周血单核细胞分离实验获得上海交通大学地方伦理委员会批准, 动物福利和实验过程获得上海交通大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: A2024246)。

, correspAuthors=吴明媛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴明媛, Tel: 13818528726, E-mail:
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EClinicalMedicine, 2023, 62: 102106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194709173742051331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709173746245636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, companyId=1194709173742051331, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709173754634245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, companyId=1194709173742051331, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学药学院, 细胞工程及抗体药物教育部工程研究中心, 上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194709176845836331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PdEDfe20ETERwJpBFELG0A==, figureFileBig=uPEWY2bUayNl4XDQL1+Gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709176929722412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The effect of chemotherapy drug GEM in combination with BsNb PX4 on the cytotoxicity of PBMC against tumor cells. A: PBMC∶tumor cell = 10∶1; B: PBMC∶tumor cell = 15∶1. GEM: Gemcitabine; BsNb (BsNb PX4): Anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=PdEDfe20ETERwJpBFELG0A==, figureFileBig=uPEWY2bUayNl4XDQL1+Gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177009414189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=epQUzMQ+x42ifYBm7OJGgQ==, figureFileBig=tHiK485UL90epjgRWt74Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177072328750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The percentage of CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell under different concentrations of GEM in combination with BsNb PX4 , figureFileSmall=epQUzMQ+x42ifYBm7OJGgQ==, figureFileBig=tHiK485UL90epjgRWt74Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177131049007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3EgkZWZ2qxtwiNJCOKkflQ==, figureFileBig=DiIqb+nnZckTShLJm/wVhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177202352176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The percentage of CD8<sup>+</sup> and FOXP3<sup>+</sup> T cell under different concentrations of the chemotherapy drug GEM in combination with BsNb PX4 , figureFileSmall=3EgkZWZ2qxtwiNJCOKkflQ==, figureFileBig=DiIqb+nnZckTShLJm/wVhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177286238257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WWP1TzWO+j2c9dtWdnD9mQ==, figureFileBig=xnFU6KvvOcP2Xb0LHqT6Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177378512946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The combination of BsNb PX4 with chemotherapy drug GEM enhanced anti-tumor effect of PBMC. A: Schematic schedule of inoculating tumor and treatment; B: Tumor growth curve of NOD/SCID mice under different treatment groups, measuring tumor volume with vernier calipers every 3 days; C: Tumor weight of each group at the end of the experiment; D: NOD/SCID mouse body weight changes over time, weighed every 3 days. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=WWP1TzWO+j2c9dtWdnD9mQ==, figureFileBig=xnFU6KvvOcP2Xb0LHqT6Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177441427507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VDPu7mCrzRNdqeMYV/NKsQ==, figureFileBig=YrpKW1Vp03M5JFQFMlZPWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177500147764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= HE staining and immunofluorescence of subcutaneous transplantation tumor under different treatment methods. A: HE staining and CD8<sup>+</sup>/panCK<sup>+</sup>/DAPI fluorescence images. Scale bar: 200 and 100 μm (HE staining), 400 and 200 μm (CD8<sup>+</sup>/panCK<sup>+</sup>/DAPI fluorescence images); B: Mean gray value of CD8<sup>+</sup> under different treatment methods; C: Mean gray value of panCK<sup>+</sup> under different treatment methods. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=VDPu7mCrzRNdqeMYV/NKsQ==, figureFileBig=YrpKW1Vp03M5JFQFMlZPWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709177550479413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupCD4+/%CD8+/%CD8+/CD4+
Control42.53 ± 1.6015.13 ± 1.450.36 ± 0.03
BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)40.26 ± 3.4617.21 ± 1.950.43 ± 0.02
GEM (1 μmol·L-1)44.29 ± 3.4315.67 ± 0.470.35 ± 0.02
GEM (1 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)44.44 ± 2.8817.57 ± 1.790.40 ± 0.03
GEM (3.3 μmol·L-1)47.62 ± 2.8415.22 ± 1.620.32 ± 0.02
GEM (3.3 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)37.63 ± 3.7114.78 ± 1.140.39 ± 0.01
GEM (10 μmol·L-1)46.42 ± 2.7513.79 ± 1.070.30 ± 0.01
GEM (10 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)43.2 ± 1.9615.02 ± 0.970.35 ± 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1194709177625976886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097824358715, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

CD4+ T cell (%), CD8+ T cell (%) and ratio of CD8+/CD4+ T cell. n = 3, x±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupCD4+/%CD8+/%CD8+/CD4+
Control42.53 ± 1.6015.13 ± 1.450.36 ± 0.03
BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)40.26 ± 3.4617.21 ± 1.950.43 ± 0.02
GEM (1 μmol·L-1)44.29 ± 3.4315.67 ± 0.470.35 ± 0.02
GEM (1 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)44.44 ± 2.8817.57 ± 1.790.40 ± 0.03
GEM (3.3 μmol·L-1)47.62 ± 2.8415.22 ± 1.620.32 ± 0.02
GEM (3.3 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)37.63 ± 3.7114.78 ± 1.140.39 ± 0.01
GEM (10 μmol·L-1)46.42 ± 2.7513.79 ± 1.070.30 ± 0.01
GEM (10 μmol·L-1)+BsNb PX4 (0.1 μmol·L-1)43.2 ± 1.9615.02 ± 0.970.35 ± 0.01
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双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体联合吉西他滨协同PBMC对胰腺癌治疗作用的探究
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胡海 , 徐舒怡 , 郑玥江 , 朱建伟 , 吴明媛 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(2): 388-396
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(2): 388-396
双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体联合吉西他滨协同PBMC对胰腺癌治疗作用的探究
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胡海, 徐舒怡, 郑玥江, 朱建伟, 吴明媛*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学药学院, 细胞工程及抗体药物教育部工程研究中心, 上海 200240

通讯作者:

*吴明媛, Tel: 13818528726, E-mail:
Therapeutic effect of anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody combined with gemcitabine in synergy with PBMC on pancreatic cancer treatment
Hai HU, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU*
Affiliations
  • Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0884
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胰腺癌是一种高度恶性的肿瘤, 生存率低, 预后极差。一线化疗药物吉西他滨单药治疗效果有限, 但在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时可以活化树突状细胞, 促进抗原提呈, 提高肿瘤对免疫疗法的敏感性。免疫疗法在肿瘤治疗中取得了一定进展, 但程序性细胞死亡受体-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体-1 (programmed death receptor-ligand 1, PD-L1) 免疫检查点疗法临床响应率仍较低。C-X-C趋化因子配体12 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 12, CXCL12) 能够募集免疫抑制细胞, 形成免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境, 其受体C-X-C趋化因子受体4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) 在胰腺癌等多种肿瘤中高表达, 参与肿瘤的发生发展及侵袭转移。本研究通过双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体(anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody, BsNb PX4) 联合吉西他滨, 能够协同增强人外周血单核细胞(human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, hPBMC) 的抗肿瘤免疫效应。在吉西他滨预处理的hPBMC与肿瘤细胞共孵育体系中, 加入双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体, 能够提高hPBMC杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性; 流式细胞术分析证明, BsNb PX4与吉西他滨联用能够增加CD8+/CD4+T细胞的比例; 体内实验表明, 联合用药组的胰腺癌荷瘤NOD/SCID小鼠肿瘤组织中有更多CD8+T细胞浸润, 并且抑瘤效果优于单药组, 为胰腺癌的免疫治疗提供了新的潜在治疗方式。人外周血单核细胞分离实验获得上海交通大学地方伦理委员会批准, 动物福利和实验过程获得上海交通大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: A2024246)。

胰腺癌  /  程序性死亡受体配体-1  /  C-X-C趋化因子受体4  /  双特异性纳米抗体  /  化疗药物  /  外周血单核细胞

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of highly malignant tumor with a low survival rate and poor prognosis. The effectiveness of gemcitabine as a first-line chemotherapy drug is limited; however, it can activate dendritic cells and improve antigen presentation which increase the sensitivity of tumor cell to immunotherapy. Although immunotherapy has made some advancements in cancer treatment, the therapeutic benefit of programmed cell death receptor 1/programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy remains relatively low. The chemokine C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by recruiting immunosuppressive cells. The receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), highly expressed in various tumors including pancreatic cancer, plays a crucial role in tumor development and progression. In this study, the anti-tumor immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) was enhanced using the combination of BsNb PX4 (anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody) and gemcitabine. In a co-culture system of gemcitabine-pretreated hPBMCs with tumor cells, the BsNb PX4 synergized gemcitabine to improve the cytotoxic activity of hPBMCs against tumor cells. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ T cells in combination treatment. In NOD/SCID mice bearing pancreatic cancer, the combination treatment exhibited more infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues, contributing to an effective anti-tumor response. This study presents potential new therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Ethical approval was obtained for collection of hPBMC samples from the Local Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethic Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (authorizing number: A2024246).

pancreatic  /  programmed death receptor-ligand 1  /  C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4  /  bispecific nanobody  /  chemotherapy drug  /  peripheral blood mononuclear cell
胡海, 徐舒怡, 郑玥江, 朱建伟, 吴明媛. 双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体联合吉西他滨协同PBMC对胰腺癌治疗作用的探究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 388 -396 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0884
Hai HU, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU. Therapeutic effect of anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody combined with gemcitabine in synergy with PBMC on pancreatic cancer treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 388 -396 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0884
胰腺癌是一种高度恶性的消化系统肿瘤, 预后极差, 其发病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势。胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) 是胰腺癌中常见类型, 目前治疗以外科手术为主。由于早期诊断困难, 绝大多数PDAC患者初诊即为晚期, 手术后5年生存率不超过20%~25%[1]。吉西他滨(gemcitabine, GEM) 是目前辅助治疗PDAC的一线化疗药物, 但单药临床效果有限, 且易引起不良反应和耐药性[2]。因此, 探索新的治疗方法对于提高PDAC患者的生存率和生活质量具有重要意义。
近年来, 免疫治疗策略在癌症治疗中展现出巨大潜力, 程序性死亡受体配体-1 (programmed death receptor-ligand 1, PD-L1) 是一种免疫检查点分子, 在肿瘤细胞表面高表达, 能够与T细胞表面的程序性细胞死亡受体-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 分子结合, 抑制T细胞的活性, 从而逃避免疫系统的攻击。针对PD-L1靶点的抗体可以阻断PD-L1与PD-1的结合, 恢复T细胞的活性, 增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应[3]。癌症相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts, CAFs) 产生的C-X-C趋化因子配体12 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 12, CXCL12), 招募调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs), 抑制效应T细胞的增殖, 形成免疫抑制微环境; 同时, 促进肿瘤周围基质间质化, 形成富含胶原蛋白的物理屏障, 阻止细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocytes, CTLs) 进入肿瘤部位[4-6]。C-X-C趋化因子受体4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) 在胰腺癌等多种肿瘤中高表达, 参与肿瘤的发生发展及侵袭转移[7]。另一方面, 吉西他滨、紫杉醇等化疗药物在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时, 诱导肿瘤发生免疫原性细胞死亡, 活化树突状细胞, 促进抗原提呈, 提高肿瘤对免疫疗法的敏感性[8]。COMBAT/KEYNOTE-202临床研究表明, CXCR4拮抗剂、PD-1单抗和化疗药物三者联合在胰腺癌治疗中显示出很好的协同作用, 揭示CXCR4和PD-1双靶点的阻断有潜力提高胰腺癌患者的化疗受益[9]。因此, 针对PD-L1和CXCR4双靶点的抗体药物联合化疗药物有望为胰腺癌患者临床获益提供新的治疗方案。
双特异性纳米抗体可以避免传统双靶点抗体中重链和轻链的错配问题, 简化分离、纯化步骤从而提高产率和纯度, 通过柔性短肽连接两个及以上的纳米抗体得到具有更高亲和力或兼具调控免疫功能的二价或多价分子[10]。前期研究中构建表达的双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体(anti-PD-L1&CXCR4 bispecific nanobody, BsNb PX4) 能够有效抑制NOD/SCID小鼠皮下胰腺癌肿瘤的生长[11]。本研究建立了人外周血单核细胞(human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, hPBMC) 与肿瘤细胞的体外共培养体系, 通过人胰腺癌肿瘤异体移植的NOD/SCID小鼠hPBMC免疫重建模型, 比较双特异性anti-PD-L1&CXCR4纳米抗体和吉西他滨联合给药组、吉西他滨单药组的抑瘤效果, 为双靶点抗体联合化疗药物治疗胰腺癌的进一步研究提供新思路。
仪器  生物安全柜AC2-4S1 (Esco公司); 电热恒温水槽DK-8AXX (上海言合仪器科技有限公司); Infinite 200 PRO全自动多功能酶标仪(瑞士Tecan公司); Centrifuge 5418R离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); Countstar细胞计数仪(上海睿钮生物科技有限公司); Cytoflex型流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter公司); LRH-70F生化培养箱、SS-325高压灭菌器(致微仪器公司); Lynx 4000落地式冷冻离心机、SERIES 8000 DH型二氧化碳培养箱(美国Thermo Scientific公司); 小鼠尾静脉注射固定器(北京合力科创科技发展有限公司); 游标卡尺(上海恒量量具有限公司); 景深拓展正置荧光显微镜DP74 (Olympus); 倒置荧光显微镜Nikon Eclipse Ti-SR、倒置荧光显微镜Nikon Eclipse Ti-SR (Nikon公司)。
试剂  DMEM培养基、RPMI 1640培养基、无酚红RPMI 1640培养基、胰蛋白酶、DPBS、胎牛血清(FBS) (美国Gibco公司); 无血清细胞冻存液(上海翌圣生物科技有限公司); 蛋白超滤管(美国Merck Millipore公司); 胰蛋白酶细胞消化液(0.25% trypsin, 不含EDTA, 碧云天生物技术有限公司); 盐酸吉西他滨(江苏豪森药业集团有限公司); 无菌生理盐水(山东齐都药业有限公司); Ficoll-Paque PLUS淋巴细胞分离液[通用电气医疗系统(中国) 有限公司]; anti-FOXP3 PCCH101 APC (eBioscienceTM公司); 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 杀伤活性检测试剂盒(Promega公司); recombinant anti-CD4 antibody (PE公司); recombinant anti-CD8 alpha antibody (FITC, 北京义翘神州科技有限公司); 4%多聚甲醛(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 盐酸、无水乙醇(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 抗原修复液、苏木素染液、伊红染液、中性树胶、anti-human CD8抗体、荧光二抗、DAPI、组化试剂盒DAB显色剂(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。
细胞株  人转移胰腺癌细胞株AsPC-1 (中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心); 人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV-3 (本实验室保藏); 健康志愿者外周血(上海长海医院输血科)。
实验动物  NOD/SCID小鼠(6~8周龄, 浙江维通利华公司), 动物实验方案由上海交通大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: A2024246), 小鼠每笼5只, 饲养于上海交通大学动物实验中心药学院分平台SPF级环境, 独立送风无菌笼具系统, 恒温和12 h光照交替。
LDH释放检测PBMC的杀伤活性  将对数生长期的AsPC-1、SKOV-3用0.25%胰酶消化计数, 每孔5 000个细胞均匀铺于96孔板, 过夜培养12 h。用含10% FBS的无酚红RPMI 1640培养基将新鲜分离的人PBMC调整细胞浓度至效应细胞与靶细胞比为15∶1和10∶1, 共培养12 h。用生理盐水配置吉西他滨储备液, 每孔给药10 μL, 终浓度为0、1、3.3、10 μmol·L-1, 其他组加入等体积的生理盐水, 孵育48 h。用含2% FBS的无酚红RPMI 1640培养基稀释BsNb PX4, 每孔加入50 μL, 终浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1, 其他组加入等体积含2% FBS的无酚红RPMI 1640培养基, 继续培养48 h。
检测前, 在靶细胞最大释放组中加入10% Triton X-100裂解液, 每孔20 µL, 37 ℃孵育20 min。250 ×g、25 ℃水平离心10 min, 转移50 µL上清液至全新的96孔板中, 每孔加入50 µL LDH基质液, 室温孵育20 min, 每孔加入50 µL终止液终止反应并记录吸收度(A490) 值, 根据以下公式计算PBMC对靶细胞的杀伤率: 杀伤率(%) = (实验组吸收度-效应细胞释放组吸收度-靶细胞释放组吸收度) / (靶细胞最大释放组吸收度-靶细胞释放组吸收度) × 100。
流式细胞术检测CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、调节性T细胞(Treg)分群情况  收集上述96孔板共培养体系中的PBMC, 制备细胞悬液。按照流式表面染色方法标记CD4和CD8。用流式工作液(含2% FBS的PBS) 洗涤细胞, 离心弃上清, 涡旋分散。Foxp3 Fixation/permeabilization工作液涡旋固定细胞, 4 ℃避光过夜孵育, 1×permeabilization buffer破膜, 2%正常大鼠血清封闭。加入说明书推荐量的Foxp3-APC抗体以检测细胞内抗原, 并在室温下孵育避光30 min以上。1×permeabilization buffer室温离心洗涤1次。流式工作液重悬, 上机检测。
双特异性纳米抗体BsNb PX4联合吉西他滨治疗胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠  5~6周龄的NOD/SCID小鼠在SPF级条件下饲养1周后, 随机分为4组, 在第0天每只小鼠皮下注射2.0×106~2.2×106个AsPC-1细胞, 每3天用游标卡尺测量肿瘤大小, 并计算皮下瘤观测体积: V = ab2/2 (a代表皮下瘤较长的边, b代表皮下瘤较短的边), 绘制肿瘤生长曲线。当皮下肿瘤体积≥ 50 mm3, 确定胰腺癌荷瘤模型构建成功。荷瘤模型构建成功后, 新鲜分离PBMC, 每只小鼠尾静脉注射1.0×106~1.2×106个PBMC的细胞悬液, 作为胰腺癌移植瘤小鼠的基础免疫治疗。
尾静脉注射PBMC的第二日开始药物治疗, 4组小鼠进行不同给药处理: ①对照组(control组): 治疗第1天腹腔注射生理盐水, 第4天腹腔注射DPBS, 均为每6天1次, 共3次; ②吉西他滨组(GEM组): 治疗第1天腹腔注射吉西他滨30 mg·kg-1, 第4天腹腔注射DPBS, 均为每6天1次, 共3次; ③ anti-PD-L1&CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体组(BsNb PX4组): 治疗第1天腹腔注射BsNb PX4 0.3 mg·kg-1, 第4天腹腔注射生理盐水, 均为每6天1次, 共3次; ④联合治疗组(GEM+ BsNb PX4组): 治疗第1天腹腔注射吉西他滨30 mg·kg-1, 第4天腹腔注射anti-PD-L1&CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体0.3 mg·kg-1, 均为每6天1次, 共3次。
在接下来的给药周期按此序贯方式持续给药。治疗持续18天, 继续观察和测量, 在肿瘤体积≥ 2 000 mm3之前处死所有小鼠, 将肿瘤从体内剥出, 称重并且拍照。
肿瘤组织石蜡包埋切片、HE染色和免疫荧光实验  新鲜剥离的皮下瘤放置在4%多聚甲醛固定24~48 h; 将修切好的肿瘤组织依次进行乙醇梯度脱水、石蜡包埋、切片、脱蜡、水洗; 用苏木素染细胞核, 伊红染细胞质; 最后脱水封片, 中性树胶封片。
统计学处理  应用SPSS 23.0统计软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 利用GraphPad Prism 7软件制作图表。实验数据以x±s表示, P < 0.05具有统计学意义。
在PBMC与肿瘤细胞比例分别为10∶1和15∶1条件下, 设计4个组别: control、GEM、BsNb PX4和GEM + BsNb PX4。用吉西他滨处理48 h, PBMC与肿瘤细胞继续孵育48 h后进行LDH释放检测, 分析PBMC对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效应。图 1结果显示, 在效应细胞与靶细胞比例为10∶1条件下, 随着化疗药物吉西他滨的浓度由低到高(1、3.3、10 μmol·L-1), PBMC对AsPC-1细胞和SKOV-3细胞的杀伤活性逐渐降低, 与化疗药物的剂量呈负相关。当效靶细胞比例为15∶1时, PBMC对AsPC-1细胞的杀伤率维持较低水平, 且不同浓度GEM对PBMC的杀伤活性无明显影响; 但PBMC对SKOV-3细胞的杀伤活性, 则随着GEM剂量的增加而逐渐提高。
在PBMC和肿瘤细胞共培养体系中, 先用化疗药物GEM预孵育48 h, 再加入双特异性纳米抗体BsNb PX4继续培养48 h, LDH检测对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效率。在不同浓度的效靶细胞比例条件下, 与对应浓度GEM单药组比较, BsNb PX4与化疗药物GEM联用均可显著恢复PBMC对AsPC-1细胞的杀伤活性, 两者有统计学差异(P < 0.05); 当GEM浓度较高时, 在PBMC与AsPC-1比例为10∶1的情况下, PBMC的杀伤活性恢复程度较低。与GEM单药组相比, 在低、中、高浓度的GEM存在条件下, 加入双特异性纳米抗体的联合治疗组均能够提高PBMC对SKOV-3细胞的杀伤力, 但杀伤效率均低于AsPC-1细胞。
图 2可知, 化疗药物GEM处理增加了CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的相对数量, 但与对照组相比, CD8+/CD4+T细胞的比例没有受到影响(表 1)。同时, 较高浓度的GEM可以降低Treg细胞的百分比(图 3)。结果表明, 双特异性纳米抗体BsNb PX4能够提高PBMC中CD8+/CD4+T细胞的比例; 与低、中、高浓度的GEM联用时, 仍能够提高PBMC中CD8+/CD4+T细胞比值, 两者联合应用能够发挥协同抗肿瘤的免疫效应。
实验期间, 各组NOD/SCID荷瘤鼠的体征、饮水进食正常, 无死亡。人转移胰腺癌AsPC-1细胞皮下接种第8天, 各组肿瘤体积已达50 mm3, 进行PBMC注射和序贯给药6次(图 4A)。持续观测小鼠移植瘤体积和相关体征数据, 根据肿瘤平均生长体积计算结果绘制曲线。模型对照组NOD/SCID小鼠移植瘤体积增长明显, 在第30天时, 最大瘤体积经计算已接近1 800 mm3, 处死所有小鼠, 剥离移植瘤块组织。
为了对比各组肿瘤生长差异, 本研究将肿瘤观测体积绘制成肿瘤生长曲线(图 4B)。从实验结果可看出, 在以PBMC作为基础治疗的模型下, 与对照组相比, GEM、BsNb PX4、GEM+ BsNb PX4三种给药方案都有相应的抑瘤效果, 而GEM与BsNb PX4联合用药组较GEM、BsNb PX4单独用药效果显著增强, 且差异具有统计学意义。虽然30 mg·kg-1吉西他滨在一定程度上对肿瘤有抑制作用, 肿瘤早期生长速率减慢, 但第30天时肿瘤体积已接近1 000 mm3; 与GEM组相比, GEM与BsNb PX4联合用药组小鼠肿瘤体积增长速率明显降低, 观察末期肿瘤平均体积小于600 mm3 (图 4B), 肿瘤重量显著低于GEM、BsNb PX4单独治疗组(图 4C)。在治疗过程中, 小鼠体重总体呈增长趋势, 生理状态正常, 给药方案未产生明显的体内毒性(图 4D)。
对皮下移植瘤切片进行HE染色, 可在BsNb PX4组和GEM+ BsNb PX4联用组发现肿瘤组织中出现成片的变形和坏死区域, 伴有大量空泡状结构(图 5A), 推测可能是免疫细胞杀伤导致肿瘤坏死形成。CD8+标记细胞毒效应T细胞, panCK+标记AsPC-1肿瘤细胞, 免疫荧光染色显示(图 5A), 与BsNb PX4、GEM单药组相比, GEM+BsNb PX4联合治疗组肿瘤组织中有更多CD8+T细胞浸润(图 5B), panCK+细胞数量有所减少(图 5C)。以上结果表明, BsNb PX4通过募集和持续活化效应T细胞, 协同化疗药物吉西他滨提高了对胰腺癌小鼠的抗肿瘤效果。
胰腺癌恶性程度高、预后差、生存率低, 暂无较好的治疗手段, 尽管免疫检查点抑制剂在胰腺癌治疗取得了一定进展, 但PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点疗法临床响应率仍较低。CXCR4拮抗剂通过诱导免疫细胞迁移、增加效应T细胞浸润、减少肿瘤微环境中免疫抑制细胞等方式改变肿瘤微环境, 从而提高胰腺癌对免疫检查点抑制剂和化疗药物的敏感性[12]。针对PD-L1和CXCR4的双靶点纳米抗体同时拮抗PD-1/PD-L1和CXCR4/CXCL12信号通路, 能有效抑制胰腺星状细胞分泌CXCL12, 下调平滑肌肌动蛋白α的表达, 通过下调PI3K/AKT信号通路, 阻止肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的激活, 促进效应T细胞浸润和活化并逆转免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境, 为增强免疫系统杀伤肿瘤细胞提供多重机会[13]。另一方面, 化疗药物在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时, 还可以诱导肿瘤细胞发生免疫原性死亡, 增加肿瘤抗原及损伤相关分子模式的释放, 活化树突状细胞, 促进抗原提呈, 提高肿瘤对免疫疗法的敏感性[8]。因此, 双靶点纳米抗体联合化疗药物对于胰腺癌等恶性肿瘤的临床治疗具有良好的应用潜力。
本研究的体外实验观察到, 当浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1 BsNb PX4单独作用于共培养体系, PBMC的杀伤活性均有所增强, 能显著增加PBMC对AsPC-1的细胞毒作用, 推测可能是双特异性纳米抗体识别了PBMC中T细胞表面的CXCR4, 同时与肿瘤细胞上的PD-L1结合, 可以将效应T细胞募集到肿瘤细胞周围, 增强其细胞毒性[14]。另一方面, 当PBMC与肿瘤细胞共培养时, 细胞表面的PD-L1表达增高[15], 而通过抑制趋化因子受体CXCR4可以诱导CD8+T细胞迁移到癌细胞富集区域, 继而阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路, 能够重新激活对癌细胞的杀伤作用, 证明靶向CXCR4与PD-L1具有潜在协同作用机制[16]。有报道称, 与细胞毒性或抑制细胞生长的药物一起使用时, 大多数单抗类药物的功效都会增强[17]。Alvino等[18]发现, 用不同浓度GEM处理PBMC能够抑制淋巴因子激活的NK细胞和CTL产生, 从而削弱免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。
CD8+T细胞被认为是抗肿瘤的主要效应细胞, 而CD4+T细胞则在启动和维持抗癌免疫反应中起重要作用[19]。但CD4+T细胞的作用更具争议性, 通常被认为是一把双刃剑, 因为CD4+的亚群还包括Treg[20, 21]。有文献报道, 在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中, Treg细胞能够抑制效应T细胞的增殖, 削弱肿瘤特异性免疫反应并使肿瘤得以生长, 与不良预后有关[22]。以往研究证明, 清除Treg细胞能够改变免疫抑制状态[23], 而单独或与主动免疫疗法组合导致Treg耗竭, 可以增加效应T细胞的活化[24, 25]。在这种情况下, GEM通过提高CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的数量, 下调Treg细胞比例, 可能具有与癌症免疫疗法的协同作用。Kimura[26]等已经证明, GEM可以增强免疫疗法对胰腺癌患者的治疗效果。本研究结果显示, 高浓度的GEM治疗可降低Treg细胞的百分比, BsNb PX4能够提高CD8+/CD4+的T细胞比例; 与低、中、高浓度的GEM联用时, 仍能够提高PBMC中CD8+/CD4+比值, 说明anti-PD-L1&CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体可以联合化疗药物增强免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。
在人转移胰腺癌AsPC-1移植的NOD/SCID小鼠中, 给予hPBMC模拟免疫系统状态, 双特异性BsNb PX4协同化疗药物吉西他滨抑制胰腺癌生长效果显著优于单药组, 且安全性良好。HE染色和免疫荧光分析显示肿瘤组织出现大量片状坏死和空泡变形区域, 并且增加了CD8+T细胞对肿瘤细胞富集区域的浸润。综上, anti-PD-L1&CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体通过阻断肿瘤微环境中的两个重要靶点, 提高了化疗药物敏感性, 恢复了免疫效应细胞的抗肿瘤功能, 为胰腺癌治疗提供了新的方案和治疗策略。
双靶点抗体通过同时靶向肿瘤细胞上的两个不同抗原或同一抗原的两个表位, 在肿瘤生物治疗中表现出巨大优势。如同时靶向免疫检查点分子和肿瘤相关抗原能够增强免疫细胞对肿瘤的杀伤能力, 提高多种类型肿瘤的临床治疗效果, 包括黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌和血液肿瘤等。然而, 目前双靶点抗体的整体临床反应率仍较低, 免疫相关不良反应和肿瘤超进展等不良反应也限制了其广泛应用[27]。双靶点抗体联合化疗药物在肿瘤治疗中可以通过促进血管正常化、改善肿瘤微环境和降低耐药性等多种机制发挥协同作用, 在多项临床研究中展现出提高治疗效果、延长患者生存期以及改善生活质量方面的潜力, 为肿瘤患者提供了新的治疗选择和希望[28, 29]。随着临床研究的不断深入, 双靶点抗体联合化疗药物的疗法有望在未来的肿瘤治疗中发挥更加重要的作用。
作者贡献: 胡海负责主要实验设计和操作及文章撰写; 徐舒怡、郑玥江负责协助实验操作和数据分析; 吴明媛和朱建伟负责提出研究整体思路、指导所有实验和论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0884
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
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    上海交通大学药学院, 细胞工程及抗体药物教育部工程研究中心, 上海 200240

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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