Article(id=1199782967833883223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0863, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725379200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-04, revisedDate=1728662400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980150421, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1733932800000, pubDateStr=2024-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980150421, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980150421, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980150421, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199782966441378761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='3179', pageEnd='3412', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980150088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224975369, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3394, endPage=3401, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199782968123290202, articleId=1199782967833883223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Optimization of the extraction process of peptide from Poecilobdella manillensis by response surface methodology and investigation of its whitening and anti-aging activities, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this study was to optimise the extraction process of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis by the Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology, and to investigate its whitening and anti-aging effects. Based on single factor experiments, NaCl solution concentration, extracting time and extracting times were taken as influencing factors, and peptide yield was used as the response value. The response surface model was designed and used to obtain the optimal extraction conditions of peptides of Poecilobdella manillensis: NaCl solution concentration of 4.3%, ultrasonic time of 4 h, and ultrasonic times of 2 times (2 + 2 h), which was significant and well-fitted to the actual experiment. The tyrosinase inhibition activity of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis was evaluated by measuring the oxidation rate of levodopa (L-DOPA) catalyzed by tyrosinase. Moreover, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, the effects of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis on body length, locomotion, reproductive capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipofuscin levels were determined. The results showed that peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, with an IC50 of 0.58 mg·mL-1, which was stronger than that of the positive control arbutin (2.24 mg·mL-1). Compared to the control group, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis showed no significant differences in the body length, eggs, and body bending of Caenorhabditis elegans. However, 0.5 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis significantly reduced ROS levels in Caenorhabditis elegans; 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis significantly reduced lipofuscin levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. Peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis exhibits effective whitening and anti-aging activities, potentially mediated by its inhibition of tyrosinase activity and antioxidant effects.

, correspAuthors=Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hui WANG, Shu-qi LI, Hao LIU, Hai-tao GUO, Guo-hua YANG, Yu-sheng YANG, Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199782969117340289, articleId=1199782967833883223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺及其美白抗衰活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究应用Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺, 并考察其美白抗衰作用。在单因素实验的基础上, 以NaCl溶液浓度、提取时间、提取次数为影响因素, 多肽得率为响应值, 设计并利用响应面模型, 得到菲牛蛭多肽提取的最佳条件: NaCl溶液浓度4.3%, 超声时间4 h, 超声次数2次(2 + 2 h)。该模型显著, 与实际试验拟合良好。通过酪氨酸酶催化左旋多巴氧化速率法考察菲牛蛭多肽的酪氨酸酶抑制活性; 以秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物, 考察菲牛蛭多肽对线虫的身体长度、运动能力、生殖能力、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和脂褐素的影响。结果显示, 菲牛蛭多肽对酪氨酸酶有显著的抑制作用, 其IC50为0.58 mg·mL-1, 强于阳性对照熊果苷(2.24 mg·mL-1)。与空白组相比, 0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽对线虫体长、产卵量和头尾摆动无显著性差异; 0.5 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽显著降低线虫体内ROS水平; 0.5和1.0 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽显著降低线虫体内脂褐素水平。菲牛蛭多肽具有良好的美白抗衰作用, 其作用机制可能与抑制酪氨酸酶活性和抗氧化作用有关。

, correspAuthors=刘永刚, 马涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘永刚, E-mail: ;
马涛, E-mail:
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A: NaCl solution concentration; B: Ultrasonic extracting time; C: Soild-liquid ratio; D: Ultrasonic extracting times. apex: Represents the hightest value. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> the highest value , figureFileSmall=WMC44j7VW7LZrf3zlu3LAg==, figureFileBig=MIpzM5AIDdvNIJk3ukCNhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748274078180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=g/ir1em+Mdk+V8wt9sonng==, figureFileBig=guRL5vgYlEeRWdK7PpTojw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748374741483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Response surface and contour plots showing the effects of operating parameters on the peptide yield of <i>Poecilobdella manillensis</i> , figureFileSmall=g/ir1em+Mdk+V8wt9sonng==, figureFileBig=guRL5vgYlEeRWdK7PpTojw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748504764911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cQn2Jy6gZ7mr51pOvVUUIg==, figureFileBig=iP1mcKM9H/fIu29SeYCe5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748630594040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of different concentrations of peptide of <i>Poecilobdella manillensis</i> on body length (A), head swing frequency (B) and eggs (C) of <i>C. elegans</i>. <i>n</i> = 60, 20 and 10, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=cQn2Jy6gZ7mr51pOvVUUIg==, figureFileBig=iP1mcKM9H/fIu29SeYCe5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748760617467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ofnj6sDTaooWP+maITrzxw==, figureFileBig=MCVe+Qc/Avq8K+R3k/bEMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378748936778244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of different concentrations of peptide of <i>Poecilobdella manillensis</i> on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS, A) and lipofucin (B) in <i>C. elegans</i>. <i>n</i> = 60, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=ofnj6sDTaooWP+maITrzxw==, figureFileBig=MCVe+Qc/Avq8K+R3k/bEMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378749062607371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782967833883223, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Level
-1 0 1
NaCl solution concentration (A)/% 3.6% 4.5% 5.4%
Ultrasonic extracting time (B)/h 3 4 5
Ultrasonic extracting times (D) 1 2 3
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Factors and levels of Box-Benhnken center-united design

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Factor Level
-1 0 1
NaCl solution concentration (A)/% 3.6% 4.5% 5.4%
Ultrasonic extracting time (B)/h 3 4 5
Ultrasonic extracting times (D) 1 2 3
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Run A/% B/h D/times Peptide yield/%
1 3.6 3 2 37.1
2 5.4 3 2 37.8
3 3.6 5 2 36.1
4 5.4 5 2 37.5
5 3.6 4 1 35.4
6 5.4 4 1 35.5
7 3.6 4 3 44.7
8 5.4 4 3 34.3
9 4.5 3 1 32.1
10 4.5 5 1 36.7
11 4.5 3 3 40.0
12 4.5 5 3 37.5
13 4.5 4 2 45.4
14 4.5 4 2 45.0
15 4.5 4 2 46.2
16 4.5 4 2 47.9
17 4.5 4 2 45.5
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The experiment design and results of response surface methodology

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Run A/% B/h D/times Peptide yield/%
1 3.6 3 2 37.1
2 5.4 3 2 37.8
3 3.6 5 2 36.1
4 5.4 5 2 37.5
5 3.6 4 1 35.4
6 5.4 4 1 35.5
7 3.6 4 3 44.7
8 5.4 4 3 34.3
9 4.5 3 1 32.1
10 4.5 5 1 36.7
11 4.5 3 3 40.0
12 4.5 5 3 37.5
13 4.5 4 2 45.4
14 4.5 4 2 45.0
15 4.5 4 2 46.2
16 4.5 4 2 47.9
17 4.5 4 2 45.5
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响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺及其美白抗衰活性研究
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王嘉慧 1 , 李姝琪 1 , 刘浩 1 , 郭海涛 1 , 杨国华 2 , 杨玉升 2 , 刘永刚 1, * , 马涛 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(12): 3394-3401
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(12): 3394-3401
响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺及其美白抗衰活性研究
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王嘉慧1, 李姝琪1, 刘浩1, 郭海涛1, 杨国华2, 杨玉升2, 刘永刚1, * , 马涛1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102401
  • 2.云南世纪华宝医药产业开发有限公司, 云南 楚雄 675000

通讯作者:

*刘永刚, E-mail: ;
马涛, E-mail:
Optimization of the extraction process of peptide from Poecilobdella manillensis by response surface methodology and investigation of its whitening and anti-aging activities
Jia-hui WANG1, Shu-qi LI1, Hao LIU1, Hai-tao GUO1, Guo-hua YANG2, Yu-sheng YANG2, Yong-gang LIU1, * , Tao MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China
  • 2. Yunnan Century Huabao Pharmaceutical Industry Development Co., Ltd., Chuxiong 675000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0863
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本研究应用Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺, 并考察其美白抗衰作用。在单因素实验的基础上, 以NaCl溶液浓度、提取时间、提取次数为影响因素, 多肽得率为响应值, 设计并利用响应面模型, 得到菲牛蛭多肽提取的最佳条件: NaCl溶液浓度4.3%, 超声时间4 h, 超声次数2次(2 + 2 h)。该模型显著, 与实际试验拟合良好。通过酪氨酸酶催化左旋多巴氧化速率法考察菲牛蛭多肽的酪氨酸酶抑制活性; 以秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物, 考察菲牛蛭多肽对线虫的身体长度、运动能力、生殖能力、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和脂褐素的影响。结果显示, 菲牛蛭多肽对酪氨酸酶有显著的抑制作用, 其IC50为0.58 mg·mL-1, 强于阳性对照熊果苷(2.24 mg·mL-1)。与空白组相比, 0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽对线虫体长、产卵量和头尾摆动无显著性差异; 0.5 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽显著降低线虫体内ROS水平; 0.5和1.0 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽显著降低线虫体内脂褐素水平。菲牛蛭多肽具有良好的美白抗衰作用, 其作用机制可能与抑制酪氨酸酶活性和抗氧化作用有关。

菲牛蛭  /  多肽  /  响应面  /  美白  /  抗衰老

The objective of this study was to optimise the extraction process of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis by the Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology, and to investigate its whitening and anti-aging effects. Based on single factor experiments, NaCl solution concentration, extracting time and extracting times were taken as influencing factors, and peptide yield was used as the response value. The response surface model was designed and used to obtain the optimal extraction conditions of peptides of Poecilobdella manillensis: NaCl solution concentration of 4.3%, ultrasonic time of 4 h, and ultrasonic times of 2 times (2 + 2 h), which was significant and well-fitted to the actual experiment. The tyrosinase inhibition activity of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis was evaluated by measuring the oxidation rate of levodopa (L-DOPA) catalyzed by tyrosinase. Moreover, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, the effects of peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis on body length, locomotion, reproductive capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipofuscin levels were determined. The results showed that peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, with an IC50 of 0.58 mg·mL-1, which was stronger than that of the positive control arbutin (2.24 mg·mL-1). Compared to the control group, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis showed no significant differences in the body length, eggs, and body bending of Caenorhabditis elegans. However, 0.5 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis significantly reduced ROS levels in Caenorhabditis elegans; 0.5 and 1.0 mg·mL-1 peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis significantly reduced lipofuscin levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. Peptide of Poecilobdella manillensis exhibits effective whitening and anti-aging activities, potentially mediated by its inhibition of tyrosinase activity and antioxidant effects.

Poecilobdella manillensis  /  peptide  /  response surface methodology  /  whitening  /  anti-aging
王嘉慧, 李姝琪, 刘浩, 郭海涛, 杨国华, 杨玉升, 刘永刚, 马涛. 响应面法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺及其美白抗衰活性研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3394 -3401 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0863
Jia-hui WANG, Shu-qi LI, Hao LIU, Hai-tao GUO, Guo-hua YANG, Yu-sheng YANG, Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA. Optimization of the extraction process of peptide from Poecilobdella manillensis by response surface methodology and investigation of its whitening and anti-aging activities[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3394 -3401 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0863
水蛭始载于《神农本草经》, 2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》中载水蛭为水蛭科动物蚂蟥Whitmania pigra Whitman、水蛭Hirudo nipponica Whitman或柳叶蚂蟥Whitmania acranulata Whitman的干燥全体[1]。水蛭中含有多种生物活性物质, 包括蛋白质/多肽类大分子、碟啶类、糖脂类、羧酸酯类、甾体类、微量元素等[2]。蛋白质/多肽类大分子已被确定为水蛭的主要活性成分, 其中, 水蛭素是目前已知最有效的天然凝血酶抑制剂[3]。《本草纲目》记载“水蛭之咸苦, 以除蓄血, 乃肝经血分药, 故能通肝经聚血。”现代药理研究发现, 水蛭具有抗凝血、治疗关节炎、抗炎、抗癌、抗肿瘤、抗纤维化、治疗代谢紊乱和促进皮肤伤口愈合等效果[4]。菲牛蛭为医蛭科动物菲牛蛭Poecilobdella manillensis的干燥体, 是吸血类水蛭中个头较大的品种。2011年版《广西壮族自治区壮药质量标准》收载了菲牛蛭[5]; 2013年云南省将其收录到《云南省中药材标准》[6]。菲牛蛭的药理作用基本和水蛭一致, 也含有水蛭素、菲牛蛭素等多种活性成分[7], 且抗凝活性显著优于其他水蛭[8, 9]。随着水蛭资源的持续开发和需求的日益提升, 菲牛蛭已成为水蛭研究中的重点对象。
皮肤美白已成为全球广泛关注的审美热点之一。抗氧化和紫外线吸收能力是美白效果优劣的重要评价指标[10]。紫外线辐射是外源性皮肤老化和过度活性氧产生导致氧化应激进而引起皮肤损伤的主要原因[11]。活性氧导致自由基的产生, 不仅直接促进酪氨酸酶的活化, 还可通过引发炎症反应进一步加剧色素沉积; 损坏皮肤细胞的DNA、蛋白质和脂质, 导致细胞功能紊乱和死亡。此外, 活性氧激活基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs), 分解皮肤中的胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白, 造成皮肤松弛、皱纹加深等老化现象[12, 13]。抗氧化成分一方面可通过抑制活性氧的生成和减少酪氨酸酶活性, 实现美白效果; 另一方面, 还可以通过保护皮肤细胞和基质蛋白, 减缓衰老过程。目前, 曲酸、对苯二酚、熊果苷和抗坏血酸等具有抗氧化和抗酪氨酸酶活性的化合物, 由于其对皮肤的不利影响和细胞毒性, 使用受到限制, 而中药材天然来源、安全性高、高效, 具有广阔的应用前景[12, 14]。水蛭的抗凝活性通过防止血液凝固、促进微循环流畅, 改善皮肤营养供应和代谢物排出, 减少色素沉着和炎症, 对皮肤健康和美白有积极影响, 在美白和抗衰老方面已有不少专利[15-17]。而抗凝活性远强于水蛭的菲牛蛭, 尚未有其相关的美白产品问世, 其抑制黑色素形成及抗氧化活性也鲜有报道。因此, 本文采用单因素和Box-Behnken响应面对菲牛蛭多肽的提取条件进行优化, 通过评价菲牛蛭多肽的酪氨酸酶抑制能力和抗氧化活性探讨其美白抗衰作用, 以期拓展菲水蛭及其提取物在美白抗衰方向的研究。
仪器  KH-250型双频数控超声波清洗器(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); Sorvall ST-8R型离心机、A51119500C型酶标仪(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); BT125D型十万分之一电子天平(德国Satorious公司); SPX-250型生化培养箱(北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司); VORTEX-7型涡旋振荡器(海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); D1008型迷你离心机(大龙兴创实验仪器股份公司); YXQLS-100SII型立式压力蒸汽灭菌器(上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂); D-LH/LC型荧光倒置显微镜(尼康映像仪器销售中国有限公司); LGJ-10型真空冷冻干燥机(北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司)。
试剂  石油醚(20230601415)、氯化钠(20221201) (天津市致远化学试剂有限公司); 无水乙醇[2023090, 福晨(天津) 化学试剂有限公司]; 盐酸(20210126)、无水氯化钙(20230701)、无水硫酸镁(20221008)、氢氧化钠(20240801) (北京化工厂有限责任公司); BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(No.051023230825, 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司); PBS缓冲液(GA24040093224, 上海尚宝生物科技有限公司); 酪氨酸酶(9002-10-2)、左旋多巴(100170-202105)、1-苯氧基-2-丙醇(M15218018) (上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 熊果苷(111951-202001, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 胰蛋白胨(3668481)、酵母提取物(441479002)、蛋白胨(20220530) (赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); 琼脂粉(24240305014, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 胆固醇(180805, 北京博奥拓达科技有限公司); 5-氟尿嘧啶(C15550723)、次氯酸钠(20230201) (上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 磷酸氢二钾(20220118)、磷酸二氢钾(20231206)、磷酸氢二钠(20230221)、磷酸二氢钠(20210904) (天津大茂化学试剂有限公司); H2DCFDA活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 荧光探针(2303X230376, 南京建成生物工程研究所); 菲牛蛭冻干粉(云南世纪华宝医药产业开发有限公司)。
线虫及菌株  野生型秀丽隐杆线虫N2 (C. elegans wild-type) 线虫株和尿嘧啶渗漏突变型大肠杆菌(E. coli OP50) 购自CGC (Caenorhabditis Genetics Center)。
多肽含量测定  按照BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒说明书操作, 蛋白标准在0~0.5 mg·mL-1与吸光度线性关系良好, 回归方程: y = 1.242 6 x + 0.126 79 (R2 = 0.997 4, n = 3), y为吸光度值, x为多肽质量浓度。根据公式(1) 计算菲牛蛭提取液的多肽得率(Y):
$ Y = \frac{A\times B}{C}\times 100 \% $
其中, A: 经回归方程求得的多肽质量浓度(mg·mL-1); B: 多肽溶液体积(mL); C: 菲牛蛭冻干粉质量(g)。
单因素实验  称取菲牛蛭样品2.0 g, 加石油醚8.0 mL, 超声提取1 h, 倾出并挥干石油醚。固定液料比10∶1, 提取次数1次, 超声时间3 h, NaCl溶液浓度分别为0.9%、1.8%、2.7%、3.6%、4.5%、5.4%、6.3%、7.2%和8.1%; 固定液料比10∶1, NaCl溶液浓度4.5%, 提取次数1次, 超声时间分别为1、2、3、4、5、6和7 h; 固定NaCl溶液浓度4.5%, 提取次数1次, 超声时间4 h, 液料比分别为5、10、15、20、25和30倍; 固定NaCl溶液浓度4.5%, 超声时间4 h, 液料比15∶1, 分别提取1 (6 h)、2 (4 + 2 h)、3 (3 + 2 + 1 h)、4 (2 + 2 + 1 + 1 h) 次。考察不同提取条件对菲牛蛭多肽得率的影响, 每组实验重复3次。
响应面实验设计  对各组菲牛蛭多肽得率最高水平与相邻水平进行组间比较, 选择影响显著性因素, 每个因素设置3个水平, 以菲牛蛭多肽得率为响应值, 根据Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理, 应用Design Expert 13.0.5.0软件处理数据, 结果分析, 模型验证得到菲牛蛭多肽最佳提取条件。
菲牛蛭多肽的纯化  称取菲牛蛭样品10 g, 根据上述最佳提取条件提取。提取液中加入预冷无水乙醇至浓度为60%, 4 ℃静置6 h, 4 ℃、8 000 r·min-1离心20 min。沉淀溶于等体积水, 4 ℃、8 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 重复3次, 合并上清液, 冷冻干燥即得。
酪氨酸酶抑制活性测试  采用96孔板加样, 以0.2 mol·L-1 PBS缓冲液作为溶剂, 将酪氨酸酶配置成100 U·mL-1, 左旋多巴配置成0.5 mg·mL-1。实验分为4组: A组为空白, 含200 μL PBS; B组为空白对照, 含100 μL PBS + 100 μL酪氨酸酶溶液; C组为测试样品对照, 含100 μL PBS + 100 μL样品溶液; D组为测试样品, 含100 μL酪氨酸酶溶液+ 100 μL样品溶液; 阳性对照为熊果苷, 含100 μL酪氨酸酶溶液+ 100 μL熊果苷溶液。样品在室温孵育30 min, 加入100 μL左旋多巴, 继续孵育5 min, 在酶标仪中测定其吸光度(A) 值(475 nm), 实验重复3次, 根据公式(2) 计算酪氨酸酶的抑制率(R), 并计算IC50值。
$ R=\frac{\left({A}_{\mathrm{B}}-{A}_{\mathrm{A}}\right)-({A}_{\mathrm{D}}-{A}_{\mathrm{C}})}{({A}_{\mathrm{B}}-{A}_{\mathrm{A}})}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
其中, AA: 空白A值; AB: 空白对照A值; AC: 测试样品对照A值; AD: 测试样品A值。
秀丽隐杆线虫的培养、同步化  线虫在22 ℃, 涂有E.coli OP50的无菌NGM固体培养基中培养。为保证同一实验的线虫生长发育同步, 实验前需对线虫进行同步化处理。选取含有较多处于产卵期且生长状态良好的线虫培养基, 用M9缓冲液将线虫冲洗转移至1.5 mL离心管中, 待线虫自然沉降后弃去上清液。加入1 mL线虫裂解液, 涡旋7~8 min后以10 000 r·min-1离心90 s, 弃去上清液。加入1 mL M9缓冲液, 涡旋30 s后以10 000 r·min-1离心90 s, 弃去上清液, 重复3次。将虫卵转移至空白NGM培养基上, 于22 ℃孵育约24 h, 转移L1期线虫至涂有E.coli OP50的无菌NGM固体培养基中培养至L4期即可用于后续实验。
秀丽隐杆线虫身体长度的测定  将菲牛蛭多肽配制成高(1.0 mg·mL-1)、中(0.5 mg·mL-1)、低(0.1 mg·mL-1) 3个质量浓度, 以无菌水为空白对照。将经过同步化处理且处于L4期的线虫分为前述不同组别, 给药处理24 h后, 挑取线虫到载玻片上, 滴加1滴1% 1-苯氧基- 2-丙醇溶液, 垂直盖上盖玻片, 将载玻片放置在倒置荧光显微镜下, 使用NIS Element软件对各组线虫的身体长度进行测定。每组60条线虫, 独立3次实验。
秀丽隐杆线虫运动能力的测定  将经过同步化处理且处于L4期的线虫分为前述不同组别, 给药处理24 h后, 将线虫转移到新的空白NGM培养基上, 滴加M9缓冲液, 静置2 min, 在显微镜下观察并记录20 s内线虫的头尾摆动次数。头部摆动和身体朝向同时改变为一次成功的头尾摆动。每组20条线虫, 独立3次实验。
秀丽隐杆线虫生殖能力的测定  将经过同步化处理且处于L4期的线虫分为前述不同组别, 每组挑取10条线虫分别放到一个培养基上, 22 ℃培养, 24 h后将各组线虫分别转移至新的培养基上, 转移4~5次至线虫基本不再产卵。含卵培养基在22 ℃孵育1~2天, 对各组所有培养基上的线虫进行计数。独立3次实验。
秀丽隐杆线虫体内ROS水平的测定  将经过同步化处理且处于L4期的线虫分为前述不同组别, 22 ℃培养, 给药处理5天后用M9缓冲液将线虫冲洗转移至1.5 mL棕色离心管中, 待线虫自然沉降后弃去上清液。加入M9缓冲液将线虫清洗3次, 弃去上清液。离心管中加入30 μL 20 μmol·L-1的DCFH-DA, 22 ℃染色2 h。M9缓冲液洗涤线虫, 离心, 弃上清液。离心管中加入20 μL 1% 1-苯氧基-2-丙醇溶液, 将麻醉好的线虫转移至载玻片上, 垂直盖上盖玻片, 将载玻片放置在倒置荧光显微镜下拍摄各组线虫荧光图片, Image J软件处理。每组60条线虫, 独立3次实验。
秀丽隐杆线虫体内脂褐素水平的测定  将经过同步化处理且处于L4期的线虫分为前述不同组别, 22 ℃培养, 给药处理5天后用M9缓冲液将线虫冲洗转移至1.5 mL离心管中, 待线虫自然沉降后弃去上清液。加入M9缓冲液将线虫清洗3次, 弃去上清液。离心管中加入20 μL 1% 1-苯氧基-2-丙醇溶液, 将麻醉好的线虫转移至载玻片上, 垂直盖上盖玻片, 将载玻片放置在倒置荧光显微镜下拍摄各组线虫荧光图片, Image J软件处理。每组60条线虫, 独立3次实验。
统计学分析  Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件分析响应面模型的显著性统计和回归方程; 使用IBM SPSS Statistics 25软件进行统计分析, 结果用$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示, 多组间比较如符合正态分布且方差齐则用ANOVA方差分析, 不符合正态分布则用Wilcoxon秩和检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。GraghPad Prism 8.0和Origin 2022软件绘制图形。
图 1A可知, NaCl溶液浓度为4.5%时, 与相邻浓度3.6%、5.4%比较, 菲牛蛭多肽得率有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。所以本实验根据单因素结果选择NaCl溶液浓度3.6%、4.5%、5.4%进行响应面分析。
图 1B可知, 当超声时间为4 h时, 其与相邻超声时间3和5 h相比, 菲牛蛭多肽得率具有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。所以选择超声时间3、4、5 h进行响应面分析。
图 1C可知, 当液料比在5∶1至15∶1时, 随着液料比的改变, 菲牛蛭多肽得率提高。当液料比超过15∶1时, 菲牛蛭多肽得率缓慢降低并趋于平衡。菲牛蛭多肽得率最高水平15∶1与其相邻水平10∶1和20∶1相比, 没有显著性差异, 3个水平液料比对菲牛蛭多肽得率影响相差不大。因此, 在响应面实验中直接选用得率最高的15∶1进行后续研究。
图 1D可知, 超声次数2次与相邻水平1次和3次之间存在显著性差异(P < 0.05), 故选用超声次数1、2和3次进行响应面分析。
根据单因素实验结果发现, NaCl溶液浓度、超声时间和超声次数对菲牛蛭多肽得率影响较大, 液料比对菲牛蛭多肽得率的影响没有显著性差异, 因此选择NaCl溶液浓度(A)、超声时间(B) 和超声次数(D) 这3个因素做三因素三水平响应面设计(表 1), 液料比选择得率最高的15∶1。
响应面实验设计方案与结果见表 2
对菲牛蛭多肽得率的结果进行拟合, 得到菲牛蛭多肽得率对NaCl溶液浓度(A)、超声时间(B) 和超声次数(D) 的二次多项式回归方程模型:
$\begin{array}{l}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{\rm{Peptide \;yield }}\left( \% \right){\rm{ }} = {\rm{ }} - 1.865{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}0.482 \times A + {\rm{ }}0.418{\rm{ }}8 \times B + {\rm{ }}\\0.404{\rm{ }}8 \times D - {\rm{ }}0.049{\rm{ }}2 \times {A^2} - 0.048{\rm{ }}88 \times {B^2} - 0.045{\rm{ }}37 \times {D^2} + {\rm{ }}\\0.001{\rm{ }}9 \times AB - {\rm{ }}0.029{\rm{ }}2 \times AD - {\rm{ }}0.017{\rm{ }}75 \times BD\end{array}$
对所得回归模型进行方差分析, 模型F值为11.02, P = 0.002 3, 该模型显著, 即对菲牛蛭多肽得率的影响较为显著, 具有统计学意义。失拟误差P = 0.071 5, 大于0.05, 该模型与实际试验拟合良好, 误差小。模型R2 = 0.934 1, 此模型可以合理解释试验中93.41%的多肽得率变化, 预测结果与实际结果的一致性较好。
响应面曲面可通过三维图或等高线图(图 2) 展示两个或多个变量与响应值之间的关系。坡度最陡的是NaCl溶液浓度和超声次数, 说明NaCl溶液浓度与超声次数的交互作用对菲牛蛭多肽得率影响显著, 与方差分析结果(P = 0.030) 一致。而NaCl溶液浓度和超声时间、超声时间和超声次数相较NaCl溶液浓度和超声次数坡度较平缓, 说明NaCl溶液浓度和超声时间(P = 0.861), 超声时间与超声次数(P = 0.108) 对菲牛蛭多肽得率影响不显著。各个因素对菲牛蛭多肽得率的影响程度为超声次数 > NaCl溶液浓度 > 超声时间。
运用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件预测菲牛蛭多肽提取的理论最佳条件: NaCl浓度4.29%, 超声时间3.94 h, 超声次数2.31次, 此时菲牛蛭多肽得率的预测区间在41.46%至51.41%。根据实际条件, 将最优条件参数进行修正, 选择最优的条件为: NaCl浓度4.3%, 超声时间4 h, 超声次数2次(2 + 2 h)。为了验证响应面法优化结果的可靠性, 选用修正的最优提取条件, 进行3次验证试验, 多肽得率的平均值为49.82%, 说明试验值与理论值模拟效果较好。
以熊果苷为阳性对照, 当质量浓度为3.2 mg·mL-1时, 其对酪氨酸酶的抑制率为56.29%, IC50为2.24 mg·mL-1。对菲牛蛭多肽进行酪氨酸酶抑制活性实验, 当质量浓度为3.2 mg·mL-1时, 其对酪氨酸酶的抑制率为59.65%, IC50为0.58 mg·mL-1, 优于阳性对照(2.24 mg·mL-1), 表明菲牛蛭多肽具有显著的酪氨酸酶抑制活性。
线虫的身体长度反映其生长发育能力。如图 3A所示, 0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1给药组的线虫体长与空白对照组相比无显著性差异, 说明菲牛蛭多肽在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1质量浓度下不会影响线虫的生长与发育。
线虫的头尾摆动反映其运动能力。如图 3B所示, 0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1给药组的线虫头尾摆动频率与空白对照组相比无显著性差异, 说明菲牛蛭多肽在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1质量浓度下不会影响线虫的运动能力。
线虫的产卵量反映其繁殖能力。如图 3C所示, 0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1给药组的线虫产卵量与空白对照组相比无显著性差异, 说明菲牛蛭多肽在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1质量浓度下不会影响线虫的繁殖能力。
图 4A所示, 与空白对照组相比, 0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1给药组的线虫体内ROS水平均降低。其中, 0.5 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽能显著降低线虫体内ROS水平(P < 0.01)。
图 4B所示, 与空白对照组相比, 0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1给药组的线虫体内脂褐素水平均降低。其中, 0.5和1.0 mg·mL-1的菲牛蛭多肽能显著降低线虫体内脂褐素水平(P < 0.001, P < 0.01)。
Box-Behnken响应面分析法能系统地分析多个提取因素(如温度、时间、溶剂、浓度等) 及其交互作用对提取率的影响, 有效优化提取条件, 提升有效成分的提取率; 通过生成二次模型拟合实验数据, 可有效捕捉提取过程中非线性和交互效应, 提供准确的预测; 并减少不必要实验点和极端点, 降低实验次数和成本, 还能通过直观的图形展示结果[18, 19]。响应面法已成为一种高效且实用的优化工具, 广泛应用于中药提取、制药工艺等多个领域[20]。本课题通过单因素和Box-Behnken法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺, 得到最佳提取工艺为NaCl溶液浓度4.3%, 超声时间4 h, 超声次数2次(2 + 2 h), 最佳工艺条件验证结果在响应面预测区间内, 优化的提取工艺可行, 具有实际指导意义。
皮肤是人体最明显的器官。皮肤老化不仅是一种生理现象, 还是一种健康风险。皮肤衰老是全人类共同关注的重要问题[21]。皮肤衰老是内因(如时间、遗传和激素) 与外因(如紫外线辐射、环境污染、吸烟和不健康的饮食和生活方式) 共同作用的结果, 临床表现为皮肤松弛、色素沉着、细纹、皱纹、皮肤干燥、粗糙等[22]。氧化应激、线粒体DNA突变、端粒缩短、激素变化、炎症反应、基质金属蛋白酶异常表达、DNA损伤、自噬损伤等分子机制已被确定与皮肤衰老有关[23-25], 其中代表性的是ROS引起的氧化应激[26]。氧化应激是指在外界环境因素(紫外线、污染、辐射等) 或内在因素(代谢紊乱、炎症等) 影响下, 体内ROS过度产生, 而抗氧化防御系统无法有效清除ROS, 导致体内氧化与抗氧化状态失衡的过程[27]。ROS可通过破坏皮脂的脂质成分和角质层细胞间基质的神经酰胺或氧化细胞膜磷脂的不饱和脂肪酸来损害皮肤[28]。高水平的ROS直接损害表皮角质形成细胞的DNA和脂质, 诱导角质形成细胞产生复杂的细胞反应, 包括激活NF-κB、ERKs、c-JNK或p38 MAPK, 磷酸化各种底物蛋白(如转录因子), 调节增殖、分化、炎症、凋亡等细胞活动[29, 30]。酪氨酸酶是黑色素合成过程中的关键酶, 其活性直接决定了黑色素的生成量[31]。ROS是黑色素产生所必需的信号传递信使, 其通过ERK和c-JNK途径的激活, 介导光导途径, 引发炎症反应, 参与调解表皮黑色素细胞的黑色素反应[32, 33]。抑制酪氨酸酶的活性减少黑色素的生成, 可减轻色素沉着。本课题在对酪氨酸酶抑制活性的实验中发现菲牛蛭多肽对酪氨酸酶具有良好的抑制活性, 且高于阳性对照熊果苷。
与传统动物模型相比, 秀丽隐杆线虫具有诸多优势(例如体型小、寿命短, 便于快速实验; 易于操作且实验成本低; 遗传背景清晰, 基因组小且已完全测序, 与人类同源性高; 结构简单透明等), 在研究药物活性作用和其作用机制方面具有很高意义[34, 35]。本课题以秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物, 得到在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·mL-1质量浓度下, 菲牛蛭多肽不会影响线虫的身体长度、头尾摆动频率和产卵量, 说明在这些质量浓度下菲牛蛭多肽不会对线虫正常的生命活动(生长发育、运动能力和繁殖能力) 产生不良影响。而与空白组相比, 菲牛蛭多肽降低秀丽隐杆线虫体内ROS和脂褐素水平, 表明其具有良好的抗氧化损伤活性。
活血化瘀药在皮肤衰老方面应用广泛[36], 而菲牛蛭具有显著的活血化瘀作用[37], 在这方面却鲜有报道。本文以超声提取法作为提取方法, 利用Box-Benhnken响应面分析法优化菲牛蛭多肽的提取工艺, 并对其美白抗衰活性进行了初步评价, 证实了菲牛蛭多肽能够降低酪氨酸酶活性且具有抗氧化损伤作用, 为菲牛蛭美白抗衰的深入研究奠定了基础, 为天然、安全的美白药妆成分提供一定数据依据, 具有重要的医学价值和实际意义。
作者贡献: 王嘉慧负责实验设计、实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 李姝琪、刘浩、郭海涛负责文章修改及实验操作; 杨国华、杨玉升负责文献查阅及整理; 马涛和刘永刚负责实验设计及文章审阅。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 科技人才与平台计划(院士专家工作站) 资助项目(202305AF150113)
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2024年第59卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0863
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
  • 修回日期:2024-10-12
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科技人才与平台计划(院士专家工作站) 资助项目(202305AF150113)
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    1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102401
    2.云南世纪华宝医药产业开发有限公司, 云南 楚雄 675000

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马涛, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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