Article(id=1193259087979840329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0855, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1733846400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424736255, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424736255, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424736255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424736255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=801, endPage=808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259088327967563, articleId=1193259087979840329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of the intrinsic mechanism of the inflection point-the exploration of a "liquid film" hypothesis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The critical relative humidity (CRH) is an important indicator for measuring the hygroscopicity of solid drugs. The intrinsic mechanism of rapid moisture absorption of water-soluble drugs under CRH is not fully understood, and we conducted preliminary exploration on this topic. Firstly, the newly developed model tablet moisture absorption method and the traditional powder moisture absorption method were employed to determine the CRH values, an equivalence test between the two methods was conducted by a two-tailed t test. Then a conductivity meter was employed to measure the conductivity values of drug model tablets under different relative humidity (RH) conditions. As we know, anhydrous copper sulfate is a grayish white powder, which is easy to turn blue after absorbing water, based on this, this salt was selected as a model drug, and its CRH value was measured. Furthermore, anhydrous copper sulfate was compressed into tablets, then placed under different RH conditions. A series of photos were taken to record the formation process of the liquid film. The reason for the inflection point of the moisture absorption equilibrium curve was postulated based on changes in conductivity and color. The results showed that the CRH values of sucrose powders and tablets were 85.05% and 85.01%, respectively; and the CRH values of sodium citrate powders and tablets were 77.14% and 76.93% individually; the results of the two-tailed t test indicated that the two methods are equivalent. At RH of 75%, the conductivity of sodium citrate changed slightly, while at RH of 79% greater than the CRH, the conductivity underwent a sudden change. Sucrose and anhydrous copper sulfate showed a similar trend of change. In addition, the process of blue dots of anhydrous copper sulfate changing from discrete to continuous was successfully captured during the observation of moisture absorption. In summary, the aforementioned results suggest that the mechanism of the rising rapidly in moisture absorption curve of water-soluble drugs at CRH is probably attributed to the formation of a continuous aqueous "liquid film" on the drug surface during the process of moisture absorption.

, correspAuthors=Min WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ni XIONG, Jun-liang ZHU, Yu-ting ZHANG, Min WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259431312982792, articleId=1193259087979840329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=水溶性药物吸湿曲线拐点呈现的机制——“液膜”假说的探索, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

临界相对湿度(critical relative humidity, CRH) 是衡量固体药物吸湿性的重要指标, 水溶性药物在CRH下吸湿激增的内在机制尚不完全清楚, 作者对此展开了探索。首先, 通过模型片剂吸湿法和传统的粉末吸湿法分别测定药物的CRH值, 并确定两种方法的等效性, 采用电导率仪检测不同相对湿度条件下药物模型片剂的电导率; 然后, 基于无水硫酸铜吸水后由灰白变蓝的特性, 遂以之作为模型药物并测定其CRH值, 将之压片后置于不同相对湿度条件下并拍照记录液膜的形成过程。综合电导率及颜色变化推测吸湿平衡曲线出现拐点的可能原因。结果测得蔗糖粉末和片剂的CRH分别为85.05%和85.01%, 柠檬酸钠粉末和片剂的CRH分别为77.14%和76.93%, 双侧t检验结果显示两种方法等效。柠檬酸钠在75%相对湿度条件下电导率变化较小, 而在79%相对湿度条件下电导率突变, 蔗糖与无水硫酸铜呈现出类似趋势。同时成功记录了无水硫酸铜在吸湿中蓝色从离散色点到连续的变化过程。综上, 初步推测水溶性药物在CRH处吸湿剧增的机制可能是药物表面在吸湿过程中形成了一层连续“液膜”。

, correspAuthors=吴敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴敏, Tel: 86-28-62739516, E-mail:
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A: The tablet just pressed; B: The tablet placed in glass dryer for 1 h; C: The tablet placed in glass dryer for 2 h; D: The tablet placed in glass dryer for 3 h; E: The completely hygroscopic tablet in glass dryer for 25 h , figureFileSmall=qC3ftG1L8sUkRi09REE8ww==, figureFileBig=iy8KXJ1un5ynn9PuxAme1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704059232916035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259087979840329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupWeight/mgMoisture absorption rate/%Compression force/TMoisture absorption rate/%
110031.8 ± 3.5440.7 ± 0.4
220046.4 ± 0.5****847.0 ± 0.3****
330048.4 ± 0.3****1247.4 ± 0.8****
), ArticleFig(id=1194704059320996420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259087979840329, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate variance analysis of the thickness or compression force of anhydrous copper sulfate tablet. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. ****P < 0.000 1 vs first group

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GroupWeight/mgMoisture absorption rate/%Compression force/TMoisture absorption rate/%
110031.8 ± 3.5440.7 ± 0.4
220046.4 ± 0.5****847.0 ± 0.3****
330048.4 ± 0.3****1247.4 ± 0.8****
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水溶性药物吸湿曲线拐点呈现的机制——“液膜”假说的探索
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熊妮 , 朱峻良 , 张雨婷 , 吴敏 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 801-808
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 801-808
水溶性药物吸湿曲线拐点呈现的机制——“液膜”假说的探索
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熊妮, 朱峻良, 张雨婷, 吴敏*
作者信息
  • 成都医学院药学院, 四川 成都 610500

通讯作者:

*吴敏, Tel: 86-28-62739516, E-mail:
Mechanism of the intrinsic mechanism of the inflection point-the exploration of a "liquid film" hypothesis
Ni XIONG, Jun-liang ZHU, Yu-ting ZHANG, Min WU*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0855
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临界相对湿度(critical relative humidity, CRH) 是衡量固体药物吸湿性的重要指标, 水溶性药物在CRH下吸湿激增的内在机制尚不完全清楚, 作者对此展开了探索。首先, 通过模型片剂吸湿法和传统的粉末吸湿法分别测定药物的CRH值, 并确定两种方法的等效性, 采用电导率仪检测不同相对湿度条件下药物模型片剂的电导率; 然后, 基于无水硫酸铜吸水后由灰白变蓝的特性, 遂以之作为模型药物并测定其CRH值, 将之压片后置于不同相对湿度条件下并拍照记录液膜的形成过程。综合电导率及颜色变化推测吸湿平衡曲线出现拐点的可能原因。结果测得蔗糖粉末和片剂的CRH分别为85.05%和85.01%, 柠檬酸钠粉末和片剂的CRH分别为77.14%和76.93%, 双侧t检验结果显示两种方法等效。柠檬酸钠在75%相对湿度条件下电导率变化较小, 而在79%相对湿度条件下电导率突变, 蔗糖与无水硫酸铜呈现出类似趋势。同时成功记录了无水硫酸铜在吸湿中蓝色从离散色点到连续的变化过程。综上, 初步推测水溶性药物在CRH处吸湿剧增的机制可能是药物表面在吸湿过程中形成了一层连续“液膜”。

临界相对湿度  /  电导率  /  水溶性药物  /  吸湿平衡曲线  /  液膜

The critical relative humidity (CRH) is an important indicator for measuring the hygroscopicity of solid drugs. The intrinsic mechanism of rapid moisture absorption of water-soluble drugs under CRH is not fully understood, and we conducted preliminary exploration on this topic. Firstly, the newly developed model tablet moisture absorption method and the traditional powder moisture absorption method were employed to determine the CRH values, an equivalence test between the two methods was conducted by a two-tailed t test. Then a conductivity meter was employed to measure the conductivity values of drug model tablets under different relative humidity (RH) conditions. As we know, anhydrous copper sulfate is a grayish white powder, which is easy to turn blue after absorbing water, based on this, this salt was selected as a model drug, and its CRH value was measured. Furthermore, anhydrous copper sulfate was compressed into tablets, then placed under different RH conditions. A series of photos were taken to record the formation process of the liquid film. The reason for the inflection point of the moisture absorption equilibrium curve was postulated based on changes in conductivity and color. The results showed that the CRH values of sucrose powders and tablets were 85.05% and 85.01%, respectively; and the CRH values of sodium citrate powders and tablets were 77.14% and 76.93% individually; the results of the two-tailed t test indicated that the two methods are equivalent. At RH of 75%, the conductivity of sodium citrate changed slightly, while at RH of 79% greater than the CRH, the conductivity underwent a sudden change. Sucrose and anhydrous copper sulfate showed a similar trend of change. In addition, the process of blue dots of anhydrous copper sulfate changing from discrete to continuous was successfully captured during the observation of moisture absorption. In summary, the aforementioned results suggest that the mechanism of the rising rapidly in moisture absorption curve of water-soluble drugs at CRH is probably attributed to the formation of a continuous aqueous "liquid film" on the drug surface during the process of moisture absorption.

critical relative humidity  /  conductivity  /  water-soluble drug  /  moisture balance curve  /  aqueous liquid film
熊妮, 朱峻良, 张雨婷, 吴敏. 水溶性药物吸湿曲线拐点呈现的机制——“液膜”假说的探索. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 801 -808 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0855
Ni XIONG, Jun-liang ZHU, Yu-ting ZHANG, Min WU. Mechanism of the intrinsic mechanism of the inflection point-the exploration of a "liquid film" hypothesis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 801 -808 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0855
水溶性药物吸湿现象在较低相对湿度条件下不明显, 当环境相对湿度增大至某特定值时, 药物吸湿量突增, 该特定相对湿度称为临界相对湿度(critical relative humidity, CRH)。对固体药物来说, CRH是衡量药物吸湿性的重要指标, CRH较低的药物吸湿性强, 对其理化性质、稳定性及生物学性质均会产生不利影响[1]。国内对药物CRH的研究[2]于1964年已有报道, 至20世纪80~90年代, 出现了数篇报道水溶性化药吸湿参数测定的文献[3, 4]。2000年起, 关于CRH的研究数量明显增多, 尤其是中药固体制剂研发领域。无论是化药抑或是中药, CRH在其制剂生产环境的控制[5]及贮存条件的优化[6, 7]等领域均展示出较高的指导价值。另一方面, 有关CRH的研究内容也日趋丰富, 如探索药物的CRH与其表观溶出速度、接触角等[8]其他参数的内在关联等。除了对药物稳定性展开的研究[9], 国外对湿度或相对湿度的研究还涉及公共卫生学[10, 11]、生理学[12, 13]以及农业[14]研究等诸多领域, 展示了CRH广泛的应用价值。
探索水溶性药物吸湿平衡曲线拐点呈现的内在机制, 可以为解决药品生产、包装、储存与运输等过程中的吸湿问题奠定基础。基于前人以及课题组前期的探索提出下列假说: “水溶性药物吸湿曲线存在拐点现象, 源于在CRH条件下药物表面形成水性液膜”。
当环境湿度低于CRH时, 空气中的水蒸气分压较低, 空气中水分子稀少, 水分子扩散并吸附至固体药物表面的同时固体药物表面水分子向空气中蒸发, 直至达到平衡状态, 此时吸附在药物表面的水分子数目较少, 处于离散状态, 宏观表现为吸湿量少。随环境相对湿度增加, 空气中水分子数目随之增加, 至某一临界值即CRH时, 物料表面产生的蒸汽压小于空气中水蒸气压[15], 固体药物表面吸附的水分子的量远大于从固体药物表面蒸发到空气中的水分子质量, 水分子在药物表面持续吸附, 水分子之间的间隔也逐渐缩小, 吸附水分子从离散状态至呈连续的单分子层、多分子层, 从第二层开始水分子即发生凝聚, 水从气态变为液态, 从而在药物表面形成一层液膜, 气态水分子扩散速度快而渗透性较弱, 而液态水分子扩散速度慢但渗透能力强, 宏观表现为极性较大的固体水溶性药物通过毛细管等机制快速吸收水分, 吸湿曲线呈现出“拐点”特征。
该连续水膜层的形成将导致固体表面性质的显著变化, 比如导电性。电导率用于描述溶液内传导电流的能力, 常被用来定量地描述溶液的电解质性质, 在环境监测[16-18]、法医[19]、土壤监测[20-23]、水质监测[24]和农业[25]等领域中被广泛应用。本研究选择水溶性的电解质与非电解质物质作为模型药物, 通过传统的粉末吸湿法和新建模型片剂法分别测定其CRH值, 并对测得CRH值进行双侧t检验, 证实两种方法的等效性; 进一步通过电导率法测定模型片剂上药物的电导率变化趋势, 以检验前述“液膜”假说的正确性。在前述研究的基础上, 选择无水硫酸铜作为模型药物, 通过记录其吸湿前后的颜色变化直观表征液膜的存在。
试药  柠檬酸钠(20170522, 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司); 无水氯化钙(20180917, 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司); 无水硫酸铜(20220419)、无水碳酸钾(20221108) 购自天津奥普升化工有限公司; 硫酸锌(20180702) 与无水硫酸钠(20221009) 均购自天津市福晨化学试剂有限公司; 乙酸钾(P816004)、硫酸氢钾(P815351)、氯化钠(S805275) 与溴化钠(S818075) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; 蔗糖(2020111901, 成都市科隆化学品有限公司); 氯化铵(2017040101)、硫酸铵(2017040101)、磷酸氢二钠(2017040101)、氯化镁(2017030101) 购自成都市科龙化工试剂厂; 前述试剂均为AR级。
仪器  JS78-10-02压片机(北京金主力科技有限公司); SSP-10A红外压片机(SHIMADZU); FA2204B电子天平(上海越平科学仪器制造有限公司); DDS-308+电导率仪(成都世纪方舟科技有限公司)。
药物粉末和片剂临界相对湿度的测定
药物粉末吸湿百分率的测定  配制不同的饱和盐溶液, 对应相对湿度分别为: CH3COOK 20%、CaCl2 32%、MgCl2 33%、K2CO3 43%、NaBr 58%、NaCl 75%、NH4Cl 79%、(NH4)2SO4 81%、KHSO4 86%、ZnSO4 90%、Na2SO4 93%、Na2HPO4 98%。将不同的饱和盐溶液分别置于多个玻璃干燥器中, 在密闭室内控制温度为25 ℃, 即可得到特定相对湿度和温度的环境。取3个40 mm × 25 mm的扁平称量瓶, 在55 ℃的烘箱中干燥至恒重, 精密称定, 记录重量为M0。称取3份药物粉末2 g分别放于3个称量瓶中, 铺平, 高约2 mm, 精密称定, 记录重量为M1。将3个称量瓶置于盛有饱和盐溶液的玻璃干燥器中, 于25 ℃的环境中保存, 24 h后取出称量瓶, 精密称定, 记录重量M2。根据公式(1) 计算吸湿百分率。
$\text{Moisture absorption percentage }\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)= \\ \quad\quad \quad \quad \frac{\left({M}_{2}-{M}_{1}\right)}{\left({M}_{1}-{M}_{0}\right)}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
其中, M0为称量瓶重量; M1为称量瓶+ 未吸湿药粉重量; M2为称量瓶+ 吸湿后药粉重量。
药物片剂吸湿百分率的测定  将蔗糖或者柠檬酸钠压制成约0.6 g的片剂, 无水硫酸铜采用红外压片机, 称取300 mg无水硫酸铜, 选用优化压力进行压片。取3个40 mm × 25 mm的扁平称量瓶, 放于55 ℃的烘箱中干燥至恒重, 精密称定, 记录称量瓶重量为M0。在这3个称量瓶中放入3枚片剂, 精密称定, 记录重量为M1。将3个称量瓶置于盛有饱和盐溶液的玻璃干燥器中, 于25 ℃的环境中吸湿, 24 h后取出称量瓶, 精密称定, 记录重量M2。根据公式(1) 计算吸湿百分率。
无水硫酸铜压片参数的优化
无水硫酸铜片剂压片厚度的优化  为方便观察片剂表面变化情况, 本研究选取大直径的模具——13 mm直径模具进行压片, 模具填充物料范围最大至300 mg。分别称取100、200、300 mg的药物粉末置于模具中压片。取规格40 mm × 25 mm称量瓶, 将其放入40 ℃的烘箱中干燥至恒重, 用天平精密称重, 记录下重量M0。每个称量瓶内放入3枚片剂, 用天平精密称定, 记录下重量M1。将环境温度设置为25 ℃, 取3个称量瓶放置在盛有高相对湿度溶液的玻璃干燥器中保存, 待其吸湿稳定后, 取出精密称量, 记录下重量M2。根据公式(1) 计算片剂吸湿百分率。
无水硫酸铜片剂压片压力的优化  红外压片机模具可承受压力范围在0~12 T。分别用4、8、12 T的压力进行压片。取规格40 mm × 25 mm称量瓶, 将其放入40 ℃的烘箱中干燥至恒重, 精密称重, 记录下重量M0。每个称量瓶内放入3枚片剂, 精密称定, 记录下重量M1。将环境温度设置为25 ℃, 取3个称量瓶放置在盛有高相对湿度溶液的玻璃干燥器中保存, 待其吸湿稳定后, 取出精密称量, 记录下重量M2。根据公式(1) 计算片剂吸湿百分率, 用SPSS对48 h时不同压力的吸湿百分率进行单因素方差分析。
吸湿平衡曲线的绘制及CRH的确定  将测得的数据导入Origin软件中, 以吸湿百分率为纵坐标, 以相应的相对湿度为横坐标绘制吸湿曲线, 在高、低相对湿度两点做切线, 得到的两条切线, 两切线交点的横坐标即为CRH。
片剂吸湿测定法的方法学验证  采用已在文献中报道的蔗糖CRH值作为验证对象, 以粉末吸湿法测得值作为真值, 将片剂吸湿法测得的6组CRH值(次数越多, 越接近正态分布) 对真值进行置信度为95%的双侧t检验。另外将数据用SPSS Statistics进行单样本t检验验证。双侧t检验过程如下, 建立原假设和备选假设, 原假设H0: 以片剂吸湿法测定的CRH =以粉末吸湿法测定的CRH; 备选假设H1: 以片剂吸湿法测定的CRH ≠以粉末吸湿法测定的CRH; 选择显著性水平α = 0.05; 根据测出的6组CRH值算出统计量t值; 查表得到t0.05/2, 5, 若t > t0.05/2, 5, 拒绝原假设, 认为两方法测得的CRH有显著性差异; 若t < t0.05/2, 5, 则接受原假设, 认为两方法测得的CRH无显著性差异。
电导率的测定
电导率仪改装  由于市面上没有适合本实验要求的电导率仪, 故对电导率仪进行了必要的改装以适应实验需求。改装后的电导率仪经无机盐验证, 可用于测定固体的电导率, 如NaCl固体粉末, 经过改装后的电导率仪测定其电导率, 均在100 μS·cm-1以上波动, 故可用于测定水溶性药物的电导率。具体改装方法如下: 用贴纸做一个恰好能够嵌合电导率仪玻璃管的长方体, 如图 1。长方体上端为开口, 下端闭合, 以嵌合电导率仪的探头。长方体的高度应以嵌合后稍微低于电导率金属片上端为佳, 这样药物表面形成的水膜恰好将两个金属片接通, 使电导率检测更为灵敏。
电导率测定  对电导率仪进行温度校正, 排除温度影响后进行样品测定[25]。称取适量柠檬酸钠置于上述改装后的电导率仪的贴纸内, 装满后, 用药匙的尾部轻轻按压, 使粉末紧凑地连接金属片两端, 最终加入的药物粉末应以恰好覆盖贴纸上表面最佳, 然后分别放置在盛有NaCl和NH4Cl饱和盐溶液的干燥器内, 控制温度在25 ℃, 在不同时间点记录电导率值, 根据电导率值和对应的时间在Origin上绘制柠檬酸钠的电导率变化曲线。
称取适量蔗糖置于上述改装后的电导率仪的贴纸中, 加入药物的量应以恰好覆盖贴纸上表面最佳, 然后分别放置在盛有(NH4)2SO4和KHSO4饱和盐溶液的干燥器内, 控制温度于25 ℃, 在不同时间点记录电导率值, 根据电导率值和对应的时间在Origin上绘制蔗糖的电导率变化曲线。
称取适量的无水硫酸铜置于上述改装后的电导率仪长方体内, 用药匙的尾部轻轻按压使得粉末与两端的金属片紧密连接。分别置于盛有K2CO3、NaBr与NaCl饱和盐溶液的干燥器内, 控制温度为25 ℃, 记录吸湿前后的无水硫酸铜电导率值变化情况。
无水硫酸铜片面颜色变化的记录  无水硫酸铜粉末为白色或灰白色且易吸湿成蓝色的五水硫酸铜, 易于直接观察吸湿前后颜色变化及吸湿情况。本实验选择无水硫酸铜为模型药物, 根据其CRH测定结果, 将无水硫酸铜置于58% RH的干燥器内, 控制环境温度为25 ℃, 记录不同时间点下的无水硫酸铜片面颜色变化情况。
统计学分析  所有结果均表示为平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s), 数据分析通过SPSS 22.0软件完成, 两组间比较采用t检验分析, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05代表具有显著性差异。
按“药物粉末和片剂临界相对湿度的测定”项下方法操作, 得到各个相对湿度下粉末与片剂的吸湿百分率。将各相对湿度下所对应的吸湿百分率数据输入Origin作图, 制作吸湿平衡曲线, 得到图 2AB
从图中可知, 两方法测得的CRH无显著差异(P < 0.05), 且两值均接近文献[26]值。在相对湿度低于CRH时, 吸湿百分率均小于1.00%, 仅轻微吸湿; 而当相对湿度大于CRH时, 吸湿百分率急剧升高, 吸湿量显著增加。
按“药物粉末和片剂临界相对湿度的测定”项下方法操作, 得到图 2CD, 从图中可知, 两方法测得的CRH无显著差异(P < 0.05)。在环境相对湿度低于CRH时, 吸湿百分率均较小, 随环境湿度增加而增加的幅度较小; 而当环境相对湿度大于CRH时, 吸湿百分率急剧增大。另外, 在一定相对湿度范围内还可观察到相对湿度与吸湿百分率呈现一定的线性关系, 比如粉末吸湿曲线中相对湿度在79%~93%, 片剂吸湿平衡曲线中相对湿度从79%到90%之间相对湿度与吸湿百分率都呈现良好的线性关系。
按“药物粉末和片剂临界相对湿度的测定”项下方法操作探究无水硫酸铜的CRH, 得图 2E。该图表明, 当相对湿度低于CRH值时, 片剂的吸湿程度较低, 并且随着环境相对湿度的增加, 吸湿程度的增加程度相对较小; 在相对湿度超过CRH时, 吸湿百分率大幅度增加; 在RH高于70%后, 吸湿百分率逐渐趋于稳定, 达到吸湿饱和状态。
从文献[26]中得到蔗糖CRH值为84.5%, 作者用粉末吸湿法测得CRH值为85.05%, 两者无显著差异, 故以实际测得的85.05%为标准值对片剂吸湿法进行双侧t检验, 检验过程如下:
片剂吸湿法测得6组CRH值(图 3): 85.41%、85.30%、84.92%、84.92%、84.69%、84.41%。各样本数据的RSD均在± 5%以内, 88.89%的数据在± 3%以内, 数据可靠。
原假设H0: 以片剂吸湿法测定的CRH =以粉末吸湿法测定的CRH; 备选假设H1: 以片剂吸湿法测定的CRH ≠以粉末吸湿法测定的CRH; 选择显著性水平α = 0.05; 根据6组CRH值算出: CRHmean = 85.01%, S = 0.28, n = 6。
$\left|t\right|=\frac{\left|\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{H}mean-\mu 0\right|}{S/\sqrt[]{n}}= 0.058$
查表得到t0.05/2, 5 = 2.57, 0.058 < t0.05/2, 5, 故接受原假设, 两方法测得的临界相对湿度无显著性差异, 即两种方法等效。
用SPSS进行单样本t检验, 与上述检验所得结果相同, 两方法无显著性差异。样本CRH均值为85.01%, 与文献值85%以及粉末吸湿法测得值85.05%高度接近。从SPSS结果可看到P = 0.725, > 0.05, 故认为两种方法测得的CRH值在置信度为95%的水平上无显著性差异, 即两方法等效。
按“药物粉末吸湿百分率的测定”和“电导率的测定”项下操作, 得到图 4A~C。各图均表明环境相对湿度低于CRH时, 电导率变化的速度和程度均较低或者几乎无变化。蔗糖在不同相对湿度条件下的电导率随时间的变化在图 4A中, 结果显示环境相对湿度低于CRH时, 即81%相对湿度的曲线, 电导率变化的速度和程度均较低, 仅从0.9上升到1.2 μS·cm-1; 而环境相对湿度增大至CRH后, 即86%相对湿度的曲线, 电导率变化的速度和程度都较大, 电导率从0.9上升到2.0 μS·cm-1图 4B为柠檬酸钠在不同相对湿度条件下电导率随时间的变化曲线。在79%相对湿度条件下, 电导率增加的速度和程度都较大; 而在75%相对湿度条件下, 电导率变化的速度和程度极小, 仅改变了0.1 μS·cm-1
据文献[27]报道铺粉厚度对CRH的测定存在显著影响, 鉴于此, 本文探索了不同片剂厚度对片剂吸湿的影响。按照“无水硫酸铜片剂压片厚度的优化”项下方法操作, 探究片剂厚度对吸湿率的影响, 结果见表 1, 表明随着片剂厚度的增加, 吸湿百分率随之变化。用SPSS进行单因素方差分析, 第一组与第二、三组之间的P值均小于0.000 1, 说明存在显著性差异。从SPSS结果中可看到第二组与第三组之间P = 0.575, > 0.05, 故认为两重量测得的吸湿百分率在95%的置信区间上不存在显著性差异, 两片剂重量即片剂厚度等效。
按照“无水硫酸铜片剂压片压力的优化”项下操作方法研究压力对吸湿率的影响, 得到表 1, 由表中数据分析发现, 不同压力下所得片剂吸湿百分率有所不同, 当压片压力增大时, 吸湿百分率有所增长。结果表明第一组与第二、三组之间的P均小于0.000 1, 说明存在显著性差异。第二组与第三组之间P = 0.431, > 0.05, 故认为两种压力下测得的吸湿百分率在95%的置信区间上不存在显著性差异, 两种压力等效。
用SPSS对同一压力、不同时间(24、48 h) 的吸湿百分率进行配对样本的t检验, 其结果P = 0.001, < 0.05, 说明在同一压力、不同时间条件下测得的吸湿百分率在95%的置信区间上存在显著性差异。
根据“无水硫酸铜片面颜色变化的记录”项下的操作方法探究片剂表面颜色变化, 得到图 5A~E。该图结果显示, 随着时间的推移, 无水硫酸铜白色片剂从放入时的白色表面逐渐开始出现离散的蓝色小斑点, 随后蓝色斑点累积成一小块蓝色的面, 最后白色渐渐被蓝色覆盖、分散的蓝色区域慢慢扩大、相互交融, 直至片剂的表面全部变成了蓝色。由图可知, 无水硫酸铜片剂在放入2 h (图 5C) 时可以明显观察到片剂表面的蓝色斑点、蓝色区块和还未变色的白色区域。完全吸湿后(图 5E), 药物表面已呈现均匀分布的蓝色。
在药学实践中, CRH在固体制剂研发中被广泛用于评估水溶性药物的吸湿性。CRH本质上是固体物料吸收气态水分子的结果, 但对于出现CRH现象的内在机制研究较少。根据气-固界面吸附理论[28], 水分子在碳与玻璃板上的吸附均为基于范德华引力、氢键等的多分子层吸附, 吸附剂-气体分子、气体分子-气体分子均存在范德华引力、氢键等, 因此气相分子撞在一个被吸附的分子上也可能被吸附。多分子层吸附中, 从第二层开始的吸附可视作凝聚。据此本研究提出水溶性药物吸湿曲线拐点呈现的内在机制——液膜形成假说。为验证该假说, 使液膜的形成过程可视化、具象化, 研究选择了电导率测定和颜色变化两种方法表征CRH时液膜的形成过程。
电导法可用于测定胶束形成前后电导率的突变[29]。类似地, 在药物表面形成水膜后, 固体表面的药物分子将溶解于该水膜从而形成一层非常薄的饱和溶液层, 根据文献[30]所述, 溶液中电解质浓度增加, 其传导电流的能力将增加, 因此药物的电导率应该会突增, 研究团队推测该突变同样可用电导法加以检测。从蔗糖、柠檬酸钠与无水硫酸铜电导率测定结果可知, 3种药物都存在电导率的突变, 因此药物吸湿剧增的原因可能就是由于这一层水膜的形成而导致的。在所查阅的文献范围内, 并未发现有关将电导率仪应用于表征水膜形成的研究报道, 因此本研究还可以为水膜的表征提供新的方法。
荧光共振能量转移中荧光颜色的变化及其程度与供、受体分子的空间距离紧密相关[31, 32]。受该类研究的启发, 本研究中采用硫酸铜为模型药物, 该药无结合水时呈白色或灰白色, 吸水后铜离子与4个水分子以配位键结合, 另一个水分子通过氢键与配位链相连, 总体上构成一种稳定的环状结构并呈现醒目的蓝色, 以其吸水前后颜色的变化来更直观的表征液膜较为宏观的形成过程。从图 5结果来看, 本研究清晰记录了蓝色由点到片再连接成面的全过程, 直观呈现了液膜的形成过程。本研究尝试以直观的颜色变化观察记录片剂表面液膜的形成过程, 为CRH相关研究提供了新的角度和实验方法。
实验采用纯药物压片, 压缩成型存在一定困难, 为此放弃了传统压片设备, 选择红外压片机并采用其最大型号模具进行压片。从实验实施角度来看, 较之粉体状物料, 压大片后更容易进行操作、观察和记录, 结果有更好的重复性。从片剂厚度的影响实验结果来看, 片剂厚度(取决于片重与模具)、压片压力及吸湿时间都对片剂的吸湿有一定影响。根据实验目的选择最接近粉体状态吸湿百分率时的片重, 同时从实验观察及保持固体性状稳定性方面来看, 300 mg都为最佳选项。从压片压力的影响实验结果可知, 压片压力对片剂吸湿有一定影响, 当压力增大时, 药物分子间作用力增强, 对水分子的吸附能力减弱, 水分子从溶液中逃逸的难度减弱; 药物分子进入水膜的难度增大, 药物溶出速度减小, 环境相对湿度增大后与药物溶液间的平衡时间及片剂吸湿稳定时间均延长[33]。此外, 在较大压力下所压出的片剂吸湿后不易产生裂片现象。
作者贡献: 熊妮统计并分析数据、撰写论文; 朱峻良、张雨婷分别完成部分实验操作、数据分析及内容撰写; 吴敏提出研究思路和框架, 设计实验, 修改论文。
利益冲突: 本研究未受到企业、公司等第三方资助, 不存在潜在利益冲突。
  • 四川省医学科研课题(S20059)
  • 区域制剂中心联合科研基金项目(23LHZJ06)
  • 成都医学院-成都医学院第一附属中医医院临床科学研究基金项目(2022LHZYYB-04)
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202313705017)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0855
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-11
基金
四川省医学科研课题(S20059)
区域制剂中心联合科研基金项目(23LHZJ06)
成都医学院-成都医学院第一附属中医医院临床科学研究基金项目(2022LHZYYB-04)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202313705017)
作者信息
    成都医学院药学院, 四川 成都 610500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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