Article(id=1308840314933178922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0844, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=1766592000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981448156, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981448156, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981448156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981448156, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1041, endPage=1050, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840315130311211, articleId=1308840314933178922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advancements in antimicrobial drug research targeting bacterial cell wall transferase MraY, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bacterial and parasitic infections rank as the second leading cause of death globally. The persistent rise in antibiotic resistance, particularly against β-lactams, vancomycinand methicillin, poses a significant challenge to public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the fight against antibiotic resistance, recognizing the urgent need for new targets and the development of novel antibiotics. Given that many potential drugs focus on pathogens prioritized by the WHO, which often share characteristics with existing antibiotic classes, fostering resistance, there is an imperative requirement to identify new targets and develop agents that specifically address these challenges. Bacterial peptidoglycan, with its specificity for bacteria and essential role in their survival, has become a focal point of research. Due to the enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis being exclusive to bacteria, they represent ideal targets for the discovery of new antimicrobials. Inhibiting these enzymes offers an optimal inhibition profile, where the inhibitors are inactive towards eukaryotic cells but effectively combat bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to introduce the advancements in the synthesis of a series of inhibitors targeting the bacterial transferase MraY, which catalyzes the first membrane-bound step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Currently, there are no antibiotics in clinical use that target MraY. By inhibiting MraY, the hope is to mitigate the development of resistance. Natural inhibitors of MraY, based on the aminoarabinosyluridine scaffold, have been known for their biological activity. However, due to their limited antibacterial efficacy, several research groups have embarked on the development of simplified analogues to enhance their therapeutic potential.

, authors=Hong-wei WAN, Shu-mei WEI*, authorsList=Hong-wei WAN, Shu-mei WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shu-mei WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840317151965761, articleId=1308840314933178922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=针对细菌细胞壁中的转移酶MraY的抗菌药物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细菌和寄生虫感染目前是第二大致死原因。全球范围内抗生素耐药性的持续增长, 尤其是β-内酰胺类、万古霉素、甲氧西林等抗生素的耐药性, 正成为公共卫生的重大问题。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 已将对抗生素耐药性的斗争列为优先事项之一。由于候选药物主要针对WHO优先关注的病原体, 且这些病原体往往与现有抗生素类别相似, 从而容易引发耐药性, 因此迫切需要识别新的潜在靶点并开发针对这些靶点的新型抗菌剂。细菌肽聚糖因其对细菌的特异性及对细菌生存的必要性而成为研究焦点。由于参与肽聚糖生物合成的酶仅存在于细菌中, 具有高度特异性, 因此它们是寻找新型抗菌剂的理想目标。抑制这些酶可以提供理想的抑制模式, 即抑制剂对真核细胞无害, 但能有效对抗细菌感染。本综述介绍了近年来MraY转移酶的抑制剂, 该酶催化肽聚糖生物合成的第一步膜过程, 并且目前没有用于临床的抗生素将其作为靶点。通过抑制MraY, 希望能延缓耐药性的产生。由于其抗菌活性有限, 很多课题组在天然的具有氨基核糖尿苷骨架的MraY抑制剂基础上, 进行了简化抑制剂的开发。

, authors=万洪维, 魏书梅*, authorsList=万洪维, 魏书梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏书梅, authorNote=

作者贡献:

万洪维负责文献查阅、数据统计分析及核对, 承担论文初稿的撰写工作; 魏书梅负责整体指导、论文的修改定稿, 以及论文质量。

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏书梅, E-mail:
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Eur J Med Chem, 2011, 46: 1582-1592., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308840317361680962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840317370069571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, companyId=1308840317361680962, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=PetroChina Institute for Research of Urumqi Petrochemical Company, Urumqi 830019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840317378458180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, companyId=1308840317361680962, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石油乌鲁木齐石化公司研究院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308840319551107673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qsjDN6nZoovJpKzNlhg7jw==, figureFileBig=uAssUrLbLEvHdi9XvQC6XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840319932789338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption=Undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc-pentapeptide reaction catalyzed by MraY, figureFileSmall=qsjDN6nZoovJpKzNlhg7jw==, figureFileBig=uAssUrLbLEvHdi9XvQC6XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840320385774172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E76ucLzosKr9YFnD0O8dwQ==, figureFileBig=Jp0hgT56I17Syztt3RBLqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840320452883037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=CN, label=Scheme 2, caption=Proposed mechanisms for MraY enzymatic reaction involving either two or one step, figureFileSmall=E76ucLzosKr9YFnD0O8dwQ==, figureFileBig=Jp0hgT56I17Syztt3RBLqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840320746484318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yPXB83sBnSmx4w0EeTv4sg==, figureFileBig=JD7/IxK3GfDj2i/E/MY3uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840320859730527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Description of the crystal structure of MraYAA. A: Crystallographic structure of MraYAA; B: X-ray structure of MarYAA (electron densities); C: MraYAA crystallized in the presence of Mn2+. Adapted from Ref. 3 with permission. Copyright © 2025 American Association for the Advancement of Science; D: Electrostatic surface of apoMraYAA; E: Cartography of the MD2 interactions with MraYAA; F: Structure of MD2, figureFileSmall=yPXB83sBnSmx4w0EeTv4sg==, figureFileBig=JD7/IxK3GfDj2i/E/MY3uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840320939422304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nOZllpl3GC84NRo6b80ATw==, figureFileBig=puayA79+FJQKlCIyZbpgzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840321006531169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840314933178922, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Crystal structures of MraY complexed with different inhibitors. A, B: Tunicamycin active site interactions; C, D: Structure of carabacaprazamycin and interactions with MraYAA from reference; E: Main interaction zones (HS) for MraY inhibition; F: HS occupied by carbacaprazamycin; G: Table of HS occupied by the different natural inhibitors of MraY co-crystallized with MraY: CAR, CAP, MUR, MD2 and TUN. A black square represents a strong interaction with the corresponding amino acid. A white square means that there is no interaction. A light grey square indicates that this part is not resolved in the corresponding crystallographic structure. Adapted from Ref. 15 with permission. Copyright © 2025 Spriger Nature limited. 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针对细菌细胞壁中的转移酶MraY的抗菌药物研究进展
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万洪维 , 魏书梅 *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(4): 1041-1050
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (4) : 1041 -1050
针对细菌细胞壁中的转移酶MraY的抗菌药物研究进展
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万洪维, 魏书梅*
作者信息
  • 中国石油乌鲁木齐石化公司研究院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830019
通讯作者:
魏书梅, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

万洪维负责文献查阅、数据统计分析及核对, 承担论文初稿的撰写工作; 魏书梅负责整体指导、论文的修改定稿, 以及论文质量。

Advancements in antimicrobial drug research targeting bacterial cell wall transferase MraY
Hong-wei WAN, Shu-mei WEI*
Affiliations
  • PetroChina Institute for Research of Urumqi Petrochemical Company, Urumqi 830019, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0844
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细菌和寄生虫感染目前是第二大致死原因。全球范围内抗生素耐药性的持续增长, 尤其是β-内酰胺类、万古霉素、甲氧西林等抗生素的耐药性, 正成为公共卫生的重大问题。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 已将对抗生素耐药性的斗争列为优先事项之一。由于候选药物主要针对WHO优先关注的病原体, 且这些病原体往往与现有抗生素类别相似, 从而容易引发耐药性, 因此迫切需要识别新的潜在靶点并开发针对这些靶点的新型抗菌剂。细菌肽聚糖因其对细菌的特异性及对细菌生存的必要性而成为研究焦点。由于参与肽聚糖生物合成的酶仅存在于细菌中, 具有高度特异性, 因此它们是寻找新型抗菌剂的理想目标。抑制这些酶可以提供理想的抑制模式, 即抑制剂对真核细胞无害, 但能有效对抗细菌感染。本综述介绍了近年来MraY转移酶的抑制剂, 该酶催化肽聚糖生物合成的第一步膜过程, 并且目前没有用于临床的抗生素将其作为靶点。通过抑制MraY, 希望能延缓耐药性的产生。由于其抗菌活性有限, 很多课题组在天然的具有氨基核糖尿苷骨架的MraY抑制剂基础上, 进行了简化抑制剂的开发。

细菌感染  /  抗生素耐药性  /  新型抗菌剂  /  细菌肽聚糖  /  天然MraY抑制剂骨架

Bacterial and parasitic infections rank as the second leading cause of death globally. The persistent rise in antibiotic resistance, particularly against β-lactams, vancomycinand methicillin, poses a significant challenge to public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the fight against antibiotic resistance, recognizing the urgent need for new targets and the development of novel antibiotics. Given that many potential drugs focus on pathogens prioritized by the WHO, which often share characteristics with existing antibiotic classes, fostering resistance, there is an imperative requirement to identify new targets and develop agents that specifically address these challenges. Bacterial peptidoglycan, with its specificity for bacteria and essential role in their survival, has become a focal point of research. Due to the enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis being exclusive to bacteria, they represent ideal targets for the discovery of new antimicrobials. Inhibiting these enzymes offers an optimal inhibition profile, where the inhibitors are inactive towards eukaryotic cells but effectively combat bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to introduce the advancements in the synthesis of a series of inhibitors targeting the bacterial transferase MraY, which catalyzes the first membrane-bound step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Currently, there are no antibiotics in clinical use that target MraY. By inhibiting MraY, the hope is to mitigate the development of resistance. Natural inhibitors of MraY, based on the aminoarabinosyluridine scaffold, have been known for their biological activity. However, due to their limited antibacterial efficacy, several research groups have embarked on the development of simplified analogues to enhance their therapeutic potential.

bacterial infection  /  antibiotic resistance  /  novel antimicrobial agent  /  bacterial peptidoglycan  /  natural MraY inhibitor backbone
万洪维, 魏书梅. 针对细菌细胞壁中的转移酶MraY的抗菌药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1041 -1050 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0844
Hong-wei WAN, Shu-mei WEI. Advancements in antimicrobial drug research targeting bacterial cell wall transferase MraY[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1041 -1050 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0844
抗生素是一种天然或合成的物质, 可以阻止细菌生长或导致其死亡。抗生素对细菌具有选择性毒性, 不会影响受感染宿主的细胞。然而, 自20世纪末以来, 抗生素不仅被滥用于预防和治疗, 还被滥用于农业, 作为动物的食品补充剂或用于治疗植物, 这导致了耐药性菌株的出现。事实上, 当细菌被迫在抗生素存在下生长时, 它会受到选择压力。发生突变的细菌可以在抗生素中存活下来, 并继续生长并将其耐药基因传递给后代细菌。耐药性已经变得非常严重, 一些菌株具有多重耐药性, 这是一个主要的公共卫生问题, 世界卫生组织将抗击抗生素耐药性列为10个优先研究课题之一。
针对耐药性的问题可以采取不同的策略: 合成针对市场上药物已经针对的靶标的新物质或开发针对新治疗靶标的抑制剂。肽聚糖是细菌壁的重要组成部分, 对细菌的生存至关重要。在参与肽聚糖生物合成的酶中, 实验室对膜转移酶MraY非常关注。这种酶不是任何药物的靶标, 同时该酶催化肽聚糖生物合成的第一步膜步骤, 目前是临床使用中没有对此酶的靶向研究。它的抑制应该会延缓耐药性的产生。
已知的几种天然MraY抑制剂, 大多数具有氨基核糖基-尿苷骨架, 这对其活性至关重要。然而, 这些天然核苷抑制剂的抗菌特性有限。目前很多课题组开发了这些抑制剂的简化类似物, 本文重点介绍近些年合成一系列MraY转移酶的抑制剂。
MraY转移酶催化是肽聚糖生物合成的第一个膜步骤。1965年首次在细菌膜中发现了MraY反应[1]。这一反应被称为“转移反应”, 由UDP-Mur-NAc-pentapeptide和十一烯丙基磷酸(C55P) 反应生成脂质Ⅰ [十一烯基焦磷酸-N-乙酰胞壁酸-五肽(undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc-pentapeptide)], 并释放出UMP单磷酸尿苷(合成路线1)[2]。该生物合成过程需要Mg2+的存在, 而且是可逆的, 但通过与参与生物合成下一步膜步骤的MurG转移酶反应耦合, 向脂质Ⅰ的形成转移。
MraY的跨膜位置使其难以纯化和结晶, 长期以来限制了其在抑制肽聚糖生物合成方面的应用。直到2013年, Chung等[3]利用从水蚤(Aquifex aeolicus) 中纯化的MraY (MraY from Aquifex aeolicus, MraYAA), 并解析了该载脂蛋白的结构[4, 5]。1999年Bouhss等[6]从大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌中分离并确定了MraY的拓扑结构。蛋白质由大约350个氨基酸组成: 革兰阳性菌约为320个, 革兰阴性菌约为360个, 具体取决于菌株。它由10个跨膜片段、5个细胞质结构域和包含N端和C端的6个包膜结构域组成[7]。5个胞质环与亲水序列相对应, 朝向胞质内部的方向和保守序列表明, 它们位于MraY的活性位点或在其附近。其他酶中也存在结构域Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ, 它们催化同类反应, 将脂质磷酸转移到UDP-N-acetylhexosamine的β-磷酸盐上, 从而形成了多烯磷酸盐-N-乙酰己糖胺-1-磷酸盐转移酶(polyisoprenyl phosphate N-acetylhexosamine-1-phosphate transferase, PNPT) 超家族。
该PNPT超家族包含7种已知的酶, 其中6种是原核生物酶, 参与细胞壁聚合物的生物合成(MraY、WecA、TagO、WbcO、WbpL和RgpG)。唯一确定的真核生物酶---谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT) 参与蛋白质N-糖基化。虽然这些酶具有相似的脂质前体, 但它们的糖核苷酸却各不相同, MraY的糖核苷酸为UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide, 而WecA和GPT的糖核苷酸则为UDP-GlcNAc。这种差异对于开发无毒的、选择性MraY抑制剂至关重要。
MraY的活性位点包含一个高度保守的由3个组氨酸(MraYAA为His324、His325和His326) 组成的结构域。MraYAA的活性位点还包含一个由天冬氨酸Asp117、Asp118和Asp265组成的催化三元组, 其中任何一个残基的连续突变都会导致酶活性的丧失。在PNPT超家族的其他成员中也发现了这种三联体[8]。
2004年, Bouhss等[4]成功地从几种细菌中获得了毫克级纯化的MraY, 并描述了过表达和纯化流程。迈克尔常数(Km) 反映了酶对底物的亲和力, 表示酶的速率达到其最大速率50%的浓度, 浓度越低, 表示底物对酶的亲和力越强。研究发现, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide和C55P的Km值分别为1和160 μmol·L-1, 这表明酶与其核苷酸底物之间的亲和力相对较弱。研究还表明, 要达到最佳的酶活性, 需要Mg2+离子和接近细菌细胞质pH值(7.2~8.0)。
自上世纪六十年代末以来, 人们一直在研究这种酶促反应的机理。Heydanek等[9]和Lloyd等[10]分别提出了两步机理(合成路线2)。它涉及3个亲核氨基酸残基的参与, 而这3个氨基酸残基在整个PNPT超家族中都是不变的。因此, Asp115和Asp116残基(大肠杆菌编号) 将参与二价Mg2+ (酶的辅助因子) 的结合, 而Asp267残基将参与UMP的亲核取代, 从而与酶形成共价中间体。然后, C55P的第二次亲核取代将导致脂质Ⅰ和游离酶的重组。
然而, Al-Dabbagh等[11]最近的研究结果与这一假设并不一致, 他们支持一步机制, 即C55P的磷酸氧阴离子直接攻击UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide的β-磷酸(合成路线2)。事实上, 以枯草杆菌的MraY为模型, 通过定点突变方法研究了该超家族中不变残基的作用。值得注意的是, 与大肠杆菌中天冬氨酸Asp267相关的天冬氨酸Asp231的突变并没有导致活性的完全丧失, 这与人们对催化过程绝对需要的关键残基失活的预期相反。天冬氨酸Asp98残基在超家族的所有成员中都是不变的, 它被认为可以作为催化碱基使C55P去质子化, 从而产生参与UMP直接置换的亲核实体。
近期对枯草杆菌MraY转移酶的研究证实了这些发现[12]。当MraY与作为唯一底物的UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide一起培养液培养时, 没有检测到UMP或P-MurNAc-pentapeptide的痕迹, 这与涉及磷酰-酶加合物形成的两步机制相悖。他们将这种活性差异归因于早期研究中使用了未经纯化的蛋白质。无论如何, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide的β-磷原子(红色显示) 的亲电性总是参与了亲核取代过程。
2013年Chung等[3]成功解析了同源酶MraYAA的晶体结构(pdb 4J72)。研究表明, MraY以二聚体形式结晶, 其二聚体轴垂直于假定的膜平面, 平行于结晶学中的一条二聚体轴(图1), 二聚体界面中心有一个椭圆形隧道(图1A), 该隧道主要由疏水氨基酸包围, 其大小足以容纳脂质。
Bouhss等[4]所建立的拓扑结构被MraYAA的X射线结构所证实, 即10个跨膜片段(命名为TM1~10) 和5个细胞质环(命名为A~E), N端和C端位于细胞质周围空间。从MraYAA的表面可以看出, TM9b周围有一个倒U形槽, 一直延伸到Asp117所在的活性位点。这个内凹槽可能是疏水性底物C55P的结合位点(图1B)。MraYAA酶与Mn2+阳离子共晶体化, Mn2+阳离子直接与Asp265相互作用, 但不与Asp117或Asp118相互作用。实验证明, 只有天冬氨酸Asp265 (大肠杆菌中为Asp267) 与活性位点中的金属相互作用(图1C)。
2016年Lee团队[13]解析了MraYAA与其天然抑制剂穆雷霉素D2 (muraymycin D2, MD2) 之间复合物的晶体结构(图1D~F)。该结构显示, 与apoMraYAA形式相比, 当MD2结合时, 活性位点明显后移。TM9b部分远离活性位点, E环重组, 使其亲水部分更靠近TM9b部分(图1D)。此外, 虽然Mg2+离子对酶的活性至关重要, 但在该结构中没有观察到该离子与MD2的相互作用。根据这些晶体学数据, 可以绘制出MD2与MraYAA的相互作用图(图1E)。尿嘧啶分子与Lys70、Asp196和Asn255残基建立了3个氢键。位于这个口袋中的残基Phe262通过疏水作用与尿嘧啶形成稳定作用。氨基核糖的胺与Asp193形成氢键, 而其羟基功能则与Thr75形成两个氢键。
2017年, Hakulinen等[14]解析了来自致病性革兰阳性菌波尔特梭菌(Clostridium bolteae) 的MraY (MraYCB) 与天然MraY抑制剂妥尼霉素(tunicamycin, TM) 的复合物结构(pdb 5CKR)。MraYCB和MraYAA的序列同一性为34%, 它们整体相似。尿嘧啶的定位与MraYAA中MD2的定位相似(图2A、B)。尿嘧啶和氨基核糖形成的相互作用与之前观察到的类似。组氨酸His291 (相当于MraYAA中的His325) 与抑制剂之间存在氢键。
2019年, MraYAA与卡普拉霉素(capuramycin, CAP, pdb 6OYZ)、3′-羟基金霉素(3′-hydroxymureidomycin A, MUR, pdb 6OZ6), 以及卡曲霉素的合成类似物(carbacaprazamycin, CAR, pdb 6OYH) 的3个复合物的结构被解析[15]。碳化CAR的氨基核糖和尿嘧啶的位置及活性位点的形状与在MraYAA-MD2复合物(pdb 5CKR) 中观察到的非常相似(图2C、D)。apoMraYAA形式(pdb 4J72) 中描述的深疏水槽可容纳碳化CAR的脂肪链。在Lys70、Asp196、Asn255、Phe262和尿嘧啶残基之间, 以及Thr75和Asp193残基与氨基核糖之间, 发现了之前已确定的相互影响。二氮杂环庚酮的中心核心与E环的His325残基的羧酸根发生了单一的相互作用。
通过对MraY与不同配体的复合物的晶体结构进行比较分析, 可以精确地绘制出该酶的活性位点及与抑制剂结合所涉及的氨基酸的分布图。除了尿苷口袋之外, 还确定了7个主要的相互作用区, 其中6个区域被命名为“热点”(hot-spot, HS1~6, 图2E)。例如, 对于CAR, 分子与“尿苷口袋”(红色)、与HS1相邻的尿苷(浅绿色)、HS4疏水性口袋(青色) 和HS2 [由TM9b段和E环(紫色) 组成的区域] 相互作用(图2F)。尿嘧啶图案在尿苷口袋中的结合在所有5种结构中都是相同的, 而HS口袋的占据情况则因抑制剂的结构而异。例如, CAR的疏水烷基链与疏水环HS4相互作用, 而穆雷霉素的肽链则与TM9b和E环之间的HS2区域相互作用, 该区域可通过与E环螺旋中的His325相互作用而进入。看来至少需要占用两个HS。这些热点的确定为设计和优化强效MraY转移酶抑制剂提供了关键优势。
从不同的链霉菌株中分离出了几类天然的MraY转移酶抑制剂, 其中部分抑制效果较好的抑制剂对MraY有很强的抑制作用(IC50 = 0.01~10 μg·mL-1)。MraY抑制剂可分为3类[16]: 安福霉素、蛋白E (一种噬菌体ɸX174的裂解蛋白) 和核苷类抗生素。安福霉素(amphomycin, 图3)[17]是一种钙依赖性脂肽类抗生素, 由带有3-异十二烷酸的环状十一肽形成。它与C55P脂载体相互作用[18, 19], 与C55P形成依赖于钙的复合物, 从而抑制细胞壁的生物合成。目前, 它在兽医行业中被用作局部杀菌剂, 但其分子十分复杂, 化学修饰仅限于半合成。核苷抗生素可细分为衣霉素类[20]、尿苷肽类[21-24]、卡普霉素类[25]、糖氨尿苷类[26-28]等不同的类别。
合成复杂天然MraY抑制剂的简化类似物并保留抗菌活性是一个挑战, 目前已经取得了显著进展。
Dini课题组[29]通过分子模拟研究将两种有效的MraY抑制剂(衣霉素和脂质霉素) 的更稳定构象与MraY核苷酸天然底物叠加在一起, 结果表明, 氨基核糖基尿苷骨架是抑制MraY所需的最小结构, 基于此结构, 他们进行了深入的化学研究, 以确定可以移除或替换的药效团功能组, 提高对MraY的抑制活性, 确定了氨基核糖核苷酸骨架对MraY抑制活性的重要性, 在这个骨架中, 尿嘧啶、3″位的羟基和5′位的S构型对活性至关重要, 此外, 5′位的氨基和取代基的性质也非常重要(图4)[29-31]。
尽管穆雷霉素的结构特别复杂, 目前已经开发出许多类似物的合成策略[32]。值得注意的是, 2010年Matsuda团队[33]描述了穆雷霉素类似物的构效关系, 其中复杂的肽链被更简单的肽链取代(图5A)。活性最强的化合物3对从金黄色葡萄球菌中纯化的MraY的IC50为0.7 μmol·L-1, 抗菌活性与天然穆雷霉素A和B相当(对金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌为0.25~4 μg·mL-1)。另一种具有强效MraY抑制作用的化合物4对人类HepG2细胞有毒性。
在2022年, Ichikawa团队[34, 35]开发了穆雷霉素类似物, 该类似物展示了一种简化的刚性支架, 带有芳基炔烃部分(图5B)。同年, 该小组研究了通过药物设计简化穆雷霉素和卡普拉霉素, 重点关注糖折叠和二面角φ[36], 并开发了LNA/BNA类似物, 设想这些类似物能够固定活性构象, 该构象由引入5′-取代基控制。活性最高的化合物(图3C) 对金黄色葡萄球菌的MraY的IC50为4.6 μmol·L-1。
Christian Ducho团队[37]设计并合成了许多穆雷霉素类似物。他们特别研究了肽侧链简化的类似物核苷核心结构立体化学变化的影响。虽然立体化学的一些反转导致对MraY的抑制效力降低约一个数量级, 但核心基序的C5′-差向异构体保留了抑制活性, 侧链中的L-和D-Leu之间存在明显差异(图5D)[38]。结果表明, 5′-和6′-位上的两个取代基中至少有一个需要处于其天然构型。这些化合物对大肠杆菌没有表现出抗菌活性。
卡普拉霉素中特有的二氮杂环能够实现不同基团的特定取向, 确保它们与MraY活性位点的特定相互作用, 尽管X射线晶体学数据表明它的羧酸盐与环E的His325残基建立了单一相互作用[39]。
从2007年到2015年, Matsuda团队[40]合成了各种卡普拉霉素类似物并评估了它们的生物活性。在二氮杂环C3‴位置引入棕榈酰链使棕榈酰卡普拉唑对耻垢分枝杆菌ATCC607 (MIC = 6.25 μg·mL-1) 表现出抗菌活性, 其效力与卡普拉霉素相似。此外, 棕榈酰卡普拉唑及其N6′-去甲基类似物也表现出对耐药菌的抗菌活性(图6A)[40]。该研究小组专注于用更简单的结构(二酮哌嗪基团、尿素或酰胺键) 替换二氮䓬序列, 同时保留疏水链(图6B), 只有具有长烷基链的分子才表现出抗菌活性(MIC = 12.5~50 μg·mL-1)[41]。
2020年, Ducho团队[42]尝试通过在固体载体上构建肽单元来设计新的穆雷霉素类似物。然而, 由于Fmoc脱保护和随后的环化, 他们获得了一种具有类似卡普拉霉素的七元二氮杂环的新化合物(合成路线3A), 但该化合物没有表现出MraY抑制活性。Auberger等[43]合成了转移酶MraY催化的反应底物类似物, 其中UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide的二磷酸盐被生物电子等排体(如酮膦酸酯) 取代。其中, 最佳化合物的IC50为190 μmol·L-1 [44], 表明五肽链对活性很重要, 但酮膦酸酯的几何形状效果一般(图6C)。同时该研究小组[45, 46]还实现了基于脂质霉素和卡普拉霉素的中心二氮杂环酮核心的各种化合物的合成(合成路线3B)。它们的合成依赖于丝氨酸衍生物与来自L-抗坏血酸的对映体纯叠氮基环氧化物的N-烷基化, 然后进行内酯化-内酰胺化序列。通过酯化、糖基化和还原胺化反应分别引入不同的取代基, 从而产生一组化合物, 其IC50为100~1 200 mmol·L-1 [47]。活性更高的化合物含有脂肪酸链、模拟天然抑制剂中存在的尿苷, 包括烷基尿嘧啶残基和氨基核糖部分。
针对细菌细胞壁转移酶MraY的抗菌药物研究在过去几年取得了显著进展, 这一领域旨在开发针对细菌细胞壁合成关键步骤的新型抑制剂, 以克服当前抗生素耐药性的挑战。MraY是一种独特的酶, 它催化了肽聚糖生物合成的第一步, 仅存在于细菌中, 这使得它成为对抗细菌感染的潜在新靶点。研究人员已经合成了一系列简化的MraY抑制剂, 这些化合物具有生物活性必需的氨基核糖尿苷骨架, 并且保持了特定的构型(S在C5′位置), 同时引入了两种不同的环状间隔物, 以优化与MraY的结合效率和选择性。作为当前抗菌药物研发领域的一个重要分支, 它代表了对抗生素耐药性挑战的创新策略。通过深入研究MraY抑制剂的作用机制、优化其设计并推进临床前及临床试验, 有望为治疗细菌感染提供新的有效手段, 进而对抗生素耐药性问题做出贡献。然而, 当前面临的主要挑战仍然在于产量低下、合成途径错综复杂, 以及在确保药物毒性与靶向性之间达成微妙平衡方面的难度。未来的研究工作应聚焦于探索和开发更为高效且安全的MraY抑制剂, 旨在响应和满足不断攀升的医疗需求。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0844
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
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    中国石油乌鲁木齐石化公司研究院, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830019

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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