Article(id=1190373731609448990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0825, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1732636800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813688, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813688, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1227, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373731806581279, articleId=1190373731609448990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus polylactic acid porous microspheres, columnId=1190332325767516958, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Live biotherapeutic products based on engineered bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oral probiotics are susceptible to the gastrointestinal environment, so the number of probiotics reaching the intestine is small and difficult to colonize, limiting the application of probiotic therapy. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG), a common probiotic, was chosen as a model, and layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microspheres with glycol chitosan (GCS) and sodium alginate (SA) were prepared to investigate it's in vitro properties. Poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres (PLPM) were prepared by the complex milk-solvent evaporation method, with rounded morphology, uniform size, open and connected porous structure, and the average particle size of 138.5 μm. The PLPM were co-incubated with LGG for 8 h at 37 ℃ to obtain the LGG-loaded porous microspheres (LPM) with high bacterial loadings. The surface of the LPM were wrapped with GCS and SA layer by layer by electrostatic action to obtain the layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microspheres with GCS and SA (AGLPM). In vitro experiments demonstrated that AGLPM could tolerate simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid at pH 7.4 for 2 h, and its stability was significantly better than that of bare LGG. AGLPM was a better probiotic dosage form.

, correspAuthors=Wei HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong-cong XIAO, Meng-xiu SONG, Bo-han CHEN, Li-ming GONG, Chen-fei LIU, Jing FENG, Li-qing CHEN, Ming-ji JIN, Zhong-gao GAO, Wei HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374190923485234, articleId=1190373731609448990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=鼠李糖乳杆菌聚乳酸多孔微球的制备和性质评价, columnId=1190332325914317601, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

口服益生菌易受胃肠道环境影响, 到达肠道的益生菌数目很少, 难以定植, 限制了益生菌疗法的应用。本研究选择常见益生菌——鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG) 作为模型, 制备了鼠李糖乳杆菌聚乳酸多孔微球制剂, 考察其体外性质。采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备得到左旋聚乳酸多孔微球(poly-L-lactic acid porous microsphere, PLPM), 形态圆整, 大小均匀, 有开放及连通的多孔结构, 平均粒径为138.5 μm。在37 ℃将PLPM与LGG共孵育8 h, 得到高载菌率的鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球(LGG-loaded porous microsphere, LPM)。通过静电作用逐层将乙二醇壳聚糖(glycol chitosan, GCS) 和海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, SA) 包裹于LPM表面, 得到乙二醇壳聚糖和海藻酸钠包封的鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球制剂(layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microsphere with GCS and SA, AGLPM)。体外实验证明, AGLPM可以耐受2 h pH 1.2的模拟胃液及pH 7.4的模拟肠液, 稳定性显著强于裸LGG。壳聚糖和海藻酸钠包裹的聚乳酸多孔微球是一种较好的益生菌剂型。

, correspAuthors=黄伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄伟, Tel: 86-10-63026505, E-mail:
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PLLA: Poly-<i>L</i>-lactic acid; PLPM: Poly-<i>L</i>-lactic acid porous microsphere; LGG: <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>; LPM: LGG-loaded porous microsphere; GCS: Glycol chitosan; SA: Sodium alginate , figureFileSmall=2+B4oRhagZJ+3PMVQLKNbw==, figureFileBig=/UqEWLO/D5CPdCWsyEq+Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694725666616079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Fx32VshC1HKgsWfDJ+VH7A==, figureFileBig=G5SVf5h9RCdN5IiJf6LE4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726115406610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The growth curves of LGG (A) and the different influencing factors on PLPM particle size (B-H). B: PLLA viscosity; C: PLLA concentration; D: PVA solution volume; E: PVA viscosity; F: PVA concentration; G: Shearing rate; H: Shearing time , figureFileSmall=Fx32VshC1HKgsWfDJ+VH7A==, figureFileBig=G5SVf5h9RCdN5IiJf6LE4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726249624340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tAXSNf3NBFSj3nvvcewCfA==, figureFileBig=0U3TFTDU2+09tw99KL8r+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726383842069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Characterization of PLPM. A: SEM image of PLPM; B: Enlarged SEM image of PLPM; C: Particle size distribution of PLPM. SEM: Scanning electron microscope , figureFileSmall=tAXSNf3NBFSj3nvvcewCfA==, figureFileBig=0U3TFTDU2+09tw99KL8r+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726463533846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FoRv+3tM7iHv2vdftB+3eg==, figureFileBig=6YGNEyBG8Vq6Wlol2Gf89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726685831959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Actual incubation of LPM at different time , figureFileSmall=FoRv+3tM7iHv2vdftB+3eg==, figureFileBig=6YGNEyBG8Vq6Wlol2Gf89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694726828438296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pnHuhNprPLJaVuNN7iZutQ==, figureFileBig=h7QKNkE+SJIF+s5KH7BTGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694727042347801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Characterization of LPM. A: SEM image of LPM; B: Enlarged SEM image of LPM; C: Particle size distribution of LPM; D: CLSM images of LPM (Scale bar: 100 μm; Bright field, fluorescence image and merged photo of LPM was shown from left to right). CLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscope , figureFileSmall=pnHuhNprPLJaVuNN7iZutQ==, figureFileBig=h7QKNkE+SJIF+s5KH7BTGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694727151399709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OVKG8TsNartYGgokkniFrw==, figureFileBig=VBSV0/tB26rR541tdXY8NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694727377892129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373731609448990, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Characterization of LGG, LPM and AGLPM. 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肖聪聪 , 宋孟修 , 陈波翰 , 龚黎明 , 刘陈霏 , 冯靖 , 陈丽青 , 金明姬 , 高钟镐 , 黄伟 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025,60(5): 1221-1227
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025, 60(5): 1221-1227
鼠李糖乳杆菌聚乳酸多孔微球的制备和性质评价
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肖聪聪, 宋孟修, 陈波翰, 龚黎明, 刘陈霏, 冯靖, 陈丽青, 金明姬, 高钟镐, 黄伟*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物传输技术与新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*黄伟, Tel: 86-10-63026505, E-mail:
Preparation and properties evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus polylactic acid porous microspheres
Cong-cong XIAO, Meng-xiu SONG, Bo-han CHEN, Li-ming GONG, Chen-fei LIU, Jing FENG, Li-qing CHEN, Ming-ji JIN, Zhong-gao GAO, Wei HUANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Preparations, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0825
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口服益生菌易受胃肠道环境影响, 到达肠道的益生菌数目很少, 难以定植, 限制了益生菌疗法的应用。本研究选择常见益生菌——鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG) 作为模型, 制备了鼠李糖乳杆菌聚乳酸多孔微球制剂, 考察其体外性质。采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备得到左旋聚乳酸多孔微球(poly-L-lactic acid porous microsphere, PLPM), 形态圆整, 大小均匀, 有开放及连通的多孔结构, 平均粒径为138.5 μm。在37 ℃将PLPM与LGG共孵育8 h, 得到高载菌率的鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球(LGG-loaded porous microsphere, LPM)。通过静电作用逐层将乙二醇壳聚糖(glycol chitosan, GCS) 和海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, SA) 包裹于LPM表面, 得到乙二醇壳聚糖和海藻酸钠包封的鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球制剂(layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microsphere with GCS and SA, AGLPM)。体外实验证明, AGLPM可以耐受2 h pH 1.2的模拟胃液及pH 7.4的模拟肠液, 稳定性显著强于裸LGG。壳聚糖和海藻酸钠包裹的聚乳酸多孔微球是一种较好的益生菌剂型。

益生菌  /  聚乳酸  /  多孔微球  /  海藻酸钠  /  乙二醇壳聚糖

Oral probiotics are susceptible to the gastrointestinal environment, so the number of probiotics reaching the intestine is small and difficult to colonize, limiting the application of probiotic therapy. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG), a common probiotic, was chosen as a model, and layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microspheres with glycol chitosan (GCS) and sodium alginate (SA) were prepared to investigate it's in vitro properties. Poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres (PLPM) were prepared by the complex milk-solvent evaporation method, with rounded morphology, uniform size, open and connected porous structure, and the average particle size of 138.5 μm. The PLPM were co-incubated with LGG for 8 h at 37 ℃ to obtain the LGG-loaded porous microspheres (LPM) with high bacterial loadings. The surface of the LPM were wrapped with GCS and SA layer by layer by electrostatic action to obtain the layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microspheres with GCS and SA (AGLPM). In vitro experiments demonstrated that AGLPM could tolerate simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid at pH 7.4 for 2 h, and its stability was significantly better than that of bare LGG. AGLPM was a better probiotic dosage form.

probiotic  /  poly lactic acid  /  porous microsphere  /  sodium alginate  /  glycol chitosan
肖聪聪, 宋孟修, 陈波翰, 龚黎明, 刘陈霏, 冯靖, 陈丽青, 金明姬, 高钟镐, 黄伟. 鼠李糖乳杆菌聚乳酸多孔微球的制备和性质评价. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1221 -1227 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0825
Cong-cong XIAO, Meng-xiu SONG, Bo-han CHEN, Li-ming GONG, Chen-fei LIU, Jing FENG, Li-qing CHEN, Ming-ji JIN, Zhong-gao GAO, Wei HUANG. Preparation and properties evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus polylactic acid porous microspheres[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1221 -1227 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0825
益生菌是一种活的微生物, 可以与病原体竞争生存空间、分泌抗菌物质抑制病原菌在肠道中的定植和增殖[1-3], 可以与肠上皮细胞相互作用维持肠道通透性和增强肠道屏障功能[4-6], 还可以与各种细胞相互作用来调节肠道免疫功能, 包括IEC、DC、T细胞和B细胞等[7-10], 进而提高机体的免疫力, 改善机体的健康[11]。肠道中定植数量充足的益生菌是益生菌发挥疗效的前提, 决定益生菌口服疗效的关键是可以耐受胃肠道环境, 并在肠道中有效定植。益生菌的活力决定其定植效率, 口服益生菌受胃肠道恶劣环境(胃肠液pH 1~8变化、胆汁酸盐、各种消化酶等) 的影响, 导致益生菌活力降低乃至大量死亡, 影响益生菌在胃肠道中的定植和增殖[12], 限制了益生菌疗法的应用。在实际应用中常常采用高频次地给与足够多数量益生菌以期提高人体胃肠道内益生菌数量, 如常见益生菌片剂、益生菌粉剂等, 由于其疗效一般, 常常作为膳食补充剂。目前, 研究人员主要通过各种递送系统(如微胶囊化技术、涂层技术等) 封装益生菌或者通过基因编辑技术改造益生菌[13-15], 使其耐受胃肠道环境, 以期增强益生菌定植效率。
本研究为了克服益生菌递送遇到的难题, 选择生物相容性好的左旋聚乳酸(poly-L-lactic acid, PLLA) 为载体材料, 采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备左旋聚乳酸多孔微球(poly-L-lactic acid porous microsphere, PLPM) 并加载典型益生菌——鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LGG), 制备鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球(LGG-loaded porous microsphere, LPM), 并对LPM进行处方筛选与表征, 进一步通过静电作用将天然高分子多糖即乙二醇壳聚糖(glycol chitosan, GCS)-海藻酸钠(sodium alginate, SA) 封装在LPM表面, 得到乙二醇壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包封的鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球(layer-by-layer encapsulated LGG-loaded porous microsphere with GCS and SA, AGLPM), 构建一种益生菌递送系统(图 1), 用于高效递送益生菌, 最后对LGG及制剂的生长曲线及在胃肠模拟液稳定性进行初步评价, 为益生菌制剂的研发奠定研究与实践基础。
试剂   鼠李糖乳杆菌(134266, 北纳生物科技有限公司); 左旋聚乳酸(PLLA-07、PLLA-10、PLLA-20, 山东省生物医药科学院有限公司); 二氯甲烷(分析纯, 北京市通广精细化工公司); 聚乙烯醇(03-88、05-88、17-88、24-88, 江西阿尔法高科药业有限公司); MRS培养基(20230830, 北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司); MRS肉汤(027312, 广州环凯微生物科技有限公司); 乙二醇壳聚糖(T13708, 聚合度≥ 400, 美国Targetmol公司); 海藻酸钠(K2215337, 430 mPa·S, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); ATP检测试剂盒(S0026, 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司); 细菌活力/毒性检测试剂盒(EX3000, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 碳酸氢铵(化学纯, 上海凯为化学科技有限公司); 戊二醛(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); 其余试剂均为分析纯。
仪器   均质乳化机(HR-25D, 上海沪析实业有限公司); 真空冷冻干燥机(LGJ-10, 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司); 激光粒度仪(S3500, 美国Microtrac公司); 极高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜(FEI Apreo, 美国Thermo公司); 酶标仪(Synergy H1, 美国BioTek公司); 激光粒度仪(Malvern Nano ZSP, 英国Malvern公司); 冷冻高速离心机(5417R, 德国Eppendorf公司); 发光检测仪[GloMax® 20/20, 普洛麦格(北京) 生物技术有限公司]; 激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM, STELLARIS 8, 德国Leica公司)。
LGG生长曲线测定   在10 mL MRS液体培养基中接入2% LGG菌悬液, 混匀后置于37 ℃培养, 于0~120 h时间段内取样, 用酶标仪测定菌液600 nm吸光度值, 记录数据绘制生长曲线。
PLPM制备   采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备PLPM, 首先, 将PLLA溶于二氯甲烷中得到PLLA溶液, 加入1% 碳酸氢铵水溶液高速剪切至初乳形成, 加入聚乙烯醇(poly vinyl alcohol, PVA) 水溶液, 继续高速剪切制备复乳; 然后, 将上述复乳与适量纯水混合, 通过机械搅拌使微球固化并除去多余的二氯甲烷; 最后, 过滤并洗涤3次后, 使用0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠水溶液水解20 min, 随后过筛并用去离子水洗3遍, 冷冻干燥后得到空白PLPM。
PLPM处方筛选   对PLLA型号、PLLA浓度、PVA型号、PVA浓度、溶液体积比(初乳∶PVA)、剪切速率、剪切时间进行筛选, 考察PLLA型号(PLLA-07、PLLA-10、PLLA-20)、PLLA浓度(wt%: 1%、1.5%、1.89%)、PVA型号(05-88、07-88、24-88)、PVA浓度(wt%: 0.1%、1%、2%)、溶液体积比(初乳∶PVA, 1∶1、1∶2、1∶4)、剪切速率(3 000、4 000、5 000 r·min-1)、剪切时间(5、10、20 min) 对所制备多孔微球理化性质的影响。分别取制备后适量多孔微球分散于去离子水中, 通过激光衍射法(laser diffraction, LD) 使用激光粒度仪测定多孔微球的粒径, 采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 观察多孔微球的表面及内部结构。
PLPM表征
形态观察  取少量PLPM, 加入适量的去离子水稀释到合适的浓度, 滴至硅片上自然风干, 喷金30 s。随后在电压2.0 kV的条件下, 利用SEM观察多孔微球的大致形貌。
粒径分布测定  取适量多孔微球分散于去离子水中, 使用激光粒度仪测定多孔微球的粒径分布。
LPM的制备   精密称取适量PLPM于离心管中, 经紫外照射30 min灭菌后, 加入适量对数生长期的菌悬液, 37 ℃共孵育一段时间后, 即得LPM。
LPM工艺摸索   对PLPM的量及孵育时间进行筛选, 确定PLPM用量及孵育时间。分别取制备后适量PLPM分散于去离子水中, 通过LD使用激光粒度仪测定LPM的粒径, 采用SEM观察LPM的表面形貌。
LPM表征
形态观察  取少量LPM溶液, 离心, 弃上清, 加入适量的去离子水稀释, 经冷冻干燥后, 取适量均匀撒在硅片上, 喷金30 s。随后在电压2.0 kV的条件下, 利用SEM观察LPM的大致形貌。
粒径分布测定  取适量LPM分散于去离子水中, 使用激光粒度仪测定LPM的粒径分布。
激光共聚显微镜观察  取适量LPM 5 000 ×g离心15 min, 去除上清液, 加入1 mL 0.85% NaCl溶液重悬LPM, 5 000 ×g离心15 min, 去除上清液, 加入1 mL 0.85% NaCl溶液重悬LPM, 重复1次, 加10 μL NucGreen染色工作液, 充分混匀, 室温避光孵育15 min, 染色结束后, 取200 μL滴加在洁净的载玻片上, 盖玻片压片后, 将样品置于CLSM下观察, 进行断层扫描。
LPM包封   采用逐步包封法, 对LPM进行逐层包封, 即取适量孵育好的LPM溶液, 5 000 ×g离心15 min, 去除上清液, 加入适量乙二醇壳聚糖溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 涡旋10 s, 混匀, 之后加入海藻酸钠溶液(1 mg·mL-1) 涡旋10 s, 混匀, 即得鼠李糖乳杆菌多孔微球制剂(AGLPM)。
AGLPM表征
Zeta电位测定  取适量LPM、GLPM、AGLPM分散于去离子水中, 使用马尔文粒径对LPM、GLPM、AGLPM表面zeta电位进行检测。
粒径分布测定  取适量LPM、GLPM、AGLPM分散于去离子水中, 使用激光粒度仪测定LPM、GLPM、AGLPM的粒径分布。
激光共聚显微镜观察  取适量LPM 5 000 ×g离心15 min, 去除上清液, 加入1 mL 0.85% NaCl溶液重悬LPM, 5 000 ×g离心15 min, 去除上清液, 重复1次, 加适量1 mg·mL-1 GCS溶液涡旋10 s, 混匀, 再加入1 mg·mL-1 SA溶液涡旋10 s, 混匀。之后加10 μL NucGreen染色工作液, 充分混匀, 室温避光孵育15 min, 染色结束后, 取200 μL滴加在洁净的载玻片上, 盖玻片压片后, 将样品置于CLSM下观察, 进行断层扫描。
LGG在制剂中的增殖活力研究   为了评估表面多孔微球是否会影响LGG的生长和增殖, 测量了LGG、LPM和AGLPM的生长曲线。取LGG、LPM和AGLPM 100 μL接种于9.9 mL新鲜MRS液体培养基中, 在37 ℃下孵育, 分别于1~120 h时间段内取样, 采用菌落计数法平行测量3份。
AGLPM对胃肠模拟液稳定性考察
胃肠道模拟液的配制  根据文献[16, 17]报道并略加修改制备了模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF)、模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid, SIF)。SGF: 0.2 g NaCl, 7.0 mL 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl在去离子水中加至总体积1.0 L (pH 1.2); SIF: 2.74 g KH2PO4在去离子水中加至总体积1.0 L, 1 mol·L-1 NaOH调节pH 7.4。
AGLPM对胃肠道模拟液稳定性  在实验之前, 所有模拟原液都经过高压灭菌, 以灭活任何存在的微生物。采用SGF (pH 1.2) 和SIF (pH 7.4) 评价胃肠道模拟液对益生菌活力的影响。众所周知, 益生菌定植在结肠部位, 而口服制剂大约需要4~6 h到达结肠, 前1~2 h在胃中, 2~4 h在小肠中, 因此确定考察时间为SGF内2 h, SIF内4 h。将等量的LGG同时接种, 同时孵育一段时间即得等量的LGG、LPM和AGLPM, 将等量的LGG、LPM和AGLPM分别重悬于1 mL模拟胃液中37 ℃培养2 h, 之后将其转移至模拟肠液中, 37 ℃培养4 h, 采用发光ATP定量测定LGG活力, 平行测量3份。
统计学分析   采用SPSS 25软件进行数据分析, 数据采用$\bar{x} \pm s$表示, 两组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
在120 h培养期内, LGG经历了延滞期(1~3 h)、对数生长期(3~12 h) 和稳定期(12 h后) (图 2A)。处于对数生长期的LGG生长繁殖速度加快, 代谢旺盛, 作为微球制剂的原料。
PLPM的平均粒径与PLLA特性黏度、PLLA浓度、PVA溶液体积成正比, 与PVA黏度、PVA浓度、剪切速率、剪切时间成反比(图 2B~H)。PLPM的最优处方为: PLLA-20、PLLA浓度1.89% (wt)、PVA 03-88、PVA浓度0.1% (wt)、PVA溶液体积为42 mL、剪切速率为3 000 r·min-1、剪切时间为5 min。
采用最优处方制备的PLPM的SEM及LD表征如图 3所示, 通过SEM观察可见多孔微球形态规则, 大小均匀, 表面边孔洞分布均匀, 具有开放互联的多孔结构, 通过LD检测可见粒径分布均匀, PLPM平均粒径为138.5 μm。
图 4所示, 从左到右PLPM质量浓度分别为1、2、4 mg·mL-1, 液面上白色漂浮物为PLPM, 液面下的黄色液体为菌悬液。随着时间的推移, 液面上的PLPM随孵育时间的延长逐渐减少, 菌悬液由澄清逐渐变为浑浊, 表明LGG的增殖及LGG进入多孔微球内部进而带动微球到达液面底部。当固定孵育时间为8 h时, PLPM质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的液面上的左旋聚乳酸多孔微球为最少, 因此确定孵育时间为8 h, PLPM质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1
LPM的SEM、LD、CLSM表征如图 5A~D所示, 通过SEM、CLSM观察可见多孔微球成功搭载LGG。通过LD检测可见粒径分布均匀, LPM平均粒径为210.1 μm (图 5C)。
通过LD检测LPM的平均粒径为210.1 μm, 经GCS包封后, 平均粒径增加至214.9 μm, 最后经SA包封后, 平均粒径增加至221.0 μm (图 6A); 通过DLS检测LPM的zeta电位为-16.9 mV, 经GCS包封后, 电位增加至10.50 mV, 最后经SA包封后, 电位变为-23.17 mV (图 6B); 上述结果证实了GCS和SA在LPM上的成功包封。通过CLSM观察, 证明AGLPM成功搭载LGG (图 6C)。
图 6D可知, LGG、LPM、AGLPM生长曲线接近一致, 此结果证实了PLPM、GCS、SA的存在并不影响LGG的增殖及活力。
本研究通过发光ATP定量法测定LGG在胃肠模拟液中的活力。如图 6E所示, 以对照组LGG做归一化处理, 与对照组LGG相比, 在抵达结肠时, AGLPM表现出更大的活力, AGLPM对于LGG的保护作用明显优于无防护的LGG、LPM。这是因为当AGLPM暴露在胃中时, GCS在胃酸作用下被质子化, 带更多的正电荷, SA呈负电荷, 两者之间产生更为紧密的离子交联, 进而保护LGG免受胃酸侵蚀[18, 19]
肠道菌群与人体健康存在非常密切的关系, 影响人体多种疾病的发生与发展, 特别是胃肠道疾病(如溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、结肠癌等) 与其有直接关系。益生菌以几乎忽略不计的不良反应通过多种机制(如恢复肠道稳态、产生抗炎或抗癌化合物、调节宿主免疫反应等[1, 20, 21]) 直接或间接调节肠道菌群, 维持肠道平衡, 促进疾病痊愈, 因而基于益生菌研发治疗佐剂获得了前所未有的关注和发展[22]。口服益生菌极易受到人体胃肠道的恶劣环境破坏, 严重影响益生菌在胃肠道中的定植和增殖, 进而影响其药效的发挥, 因此如何提高益生菌在体内复杂环境中的定植效率已经成为众多研究者关心的方向之一。
益生菌包埋策略是保护和促进益生菌成功口服到目标部位的有前途的方法, 典型的包封材料是食品级聚合物, 主要来源于多糖、蛋白质和脂质[13], 本研究以生物相容性好、机械性能高的PLPM为载体, 巧妙结合益生菌, 以水溶性更好的乙二醇壳聚糖和海藻酸钠包封LPM[23], 开发了一种克服胃肠道恶劣环境的益生菌递送系统, 用于高效递送益生菌, 并在体外初步证明AGLPM中的LGG具有较高活性和抵抗胃肠道恶劣环境的能力。但AGLPM的研发还面临许多研究问题: ①经文献[24, 25]报道, PLPM可通过物理吸附(如范德华力、静电相互作用等) 和生物相互作用(如蛋白质相互作用等) 加载细胞或细菌, PLPM加载鼠李糖乳杆菌机制有待研究; ② AGLPM在体内的行为、安全性研究, 及肠道定植效果, 是否和体外研究结果一致; ③ AGLPM质量控制及质量管理规范的建立; AGLPM如何在流通、储存藏等环节中保持益生菌活力等。还需要在后续实验中调研相关资料, 完善研究方法, 以期为其他益生菌制剂的研发奠定研究与实践基础。
作者贡献: 肖聪聪是本研究的实验设计者和实验研究的执行人, 完成数据分析、论文初稿的撰写; 宋孟修、陈波翰、龚黎明、刘陈霏、冯靖指导并参与实验设计和结果分析; 陈丽青、金明姬、高钟镐、黄伟指导实验设计、数据分析、论文写作与修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0825
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2024-11-27
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中国医学科学院医学与健康创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物传输技术与新型制剂北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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