Article(id=1193632557288878574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0724, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722182400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-29, revisedDate=1730995200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762513778278, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762513778278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762513778278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762513778278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=150, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193632557666365936, articleId=1193632557288878574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Design, synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's disease activity evaluation of cinnamyl triazole compounds, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

19 cinnamamide/ester-triazole compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity. Among them, compound 4f displayed excellent anti-β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-mediated cytotoxicity (EC50 = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L-1) in APPswe cells and acetylcholinesterase inhibiton (IC50 = 4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L-1). Further study indicated that, at dosages of (1, 5 and 25 mg·kg-1), compound 4f was effective in improving spatial learning and memory deficits in Aβ1-42-impaired mice, which was achieved by promoting the nonamyloidogenic signaling and inhibiting the amyloidogenic pathway, along with the suppression of Aβ-induced Tau phosphorylation. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Experimental Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB-20220908D701). In conclusion, compound 4f holds promise as a lead candidate for AD treatment, and the present study lays the foundation for its subsequent development.

, correspAuthors=Rui LIU, Zhuo-rong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-ju LEI, Zhong-di CAI, Lin-jie TAN, Mi-min LIU, Li ZENG, Ting SUN, Hong YI, Rui LIU, Zhuo-rong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193632920645628420, articleId=1193632557288878574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肉桂酰三氮唑化合物的设计、合成及抗阿尔茨海默症活性评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究设计、合成19个肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑类化合物, 并对其抗阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 活性进行评价。在APPswe细胞模型实验中, 化合物4f具有良好的抗Aβ介导的神经细胞毒性(EC50 = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L-1) 和由此引起的AChE活性的异常升高(IC50 = 4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L-1); 进一步研究发现, 化合物4f (1、5和25 mg·kg-1) 可有效改善β-淀粉样蛋白1-42 -amyloid protein 1-42, Aβ1-42) 损伤小鼠的空间认知和学习记忆障碍, 通过促进非淀粉样蛋白、抑制淀粉样蛋白途径和Tau蛋白磷酸化改善Aβ1-42诱导的神经退行性病变(实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所伦理委员会批准, 批准号: IMB-20220908D701)。化合物4f作为治疗AD的一个有前途的先导物, 本研究为其后续研发提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘睿, 李卓荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘睿, Tel: 86-10-67087731, E-mail:
李卓荣, Tel: 86-10-63027185, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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肉桂酰三氮唑化合物的设计、合成及抗阿尔茨海默症活性评价
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雷文聚 # , 蔡中頔 # , 谭林杰 , 刘蜜敏 , 曾利 , 孙婷 , 易红 , 刘睿 * , 李卓荣 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(1): 150-163
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(1): 150-163
肉桂酰三氮唑化合物的设计、合成及抗阿尔茨海默症活性评价
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雷文聚#, 蔡中頔#, 谭林杰, 刘蜜敏, 曾利, 孙婷, 易红, 刘睿* , 李卓荣*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*刘睿, Tel: 86-10-67087731, E-mail:
李卓荣, Tel: 86-10-63027185, E-mail:
Design, synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's disease activity evaluation of cinnamyl triazole compounds
Wen-ju LEI, Zhong-di CAI, Lin-jie TAN, Mi-min LIU, Li ZENG, Ting SUN, Hong YI, Rui LIU* , Zhuo-rong LI*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0724
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本研究设计、合成19个肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑类化合物, 并对其抗阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 活性进行评价。在APPswe细胞模型实验中, 化合物4f具有良好的抗Aβ介导的神经细胞毒性(EC50 = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L-1) 和由此引起的AChE活性的异常升高(IC50 = 4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L-1); 进一步研究发现, 化合物4f (1、5和25 mg·kg-1) 可有效改善β-淀粉样蛋白1-42 -amyloid protein 1-42, Aβ1-42) 损伤小鼠的空间认知和学习记忆障碍, 通过促进非淀粉样蛋白、抑制淀粉样蛋白途径和Tau蛋白磷酸化改善Aβ1-42诱导的神经退行性病变(实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所伦理委员会批准, 批准号: IMB-20220908D701)。化合物4f作为治疗AD的一个有前途的先导物, 本研究为其后续研发提供了理论依据。

肉桂酰胺/酯-三氮唑  /  设计合成  /  乙酰胆碱酯酶  /  β-淀粉样蛋白  /  阿尔茨海默症

19 cinnamamide/ester-triazole compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity. Among them, compound 4f displayed excellent anti-β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-mediated cytotoxicity (EC50 = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L-1) in APPswe cells and acetylcholinesterase inhibiton (IC50 = 4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L-1). Further study indicated that, at dosages of (1, 5 and 25 mg·kg-1), compound 4f was effective in improving spatial learning and memory deficits in Aβ1-42-impaired mice, which was achieved by promoting the nonamyloidogenic signaling and inhibiting the amyloidogenic pathway, along with the suppression of Aβ-induced Tau phosphorylation. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Experimental Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB-20220908D701). In conclusion, compound 4f holds promise as a lead candidate for AD treatment, and the present study lays the foundation for its subsequent development.

cinnamamide/ester triazole  /  design and synthesis  /  acetylcholine- sterase  /  β amyloid protein  /  Alzheimer's disease
雷文聚, 蔡中頔, 谭林杰, 刘蜜敏, 曾利, 孙婷, 易红, 刘睿, 李卓荣. 肉桂酰三氮唑化合物的设计、合成及抗阿尔茨海默症活性评价. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 150 -163 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0724
Wen-ju LEI, Zhong-di CAI, Lin-jie TAN, Mi-min LIU, Li ZENG, Ting SUN, Hong YI, Rui LIU, Zhuo-rong LI. Design, synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's disease activity evaluation of cinnamyl triazole compounds[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 150 -163 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0724
阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 是一种以渐进性认知功能减退为特征的神经退行性疾病, 预计到本世纪中叶, AD患者将达到1.5亿[1]。虽然AD的发病机制仍不清楚[2], 但大量的研究数据显示, 胆碱能缺陷[3]、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化[4]β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid, Aβ) 聚集[5]、氧化损伤[6]、谷氨酸相关兴奋毒性[7]等因素, 在AD的发病过程中发挥重要作用, 为药物研发提供一定的理论依据和指导。目前, 临床上使用的抗AD药物(图 1) 包括胆碱酯酶抑制剂、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA) 受体拮抗剂, 以及近几年批准上市的甘露寡糖类和抗体类新药。他克林(tacrine) 于1993被美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准用于AD治疗, 是最早上市的胆碱酯酶抑制剂, 但由于严重的肝脏毒性已经退市[8]。随后的多奈哌齐(donepezil)、利斯的明(rivastigmine) 和加兰他敏(galantamine) 分别在1996年、1998年和2001年上市。因多奈哌齐对乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE) 具有较高的选择性抑制作用, 且活性优于他克林, 几乎无肝毒性, 对轻度、中度和重度AD均有一定效果, 成为临床治疗AD的首选药物[9]。胆碱酯酶抑制剂利斯的明和加兰他敏目前被用于轻度和中度AD的治疗[10, 11]
石杉碱甲(huperzine A) 是一种从蛇足石杉中提取的半萜类生物碱, 对AChE具有较好的选择抑制活性且半衰期长, 同时对NMDA受体有一定的拮抗作用, 因此在1996年被我国批准用于治疗AD[12]。美金刚胺(memantine) 于2002年在英国上市, 是一种NMDA受体拮抗剂, 可以调节谷氨酸递质的传递, 阻止钙离子浓度升高, 拮抗神经细胞的过度兴奋, 对认知障碍和记忆缺失有一定改善作用, 用于中度、重度AD患者的治疗[13]。2019年11月, 国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA) 正式批准甘露特钠胶囊(GV-971) 在国内上市, 这是我国原创的治疗AD新药, 其靶点是脑-肠轴。GV-971取自一种海洋褐藻, 其结构是低分子质量的甘露寡糖二酸[14]。体内活性研究结果表明, GV-971能够恢复肠道微生物的正常特征, 降低了苯丙氨酸和异亮氨酸的浓度, 减少脑内Th1细胞浸润, 降低小胶质细胞的活化, 从而缓解神经炎症。GV-971还能够减少Aβ沉积, 降低Tau蛋白过度磷酸化, 起到改善认知的功能, 同时在Ⅲ期临床试验患者中也观察到了这种效果[15]
尽管新冠肺炎大流行期间临床试验活动暂时放缓, 但AD药物的开发仍取得重要进展。2021年6月, 首个靶向Aβ的疾病修饰治疗(disease-modifying therapies, DMT) 药物aducanumab获FDA批准。Aducanumab是首个被批准用于治疗AD的高亲和力抗淀粉样蛋白单克隆抗体, 用于治疗轻度认知功能障碍和轻度AD患者, 这也是自2003年以来再次有抗AD药物被美国FDA批准上市[16, 17]。随后, 卫材/渤健的另一个Aβ单抗lecanemab于2023年1月通过FDA加速批准途径上市。Lecanemab是一种人源化免疫球蛋白γ1 (IgG1) 单克隆抗体, 可选择性结合并消除可溶性的(原纤维) 聚集蛋白和Aβ。但lecanemab目前仅适用于治疗轻度认知障碍或轻度阶段AD且已确认存在Aβ病理的患者[18]。此外, 又一个被寄予希望的Aβ单抗——donanemab于2024年获FDA批准, 用于治疗早期症状性AD[19]。另有大量的小分子与抗体药物处于不同阶段的临床研究中, 将为AD的治疗带来新的希望和机遇[20]
AD不仅损害患者的记忆力[21], 到了晚期阶段, 甚至会剥夺患者的基本生理功能, 如日常行动能力和自主呼吸能力, 给患者的家庭和社会带来沉重的经济和心理负担[22, 23]。然而, 从AD发现至今100多年, 尽管有着广泛的研究和大量的相关试验, 现有治疗AD的药物大多只能做到缓解症状, 并不能逆转AD的发展进程。因此, 面对迫切的临床需求, 开发结构和作用机制新颖的抗AD活性药物具有重要意义。
含有肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑结构的衍生物具有抗虫[24, 25]、抗炎镇痛[26]、抗癌[27-29]和抗AD[30-34]等诸多药理作用, 其中, 文献[35]报道化合物1 (图 2) 对β-位淀粉样前体蛋白裂解酶1 (β-secretase 1, BACE1) 和Aβ聚集具有一定的抑制活性, 对H2O2损伤PC12细胞表现出神经保护活性, 即化合物1可能通过多种机制或功效发挥抗AD作用。基于此, 本文在前期研究的基础上[35], 以化合物1为先导物, 进一步对其进行结构修饰和改造, 设计合成一系列新型肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑化合物(图 2), 并进行了抗Aβ毒性、AChE抑制、小鼠行为学及作用机制等生物活性评价, 以期拓展肉桂酰胺三氮唑衍生物的结构类型、筛选具有良好抗AD活性的新化合物。
文献[35]报道肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑化合物1在10 µmol·L-1浓度下对Aβ自身诱导聚集的抑制率(11.70 ± 1.95)%, 同时具有一定的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性(IC50 = 5.27 µmol·L-1), 为了进一步提高该类化合物的生物活性, 本研究采用生物电子等排体策略, 用酯基替换酰胺基, 并在A环的3、4位引入甲氧基、羟基等基团, 设计合成了一系列肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑类化合物(图 2), 在此基础上, 探索了B环上不同取代基对抑制活性的影响。
以肉桂酸(2a)、阿魏酸(2b) 或咖啡酸(2c) 为起始原料, 分别与炔丙胺、3-溴丙炔反应得到中间体3a~3f[36-38]。将苄溴及其衍生物(6) 与叠氮化钠在无水二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 中搅拌反应1 h, 反应生成叠氮化苄及其衍生物(7); 不经纯化, 将肉桂酸酯/酰胺(3a~3f) 加入到反应液中反应12 h, 生成目标化合物4a~4i, 5a~5j (合成路线1)。所有目标产物的结构均通过 1H NMR、13C NMR和HRMS确证。19个目标化合物的收率、理化常数及波谱数据见表 1
在SH-SY5Y细胞中过表达瑞典突变的人淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein, APP), 以建立AD细胞模型APPswe细胞[39]。在该细胞模型中, Cu2+作为刺激剂添加到培养基中时, 可激动Aβ介导的神经毒性, 使APPswe细胞活力显著降低[40]。因此, 通过评估细胞活力来检测化合物对Aβ毒性的抑制作用。首先将化合物终浓度设置为20 μmol·L-1, 进行了活性初筛, 以多奈哌齐和美金刚胺作为阳性对照药[41]; 对初步筛选出无毒副作用的化合物分别测定在0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100 μmol·L-1浓度下对铜离子损伤的APPswe细胞活力。对于存在保护率大于50%的化合物, 进一步计算其EC50值。目标化合物的活性结果见表 2表 3
结果如表 2表 3所示, 目标化合物4f4g4i在20 μmol·L-1浓度下呈现出较好的神经保护活性。其中, 化合物4f的EC50在10 μmol·L-1以下(EC50 = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L-1), 神经保护活性强于阳性对照药美金刚胺和多奈哌齐。此外, 化合物5d表现出一定的神经保护作用, 但未呈现浓度依赖性。化合物4g~4i5j在0.001~10 μmol·L-1内表现出浓度依赖性的神经保护作用, 但在高剂量100 µmol·L-1时, 出现神经毒性。在1 µmol·L-1浓度时, 化合物4e表现出较强的神经保护作用。化合物4b5b仅在最高剂量100 µmol·L-1时表现出一定的神经保护作用。化合物4a4d5f5h在各剂量下均未表现出神经保护作用。
对于肉桂酰胺化合物, 首先在苄基苯环(B环) 上引入氯、单取代或双取代甲氧基得到5个肉桂酰胺衍生物4a~4e。活性结果显示, 其神经保护活性较弱。苄基苯环上引入邻、间、对氯取代化合物的神经保护活性没有明显差异, 均比较弱(4a~4c)。而在A苯环上引入甲氧基和羟基后, 与A环未引入取代的化合物相比, 其神经保护活性提高(4h > 4a)。将化合物4h中苄基苯环上氯取代, 替换成对位三氟甲基、对位氟取代, 所得化合物4f4g的神经保护活性大幅度提高, 其中化合物4f的神经保护活性强于阳性对照药美金刚胺和多奈哌齐。对于肉桂酸酯化合物5a~5j来说, 该类化合物整体神经保护活性较弱。
AD中Aβ的聚集可直接损伤胆碱能系统稳态, Cu2+诱导的Aβ聚集增加了APPswe细胞中AChE活性。本实验测试了目标化合物在0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10和100 μmol·L-1浓度下, 对铜离子刺激的APPswe细胞中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制活性, 以多奈哌齐和美金刚胺作为阳性对照药物。对存在AChE活性抑制率超过50%的化合物进行了半数抑制浓度(IC50) 曲线的绘制。
结果如表 4所示, 化合物4f展示出了显著的AChE抑制作用, 其IC50值为4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L-1, 阻止了由Aβ聚集引发的细胞AChE活性升高。阳性对照药多奈哌齐实验结果与其本身具有很强的AChE抑制活性有关, 而美金刚胺作为NDMA抑制剂, 对改善因Aβ聚集引起的细胞AChE活性没有显著作用。以上结果初步表明, 本文设计的肉桂酸衍生物4f可有效抑制Aβ介导的神经毒性及由此引起的AChE活性异常升高。
本研究采用Morris水迷宫(Morris water maze, MWM) 实验评估了化合物4f对侧脑室注射Aβ1-42寡聚体的AD小鼠空间学习和记忆能力的影响。结果如图 3所示, 具体实验设计见图 3A; 在定位航行试验中, 不同组小鼠的逃逸潜伏期均随着训练天数的增加而缩短, 但不同处理组小鼠的潜伏期出现了显著性差异(图 3B, P < 0.05)。与Aβ1-42+vehicle组相比, 1和5 mg·kg-1的化合物4f给药组和2 mg·kg-1多奈哌齐给药组均显著降低了小鼠的逃逸潜伏期(图 3B, P < 0.05)。各组间小鼠的游泳速度无显著差异(图 3C), 说明小鼠的运动功能未受影响。在空间探索试验中, 与Aβ1-42 + vehicle组相比, Aβ1-42小鼠在给予不同剂量药物4f治疗后, 逃逸潜伏期显著缩短(图 3D, P < 0.001), 穿越平台的次数明显增加(图 3E, P < 0.01)。值得注意的是, 药物4f在25 mg·kg-1剂量组的效果弱于5 mg·kg-1剂量组, 这可能是由于受体饱和或下调导致的效能降低, 具体原因有待进一步研究验证。化合物4f在1和5 mg·kg-1的剂量下增强Aβ1-42小鼠空间学习记忆能力, 优于2 mg·kg-1多奈哌齐的效果。上述结果表明, 1和5 mg·kg-1的化合物4f干预能够显著改善Aβ1-42寡聚体侧脑室注射模型小鼠的空间学习和记忆能力。
采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot) 实验评估了化合物4f在Cu2+诱导的APPswe细胞和侧脑室注射Aβ1-42寡聚体的模型小鼠大脑皮层和海马中Aβ和Tau相关信号通路的蛋白表达变化, 以此探究化合物4f改善认知损伤的作用机制。
结果如图 4所示, 300 μmol·L-1 Cu2+显著提高了APPswe细胞中APP、BACE1、早老蛋白-1 (presenilin 1, PS1)、Aβ1-42的表达及Tau蛋白在Ser396和Ser404位点的磷酸化水平, 降低解整合素金属蛋白酶10 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10, ADAM10) 的表达(图 4, P < 0.01)。当0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1的化合物4f作用于Cu2+损伤的APPswe细胞后, 不同程度地降低了细胞中APP、BACE1、PS1、Aβ1-42的表达及Tau蛋白在Ser396和Ser404位点的磷酸化水平, 并且提高了ADAM10的表达(图 4, P < 0.05)。细胞水平的结果提示, 化合物4f通过促进非淀粉样蛋白生成途径并抑制淀粉样蛋白生成途径减少Aβ的生成, 减轻Aβ诱导的Tau蛋白磷酸化。
体外蛋白免疫印迹实验结果初步说明化合物4f对Aβ代谢信号通路及其诱导的Tau蛋白磷酸化具有改善作用, 进而在Aβ1-42侧脑室注射小鼠的大脑皮层和海马中进行验证。结果如图 5所示, 与Sham组相比, Aβ1-42侧脑室注射后小鼠大脑皮层和海马中APP、BACE1、PS1、Aβ1-42的表达及Tau蛋白在Ser396和Ser404位点的磷酸化水平升高, ADAM10的表达降低(图 5, P < 0.01)。连续9天给予1、5、25 mg·kg-1的化合物4f, 降低了Aβ1-42侧脑室注射小鼠大脑皮层和海马中APP、BACE1、PS1、Aβ1-42的表达及Tau蛋白在Ser396和Ser404位点的磷酸化程度, 提高了ADAM10的表达水平(图 5, P < 0.05)。综合上述结果, 化合物4f可能通过促进非淀粉样蛋白生成途径并抑制淀粉样蛋白生成途径减少Aβ的生成, 抑制Aβ诱导的Tau蛋白磷酸化, 进而缓解AD神经退行性病变。
本文设计合成了19个肉桂酰胺/酯三氮唑化合物, 采用APPswe细胞模型, 评价其神经保护作用和抗乙酰胆碱酯酶作用, 发现化合物4f可提高AD小鼠学习记忆能力, 可能通过促进非淀粉样蛋白途径和抑制淀粉样蛋白途径来减少Aβ的产生和抑制Tau的磷酸化, 从而减轻AD病理症状。综上所述, 化合物4f通过干预多种AD病理环节发挥神经保护作用, 作为一种新结构类型的抗AD活性分子, 其作为抗AD药物的潜在应用价值值得进一步研究。
所有试剂购自百灵威和北京伊诺凯科技有限公司, 未经说明的均为分析纯, 无需进一步纯化。所有提交生物检测的化合物均经高效液相色谱检测, 纯度 > 95% (归一化法)。采用硅胶60 F254D铝片薄层色谱或日本岛津LC-MS对反应进行监测。在配备硅胶柱的Combi Flash Rf 150 +仪器(Teledyne) 上进行纯化, 或用硅胶(200~300目) 进行柱层析。用Bruker Avance Ⅲ 400 MHz, 500 MH光谱仪在所指示的溶剂(CDCl3、CD3OD或DMSO-d6) 中记录合成化合物的1H NMR和13C NMR谱, 并参照内标四甲基硅烷。化合物熔点用瑞士Mettler Toledo MP90熔点仪测定。所有最终化合物的高分辨质量谱(HRMS) 是在Thermo Science LTQ Orbitrap XL上用ESI质量选择检测器记录。
取肉桂酸(2a) (500 mg, 3.38 mmol) 和二环己基碳二亚胺(695 mg, 3.38 mmol) 溶于40 mL超干的CH2Cl2中, 在室温下搅拌0.5 h。然后加入丙炔胺(450 mg, 8.10 mmol) 和4-二甲氨基吡啶(0.82 mg, 6.75 mmol), 并在室温下搅拌反应12 h。TLC检测(展开剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为3∶1) 原料基本反应完全。过滤反应液, 并用水将滤液稀释, 用CH2Cl2 (3 × 30 mL) 萃取。合并有机相, 饱和食盐水洗涤3次, 无水硫酸钠干燥。过滤, 减压蒸干溶剂, 剩余物经硅胶色谱柱(洗脱剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为15∶1) 分离纯化, 得到白色粉末(3a) 500 mg, 收率80%。mp: 104~106 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 8.56 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60~7.54 (m, 2H), 7.51~7.35 (m, 4H), 6.64 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J = 5.6, 2.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 165.14, 139.83, 135.20, 130.07, 129.42, 128.06, 121.92, 81.51, 73.65, 28.49; MS (ESI) m/z: 186.10 [M+H]+
(以3b合成为例) 取阿魏酸(2b) (439 mg, 2.26 mmol) 置于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, 加入5 mL N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(dimethylformamide, DMF) 溶解, 然后加入0.4 mL三乙胺, 将反应装置放入零度冰水浴中; 将1H-苯并三唑-1-基氧基三(二甲氨基)鏻六氟磷酸盐(BOP, 1.00 g, 2.26 mmol) 溶于4 mL CH2Cl2中, 0 ℃下滴加炔丙胺(125 mg, 2.26 mmol), 得到炔丙胺混合物; 将炔丙胺混合物滴加到阿魏酸的DMF混合物中, 在0 ℃下反应0.5 h, 然后将反应体系升至室温搅拌反应6 h。TLC检测(展开剂为二氯甲烷与甲醇, 体积比为30∶1) 原料基本反应完全, 减压浓缩溶剂并加15 mL水稀释。用乙酸乙酯(3×30 mL) 萃取3次, 合并有机相, 并依次用10% HCl溶液、水、饱和食盐水洗涤。无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤, 减压蒸干溶剂, 剩余物经硅胶色谱柱(洗脱剂为二氯甲烷与甲醇, 体积比为20∶1) 分离纯化, 得到黄色固体(3b) 392 mg, 收率75%。mp: 70~71 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.46~9.41 (m, 1H), 8.37 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41~7.34 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (dd, J = 15.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01~3.96 (m, 2H), 3.82 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 3H), 3.13 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d6) δC: 165.31, 148.44, 147.75, 140.43, 127.18, 121.81, 118.28, 115.27, 110.51, 80.61, 71.13, 55.35, 28.16; MS (ESI) m/z: 232.15 [M+H]+
以咖啡酸(2c) 为起始原料(407 mg, 2.26 mmol), 同法合成中间体3c, 得到棕色固体375 mg, 收率76%。mp: 85~87 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.37 (s, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1H), 6.99~6.95 (m, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J = 15.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.00~3.96 (m, 2H), 3.13 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z: 218.05 [M+H]+
取肉桂酸(2a) (1.00 g, 6.76 mmol) 置于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, 加入10 mL DMF溶解, 然后加入3-溴丙炔(1 g, 6.76 mmol), K2CO3 (2.32 g, 16.9 mmol) 室温下搅拌反应8 h, TLC检测(展开剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为3∶1) 原料基本反应完全, 过滤反应液, 除去不溶物, 并用水将滤液稀释, 用乙酸乙酯(3×30 mL) 萃取3次。合并有机相, 用5%HCl水溶液和饱和食盐水洗涤3次, 无水硫酸钠干燥。过滤, 减压蒸干溶剂, 剩余物经硅胶色谱柱(洗脱剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为8∶1) 分离纯化, 得到黄色油状物(3d) 848 mg, 收率68%。1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δH: 7.75 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56~7.50 (m, 2H), 7.43~7.37 (m, 3H), 6.47 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z: 187.05 [M + H]+
以阿魏酸(2b) 为起始原料(1.38 g, 6.67 mmol), 同法合成中间体3e, 得到白色粉末1.08 g, 收率70%。mp: 70~72 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.65 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.56 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 166.32, 150.06, 148.41, 146.52, 125.90, 123.88, 115.97, 113.95, 111.82, 79.18, 78.02, 56.17, 51.96; MS (ESI) m/z: 232.10 [M+H]+
取咖啡酸(2c) (500 mg, 2.78 mmol) 置于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, N2保护下, 加入5 mL六甲基磷酰三胺, 然后加入Na2CO3 (350 mg, 3.33 mmol), 并在0 ℃下搅拌反应0.5 h。将0.5 mL 3-溴丙炔的六甲基磷酰三胺溶液加到反应体系中。同时加入催化量的KI, 0 ℃下搅拌反应12 h。TLC检测(展开剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为2∶1) 原料基本反应完全, 向反应液中加入适量冰水。用乙酸乙酯(3×30 mL) 萃取3次。合并有机相。用5% HCl水溶液和饱和盐水洗涤3次, 无水硫酸钠干燥。过滤, 减压蒸干溶剂, 剩余物经硅胶色谱柱(洗脱剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为5∶1) 分离纯化, 得到黄色固体(3f) 1.04 g, 收率70%。mp: 96~98 ℃; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δH: 9.65 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21~6.95 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 4.91~4.65 (m, 2H), 3.56 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC: 166.24, 149.15, 146.63, 146.06, 125.82, 122.14, 116.20, 115.43, 113.40, 79.22, 78.01, 51.94; MS (ESI) m/z: 219.05 [M+H]+
取苄基溴(1.0 mmol) 和叠氮化钠(1.0 mmol) 置于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, 加入3 mL无水DMSO溶液, 室温搅拌反应1 h, TLC检测(展开剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为2∶1) 原料基本反应完全, 向反应体系中加入3 mL水。将化合物2a (1 mmol) 溶解在2 mL DMSO中并添加到反应体系中, 然后加入CuSO4·5H2O (0.2 eq) 和抗坏血酸钠(0.10 eq) 和2 mL水, 室温下搅拌反应12 h, TLC检测原料基本反应完全, 加15 mL水稀释反应液, 用乙酸乙酯(3×30 mL) 萃取3次, 合并有机相。用饱和NH4Cl水溶液和饱和食盐水洗涤3次, 无水硫酸钠干燥, 过滤, 减压蒸干溶剂, 剩余物经硅胶色谱柱(洗脱剂为石油醚与乙酸乙酯, 体积比为5∶1) 分离纯化, 得到黄绿色固体(4a) 227 mg, 收率61.2%。mp: 135~137 ℃。同法制得化合物4a~4i5a~5j
将APPswe细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清和1 μg·mL-1嘌呤霉素的DMEM高糖培养基中, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2及饱和湿度条件的细胞培养箱中培养。将处于对数生长期的细胞经胰酶消化后, 以每孔8 000个接种于96孔板中。待细胞稳定生长至70%~80%时, 将板内细胞随机分为对照组、Cu2+损伤(300 μmol·L-1) 组、Cu2++样品(20 μmol·L-1) 组。培养24 h后, 采用MTT法检测细胞活力, 每孔加入90 µL DMEM空白培养基和10 µL MTT, 37 ℃孵育4 h, 多功能酶标仪检测各孔490 nm波长处的吸光度(A) 值, 根据公式(1) 计算保护率:
$ \text { 保护率 }(\%)=\left[\left(A_{\mathrm{s}}-A_{\mathrm{b}}\right)-\left(A_{\mathrm{m}}-A_{\mathrm{b}}\right)\right] /\left[\left(A_{\mathrm{m}}-A_{\mathrm{b}}\right)\right] \times 100 \% $
其中, As为样本组的吸光度值; Ab为空白组的吸光度值; Am为模型组的吸光度值。
如果在浓度梯度范围内化合物的保护率未达到50%, 则以细胞存活率的柱状图表示。
将APPswe细胞接种于6孔板(每孔4×105个) 中。待细胞稳定生长至70%~80%时, 使用300 μmol·L-1的Cu2+和终浓度为20 μmol·L-1的目标化合物对细胞进行处理。培养24 h后, 使用乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定试剂盒收集细胞, 测定化合物20 μmol·L-1浓度下对Cu2+刺激的APPswe细胞中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的抑制作用。使用多功能酶标仪, 测定412 nm处的各孔吸光度值。
C57BL/6小鼠(SPF级) 8周龄雄性, 购自至善(北京) 健康医学研究院有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (京) 2021-0010。实验中所有操作均获得中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所伦理委员会批准, 批准号: IMB-20220908D701, 。
8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组。采用脑立体定位仪完成侧脑室注射, 将前囟的位置设定为零点, 调节X轴为1.0 mm、Y轴为-0.5 mm、Z轴为-3.0 mm。模型构建过程中每只小鼠侧脑室注射2.5 μL的400 μmol·L-1 Aβ1-42寡聚体, 假手术(Sham) 组则注射同剂量的生理盐水。手术后使动物恢复3天, 按照体重对小鼠进行随机分组: Sham组、Aβ1-42模型组+ vehicle、Aβ1-42模型组+多奈哌齐(donepezil 2 mg·kg-1)、Aβ1-42模型组+ 4f低剂量组(1 mg·kg-1)、Aβ1-42模型组+ 4f中剂量组(5 mg·kg-1)、Aβ1-42模型组+ 4f高剂量组(25 mg·kg-1)。将化合物溶解在10% DMSO、20% HS-15和70%生理盐水中, 腹腔注射给予相应剂量, 每天给药一次, 持续给药9天。
MWM实验主要分为定位航行实验和空间探索实验两个部分。定位航行实验连续进行5天, 试验期间将平台置于固定位置, 每天将小鼠面向池壁从4个象限放入水中, 记录小鼠成功找到平台的时间及游泳速度。定位航行实验设置逃避潜伏期最长时长为60 s, 如果小鼠不能在规定时长内找到平台, 则将它们引导到平台并停留15 s以观察学习。空间探索实验在定位航行实验结束后24 h进行, 撤除平台, 小鼠入水点选择为距离平台最远的对侧象限, 记录60 s内小鼠在原平台象限内的停留时间和穿越平台的次数, 作为衡量小鼠空间记忆能力的指标。
提取与分析总蛋白的具体步骤如下: 利用含1%蛋白酶抑制剂和1%磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA缓冲液裂解细胞和脑组织。将提取到的总蛋白样本通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE) 凝胶电泳进行分离, 分离后的蛋白质条带转印至PVDF膜。在室温下, 用5% BSA/0.5% Tween 20/Tris-HCl缓冲盐溶液封闭膜2 h。根据目的蛋白的检测分子质量和Marker位置裁膜, 与一抗(primary antibody) 在4 ℃下孵育过夜。使用TBST洗膜后, 在室温下与一抗相应种属的辣根过氧化酶(horse radish peroxidase, HRP) 偶联的二抗孵育1 h。一抗和二抗(secondary antibody) 的具体信息详见表 5。再次洗膜后, 使用增强化学发光(enhanced chemiluminescence, ECL) 显影观察目标蛋白条带, 于Fusion-FX6成像仪(Vilber Lourmat, Marne-laVall'ee, France) 进行曝光, 得到灰度条带。利用ImageJ软件分析条带的灰度值, 将GAPDH的表达作为内源性对照, 计算目标蛋白相对表达水平。
数据结果以$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示, 使用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0版软件通过重复测量的单因素方差分析, 对Morris水迷宫实验中的平台潜伏期和游泳速度进行分析。其他数据分析采用GraphPad Prism 8.0版软件完成, 两组之间比较使用非配对t-test, 三组及以上组间比较使用one-way ANOVA分析。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
作者贡献: 雷文聚、蔡中頔负责化合物合成及文章的撰写; 谭林杰、刘蜜敏负责实验技术指导; 曾利、孙婷参与了部分合成、体外活性实验; 易红参与了数据分析及文献整理; 刘睿、李卓荣负责研究方案设计与指导论文撰写。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0724
  • 接收时间:2024-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-29
  • 修回日期:2024-11-08
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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*刘睿, Tel: 86-10-67087731, E-mail:
李卓荣, Tel: 86-10-63027185, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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