Article(id=1193259083261243907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0706, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1733414400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735131, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735131, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=700, endPage=710, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259083999441420, articleId=1193259083261243907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on nanoscale drug delivery system of resiquimod for tumor treatment, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Resiquimod (R848) belongs to the class of weak base organic compounds that are derivatives of imidazole quinoline and is a potent agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8. R848 can be considered an effective immune adjuvant as it has the ability to activate different immune cells and regulate innate and adaptive immunity. A number of researches done recently have reported R848 potent anti-tumor capacity, especially when combined with other cytotoxic therapies. Nonetheless, some hurdles remain with the clinical use of R848 such as its limited ability to reach the tumor and likelihood of inflammation and autoimmune responses which might result from repeated delivery of high dosages of the drug. Nanoscale drug delivery systems may overcome some of these challenges. Various nanoformulations, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, biocarriers, inclusion compound, metal-organic frameworks and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as several R848 prodrugs or derivatives-baesd nanoparticles, have been incorporated into present R848 delivery platforms. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, immune regulatory mechanisms and nano drug delivery systems of R848, in order to provide reference and support for anti-tumor research and new drug development.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-tao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng-xin LI, Xiao-huan WANG, Ting-ting GONG, Xiang-tao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259162168685122, articleId=1193259083261243907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=雷西莫特抗肿瘤纳米给药系统研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雷西莫特(resiquimod, R848) 属于咪唑喹啉类小分子化合物, 是Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR) 7/8的高效激动剂。R848有很强的免疫激动活性, 可以激发多种免疫细胞, 调节天然免疫和适应性免疫, 是一种极具潜力的免疫佐剂。近年来, 研究发现R848自身对多种肿瘤具有直接的抗肿瘤疗效, 同时还可与化疗、光热治疗等联用表现出良好的协同作用, 因此备受广大研究者关注。然而R848没有肿瘤靶向性, 大剂量重复给药可产生全身炎症和自身免疫反应, 限制了其临床应用。而纳米给药系统可能是解决这些问题的有效途径, 包括脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、生物载体、包合物、有机金属骨架和无机纳米材料, 以及基于R848前药或R848衍生物的纳米给药系统。本文对R848的理化性质、免疫调控机制、纳米给药系统进行综述, 以期为R848的抗肿瘤研究发展及新药开发提供参考和支持。

, correspAuthors=王向涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王向涛, Tel: 86-10-5783326686, Fax: 86-10-57833020, E-mail:
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Biomaterials, 2021, 266: 120431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194703797357351034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, awardId=2021-I2M-1-071, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康创新工程(2021-I2M-1-071), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194703793188212774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194703793196601383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, companyId=1194703793188212774, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194703793204989992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, companyId=1194703793188212774, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南中医药大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450046)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194703793293070378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194703793301458987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, companyId=1194703793293070378, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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MethodEE%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
Ammonium sulfate gradient method85.59MC38IV2 mg·kg-195.83%[45]
90MC38IT11.25 μg per mouse88.3%[46]
50NDLIT10 μg per mouse100%[47]
A thin-film and rehydration method93.214T1IV52 μg·kg-190.99%[48]
724T1IT10 μg per mouse-[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1194703796967280755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nano-drug delivery systems of R848 liposome. EE: Encapsulation efficiency; MC38: Mouse colon cancer cell; NDL: Neu deletion; 4T1: Mouse breast cancer cell; IV: Intravenous injection; IT: Intratumoral injection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodEE%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
Ammonium sulfate gradient method85.59MC38IV2 mg·kg-195.83%[45]
90MC38IT11.25 μg per mouse88.3%[46]
50NDLIT10 μg per mouse100%[47]
A thin-film and rehydration method93.214T1IV52 μg·kg-190.99%[48]
724T1IT10 μg per mouse-[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1194703797042778229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodEE%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
Solvent displacement10-20CMT167IV25 μg per mouse-[51]
Solvent-exchange-4T1IP0.125 mg·kg-1-[52]
71.8B16F10IV0.5 mg·kg-1-[53]
Emulsion-solvent evaporation technique46.33B16F10IT2 mg·kg-151.28%[54]
O/W single-emulsion-B16-OVAIV0.5 mg·kg-182%[55]
Single emulsion60.24T1ITLn-NPR848 = 33.22 mg·kg-1100%[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1194703797101498487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nano-drug delivery systems of R848 polymeric nanoparticles. CMT167: Murine lung cancer cell; B16F10: Mouse skin melanoma cells; B16-OVA: B16 cells engineered to express the exogenous protein ovalbumin; IP: Intraperitoneal injection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodEE%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
Solvent displacement10-20CMT167IV25 μg per mouse-[51]
Solvent-exchange-4T1IP0.125 mg·kg-1-[52]
71.8B16F10IV0.5 mg·kg-1-[53]
Emulsion-solvent evaporation technique46.33B16F10IT2 mg·kg-151.28%[54]
O/W single-emulsion-B16-OVAIV0.5 mg·kg-182%[55]
Single emulsion60.24T1ITLn-NPR848 = 33.22 mg·kg-1100%[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1194703797164413048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BiocarrierDLC/%EE/%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
MPs3.5-Hepa1-6IV0.5 mg·kg-192.3%[57]
Platelet membrane3.4-MC38IT15 μg per mouse100%[58]
Exosomes58.56-RM-1IT2.5 μg·μL-1
0.2 mL
-[32]
MG16555.91 ± 0.3262.92 ± 3.724T1IV2 mg·kg-178.37%[59]
YCs--4T1-LucSC1 mg·mL-1
60 μL
57% recover[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1194703797227327609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083261243907, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Nano-drug delivery systems of R848 biocarriers. DLC: Drug loading content; MPs: Engineered microparticles; GM1655: Nonpathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli; YCs: Yeast carriers; Hepa1-6: Mouse Hepa cancer cell; RM-1: Mouse prostate cancer cell; 4T1-Luc: Luciferin-marked 4T1; SC: Subcutaneous injection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BiocarrierDLC/%EE/%Mouse modelRoute of administrationDosageAntitumor efficacyRef.
MPs3.5-Hepa1-6IV0.5 mg·kg-192.3%[57]
Platelet membrane3.4-MC38IT15 μg per mouse100%[58]
Exosomes58.56-RM-1IT2.5 μg·μL-1
0.2 mL
-[32]
MG16555.91 ± 0.3262.92 ± 3.724T1IV2 mg·kg-178.37%[59]
YCs--4T1-LucSC1 mg·mL-1
60 μL
57% recover[60]
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雷西莫特抗肿瘤纳米给药系统研究进展
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李朋鑫 1, 2 , 王小欢 2 , 宫婷婷 2 , 王向涛 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(3): 700-710
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(3): 700-710
雷西莫特抗肿瘤纳米给药系统研究进展
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李朋鑫1, 2, 王小欢2, 宫婷婷2, 王向涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450046
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193

通讯作者:

*王向涛, Tel: 86-10-5783326686, Fax: 86-10-57833020, E-mail:
Research progress on nanoscale drug delivery system of resiquimod for tumor treatment
Peng-xin LI1, 2, Xiao-huan WANG2, Ting-ting GONG2, Xiang-tao WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0706
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雷西莫特(resiquimod, R848) 属于咪唑喹啉类小分子化合物, 是Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR) 7/8的高效激动剂。R848有很强的免疫激动活性, 可以激发多种免疫细胞, 调节天然免疫和适应性免疫, 是一种极具潜力的免疫佐剂。近年来, 研究发现R848自身对多种肿瘤具有直接的抗肿瘤疗效, 同时还可与化疗、光热治疗等联用表现出良好的协同作用, 因此备受广大研究者关注。然而R848没有肿瘤靶向性, 大剂量重复给药可产生全身炎症和自身免疫反应, 限制了其临床应用。而纳米给药系统可能是解决这些问题的有效途径, 包括脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、生物载体、包合物、有机金属骨架和无机纳米材料, 以及基于R848前药或R848衍生物的纳米给药系统。本文对R848的理化性质、免疫调控机制、纳米给药系统进行综述, 以期为R848的抗肿瘤研究发展及新药开发提供参考和支持。

雷西莫特  /  抗肿瘤  /  纳米给药系统  /  Toll样受体激动剂  /  免疫疗法

Resiquimod (R848) belongs to the class of weak base organic compounds that are derivatives of imidazole quinoline and is a potent agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8. R848 can be considered an effective immune adjuvant as it has the ability to activate different immune cells and regulate innate and adaptive immunity. A number of researches done recently have reported R848 potent anti-tumor capacity, especially when combined with other cytotoxic therapies. Nonetheless, some hurdles remain with the clinical use of R848 such as its limited ability to reach the tumor and likelihood of inflammation and autoimmune responses which might result from repeated delivery of high dosages of the drug. Nanoscale drug delivery systems may overcome some of these challenges. Various nanoformulations, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, biocarriers, inclusion compound, metal-organic frameworks and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as several R848 prodrugs or derivatives-baesd nanoparticles, have been incorporated into present R848 delivery platforms. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, immune regulatory mechanisms and nano drug delivery systems of R848, in order to provide reference and support for anti-tumor research and new drug development.

resiquimod  /  antitumor  /  nano drug delivery system  /  Toll-like receptor agonist  /  immunotherapy
李朋鑫, 王小欢, 宫婷婷, 王向涛. 雷西莫特抗肿瘤纳米给药系统研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 700 -710 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0706
Peng-xin LI, Xiao-huan WANG, Ting-ting GONG, Xiang-tao WANG. Research progress on nanoscale drug delivery system of resiquimod for tumor treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 700 -710 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0706
据国际癌症研究机构发布的全球癌症统计[1], 2022年有近2 000万癌症新发病例, 970万人死于癌症, 预计2050年癌症新发病例数达到3 500万。传统的肿瘤治疗方法手术切除、化疗、放疗等, 虽然能够缓解病情, 但存在肿瘤复发、化疗耐药、毒副作用等问题。免疫治疗[2, 3]依靠免疫系统识别和清除癌细胞, 主要包括免疫检查点阻断(immune checkpoint blockade, ICB)[4-6]、细胞因子疗法[7]、嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法(chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy, CAR-T)[8, 9]、免疫佐剂等疗法, 均取得不错的结果, 但是在临床应用上仍受到免疫应答效率低下、全身毒副作用等挑战的阻碍。肿瘤并非仅由癌细胞组成, 癌细胞与多种免疫细胞、肿瘤相关成纤维细胞、内层细胞和细胞外基质等相互作用, 共同组成一个支持肿瘤生长的环境, 即肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)[10]。TME在很多时候表现为适应性免疫抵抗(adaptive immune resistance, AIR)[11], 即“冷肿瘤”[12], 冷肿瘤患者对免疫治疗不响应, 无法从免疫治疗中获益。通过免疫治疗刺激自身免疫系统, 恢复TME中免疫细胞对癌细胞的免疫抑制作用, 可将“冷肿瘤”转化为“热肿瘤”, 促进免疫细胞的浸润, 抑制肿瘤的生长, 并且产生特异免疫记忆。
R848作为一种免疫佐剂, 具有很强的刺激树突细胞(dendritic cells, DCs) 活化、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞[13](tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) 重极化的能力[14], 通过活化免疫细胞, 逆转TME, 从而表现出抗肿瘤作用。目前已有26项关于R848的研究进入或完成了临床试验, 大部分为外用凝胶剂治疗黑色素瘤、光化性角化病、疣、乙肝、T细胞淋巴瘤等病毒性皮肤病变和癌症, 通过静脉注射[15]、口服[16]、局部外用凝胶[17]等给药方式, 在显示疗效的同时, 也表现出不同程度的不良反应, 如发热、头痛、淋巴细胞减少、短期局部免疫缺陷等, 这些与R848作为Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR) 7/8激动剂能够诱导促炎细胞因子、干扰素、趋化因子的分泌等作用吻合[18-20]
纳米给药系统有望改善R848的药代动力学差的现状, 延长其血液循环时间, 提高对肿瘤的靶向性, 控制其有效释放, 从而实现增效减毒。此外借助纳米给药系统, 还可以将R848与其他TLR受体激动剂、免疫检查点阻断剂联用, 或与化疗[21-23]、放疗[24]、光热[25-27]、光动[28, 29]、声动[30-32]等疗法协同发挥抗癌作用。
R848的分子式为C17H22N4O2, 相对分子质量为314.38, 中文名称有雷西莫特、瑞喹莫德、雷西喹莫特, 化学结构如图 1所示。R848是一种白色或淡黄色粉末状固体化合物, 不易挥发, 没有明显气味, 熔点为190~193 ℃, 在水中溶解度为0.312 mg·mL-1 [33]。使用5% DMSO + 40% PEG400 + 5% Tween 80 + 50%生理盐水, 可以将R848配置成溶解度大于2.5 mg·mL-1的澄清溶液。R848易溶于有机溶剂, 在甲醇、DMF、DMSO中的溶解度分别为25、50和30 mg·mL-1。R848也表现出一定的亲脂性, 油水分配系数LogP = 1.55。R848是弱碱性化合物, pKa = 14.63 ± 0.29。在体外14.1 nmol·L-1 (约4.43×10-6 mg·mL-1) 的R848可以将半数的M2型巨噬细胞重极化为M1型[14]。R848上可供化学修饰的基团有限, 其中吡啶环上的氨基是R848的活性中心, 对其修饰可能导致抗肿瘤活性降低或损失, 同时R848上叔醇羟基反应活性较低[25, 28-30, 34-37], 所以对R848结构修饰的研究不多。
TLR是一种模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors, PRR), 是一类在哺乳动物免疫系统中广泛表达的跨膜蛋白, 多存在于免疫细胞中, 如巨噬细胞、DCs等, 能够识别多种微生物分子, 如细菌、病毒、真菌等, 并激活宿主免疫系统对其进行攻击。在众多TLR中, TLR3/4/7/8/9是常见的抗肿瘤免疫激动剂受体。TLR3/7/8/9定位于内质网和溶酶体, 主要识别病原体内的核糖; TLR4定位于细胞表面, 用于识别细胞外病原体成分。常见的激动剂有TLR3激动剂聚肌酸(poly I: C)、TLR4激动剂细菌脂多糖、TLR7/8激动剂R848和imquimod及TLR9激动剂CpG寡核苷酸等。
R848属于一种TLR7/8激动剂。可通过多种途径激活机体免疫反应, 改善TME。R848被先天免疫细胞的TLR识别后通过TLR/MyD 88依赖性信号通路[38]激活DCs, 上调DCs中的TLR7/8表达, 促进M2型巨噬细胞重极化为抑制肿瘤生长的M1型, 并诱导促炎细胞因子(如IL-6、IL-12和IFNα、IFN-γ)[39]和趋化因子的分泌。R848通过激活肿瘤坏死因子-α、转录因子NF-κB和STAT 4将髓源性抑制细胞转化为肿瘤杀伤性的抗原呈递细胞[40]。IL-6、IL-12和IFNα、IFN-γ等多种促炎细胞因子的释放, 增加自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell, NK) 和细胞毒性T细胞[41]的比例, 降低调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs)[42]的比例。也有研究发现R848的治疗效果独立于CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞和NK细胞, 因为这些免疫细胞的选择性耗竭并没有消除治疗效果[43], 关于R848免疫治疗的反应机制有待于进一步研究。
在R848与化疗等联用常表现出协同抗肿瘤作用。化疗、放疗或者光热等可使肿瘤细胞产生免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cell death, ICD), 垂死的肿瘤细胞会释放各种可溶性危险信号, 如钙网蛋白、CXC趋化因子配体10、高迁移率族蛋白B1等, 这些危险信号可以招募并引发免疫细胞的成熟, 继而吞噬并呈递肿瘤抗原以激活T细胞应答, 激活T细胞被募集至肿瘤区域对肿瘤细胞进行杀伤并再次引发ICD。但是化疗、放疗或者光热产生的ICD效应并不强, 与R848联用, 借助R848的免疫激活效应, 经常表现出高效持久的抗肿瘤反应。
纳米粒泛指至少在一个维度上小于100 nm的微小颗粒, 包括纳米粒、纳米棒、纳米花等。纳米给药系统包括胶束、脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、生物来源纳米载体(如外泌体) 和仿生纳米载体(如红细胞包被纳米粒)、有机金属骨架纳米粒、无机纳米材料(如介孔硅) 等, 借助其在粒径、表面电荷、外形、材料性质等方面的特性, 及特定的表面修饰, 用于向体内有效递送各种小分子药物、核酸等大分子治疗性物质输送。纳米技术的药物递送系统通过增强的渗透性和滞留(enhanced permeability and retention, EPR) 效应和靶向配体的修饰, 增强药物肿瘤分布和肿瘤深层渗透的能力, 提高治疗效果。R848纳米给药系统表现出比游离R848更优的免疫抗肿瘤效果, 并能与其他药物协同发挥抗肿瘤疗效。
脂质体包裹递送R848可改善其体内代谢特征, 通过EPR效应、甘露糖修饰提高TAMs的摄取[44]等提高脂质体在肿瘤中的聚集, 表现出良好的治疗效果和不错的安全性, 见表 1[45-49]。由于R848具有一定的水溶性, 被动载药时, 如薄膜分散法, 包封率较低; 利用R848是弱碱性化合物的性质, 通过pH梯度法如硫酸铵梯度法主动装载, 包封率较高。此外, 通过细胞内吞作用制备膜仿生脂质体也可以增加脂质体的肿瘤靶向能力。
甘露糖受体CD206是一种主要分布于DCs和巨噬细胞表面的PRR, 尤其是在M2型TAMs上呈高表达。甘露糖是CD206的天然配体。Lu等[45]用二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-甘露糖(DSPE-PEG-Mannose) 为靶向脂材, 采用硫酸铵梯度法包封R848, 制备了甘露糖修饰的R848脂质体, 包封率达85.59%, 48 h积累释药46.73%, 与普通的脂质体相比, RAW264.7对甘露糖修饰的脂质体摄取效率提高了3.8倍, 肿瘤靶向性提高了3.3倍, 在小鼠结肠癌细胞MC38移植瘤模型上以2 mg·kg-1的剂量静脉注射5次(隔1天给药1次), 瘤重抑瘤率达95.83%, 有两只小鼠肿瘤完全消失, 产生了免疫记忆效应。
R848与CD47拮抗剂联用可以协同增强巨噬细胞对癌细胞的吞噬作用。癌细胞倾向于高表达CD47, 一种“不要吃我”的信号, 通过CD47/SIRPα信号通路阻碍巨噬细胞的吞噬。Jia等[46]通过硫酸铵梯度法制备了表面修饰甘露糖的R848脂质体, 表面吸附对CD47具有高度拮抗作用的CV1蛋白, 制得对TME和肿瘤细胞双重靶向作用的脂质体, R848包封率达90%, 16 h体外释放 < 30%; 与未修饰的脂质体相比, 被M2型TAMs、小鼠结肠癌细胞MC38的摄取显著增加; 在MC38模型治疗中瘤内注射2次(R848, 每只11.25 μg; CV1, 每只25 μg; 隔2天给药1次) 后, 6只小鼠中有4只肿瘤完全治愈; 静脉注射给药3次(R848, 每只22.5 μg; CV1, 每只50 μg; 隔1天给药1次), 肿瘤靶向能力比空白脂质体高2倍, 抑瘤率为88.3%, 而且未产生血液和器官毒性。
Zhang等[47]通过硫酸铵梯度法制备了温度敏感型R848脂质体(R848-TSLs), 包封率为50%, 药载比(w/w) 为0.09, 在37 ℃的PBS中, 药物30 min释放率为12%, 在50%血清中, 37 ℃时, 5 min内释放率为60%, 42 ℃时, 5 min释放率为80%。与αPD-1联用, 在乳腺癌Neu缺失(Neu deletion, NDL) 小鼠模型治疗中(R848, 每只10 μg, 瘤内注射, 每周2次, 共4次; αPD-1, 每只200 μg, 腹腔注射, 每周1次, 共3次), 通过超声热疗使小鼠肿瘤部位局部升温控制药物释放, 小鼠体重没有明显变化, 肿瘤完全根除, 超过50%的小鼠肿瘤没有复发, 小鼠中位生存期大于100天, 并产生了特异性免疫记忆。
肿瘤通过对巨噬细胞等免疫细胞的招募构建免疫抑制的TME, 通过巨噬细胞构建仿生给药系统, 可以提高药物肿瘤靶向性。Xu等[48]通过薄膜分散法、巨噬细胞内吞作用制备了一种含有M1巨噬细胞膜的仿生脂质体递送R848和DM4 (抑制细胞分裂的微管蛋白剂)。R848包封率为93.21%, 载药量为0.084%。在小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1肺转移模型中, 药物表现出良好的肺部靶向, 抑瘤率为90.99%。静脉注射2或3次(R848, 52 μg·kg-1; DM4, 135 μg·kg-1) 使4T1、EMT-6、Renca 3种肺转移肿瘤模型小鼠中位生存期分别延长148.94%、248.28%、178.85%。此外也有研究使用通过薄膜分散法制备支原体膜仿生脂质体包载R848和鬼臼毒素, 表现出良好的肿瘤靶向和显著的肿瘤抑制[50]
常见的聚合物包括两亲性聚合物、天然多糖等, 通过溶剂法、乳化法等方法, 利用静电作用、π-π堆叠等将R848包裹于其中, 具有一定的缓释、靶向作用。进一步通过对聚合物进行特异修饰得到响应型聚合物(如pH响应型) 或靶向性聚合物(如甘露糖受体靶向[51, 52]), 来增加R848肿瘤靶向性, 提高其抗肿瘤活性, 见表 2[51-56]。但是由于R848本身具有一定的水溶性, 通过沉淀法等自下而上(bottom-up) 法制备的纳米粒常表现出包封率低的问题。
TAMs中表达的SIRPα与巨噬细胞活化和吞噬作用负相关, 导致免疫监视逃逸。Li等[53]通过溶剂交换法制备了共载R848和2′, 3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) 的甘露糖修饰的pH响应性纳米平台, R848包封率、载药量分别为71.8%和7.39%。cGAMP介导的干扰素基因刺激因子的激活能够显著下调TAMs中SIRPα的表达, 通过与CD 47抗体、PD-L1抗体联合治疗, 三重阻断信号通路。在B16F10肿瘤模型中静脉注射3次(R848, 每只10 μg; cGAMP, 每只10 μg; 每隔2天给药1次; aCD47, 每只120 μg; aPD-L1, 每只100 μg; 给药第2天静脉注射抗体), 显著抑制肿瘤生长, 50天生存率为71.4%, 并具有有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。
Duwa等[54]通过溶剂蒸发法制备了载有R848的PLGA NPs, 表面修饰靶向T细胞的抗CD3抗体和靶向癌细胞PD-L1的anti-PD-L1抗体。R848包封率为46.33%, 载药量为4.85%, 提高了人卵巢癌细胞SK-OV3、黑色素瘤细胞B16F10的摄取, 瘤内注射后72 h仍表现出良好的滞留能力。以2 mg·kg-1 R848的剂量对B16F10肿瘤模型上瘤内注射5次(隔1天给药1次) 显著抑制了肿瘤的生长, 抑瘤率约为51.28%。卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA) 是一种鸡源性蛋白, 对小鼠是一种外来抗原, 而表达OVA的肿瘤细胞, 更容易被判断为非自身细胞, 刺激免疫系统。为了增加药物对M2型TAMs的靶向性, Zhang等[55]用水包油纳米乳化法制备了包载R848的PLGA纳米粒, 外层包裹B16-OVA癌细胞膜, 用M2靶向肽M2pep修饰, 以0.5 mg·kg-1的剂量给B16-OVA黑色素瘤小鼠静脉注射5次(隔2天给药1次), 抑瘤率为82%, 体重呈略微上升趋势, 并显著延长中位生存期。
Jin等[56]分别通过纳米沉淀法和单乳液法制备了聚合物mPEG-b-PHEP [poly (ethylene glycol)-block-polyphosphoester] 包载铁磁纳米立方体和R848的纳米粒Tu-NPFN和Ln-NPR848。Tu-NPFN载药量为4.11%, 在交变磁场下表现出良好的磁热疗能力, 产生大量抗原; Ln-NPR848包封率为60.2%, 载药量为5.68%, 可以捕获一部分产生的抗原, 刺激免疫反应激活并向淋巴结靶向递送, 显著促进了DCs的摄取和成熟。在对4T1乳腺癌肺转移小鼠瘤内注射1次(Tu-NPFN = 116.55 mg·kg-1, Ln-NPR848 = 33.22 mg·kg-1), 联合静脉注射抗CTLA4抗体3次(aCTLA-4, 5.0 mg·kg-1, 隔3天给药1次) 治疗, 7只小鼠中有3只小鼠转移病灶消失。
声动力治疗(sonodynamic treatment, SDT) 指通过将超声与声敏剂联合使用, 可以使肿瘤组织产生活性氧(ROS), 与R848联用可以诱导更强的免疫抗肿瘤反应。Chen等[31]利用薄膜水化超声技术制备了利用DSPC、DSPE-PEG2000包载声敏剂ICG、R848和八氟丙烷(C3F8) 的纳米气泡(nanobubbles, NBs), 即ICG@C3F8-R848 NBs, 用于纳米超声成像。C3F8作为一种高相对分子质量和低溶解度的气体, 在NBs中充当气体核心成分, 保持微泡的稳定性, 延长血液循环时间。NBs中的ICG在超声波的刺激下能有效地产生单体氧, 以杀死肿瘤细胞。静脉给药后, NBs与SDT结合后表现出极强的肿瘤靶向性和良好的抗肿瘤疗效, 小鼠体重没有明显降低。
常用的生物载体可以分为全细胞和细胞衍生物(即基于细胞膜和各种细胞分泌的外泌体、微泡、凋亡小体等细胞外囊泡)。它们作为天然载体为药物靶向治疗带来了新的方向。生物载体保留了本体细胞的生理功能和特性, 而不诱发机体免疫排斥, 在R848递送中表现出一定的潜力。但是为了保持细胞载体的活性, R848载药的剂量受到一定限制。同时生物载体在提取、纯化、载药方面具有一定难度, 并且成本较高。总体上生物载体纳米给药系统通过细胞固有的摄取能力或药物的被动扩散将药物装载到细胞内部, 或通过吸附或缀合将药物包载到细胞表面, 普遍取得了良好的肿瘤靶向和喜人的抗肿瘤效果, 见表 3[32, 57-60], 但是临床研究时安全性方面应慎重考虑。
Zhang等[57]通过基因修饰获得肝癌抗原甲胎蛋白过表达的巨噬细胞, 经紫外照射1 h后, 与R848孵育12 h, 弃去细胞和细胞碎片, 收集负载R848的工程微粒(engineered microparticles, MPs), 进一步与DSPE-PEG-M2pep孵育进行表面修饰, R848载药量约3.5%。在Hepa1-6肝癌细胞小鼠模型中静脉注射给药6次(0.5 mg·kg-1 R848, 隔2天给药1次), 抑瘤率92.3%, 中位生存期延长至126.5天, 体重没有明显变化。与PDL-1联用(5 mg·kg-1 PDL-1, 腹腔注射4次, 隔4天给药1次), 抑瘤率提高至95.9%, 50%的小鼠肿瘤完全消失, 并产生了抗原特异性免疫记忆。
在癌症手术后的伤口愈合过程中, 血小板、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞在伤口部位积聚, 并诱导重要的病理生理过程。Bahmani等[58]将血小板膜包被在R848的PLA纳米粒上, 载药量为3.4%, 肿瘤内给药明显增强了局部免疫激活, 在MC38小鼠结肠癌模型上以15 μg/只的剂量瘤内给药3次(隔1天给药1次), 100%的肿瘤完全根除, 并产生了特异免疫记忆。在4T1乳腺癌小鼠模型上给药5次显著延缓了肿瘤生长并抑制肺转移, 延长无进展生存期至23天, 而阴性组为9天。Sheng等[61]制备了血小板-中性粒细胞混合膜, 包裹R848 NPs后表面修饰IR820形成光热免疫联合纳米递送系统。4T1-Luc小鼠双侧乳腺癌肿瘤模型上, 与CD47阻断剂联用静脉注射4次(每只40 μg R848和75 μg aCD47, 每周2次), 术后小鼠复发率降为25%, 没有发现肺转移, 存活率提高至75%。
Wang等[32]通过外泌体包载声敏剂二氢卟吩(chlorin e6, Ce6) 和R848, 构建了STD与免疫治疗联合治疗的纳米给药系统。R848、Ce6载药量分别为58.56%和70.08%。借助于外泌体的稳定性、生物相容性等特性, 与静脉给药相比, 药物通过瘤内注射后, 表现出更强的肿瘤靶向性。在小鼠前列腺癌细胞RM-1肿瘤模型治疗中, 将每公斤2×109个颗粒的外泌体通过瘤内注射给药0.2 mL共3次(R848, 2.5 μg·μL-1; Ce6, 5 μg·μL-1, 隔1天给药1次), 给药后麻醉小鼠进行STD治疗, 肿瘤生长受到明显抑制, 小鼠体重没有明显变化。
细菌治疗是一种新颖的抗肿瘤治疗方法, 由于肿瘤的缺氧微环境, 细菌可以靶向肿瘤组织, 此外细菌还可以抑制肿瘤血管生成、抑制肿瘤转移、诱发巨噬细胞极化刺激自身免疫等。Wei等[59]首先通过溶剂蒸发法制备了R848@PLGA NPs, 然后通过静电相互作用将R848@PLGA NPs吸附于非致病性的大肠杆菌MG1655表面, 制备了大肠杆菌负载R844的纳米递送系统(Ec-R848)。在4T1乳腺癌小鼠模型上, 联合化疗[R848, 2 mg·kg-1, 静脉注射, 隔2天给药1次, 共3次; 多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX), 5 mg·kg-1, 瘤内注射1次], 抑瘤率为78.37%, 药物表现出良好的肿瘤积累, 肿瘤菌落数是肝脏的17倍以上, 小鼠体重没有明显降低。
面对手术治疗后肿瘤复发和转移的问题, Ma等[60]通过处理酵母细胞得到酵母细胞胶囊, 内部填装聚合介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒来构建仿生酵母载体(bionic yeast carriers, BYCs), 负载抗原和R848。BYCs可以模拟酵母感染途径, 促进DC大量识别细胞抗原/R848@BYC, 刺激DC生长并成熟。在4T1-Luc乳腺癌小鼠肿瘤模型上, 通过手术与给药联合治疗(R848, 1 mg·mL-1, 60 μL, 背部皮下注射, 隔3天给药1次, 共3次), 57%的小鼠完全治愈, 体重没有明显下降, 并产生了特异免疫记忆。
包合物(inclusion compound) 是指一种分子部分或全部被包藏于另一种分子的空穴结构内形成的络合物。包合物包括主分子与客分子组成, 主分子是包合材料具有较大的空穴结构, 客分子被包合在主分子的空穴中, 两者通过范德华力, 形成稳定的包合物。具有增加难溶药物稳定性和溶解度, 较少药物的不良反应等功能。常见的包合材料有环糊精(cyclodextrin, CD) 及其衍生物, 如β-环糊精具有生物相容性好, 表面易于修饰等优点。研究发现, β-环糊精具有良好的巨噬细胞亲和力[14], 通过其制备的纳米制剂表现出靶向富含巨噬细胞组织的能力。
为改善R848对TAMs的靶向作用, Rodell等[14]将琥珀酰-β-环糊精与赖氨酸(L-lysine) 在水中通过酰胺缩合反应形成环糊精纳米粒(CDNPs), 通过主客体相互作用包载R848, 载药量为10.39%。在MC38小鼠结肠癌模型上静脉给药4次(2 mg·kg-1, 隔2天给药1次), 由于巨噬细胞对CDNPs的主动摄取, 药物在肿瘤和淋巴结中高度累积, 肿瘤生长受到明显抑制, 生存期显著延长, 并产生了特异免疫记忆。Turco等[62]使用同样的方法制备了β-环糊精包载R848的纳米粒CDNPs。静脉注射于Gl261胶质瘤小鼠模型后, 药物主要分布于髓细胞来源的单核细胞(25.7 ± 2.9)%、脾巨噬细胞(13.2 ± 0.7)%, 给药3次(10 mg·kg-1, 隔2天给药1次) 后, 43%的小鼠肿瘤消退, 延长中位生存期至65天。Lugani等[63]通过相似的方法用β-环糊精包载R848和LCL-161 (细胞凋亡抑制蛋白抑制剂), 制备了纳米粒。给药后药物可以进入TME, 在肿瘤部位分布是正常脑组织的68倍, 在淋巴中也高浓度积累, 通过NF-κB通路诱导IL-12的分泌, 激活髓细胞。在CT2A胶质母细胞瘤小鼠模型上静脉注射3次(R848, 每只200 μg; LCL-161, 每只500 μg; 隔2天给药1次), 抑瘤率为92.96%, 治疗的小鼠体重没有明显下降, 中位生存期显著延长。
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(green tea catechin, EGCG) 可以减少癌细胞PDL-1的表达, 有助于恢复巨噬细胞、细胞毒性T细胞等对癌细胞的杀伤作用, 从而表现出与R848的协同作用。Song等[64]基于修饰后的羟丙基-β-环糊精通过主客体相互作用分别包载R848与EGCG后进一步通过化学交联作用制备了TME响应型纳米凝胶。EGCG与R848包封率分别为74.07%和90.56%, 具有pH响应性释药特性。在B16F10黑色素瘤小鼠模型中静脉给药4次(3 mg·kg-1 R848, 6 mg·kg-1 EGCG, 隔2天给药1次), 表现出一定的肿瘤靶向性, 抑瘤率为79.01%, 与OX40激动剂alphaOX40联用(10 mg·kg-1, 腹腔注射, 给药4次, 隔2天给药1次) 表现出91.56%的肿瘤抑制, 中位生存期延长至42天。
金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks, MOF) 是一类由金属离子或离子簇作为节点和有机分子作为配体构成的多孔有机-无机配位材料。与传统材料相比, MOF具有易合成、形态可控、可定制粒径、成分多样化、孔隙率高且可调控、高比表面积、易功能化修饰和良好的生物相容性等诸多优势。
细胞焦亡(pyroptosis) 是ICD的一种炎症形式, 由gasdermin蛋白家族调节以响应各种刺激。研究表明, 过渡金属离子(如Fe2+、Mn2+和Cu2+) 可以通过Fenton或Fenton样反应与酸性TME中的H2O2反应, 产生ROS触发细胞焦亡。通过纳米给药系统可以实现MOF与R848协同抗肿瘤。Feng等[65]设计了一种负载金属离子和R848的酸响应性Fe/Mn双金属有机骨架纳米系统(TheFeMn@R@H) 用于将细胞焦亡和免疫疗法相结合。R848被封装在MOF内部, 外层包裹透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA), R848载药量为15.7%。在酸性TME中TheFeMn@R@H将被触发分解并迅速释放Fe3+和Mn2+离子。在4T1单侧乳腺癌小鼠模型中静脉注射3次(10 mg·kg-1 Fe, 2 mg·kg-1 R848, 隔1天给药1次), 抑瘤率为82.2%, 体重没有明显变化。通过纳米给药系统可以实现MOF + R848 +化疗协同抗肿瘤。Guo等[66]通过人血清白蛋白、单宁酸(tannic acid, TA) 用于蜂毒肽(melittin, Mel) 和R848的体内递送和可控释放, TA与Fe3+相互作用增加NPs的稳定性。在双侧小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1模型上瘤内注射3次(Mel, 5 mg·kg-1; R848, 1.25 μmol·kg-1; 隔2天给药1次), 显著抑制了原发性肿瘤和继发性肿瘤生长。
无机纳米给药系统具有尺寸小、比表面积大等优点, 与其他纳米给药系统相比, 表现出更好的化学稳定性及独特的物理性质。如广泛运用的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MSNs) 具有良好的生物相容性、孔隙率可调节、高负载能力、低成本和可调节表面特性等优点。
传统MSNs因孔径小和生物降解缓慢, 而在递送多肽和蛋白质方面受限制。Huang等[67]基于活性氧反应性MSNs, 将HMGN1 (TLR4激动剂) 和R848共载到MSNs的大孔中, αPD-L1通过二硒键共轭到MSN的表面, 制备了纳米递送系统, 其可被TME中高水平的ROS快速裂解。1 mg MSNs中R848、HMGN1、αPD-L1的同时负载量分别为0.43 ± 0.06、0.28 ± 0.07和0.16 ± 0.04 mg。在小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26肿瘤模型治疗中静脉注射5次后(6 mg·kg-1 MSNs, 隔2天给药1次), 抑瘤率为100%, 并产生了特异性免疫记忆, 小鼠体重没有明显降低。
树枝状大孔介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(dendritic large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles, DLMSNs) 在体内的降解速度更快, 且孔径比MSNs大, Cheng等[26]基于4T1癌细胞膜包裹的DLMSNs共载CuS NPs、AUNP-12 (PD-1/PDL-1通路拮抗剂) 和R848, 构建了智能仿生纳米递送系统。R848包封率、载药量分别为10.0%和10.2%。通过光热消融破坏原发性肿瘤, 并通过免疫重塑防止肿瘤复发和远处转移, 在酸性的TME中, 释放出AUNP-12, 有助于恢复T细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别杀伤作用。在双侧小鼠乳腺癌4T1原位肿瘤模型中静脉注射2次(R848, 3 mg·kg-1; AUNP-12, 5 mg·kg-1; DLMSN, 30 mg·kg-1; 隔2天给药一次, 给药24 h后进行激光照射), 小鼠原发性肿瘤完全消失, 没有复发, 中位生存期延长至47.0天, 表明具有极佳的治疗效果和安全性。
为改善缺氧性TME中免疫治疗的有效性, Wen等[68]基于巨噬细胞膜包被的MSNs负载过氧化氢酶(catalase)、DOX和R848, 构建了多功能纳米平台。R848载药量、包封率分别为(1.6 ± 0.14)%、(56.9 ± 4.27)%。Catalase可以特异性地将肿瘤部位高浓度的H2O2分解为原位氧, 阻断Treg细胞的A2AR受体与腺苷的结合, 下调Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能, 改善免疫抑制性TME。DOX和R848可以分别诱导ICD和增强DCs的活化。在小鼠肝癌细胞Hepa 1-6肿瘤模型和小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26.WT模型中静脉给药3次(DOX, 5 mg·kg-1; R848, 3.67 mg·kg-1; catalase, 4.76 mg·kg-1; 隔1天给药1次), 抑瘤率为73.58%, 体重几乎没有变化, 极大地延长了小鼠的生存期。
可生物降解的半导体空心硫化铜(hollow copper sulfide, HCuS) 是一种独特的光热材料, 与金相比, 具有更好的光稳定性, 毒性更小且成本较低。Gowsalya等[69]基于HCuS的多孔、空心的结构, 加载ICG, 然后通过化学偶联将HA包裹HCuS, 最后加载R848, 形成纳米复合材料NC。HA的存在增强了CD44介导的细胞摄取, HCuS和ICG表现出极大的光热转换效率, 在NIR照射下有效地诱导肿瘤细胞ICD。R848载药量、包封率分别为18.4%、74.2%。在小鼠乳腺癌4T1模型治疗中静脉注射3次(10 mg·kg-1 NC; 隔2天给药1次), 表现出100%的肿瘤抑制, 且小鼠体重没有明显降低。
为了改善R848的肿瘤靶向性, 减小其对组织的毒副作用, 研究人员尝试了通过对R848的氨基或羟基进行化学修饰, 主要分为两类: 一类为与R848氨基反应的前药, 通过对其氨基进行修饰使R848的活性消失, 于TME特定的环境中(如缺氧、酶、微酸性pH) 响应, 恢复其免疫活性, 如R848-BPDs[70]、R848-N3[71]; 另一类为与R848羟基反应的衍生物, 通过修饰增加R848的脂溶性, 或将R848偶联到聚合物[72, 73]上, 延长其血液循环时间, 并保留其免疫活性, 如R848-Toco[35]、R848-C16[74]等。
精确控制R848的释放是增加其疗效, 减小其毒副作用的重要因素。为研究R848系统给药后的药物动力学行为, Bhagchandani等[70]通过将R848的氨基与PEG链共价连接形成R848-BPDs聚合物“前药库”, 以避免R848暴露于表面。不同的R848-BPDs表现出4~40天不同的R848体外释放半衰期。通过不同缓释程度, 提高了R848的最大耐受剂量。在小鼠结肠癌MC38、CT26模型治疗中, 静脉注射给药3次(R848, 7.5 mg·kg-1, 隔2天给药1次), 相比于游离的R848, R848-BPDs表现出更显著的肿瘤抑制和良好的安全性。
为降低R848的系统毒性, 增强其对肿瘤组织的靶向性, Sun等[71]开发了R848的叠氮化物掩蔽的前药R848-N3, 其在缺氧肿瘤中被选择性激活为R848。与相同剂量的R848相比, R848-N3显著降低了治疗小鼠的促炎细胞因子。与康普瑞汀A4纳米粒(combretastatin A4 nanoparticles, CA4 NPs) 联用, 可提高肿瘤缺氧水平来增强R848-N3的肿瘤靶向性, 静脉注射给药后1 h比瘤内注射R848表现出更高的肿瘤蓄积。并且发现, 相比于R848, 通过静脉注射10~80 mg·kg-1的R848-N3溶液, 小鼠耐受性很好, 没有体重下降或死亡, 血清中细胞因子水平明显降低。为了增加疗效, 使用马来酰亚胺(maleimide, MAL) 基团修饰两亲性聚合物mPEG5k-PDLLA5k来增加纳米制剂的捕获抗原和载药能力, 通过薄膜水化法包载R848-N3制备了MAL-NPs。由MAL NPs + 放疗+ aPD1 (R848-N3, 20 mg·kg-1, 静脉注射; aPD1, 每只100 μg, 腹腔注射; 隔2天给药1次, 共3次) 可诱导的全身免疫应答和长期免疫记忆, 显著抑制了小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26双侧肿瘤模型原发性肿瘤生长(抑瘤率为96.01%) 和继发性肿瘤生长(抑瘤率为78.84%), 体重没有明显下降[75]
Wang等[30]通过将R848与超小尺寸的晶状纳米结构PAMAM (G5) 偶联, 制备了缺氧敏感型前药, 同时将G5与声敏剂CHC (chenghai chlorin) 偶联, 制备了G5-CHC-R NPs。缺氧敏感接头可被在肿瘤微环境中高表达的硝基还原酶酶解断开, 释放R848。通过全身超声治疗刺激CHC杀死癌细胞, 表现出良好的重现性、高穿透性和微弱的组织损伤。通过静脉注射G5-CHC-R NPs联合低强度超声治疗小鼠胰腺癌细胞Pan02原位肿瘤模型和4T1肿瘤模型后, 肿瘤生长发生显著抑制和明显的颜色变化, 表现出较好的肿瘤靶向, 并且没有观察到小鼠体重减轻和明显的组织损伤。
为提高R848的包封率, 控制其释放但不影响其活性, Lu等[35]通过酯化反应将R848的羟基与α-tocopherol偶联制备了前药R848-Toco, 增加了其亲脂性, 然后与α-tocopherol修饰的HA制备聚合物纳米混悬剂, 包封率为(94.2 ± 8.9)%, 延长了R848释放动力学, 显著抑制了肿瘤生长。Wang等[36]将棕榈酸通过酯化反应与R848的羟基偶联合成了C16-R848。Islam等[76]通过自组装制备了一种由Lipid-PEG包载编码OVA的mRNA和C16-R848的脂质纳米颗粒, 使用mRNA疗法与R848联合刺激先天免疫。C16-R848的包封率约20%, 同时表现出较高的mRNA转染效率(> 95%)。体内预防性接种后(每只鼠30 μg OVA mRNA和5.6 μg R848), 在小鼠T细胞淋巴瘤上肿瘤生长较对照减少84%, 前列腺癌模型上肿瘤生长较对照减少60%。Yan等[74]通过酯化反应将R848的羟基与带羧基的阳离子脂质偶联合成RAL, 制备了脂质纳米颗粒(RAL-LNPs), 用于递送CD40 mRNA (CD40激动剂), 在B16-F10肿瘤模型治疗中瘤内注射6次(隔天给药), 与anti-CD40 Abs联合治疗后, 70% 的小鼠得以痊愈, 并产生了免疫记忆。
光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT) 与R848联用也表现出良好的治疗效果。Wang等[28]通过自组装将R848修饰的酸响应型聚合物和光敏剂PPa (pyropheophorbide a) 修饰的聚合物制备了前药纳米给药系统。在671 nm照射下, PPa产生ROS, 引发肿瘤细胞ICD的同时, 促进R848的释放。在小鼠结肠癌CT26模型中静脉注射治疗3次(R848, 2.5 mg·kg-1; PPa, 5 mg·kg-1, 隔1天给药1次), 与腹腔注射αPD-L1联合治疗(2.5 mg·kg-1, 在激光照射24 h后), 显著抑制肿瘤生长, 极大延长生存期, 并且产生了特异性免疫记忆。Qu等[29]通过酯化反应将光敏剂PPa与R848偶联合成前药PA-R848, 通过自组装制备脂酶响应型纳米给药系统。在小鼠鳞状癌细胞SCC-7肿瘤模型中静脉注射前药纳米粒2次(10 mg·kg-1, 每周1次), 与激光照射、抗PD-1联合治疗(腹腔注射, 每只200 μg), 完全抑制原发性肿瘤, 显著抑制远端肿瘤的生长, 小鼠体重没有明显降低。
综上所述, 近年来R848抗肿瘤纳米给药系统主要集中于脂质体、聚合物和生物载体, 其他的剂型研究较少。通过纳米给药系统可以延长R848血液循环时间、提高肿瘤部位靶向作用, 减小全身毒副作用。此外, R848的单药治疗研究较少, 多与其他药物或其他疗法联合使用, 通过协同作用表现出良好的抗肿瘤效果甚至痊愈, 并产生了特异性免疫记忆。关于R848的纳米制剂近年发展迅猛, 总体上具有良好抗肿瘤效果, 为R848进一步抗肿瘤纳米制剂的研究奠定了基础。
但是, R848抗肿瘤纳米给药系统仍面临一些问题。首先, 一些纳米制剂具体的制备方法较复杂, 如为了增加肿瘤靶向性而进行的特异性修饰; 一些生物载体成本较高等, 难以进行大规模工业化生产; 由于R848具有一定的水溶性, 导致部分纳米制剂包封率较低; 多数纳米制剂制备时为提高包封率大量使用载体, 这可能存在载体的相关毒性; 最后, 目前关于R848的抗肿瘤纳米给药系统研究仍处于实验室阶段, 距离临床应用仍有一段距离。
未来R848抗肿瘤纳米给药系统, 应该多关注通过简单的方法, 利用R848自身的性质(如亲脂性、弱碱性、一定的自组装能力等) 制备得到高载药量的R848纳米粒; 利用肿瘤微环境中微酸性、缺氧等特异条件诱导纳米制剂降解和药物释放; 利用超声、近红外、磁场等外源条件, 从时间或空间上主动控制纳米制剂的分布和释放, 此外可以设计将R848运输到免疫细胞内细胞器TLR受体上, 如通过甘露糖修饰增加纳米制剂对M2型TAMs的靶向, 持续高效刺激免疫细胞, 有助于实现高效运输R848, 提高其抗肿瘤疗效。在R848纳米给药系统免疫治疗实体肿瘤的研究中, 未来可能会有更多的研究方向, 以提供更加有效的治疗方案, 从而改善患者的临床疗效。
作者贡献: 李朋鑫负责查阅文献和论文撰写; 王小欢和宫婷婷负责文献收集和语言润色; 王向涛负责论文整体设计及修改指导。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康创新工程(2021-I2M-1-071)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0706
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-06
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中国医学科学院医学与健康创新工程(2021-I2M-1-071)
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    1.河南中医药大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450046
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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