Article(id=1199782968152650331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0685, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1728403200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980150497, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1733932800000, pubDateStr=2024-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980150497, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980150497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980150497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199782966441378761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='3179', pageEnd='3412', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980150088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224975369, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809838151324147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199782966441378761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3304, endPage=3314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199782968429474398, articleId=1199782968152650331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule on rheumatoid arthritis based on intestinal flora and metabolomics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule (SWRXC) is a classic formulation widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) serum untargeted metabolomics and high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing association analysis to elucidate the mechanism of action of SWRXC for the treatment of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced RA. The results showed that SWRXC significantly improved symptoms and reduced serum cytokine levels in RA rats. Based on LC-MS/MS technology, metabolomics identified tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and purine metabolism as the most relevant pathways for treatment. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that SWRXC could ameliorate RA-induced intestinal microbial oncogenesis in rats. In conclusion, SWRXC can improve the morphology and structure of RA joint tissues, reduce serum factor levels, and may play a role in improving RA by modulating related metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and purine metabolism, and altering the composition of intestinal flora. Animal protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qinghai Normal University (No. 2021041203).

, correspAuthors=Hai-juan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-han GAO, Hai-juan CHEN, Yong-gui MA, Jun SHANG, Guo-yan ZHANG, Wen-jian ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199782971122217653, articleId=1199782968152650331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于肠道菌群及代谢组学探讨藏药十味乳香胶囊对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的治疗及其作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

十味乳香胶囊(SWRXC) 是一种广泛用于治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 的经典配方, 研究采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS) 非靶向代谢组学和16S rRNA高通量基因测序法关联分析, 以阐释SWRXC治疗弗氏完全佐剂诱导的RA的作用机制。结果显示, SWRXC能显著改善RA大鼠症状, 降低大鼠血清中细胞因子水平。基于LC-MS/MS技术, 在代谢组学中发现了色氨酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和嘌呤代谢是治疗最相关的途径。此外, 16S rRNA测序结果显示, SWRXC可以改善RA引起的大鼠肠道微生物紊乱。综上, SWRXC可以改善RA关节组织形态结构、降低血清因子含量, 通过调控色氨酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和嘌呤代谢等相关代谢通路、改变肠道菌群组成从而发挥改善RA的作用。动物实验经青海师范大学大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021041203)。

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*陈海娟, E-mail:
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Cells, 2022, 11: 2436., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200378750304113500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tajik N, Frech M, Schulz O, et al. Targeting zonulin and intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis [J]. 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Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining 810008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200378736316108951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, companyId=1200378736286748820, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 青海 西宁 810008)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200378742947303927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T6CH571NzDLncsD0RGZ6Uw==, figureFileBig=yHHry90McfxKeJT60uebsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743089910273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule (SWRXC) has good therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A: Relative changes in body weight of rats; B: Ankle joint swelling; C: Toe thickness; D: Paw morphology of rats; E: Histopathological H & E staining of ankle joints of rats; F: Histopathological safranin O/fast green staining of ankle joints of rats in different treatment groups; G: Transmission electron microscopy ultrastructure of colonic mucosa. <i>n =</i> 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> CG; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> MG , figureFileSmall=T6CH571NzDLncsD0RGZ6Uw==, figureFileBig=yHHry90McfxKeJT60uebsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743224128014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nJ1JIbIYWRv3PkorK9WR2Q==, figureFileBig=owJGJSa9mCREMlNJpDz+/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743391900194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effect of SWRXC on cytokines in RA rats. A: IgA1; B: IgG1; C: PTGS2; D: MMP9. <i>n =</i> 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=nJ1JIbIYWRv3PkorK9WR2Q==, figureFileBig=owJGJSa9mCREMlNJpDz+/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743534506539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YM80gIHZ9HHEysMOqdwSmQ==, figureFileBig=Mnue9PiJCT4fGHYo9b0y3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743660335666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Multivariate statistical analysis of metabolomics. A: Whole group PCA analysis in positive ion mode; B: Multivariate analysis between MG and CG; C: Multivariate analysis between SWRXH and MG groups; D: Multivariate analysis between SWRXL and MG groups; E: Metabolite volcano plots between MG and CG groups; F: Metabolite volcano plots between SWRXH and MG groups; G: Metabolite volcano plots between SWRXL and MG groups; H-J: Differential metabolite KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, MG group <i>vs</i> CG group (H, 1 nucleotide metabolism, 2 purine metabolism, 3 phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, 4 lysine degradation, 5 histidine metabolism), SWRXH group <i>vs</i> MG group (I, 1 tryptophan metabolism, 2 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, 3 nucleotide metabolism, 4 purine metabolism, 5 galactose metabolism, 6 phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, 7 glycerophospholipid metabolism) and SWRXL group <i>vs</i> MG group (J, 1 <i>D</i>-amino acid metabolism, 2 vitamin B6 metabolism, 3 nucleotide metabolism, 4 purine metabolism, 5 tryptophan metabolism, 6 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, 7 phenylalanine metabolism) , figureFileSmall=YM80gIHZ9HHEysMOqdwSmQ==, figureFileBig=Mnue9PiJCT4fGHYo9b0y3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743773581890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SJ9Lr8k25OkF/6FgRqVkag==, figureFileBig=ybvd//rWwBc/tmaQfDzpBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378743891022412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Gut microbial diversity analysis. A: Amplicon sequence variant (ASVS)-based petal mapping; B: Abundance curves for microbial classes in the samples; C, D: Shannon index and Chao index dilution curve analysis; E: Phylum-level PCoA analysis; F: Genus-level PLS-DA analysis; G: Gut microbial phylum level analysis; H: Gut microbial genus level analysis; I, J: Comparison of the abundance of Firmicutes (I) and Bacteroidota (J) between groups; K: Genus level strain abundance comparisons. <i>n =</i> 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=SJ9Lr8k25OkF/6FgRqVkag==, figureFileBig=ybvd//rWwBc/tmaQfDzpBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378744058794585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WdzUTWTv2SEFpwMYQlEKsw==, figureFileBig=UPNxiCEH5NDpllnL672o/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378744247538276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= LEfSe classification evolutionary tree (A) and LEfSe linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score (B) , figureFileSmall=WdzUTWTv2SEFpwMYQlEKsw==, figureFileBig=UPNxiCEH5NDpllnL672o/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378744411116143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dqxHane+nYhTAM86T8b/eg==, figureFileBig=Xz05ZQ85oePrkK4bx3vwLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378744570499702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Correlation between differential gut flora and differential metabolites. Horizontal coordinates indicate differential metabolites and vertical coordinates indicate heterotrophic gut microbiota. Colours range from red (positive correlation) to blue (negative correlation). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 (significant differences were labelled with <i>t</i>-tests) , figureFileSmall=dqxHane+nYhTAM86T8b/eg==, figureFileBig=Xz05ZQ85oePrkK4bx3vwLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378744700523134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO Metabolite Formula VIP FC (SWRXH/MG) Trend P
1 Pelargonidin 3-sophoroside C28H33O14 4.427 5 0.739 8 ***
2 Cimifugin C16H18O6 4.373 1 0.723 ***
3 Mulberrofuran T C44H44O9 4.352 4 0.742 9 ***
4 2-Butyne-1, 4-diol C4H6O2 4.004 5 1.366 2 **
5 Glycerol 1-(5-hydroxydodecanoate) C15H30O5 3.893 8 1.332 1 ***
6 Isoketocamphoric acid C10H16O5 3.740 2 1.244 8 **
7 GPCho(4:0/14:1) C26H50NO8P 3.720 3 0.774 9 ***
8 Adenosine C10H13N5O4 3.531 1.419 8 *
9 Lignosulfonic acid C20H26O10S2 3.264 2 1.177 5 ***
10 Casimiroin C12H11NO4 3.227 0.769 4 **
11 Caprylic acid C8H16O2 3.183 2 1.292 2 **
12 GPCho(18:3/2:0) C28H50NO8P 3.066 1 0.877 7 **
13 Inosine 2', 3'-cyclic phosphate C10H11N4O7P 3.061 7 1.145 ***
14 13Z-Docosenamide C22H43NO 2.971 8 1.203 8 **
15 Hydroxymatairesinol glucuronide C26H30O13 2.893 1 0.827 6 **
16 Ecdysone C27H44O6 2.858 1.169 3 **
17 Inosinic acid C10H13N4O8P 2.816 7 1.115 9 ***
18 Sagopilone C30H41NO6S 2.735 7 0.867 9 **
19 2', 4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone C8H8O3 2.684 3 1.143 2 **
20 L-Prolinamide C5H10N2O 2.645 7 0.821 8 **
21 4-Hydroxyestrone-2-S-glutathione C28H37N3O9S 2.536 6 0.886 7 **
22 LysoPS(18:1(9Z)/0:0) C24H46NO9P 2.387 1 0.910 2 **
23 Alpha-muricholic acid C24H40O5 2.363 8 0.906 5 *
24 Cis-Parinaric acid C18H28O2 2.361 0.872 9 *
25 17, 18-EpETE C20H30O3 2.342 2 0.864 1 *
26 2, 8-Quinolinediol C9H7NO2 2.314 9 0.892 9 **
27 Dehydroabietic acid C20H28O2 2.308 4 0.882 1 *
28 Phenylacetylglycine C10H11NO3 2.259 5 1.087 9 **
29 8(R)-HETE C20H32O3 2.257 3 0.905 *
30 4-Heptyloxyphenol C13H20O2 2.234 9 0.899 2 **
31 4-Methylumbelliferone C10H8O3 2.168 4 1.077 5 ***
32 1-Lyso-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidate C23H39O7P 2.156 2 0.910 6 **
33 13, 14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 C20H32O5 2.154 7 0.907 9 *
), ArticleFig(id=1200378744809575047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199782968152650331, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differential metabolite information between SWRXH and MG. n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO Metabolite Formula VIP FC (SWRXH/MG) Trend P
1 Pelargonidin 3-sophoroside C28H33O14 4.427 5 0.739 8 ***
2 Cimifugin C16H18O6 4.373 1 0.723 ***
3 Mulberrofuran T C44H44O9 4.352 4 0.742 9 ***
4 2-Butyne-1, 4-diol C4H6O2 4.004 5 1.366 2 **
5 Glycerol 1-(5-hydroxydodecanoate) C15H30O5 3.893 8 1.332 1 ***
6 Isoketocamphoric acid C10H16O5 3.740 2 1.244 8 **
7 GPCho(4:0/14:1) C26H50NO8P 3.720 3 0.774 9 ***
8 Adenosine C10H13N5O4 3.531 1.419 8 *
9 Lignosulfonic acid C20H26O10S2 3.264 2 1.177 5 ***
10 Casimiroin C12H11NO4 3.227 0.769 4 **
11 Caprylic acid C8H16O2 3.183 2 1.292 2 **
12 GPCho(18:3/2:0) C28H50NO8P 3.066 1 0.877 7 **
13 Inosine 2', 3'-cyclic phosphate C10H11N4O7P 3.061 7 1.145 ***
14 13Z-Docosenamide C22H43NO 2.971 8 1.203 8 **
15 Hydroxymatairesinol glucuronide C26H30O13 2.893 1 0.827 6 **
16 Ecdysone C27H44O6 2.858 1.169 3 **
17 Inosinic acid C10H13N4O8P 2.816 7 1.115 9 ***
18 Sagopilone C30H41NO6S 2.735 7 0.867 9 **
19 2', 4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone C8H8O3 2.684 3 1.143 2 **
20 L-Prolinamide C5H10N2O 2.645 7 0.821 8 **
21 4-Hydroxyestrone-2-S-glutathione C28H37N3O9S 2.536 6 0.886 7 **
22 LysoPS(18:1(9Z)/0:0) C24H46NO9P 2.387 1 0.910 2 **
23 Alpha-muricholic acid C24H40O5 2.363 8 0.906 5 *
24 Cis-Parinaric acid C18H28O2 2.361 0.872 9 *
25 17, 18-EpETE C20H30O3 2.342 2 0.864 1 *
26 2, 8-Quinolinediol C9H7NO2 2.314 9 0.892 9 **
27 Dehydroabietic acid C20H28O2 2.308 4 0.882 1 *
28 Phenylacetylglycine C10H11NO3 2.259 5 1.087 9 **
29 8(R)-HETE C20H32O3 2.257 3 0.905 *
30 4-Heptyloxyphenol C13H20O2 2.234 9 0.899 2 **
31 4-Methylumbelliferone C10H8O3 2.168 4 1.077 5 ***
32 1-Lyso-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidate C23H39O7P 2.156 2 0.910 6 **
33 13, 14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 C20H32O5 2.154 7 0.907 9 *
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基于肠道菌群及代谢组学探讨藏药十味乳香胶囊对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的治疗及其作用机制
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高禹涵 1 , 陈海娟 1, 2, * , 马永贵 1, 2 , 尚军 1, 2 , 张国燕 1, 2 , 张文剑 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(12): 3304-3314
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(12): 3304-3314
基于肠道菌群及代谢组学探讨藏药十味乳香胶囊对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的治疗及其作用机制
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高禹涵1, 陈海娟1, 2, * , 马永贵1, 2, 尚军1, 2, 张国燕1, 2, 张文剑1
作者信息
  • 1.青海师范大学生命科学学院, 青海省青藏高原药用动植物资源重点实验室, 青海 西宁 810008
  • 2.高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 青海 西宁 810008

通讯作者:

*陈海娟, E-mail:
Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule on rheumatoid arthritis based on intestinal flora and metabolomics
Yu-han GAO1, Hai-juan CHEN1, 2, * , Yong-gui MA1, 2, Jun SHANG1, 2, Guo-yan ZHANG1, 2, Wen-jian ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
  • 2. Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining 810008, China
出版时间: 2024-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0685
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十味乳香胶囊(SWRXC) 是一种广泛用于治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 的经典配方, 研究采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS) 非靶向代谢组学和16S rRNA高通量基因测序法关联分析, 以阐释SWRXC治疗弗氏完全佐剂诱导的RA的作用机制。结果显示, SWRXC能显著改善RA大鼠症状, 降低大鼠血清中细胞因子水平。基于LC-MS/MS技术, 在代谢组学中发现了色氨酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和嘌呤代谢是治疗最相关的途径。此外, 16S rRNA测序结果显示, SWRXC可以改善RA引起的大鼠肠道微生物紊乱。综上, SWRXC可以改善RA关节组织形态结构、降低血清因子含量, 通过调控色氨酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和嘌呤代谢等相关代谢通路、改变肠道菌群组成从而发挥改善RA的作用。动物实验经青海师范大学大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021041203)。

十味乳香胶囊  /  类风湿性关节炎  /  肠道菌群  /  非靶向代谢组学  /  作用机制

Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule (SWRXC) is a classic formulation widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) serum untargeted metabolomics and high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing association analysis to elucidate the mechanism of action of SWRXC for the treatment of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced RA. The results showed that SWRXC significantly improved symptoms and reduced serum cytokine levels in RA rats. Based on LC-MS/MS technology, metabolomics identified tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and purine metabolism as the most relevant pathways for treatment. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that SWRXC could ameliorate RA-induced intestinal microbial oncogenesis in rats. In conclusion, SWRXC can improve the morphology and structure of RA joint tissues, reduce serum factor levels, and may play a role in improving RA by modulating related metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and purine metabolism, and altering the composition of intestinal flora. Animal protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qinghai Normal University (No. 2021041203).

Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule  /  rheumatoid arthritis  /  intestinal flora  /  non-targeted metabolomics  /  mechanism
高禹涵, 陈海娟, 马永贵, 尚军, 张国燕, 张文剑. 基于肠道菌群及代谢组学探讨藏药十味乳香胶囊对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的治疗及其作用机制. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3304 -3314 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0685
Yu-han GAO, Hai-juan CHEN, Yong-gui MA, Jun SHANG, Guo-yan ZHANG, Wen-jian ZHANG. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule on rheumatoid arthritis based on intestinal flora and metabolomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (12) : 3304 -3314 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0685
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种慢性进行性的自身免疫性疾病, 以关节滑膜炎及对称性、破坏性的关节病变为主要特征, 其病理特点为多关节受累, 滑膜增生和滑膜炎持久反复发作, 病情缠绵难愈, 可导致关节内骨质的破坏, 关节功能障碍, 极易致残, 严重影响患者的生活质量[1, 2]。十味乳香胶囊(Shiwei-Ruxiang-capsule, SWRXC) 为藏药制剂, 由宽筋藤、诃子、毛诃子、决明子、黄葵子、乳香等组成, 具有祛风燥湿的功能, 用于湿疹、类风湿性关节炎、痛风等风湿痹症、黄水病、皮肤病的治疗[3], 其防治RA的作用机制尚不明确。现代研究表明, 肠道菌群紊乱会影响RA的发生与发展进程。近年来, 基于肠道菌群与代谢组学关联分析的多组学方法已被广泛应用于中药防治RA、糖尿病等疾病的作用机制研究[4]
本研究评价了SWRXC对于RA大鼠的治疗效果, 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS) 技术研究SWRXC对RA大鼠内源性代谢产物的影响, 分析十味乳香胶囊干预RA大鼠的代谢通路, 利用16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术对RA大鼠肠道菌群变化进行研究, 分析肠道微生物物种组成的变化, 并结合Spearman相关性分析, 初步研究SWRXC对肠道菌群结构和代谢物谱的影响, 拟挖掘潜在的靶点肠道微生物群和靶点代谢物, 进一步阐释SWRXC改善RA的作用机制, 为其合理应用提供一定依据。
仪器   超高效液相色谱串联傅里叶变换质谱(UHPLC-Q Exactive, 美国赛默飞公司); HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 µm, 美国Waters公司); JXDC-20型氮气吹扫仪(上海净信实业发展有限公司); LNG-T88型台式快速离心浓缩干燥器(太仓市华美生化仪器厂); Wonbio-96c型高通量组织破碎仪(上海万柏生物科技有限公司); ABI GeneAmp®9700型PCR仪(美国ABI公司); 高速冷冻离心机(MR23, Thermo公司); 病理切片机(RM2016, 上海莱卡显微系统有限公司); Illumina MiSeq高通量测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。
试剂    DNA抽提试剂盒(美国Omega公司); FastPfu Polymerase (北京全式金生物技术有限公司); 牛Ⅱ型胶原(10 mg, Chondex公司, 批号20021); 弗氏佐剂(Sigma公司, F5506); 地塞米松片(0.75 mg, 国药准字H44022582, 广东雷允上药业有限公司); 醋酸(天津威晨化学试剂科贸有限公司, 分析纯); 无水乙醇、二甲苯、正丁醇(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); IgA (J2938-A)、IgG (J2940-A)、MMP-9 (J3665-A) 和PTGS2 (J21610-A) ELISA试剂盒(江苏晶美生物科技有限公司)。
药物    十味乳香胶囊: 设置给药剂量为567、142 mg·kg-1; 地塞米松: 设置给药剂量为2 mg·kg-1; 牛Ⅱ型胶原溶液: 参照文献[5]将牛Ⅱ型胶原溶于0.05 mol·L-1醋酸, 配制成2 mg·mL-1溶液, 置于4 ℃冰箱中过夜, 与弗氏佐剂(5 mg·mL-1) 等体积混合, 低温冰上充分研磨, 使之完全乳化至乳白色黏稠液体, 配制成终质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1胶原。
实验动物饲养    动物实验操作符合2011年修订版《实验动物管理条例》规定, 并经青海师范大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021041203)。从西安交通大学医学部实验动物中心购买100只SPF级雄性SD大鼠, 体重160~210 g, 实验动物合格证号: SCXK (陕) 2018-001。实验动物饲养于青海央宗实验动物研究中心, 饲养环境温度20~25 ℃, 湿度40%~70%。将大鼠随机分成空白组(CG) 与造模组, 适应性喂养1周。CG组大鼠尾根部皮下注射生理盐水0.2 mL, 造模组大鼠尾根部皮下注射胶原0.2 mL, 完成初次免疫, 初次免疫7天后重复致炎, 完成二次加强免疫, 方法和剂量同上; 二次免疫后参照文献[6]对各致炎大鼠每只爪单独进行评分, 4只爪总分即为关节炎指数(arthritis index, AI) 最终得分, AI ≥ 4视为造模成功。将造模成功的RA大鼠随机分为模型组(MG)、十味乳香胶囊高剂量组(SWRXH, 567 mg·kg-1)、十味乳香胶囊低剂量组(SWRXL, 142 mg·kg-1) 和地塞米松对照组(DG, 2 mg·kg-1), 连续灌胃给药28天, 每天给药1次, CG与MG按比例灌服同体积生理盐水。致炎开始, 每隔4天记录大鼠体重和足跖肿胀度。
样本采集    给药第27天, 压迫大鼠腹腔, 刺激肛周区, 促进大鼠排便。采集大鼠粪便样本并置于灭菌管中。用液氮淬灭后, 将它们储存在-80 ℃的再结晶器中。给药第27天晚上, 大鼠禁食, 但可饮水。给药第28天, 用5%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠(0.01 mL·g-1), 然后从腹主动脉采血浆, 转移至离心管后, 4 ℃、5 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液, -80 ℃冰箱保存。留取大鼠右后肢, 去除皮肤肌肉, PBS清洗, 浸泡组织于中性甲醛固定液中固定。取大鼠结肠组织, 分别用戊二醛和锇酸固定后, 用50%~90%丙酮梯度脱水, 环氧树脂Epon812包埋。
大鼠血清细胞因子的测定    取血清200 μL, 按ELISA试剂盒说明书中的方法测定大鼠血清中免疫球蛋白A1 (IgA1)、免疫球蛋白G1 (IgG1)、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2 (PTGS2) 和基质金属酶蛋白9 (MMP-9) 的含量, 具体方法按照ELISA试剂盒内的说明书操作。采用GraphPad Prism软件对大鼠血清细胞因子数据进行分析。
病理学组织检查    分别用H & E染色法、番红固绿染色法观察大鼠关节切片的染色情况, 拍照并分析。取结肠包埋块常规制作切片、重金属电子染色, 在透射电镜下观察结肠超微结构。
血清代谢组学分析
血样处理   吸取100 μL血清样本于1.5 mL离心管中, 加入含0.02 mg·mL-1内标(L-2-氯苯丙氨酸) 的提取液(乙腈∶甲醇=1∶1) 400 μL, 涡旋混匀30 s后, 低温超声提取30 min (5 ℃, 40 kHz), 将样品静置于-20 ℃、30 min。4 ℃、13 000 ×g离心15 min, 移取上清液, 氮气吹干, 100 µL复溶液(乙腈∶水=1∶1) 复溶, 低温超声萃取5 min (5 ℃, 40 kHz), 4 ℃、13 000 ×g离心10 min, 移取上清液上机分析。
色谱条件   HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 µm); 流动相A为95%水-5%乙腈(含0.1%甲酸), 流动相B为47.5%乙腈-47.5%异丙醇-5%水(含0.1%甲酸)。梯度洗脱(正离子模式: 0~3 min, 0%~20% B; 3~4.5 min, 20%~35% B; 4.5~5 min, 35%~100% B; 5~6.3 min, 100% B; 6.3~6.4 min, 100%~0% B; 6.4~8 min, 0% B。负离子模式: 0~1.5 min, 0%~5% B; 1.5~2 min, 5%~10% B; 2~4.5 min, 10%~30% B; 4.5~5 min, 30%~100% B; 5~6.3 min, 100% B; 6.3~6.4 min, 100%~0% B; 6.4~8 min, 0% B); 流速为0.40 mL·min-1; 柱温为40 ℃; 进样量3 μL。
质谱条件   质谱信号采集采用正、负离子扫描模式, 质量扫描范围m/z: 70~1 050。离子源电压3 500 V (+) 和2 800 V (-), 鞘气40 psi, 辅助加热气10 psi, 离子源加热温度400 ℃, 20-40-60 V循环碰撞能, MS1分辨率70 000, MS2分辨率17 500。
数据分析    将质谱采集的数据文件进行多变量统计分析, 首先进行基于bray-curtis距离算法的主成分分析(PCA) 观察组间的代谢模式差别和自然聚类趋势, 并通过载荷图寻找对组间分类有贡献的变量。其次, 进行正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA) 识别两组样品之间的差异并进行差异代谢物的筛选。最后将差异代谢物导入KEGG数据库(https://www.genome.jp/kegg) 进行代谢途径富集分析。
16S rRNA测序分析    根据DNA kit (美国Omega Bio-Tek公司) 说明书进行微生物群落总基因组DNA抽提。以上述提取的DNA为模板, 使用携带barcode序列的上游引物338F (5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3') 和下游引物806R (5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')[7]对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增, 将同一样本的PCR产物混合后使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物, 利用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (美国Axygen Biosciences公司) 进行回收产物纯化, 2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 并用QuantusTM Fluorometer (美国Promega公司) 对回收产物进行检测定量。使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit对纯化后的PCR产物进行建库, 利用Illumina公司的MiseqPE300平台进行测序。使用UPARSE[8]软件(http://drive5.com/uparse/, version7.1), 根据97%的相似度对质控拼接后的序列进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU) 聚类并剔除嵌合体。为了尽量减少测序深度对后续alpha多样性和beta多样性数据分析的影响, 将所有样本序列数抽平至20 000, 抽平后, 每个样本的平均序列覆盖度(good's coverage) 仍可达99.09%。
统计学分析     实验数据以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示, 用GraphPad Prism 9.4.1软件分析数据, 两组间比较选用独立样本t检验, 多组间比较选用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
造模前, 大鼠精神状态良好, 活动自如, 毛发光泽度好, 摄食、饮水量正常; 造模后, 除CG外, 各组大鼠后爪明显红肿, 出现跛行、行走时后脚不敢着地的现象, 皮毛缺乏光泽, 活动减少, 精神状态差。MG和各给药组大鼠体重在造模9~17天时出现不同程度的降低, 随着治疗时间的推进, MG大鼠体重增加缓慢, 各给药大鼠体重增加较为明显(图 1A)。二次免疫后(在第13天之后), MG和各给药组大鼠的踝关节、足跖多关节逐渐出现红肿, 且MG肿胀明显, SWRXH、SWRXL和DG踝关节和足跖肿胀度较低, 随着治疗时间的推进, 其肿胀度呈逐渐减轻的趋势(图 1B~D)。
踝关节H & E染色的结果显示, 与CG相比, MG大鼠关节腔狭窄, 有严重炎症细胞浸润, 滑膜增生, 骨软骨破坏; SWRXH、SWRXL和DG大鼠关节滑膜增生明显减轻, 炎症细胞浸润和血管膜形成改善(图 1E)。番红固绿染色的结果显示, 与CG相比, MG大鼠关节面不平滑且结构损伤, 软骨细胞(红色) 明显减少, 伴有滑膜增生; SWRXH、SWRXL和DG大鼠软骨细胞(红色) 增加, 滑膜增生显著改善, 关节面平滑(图 1F)。
图 1G所示, CG结肠上皮细胞微绒毛排列紧密, 整齐规则, 结构清晰; MG上皮细胞微绒毛变短, 脱落, 排列杂乱, 细胞间连接出现大量空泡, 边界模糊不清, 由此推断RA模型大鼠细胞紧密连接结构可能受到破坏; 与MG相比, SWRXL细胞间隙增宽程度减轻, 空泡减少, 但结肠黏膜上皮细胞绒毛仍有部分脱落, SWRXH和DG大鼠结肠黏膜上皮微绒毛排列整齐, 上皮细胞紧密连接呈致密条带, 细胞桥粒清晰可见。
图 2所示, 与CG相比, MG大鼠血清中IgA1、IgG1、PTGS2和MMP-9的含量显著增加(P < 0.001); 与MG相比, SWRXH、SWRXL和DG大鼠血清中IgA1 (P < 0.001)、IgG1 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.01)、PTGS2 (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) 和MMP9 (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) 的含量显著降低。
对RA大鼠血清样本进行非靶向代谢组学分析, 以进一步揭示CG、MG、SWRXH、SWRXL和DG组的内源性代谢谱, PCA分析结果如图 3A显示, SWRXH、SWRXL可以与CG和MG分离。两两比较后, 它们很容易被区分开且置换检验结果良好(图 3B~D)。通过t检验验证了组间不同代谢物水平的显著差异, 筛选标准为VIP > 1且P < 0.05, 火山图显示了组间比较中差异代谢物的表达趋势和数量。与CG相比, MG大鼠有100种代谢物发生变化, 其中88种上调, 12种下调(图 3E); 与MG组相比, SWRXH组中40种代谢物水平上调, 81种代谢物水平下调(图 3F); SWRXL组中51种代谢物水平上调, 77种代谢物水平下调(图 3G)。当选择大于1.7的VIP时, SWRXH与MG组间差异代谢产物见表 1所示。
为了研究差异代谢物可能存在的分子功能, 本研究针对不同组别的差异代谢物进行KEGG代谢通路富集分析, 拟挖掘出参与SWRXC治疗RA过程的主要信号通路及关键差异分子代谢物。与CG相比, MG极大地影响核苷酸代谢(图 3H)。如图 3I所示, 与MG相比, SWRXH主要影响色氨酸代谢和缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸生物合成、核苷酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、半乳糖代谢和苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成。如图 3J所示, 与MG相比, SWRXL主要影响D-氨基酸代谢、维生素B6代谢、核苷酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、色氨酸代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成通路。
为了确定肠道微生物群的物种组成和群落结构, 本研究采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术, 通过Illumina NovaSeq平台对CG、MG、SWRXH、SWRXL和DG组的大鼠盲肠粪便样本进行分析。将序列聚类为具有97%同一性的OTUs进行分析。通过Venn图可知, 5组包括888个共同OTUs, 其中CG、MG、SWRXH及SWRXL组分别独有143、127、139和151个OTU (图 4A), 并且各组斜率的秩丰度呈现出一致的趋势, 这表明测序深度足以反映群落的微生物多样性(图 4B)。图 4C、D所示, 随着物种数量的增加, 稀释曲线趋势逐渐变平缓, 说明取样充分均匀, 测序数量合理, 可用于数据分析。加权unifrac的β多样性分析结果如图 4E、F显示, 根据各组在PCoA图上的分布, CG和MG不能明显分离, SWRXH、SWRXL与CG、MG相比有显著的变化(图 4E), 结构存在显著差异。为了进一步分析SWRXC对RA大鼠肠道菌组成和结构的影响, 本研究对不同水平的肠道群中差异细菌的相对丰度进行了统计分析。图 4G、H分别显示了这5组类群在门和属水平上的相对丰度。门水平分析显示, 厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) 的数量最多, 在所有组中均占种群的大多数。在属水平上主要的细菌属为瘤胃菌科UCG-005属、Lactobacillus属、norank-f-Muribaculaceae属、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group属和norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014属。随后又分析比较了各组在厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的物种差异(图 4I、J), 给药干预后, SWRXH、SWRXL相较于MG, 厚壁菌门表达显著下调(P < 0.01); 拟杆菌门表达显著上升(P < 0.01)。为了更具体地了解RA对大鼠肠道菌群的影响, 以及SWRXC干预对RA大鼠肠道菌群的改变, 在属水平上分析了不同组大鼠的肠道菌群结构(图 4K), MG相较于CG, 瘤胃菌科UCG-005属、Romboutsia属的表达水平显著上调(P < 0.05, P < 0.001), norank-f-Muribaculaceae属的表达水平显著下降(P < 0.01), 在SWRXC介入后可以改善RA大鼠肠道菌群的紊乱。
为了更好地显示各组丰度差异显著的微生物群, 通过线性判别分析效应(LEfSe) 分析阐明了差异存在的微生物的种类及其功能(图 5A、B), 结果表明, 与其余3个实验组相比, CG共鉴定出1个细菌类群有丰度差异, MG有15个典型类群, SWRXH有7个典型类群, SWRXL有8个典型类群, 进一步采用LEfSe线性判别分析, 以LDA得分大于等于3为筛选标准, 从LEfSe柱状图(图 5B) 可以看出, CG的特征菌群是c_Clostridia; MG的特征菌群是p_Firmicuteso__Oscillospiralesg__UCG-005f__Oscillospiraceae; SWRXH的特征菌群是o__Bacteroidalesp__Bacteroidota; SWRXL的特征菌群是g__norank_f__Muribaculaceaef_Muribaculaceae
最后进一步分析了16S rRNA基因测序得到的肠道微生物群落与LC-MS分析得到的血清代谢产物之间的潜在联系, 以相关系数r > 0.5或r < -0.5界定二者是否具有相关性[9]。将差异细菌种群(图 4H) 和差异代谢物(表 1) 的相对丰度作为斯皮尔曼相关性分析的输入文件。在热图中呈现了与MG和SWRXH高度相关的肠道微生物群和血清代谢表型的相对丰度之间的相关系数(r > 0.5或r < -0.5) (图 6)。本研究发现, 有些细菌与特定代谢产物有很强的相关性。如SWRXC上调norank-f-Muribaculaceae属的丰度, 其变化与2-butyne-1, 4-diol (r = 0.729 32)、caprylic acid (r = 0.691 73)、2', 4'-dihydroxyacetophenone (r = 0.710 79)、4-methylumbelliferone (r = 0.722 08) 和phenylacetylglycine (r = 0.726 32) 呈正相关(P < 0.001), 与mulberrofuran T (r = -0.660 15, P < 0.01)、cnidilide (r = -0.652 12, P < 0.01)、gentamicin C (r = -0.586 47, P < 0.01) 及GPCho (18:3/2:0) (r = -0.631 58, P < 0.01) 及GPCho (4:0/14:1) (r = -0.682 71, P < 0.001) 呈负相关。SWRXC还上调了Romboutsia属的丰度, 并与adenosine (r = 0.682 71)、glycerol 1-(5-hydroxydodecanoate) (r = 0.741 35)、lsoketocamphoric acid (r = 0.654 14)、2-butyne-1, 4-diol (r = 0.690 23)、lignosulfonic acid (r = 0.620 53)、2', 4'-dihydroxyacetophenone (r = 0.793 53)、phenylacetylglycine (r = 0.795 49) 等物质呈正相关(均P < 0.001), 与gentamicin C (r = -0.723 31) 和GPCho (18:3/2:0) (r = -0.605 78)、GPCho (4:0/4:1) (r = -0.726 32)、deethylatrazine (r = -0.660 15) 呈负相关(均P < 0.001)。此外, 通过SWRXC干预, UCG-005属的丰度下调, 其变化与caprylic acid (r = -0.542 86)、2', 4'-dihydroxyacetophenone (r = -0.531 03)、phenylacetylglycine (r = -0.559 4) 呈负相关(P < 0.05), 而与mulberrofuran T (r = 0.559 4) 和sphingosine (r = 0.554 89) 呈正相关(P < 0.05)。
RA的动物模型种类较多, 目前实验室多用佐剂诱导性关节炎(AA) 模型和胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA) 模型, CIA模型主要表现为细胞免疫和体液免疫异常, 在发病机制、临床表现、病理改变、免疫指标等方面与人类RA有许多相似之处, 是目前抗RA活性与机制研究的理想模型[10]。在本研究中, RA大鼠生理状况下降、足肿胀度增大、关节炎指数上升, 说明造模成功。而SWRXC能显著改善大鼠生理状况、抑制大鼠足肿胀度、降低大鼠踝关节肿胀度及炎症细胞因子水平, 说明其具有很好的抗RA活性[11]
代谢组学结果显示, SWRXC治疗RA主要通过调节色氨酸代谢、核苷酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸生物合成等通路来发挥疗效。氨基酸在参与蛋白质合成、调节和能量代谢过程是必不可少的, 氨基酸代谢异常是类风湿关节炎患者经常存在的问题, 在自身免疫性疾病中可抑制T细胞的增殖功能[12, 13]。色氨酸为哺乳动物的必需氨基酸, 主要通过犬尿氨酸途径、5-羟色胺途径分解代谢, 色氨酸代谢广泛存在于慢性炎症性疾病, 色氨酸代谢物作为配体可以在炎症、氧化应激损伤等疾病中激活芳烃受体信号传导, 芳烃受体活化已被证明以配体特异性方式调节炎性疾病中的免疫和炎症反应, 芳烃受体信号通路可与其他转录因子相互作用, 如激活蛋白1、核因子-红细胞2相关因子2 (Nrf 2) 和核因子κB (NF-κB), 从而促进炎症反应, 此外, 色氨酸代谢可以对细胞的应激反应进行调节, 诱导IL-6的合成与释放[14, 15]。缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸统称为支链氨基酸, 生物合成途径可以通过激活mTOR信号通路来调节蛋白质合成, 参与生物体内各种生理和代谢过程, 其过程可能与很多疾病的改善预后及严重疾病并发症的预防方面有关[16]。还有研究发现, 缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸生物合成途径与肠道菌群关系密切, 肠道微生物区系衍生的L-缬氨酸可以减轻炎症, 对疾病引起的肠道损伤起到保护作用[17]。现有的治疗RA的药物中, 很多药物的作用靶点在于核苷酸与嘌呤代谢, 如甲氨蝶呤和来氟米特, 其治疗RA时主要靶向嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸代谢, 在抑制成纤维样滑膜细胞和免疫细胞功能及活化中发挥重要作用。肠道菌群与身体的内稳态有关, 当机体发生疾病时, 肠道菌群失衡, 也会导致免疫炎症等反应[18]。多项研究表明, 相比于健康对照, RA患者的粪便样本中, 肠道菌群组成有显著差异, 此外有研究发现, 某些特定的肠道细菌似乎与RA的发病机制有关[19, 20]。本研究结果显示, RA大鼠肠道菌群与正常大鼠相比, 无物种出现或消失, 但物种丰度发生了变化。在门水平上, 厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门在RA大鼠肠道植物群中的丰度有显著变化。厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比率(F/B比率) 升高或降低被视为肠道菌群的生态失调的标志之一, 在许多自身免疫性疾病中均呈现上调趋势, 如1型糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮及炎症性肠病等[21], 这可能与短链脂肪酸尤其丁酸的生成减少及蛋白代谢物组胺、脂多糖累积等诱导的免疫炎症反应相关。从F/B比率角度来看, 与正常大鼠相比, MG大鼠F/B比率有所下降, 说明RA导致大鼠肠道菌群失调。SWRXC介入后, F/B比率有回调的趋势。进一步研究大鼠肠道菌群属级差异, 发现RA大鼠与正常大鼠肠道菌群在属水平上有所差异, 在SWRXC介入后, 能显著调节4个属相对丰度, 分别是UCG-005属、Lactobacillus属、norank-f-Muribaculaceae属和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group属。norank_f_Muribaculanceae属于未分类的拟杆菌门S24-7菌科, 广泛存在于肠道微生物组中, 可消化碳水化合物, 引起脂解并提高胰岛素敏感性, 与炎症因子MPO、IL-6、IL-1含量呈显著负相关性[22]; 研究发现UCG-005属的丰度与促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6呈正相关, TNF-α参与关节炎的发病机制, IL-6可促进TNF-α释放进而加重关节炎症[23]Romboutsia属是一类有益菌, 可以增强肠道微生物群的稳定性[24]。本研究结果显示, 与MG相比, SWRXH和SWRXL组norank_f_Muribaculaceae属相对丰度显著上调(P < 0.01), Romboutsia属相对丰度显著上升(P < 0.001), UCG-005属的相对丰度显著下降(P < 0.01), 由此推测norank_f_Muribaculaceae属、Romboutsia属和UCG-005属可能是SWRXC治疗RA发挥作用的主要靶点菌群。现有报道中肠道微菌群已经成为影响RA发展的关键要素, 但是目前细胞或分子水平影响机制及宿主受影响的代谢途径尚未完全明确[25]。越来越多的证据表明, 肠道菌群产生的代谢物可以直接或间接地影响宿主的代谢及免疫应答, 如研究发现微生物衍生代谢产生丁酸, 丁酸盐可以增加TJ蛋白claudin-1的表达, 并诱导TJ蛋白occludin和ZO-1在细胞膜中的再分布, 从而促进肠道屏障的功能, 调节机体免疫[26, 27]。本研究通过菌群和代谢产物相关性分析, 发现特定菌群和特定代谢产物间存在很强的相关性, 如SWRXC上调norank-f-Muribaculaceae属和Romboutsia属的丰度变化, 与kynurenine呈负相关、与CDP-DG (PGD2/i-17:0) 呈正相关。Kynurenine为色氨酸胞内代谢物, 参与炎症、免疫反应和神经传递等生物反应的调节[15], 推测SWRXC通过调节肠道菌群-色氨酸代谢物-芳烃受体来改善RA相关炎症和免疫应答, norank-f-Muribaculaceae属和Romboutsia属可能是肠道菌群中有助于此效应的关键菌种。后续可以进一步探究菌群与代谢产物的关系来确定SWRXC治疗RA的分子机制。
综上所述, 本研究首次联合非靶向代谢和16S rRNA技术探讨SWRXC治疗RA。结果表明, 该药可能通过调节UCG-005属、norank-f-Muribaculaceae属和Romboutsia属等菌群的相对丰度, 调节色氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢及核苷酸代谢等代谢通路, 降低炎症因子的表达, 从而对RA实现良好的治疗效果。值得注意的是微生物群与代谢物之间的相关性, 可能为探索SWRXC治疗RA的分子机制提供新的视角。
作者贡献: 陈海娟和尚军负责文中实验方案设计; 高禹涵负责实验实施、数据收集、结果分析和负责文章撰写等工作; 张文剑协助实验实施; 张国燕和马永贵负责提供文章思路, 在文章写作方面进行指导和修改; 陈海娟和尚军对整个实验内容给予监督, 并对文章进行修改完善。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 青海省科技厅国际合作项目(2021-HZ-805)
  • 青海省“昆仑英才•高端创新创业人才”(2020)
  • 青海师范大学博士科研启动经费
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0685
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2024-10-09
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青海省科技厅国际合作项目(2021-HZ-805)
青海省“昆仑英才•高端创新创业人才”(2020)
青海师范大学博士科研启动经费
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    1.青海师范大学生命科学学院, 青海省青藏高原药用动植物资源重点实验室, 青海 西宁 810008
    2.高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 青海 西宁 810008

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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