Article(id=1193632556395491820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0660, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1725292800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762513778065, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762513778065, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762513778065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762513778065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193632559658660339, articleId=1193632556395491820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Visual feature extraction combining dissolution testing for the study of drug release behavior of gliclazide modified release tablets, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oral solid dosage forms require processes such as disintegration and dissolution to release the drug before it can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In this manuscript, imaging technology was used to continuously visualize and characterize the in vitro static drug release process of gliclazide modified release tablets from 15 manufacturers, combined with the traditional method of in vitro dissolution testing, to determine the release profile of gliclazide modified release tablets, to evaluate the similarity of the release profiles by using the similarity factor (f2) method and based on the analysis of the release profiles fitted with a variety of mathematical models. The results indicate that the gliclazide modified release tablets produced by 14 companies are hydrophilic gel matrix tablets. Compared to the reference listed drug, the release profiles of formulations from 11 companies show high similarity (f2 > 50) to the reference. Among these, formulations with visual characteristics similar to the reference exhibit similar release curves. This study provides an alternative method for the in vitro consistency evaluation of gliclazide modified release tablets, aiming to assess the in vitro release behaviour of generic formulations more accurately and comprehensively.

, correspAuthors=Li DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-yu CHEN, Ze-ya LI, Ping LI, Xin-qing ZHAO, Tao GONG, Li DENG, Zhi-rong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193632872495018093, articleId=1193632556395491820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=结合可视化特征提取的格列齐特缓释片释药行为研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

口服固体制剂需经过崩解和溶出等过程释放药物才可被机体吸收利用。本文采用可视化技术对国内15家格列齐特缓释片的体外静态释药过程进行连续化表征, 并结合传统的体外释放度试验, 测定格列齐特缓释片在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质中的释放曲线, 采用相似因子(f2) 法评价释放曲线的相似性并根据多种数学模型对释药曲线进行拟合分析。研究结果表明, 14家企业生产的格列齐特缓释片为亲水凝胶骨架片, 对比仿制制剂与参比制剂, 11家企业的仿制制剂与参比制剂的释放曲线相似(f2 > 50)。其中与参比制剂可视化特征相似的仿制制剂其释放曲线相似。本研究为格列齐特缓释片的体外一致性评价提供了一种全新的思路和方法, 旨在更准确、全面地评估仿制制剂的体外释药行为。

, correspAuthors=邓黎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邓黎, E-mail:
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Multiple dissolution profiles, the agreement evaluation technology of oral solid dosage forms of generic drug [J]. Chin J Pharm (中国医药工业杂志), 2013, 44: 411-414., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194708245790040281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao N, Shi J. The analysis of unconventional research projects and common problems in the in vitro consistency evaluation of oral solid generic drugs [J]. 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Three independent studies were conducted for each tablet type , figureFileSmall=uXlB9n2VWeFGAp4iFonUaA==, figureFileBig=C9Aj6O7awa2IYZ2J16cQbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708242073886905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KgHONWxSsYd6QFi+Th7O7g==, figureFileBig=BMSlDCU++EjAUqJX90XMLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708242149384378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The typical morphological disintegration characteristics of gliclazide modified release tablets in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution.The upper panel displays the overall erosion pattern, while the bottom panel provides a detailed, magnified view of the corresponding area. <i>t</i> = 5 h , figureFileSmall=KgHONWxSsYd6QFi+Th7O7g==, figureFileBig=BMSlDCU++EjAUqJX90XMLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708242254241979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Oa8oPtbsH+RFRR0YBE8lcw==, figureFileBig=iVGJFkkHE+4JYf0Qw+Cm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708242321350844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The release curves of gliclazide modified release tablets from different manufacturers in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. <strong>01</strong> represents the reference listed drug of gliclazide modified release tablets, <strong>02-15</strong> represent the generic drugs from different manufacturers. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=Oa8oPtbsH+RFRR0YBE8lcw==, figureFileBig=iVGJFkkHE+4JYf0Qw+Cm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708242384265405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Generic drug 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
f2 39.2 62.2 67.5 56.0 40.3 77.3 82.5 51.7 74.5 74.1 56.1 70.5 76.9 46.2
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Similarity factor f2 results of generic preparations from different enterprises

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Generic drug 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
f2 39.2 62.2 67.5 56.0 40.3 77.3 82.5 51.7 74.5 74.1 56.1 70.5 76.9 46.2
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Drug Zero-order First-order Higuchi Korsmeyer-Peppas
R2 k1 R2 k2 R2 k3 n R2
01 0.966 71 0.069 37 0.993 69 32.551 35 0.981 84 12.652 02 0.802 75 0.983 82
02 0.766 37 0.250 62 0.967 70 28.364 52 0.899 78 28.092 68 0.486 93 0.898 62
03 0.970 63 0.079 6 0.996 98 28.866 69 0.988 63 12.711 23 0.761 77 0.991 19
04 0.944 43 0.105 56 0.995 86 32.333 53 0.989 39 16.176 48 0.711 15 0.980 66
05 0.916 51 0.115 76 0.984 59 34.187 09 0.971 78 17.598 38 0.698 56 0.959 51
06 0.969 2 0.112 31 0.996 22 21.387 74 0.995 37 12.664 21 0.665 07 0.998 15
07 0.956 15 0.080 91 0.991 88 33.428 23 0.983 31 14.021 91 0.773 36 0.979 31
08 0.968 39 0.084 22 0.998 01 31.139 22 0.986 28 14.231 97 0.749 99 0.990 10
09 0.993 41 0.051 86 0.997 49 26.650 37 0.972 58 10.489 3 0.814 80 0.998 34
10 0.947 2 0.096 53 0.993 96 32.559 1 0.985 43 15.218 44 0.734 88 0.978 33
11 0.979 13 0.078 46 0.996 94 29.922 08 0.982 92 13.910 09 0.750 13 0.994 60
12 0.981 36 0.087 74 0.996 04 26.429 00 0.985 11 13.545 52 0.718 78 0.997 09
13 0.944 55 0.101 57 0.992 11 32.032 63 0.980 25 15.884 25 0.717 44 0.976 58
14 0.983 34 0.051 49 0.996 97 31.664 97 0.976 89 11.257 19 0.841 5 0.992 39
15 0.979 68 0.071 25 0.999 93 25.161 64 0.989 26 10.661 93 0.777 61 0.996 14
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Multiple model fitting of drug release data

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Drug Zero-order First-order Higuchi Korsmeyer-Peppas
R2 k1 R2 k2 R2 k3 n R2
01 0.966 71 0.069 37 0.993 69 32.551 35 0.981 84 12.652 02 0.802 75 0.983 82
02 0.766 37 0.250 62 0.967 70 28.364 52 0.899 78 28.092 68 0.486 93 0.898 62
03 0.970 63 0.079 6 0.996 98 28.866 69 0.988 63 12.711 23 0.761 77 0.991 19
04 0.944 43 0.105 56 0.995 86 32.333 53 0.989 39 16.176 48 0.711 15 0.980 66
05 0.916 51 0.115 76 0.984 59 34.187 09 0.971 78 17.598 38 0.698 56 0.959 51
06 0.969 2 0.112 31 0.996 22 21.387 74 0.995 37 12.664 21 0.665 07 0.998 15
07 0.956 15 0.080 91 0.991 88 33.428 23 0.983 31 14.021 91 0.773 36 0.979 31
08 0.968 39 0.084 22 0.998 01 31.139 22 0.986 28 14.231 97 0.749 99 0.990 10
09 0.993 41 0.051 86 0.997 49 26.650 37 0.972 58 10.489 3 0.814 80 0.998 34
10 0.947 2 0.096 53 0.993 96 32.559 1 0.985 43 15.218 44 0.734 88 0.978 33
11 0.979 13 0.078 46 0.996 94 29.922 08 0.982 92 13.910 09 0.750 13 0.994 60
12 0.981 36 0.087 74 0.996 04 26.429 00 0.985 11 13.545 52 0.718 78 0.997 09
13 0.944 55 0.101 57 0.992 11 32.032 63 0.980 25 15.884 25 0.717 44 0.976 58
14 0.983 34 0.051 49 0.996 97 31.664 97 0.976 89 11.257 19 0.841 5 0.992 39
15 0.979 68 0.071 25 0.999 93 25.161 64 0.989 26 10.661 93 0.777 61 0.996 14
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Generic drug Release curve Visualization feature
02 - -
03 + +
04 + -
05 + +
06 - -
07 + +
08 + +
09 + -
10 + +
11 + +
12 + -
13 + -
14 + -
15 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1194708242929524930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632556395491820, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

In vitro consistency evaluation of gliclazide modified release tablets. +: similar vs 01; -: not similar vs 01; The reference listed drug is 01

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Generic drug Release curve Visualization feature
02 - -
03 + +
04 + -
05 + +
06 - -
07 + +
08 + +
09 + -
10 + +
11 + +
12 + -
13 + -
14 + -
15 - -
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结合可视化特征提取的格列齐特缓释片释药行为研究
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陈思宇 1 , 李泽亚 1 , 黎萍 2 , 赵欣庆 2 , 龚涛 1 , 邓黎 1, * , 张志荣 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(1): 225-231
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(1): 225-231
结合可视化特征提取的格列齐特缓释片释药行为研究
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陈思宇1, 李泽亚1, 黎萍2, 赵欣庆2, 龚涛1, 邓黎1, * , 张志荣1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西药学院, 靶向药物与释药系统教育部重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
  • 2.成都市药品检验研究院, 四川省药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究及控制重点实验室, 四川 成都 610046

通讯作者:

*邓黎, E-mail:
Visual feature extraction combining dissolution testing for the study of drug release behavior of gliclazide modified release tablets
Si-yu CHEN1, Ze-ya LI1, Ping LI2, Xin-qing ZHAO2, Tao GONG1, Li DENG1, * , Zhi-rong ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2. Sichuan Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Chemical Medicine, Chengdu Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 610046, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0660
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口服固体制剂需经过崩解和溶出等过程释放药物才可被机体吸收利用。本文采用可视化技术对国内15家格列齐特缓释片的体外静态释药过程进行连续化表征, 并结合传统的体外释放度试验, 测定格列齐特缓释片在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质中的释放曲线, 采用相似因子(f2) 法评价释放曲线的相似性并根据多种数学模型对释药曲线进行拟合分析。研究结果表明, 14家企业生产的格列齐特缓释片为亲水凝胶骨架片, 对比仿制制剂与参比制剂, 11家企业的仿制制剂与参比制剂的释放曲线相似(f2 > 50)。其中与参比制剂可视化特征相似的仿制制剂其释放曲线相似。本研究为格列齐特缓释片的体外一致性评价提供了一种全新的思路和方法, 旨在更准确、全面地评估仿制制剂的体外释药行为。

格列齐特缓释片  /  亲水凝胶骨架片  /  可视化方法  /  体外释放度  /  模型拟合

Oral solid dosage forms require processes such as disintegration and dissolution to release the drug before it can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In this manuscript, imaging technology was used to continuously visualize and characterize the in vitro static drug release process of gliclazide modified release tablets from 15 manufacturers, combined with the traditional method of in vitro dissolution testing, to determine the release profile of gliclazide modified release tablets, to evaluate the similarity of the release profiles by using the similarity factor (f2) method and based on the analysis of the release profiles fitted with a variety of mathematical models. The results indicate that the gliclazide modified release tablets produced by 14 companies are hydrophilic gel matrix tablets. Compared to the reference listed drug, the release profiles of formulations from 11 companies show high similarity (f2 > 50) to the reference. Among these, formulations with visual characteristics similar to the reference exhibit similar release curves. This study provides an alternative method for the in vitro consistency evaluation of gliclazide modified release tablets, aiming to assess the in vitro release behaviour of generic formulations more accurately and comprehensively.

gliclazide modified release tablet  /  hydrogel matrix tablet  /  visualization  /  in vitro dissolution  /  fitted mathematical model
陈思宇, 李泽亚, 黎萍, 赵欣庆, 龚涛, 邓黎, 张志荣. 结合可视化特征提取的格列齐特缓释片释药行为研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 225 -231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0660
Si-yu CHEN, Ze-ya LI, Ping LI, Xin-qing ZHAO, Tao GONG, Li DENG, Zhi-rong ZHANG. Visual feature extraction combining dissolution testing for the study of drug release behavior of gliclazide modified release tablets[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 225 -231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0660
格列齐特(gliclazide) 是一种磺酰脲类口服降糖药, 可改善Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的症状[1]。通过特异性地结合胰岛β细胞膜上的磺酰脲受体, 格列齐特可以有效刺激胰岛素分泌, 降低血糖水平[2]。该药最早由法国施维雅公司研发, 国内上市制剂有格列齐特片、格列齐特胶囊、格列齐特缓释片, 其中, 格列齐特缓释片为长效制剂, 能够减少患者的给药次数, 每天服用1次格列齐特缓释片可以维持24 h的有效血药浓度[3, 4]。根据生物药剂学分类系统(biopharmaceutics classification system, BCS), 格列齐特属于BCS Ⅱ类药物, 具有低溶解性和高渗透性特点, 故格列齐特缓释片中活性成分的吸收主要取决于药物从固体制剂中的释放[5]
口服固体制剂的体外溶出度研究是评价其质量的一种重要方法, 广泛用于模拟和预测胃肠道中制剂的释药行为[6]。然而, 传统溶出方法采用的机械装置和胃肠道内的运动过程存在一定差异, 且不能完全反应药物在胃肠道的实际崩解释药行为, 这导致传统溶出方法在模拟药物体内行为方面存在局限性[7]。近年来, 新兴的成像技术推动了固体制剂领域研究的迅速发展, 各种成像技术, 包括光学成像、太赫兹脉冲成像、紫外成像、近红外光谱成像、拉曼成像、磁共振成像、X射线成像等, 能够直观地展示制剂崩解溶出的过程, 并且可用于分析其机制和影响因素[8]。基于光学成像的原理, 作者利用微距摄影技术设计了一种能够宏观反映固体制剂崩解动态过程的装置, 不仅可用于观察崩解现象, 还能深入研究崩解与溶出行为之间的关系[9, 10]。本研究采用原研法定检验标准测定不同厂家格列齐特缓释片的体外释放曲线, 同时结合课题组自主研发的可视化评价系统提取格列齐特缓释片释药过程的可视化数据, 以此评估该品种的释药行为。
试药  格列齐特对照品(100269-202107, 供UV法测定, 含量为99.9%, 中国食品药品检定研究院); 格列齐特缓释片参比制剂[施维雅(天津) 制药有限公司, 规格: 30 mg], 编号为01; 格列齐特缓释片仿制制剂(30 mg), 源自14个不同厂家, 分别编号为02~15, 030405060708101113已通过仿制药一致性评价, 0209121415未标明通过仿制药一致性评价; 磷酸二氢钾(20230106, 分析纯, 广东光华科技股份有限公司); 氢氧化钠(220916, 分析纯, 天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司); 纯化水。
仪器  智能药物溶出仪(SOTAX AT 7, 瑞士SOTAX公司); 紫外-可见分光光度计(Agilent Cary 8454, 美国Agilent公司); 数码相机(ILCE-6400, 日本Sony公司); LED摄影补光灯(EF-100, 中国金贝摄影器材公司); 数显恒温水浴锅(HH-4, 中国天大天发科技公司)。
可视化评价系统装置  可视化评价系统由恒温水浴锅、两台数码相机、摄影灯及定制石英比色皿组成(图 1)。两台数码相机垂直摆放, 从侧面和俯视两个角度拍摄图像[9]
图像获取  向定制石英比色皿中加入125 mL pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液, 置于37 ± 0.5 ℃恒温水浴锅中预热, 将格列齐特缓释片置于比色皿的中央位置, 观察并记录固体制剂在24 h内的静态释药过程, 采用延时摄影的方式, 每30 s拍摄一次, 采集固体制剂释药过程的影像数据, 然后使用Adobe Premiere Pro将延时拍摄图片转换为视频, 以便直观地展示和分析其动态变化过程。每个厂家的格列齐特缓释片重复3次实验。
体外释放度试验方法  按照《中华人民共和国药典》2020版四部通则0931溶出度与释放度测定法第二法(桨法), 以pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液为释放介质, 体积为900 mL, 转速为100 r·min-1; 温度为37 ± 0.5 ℃。在15、30 min和1、2、3、4、5、6、8、10、12、14 h时取样5 mL, 并补充相同体积的溶出介质。
体外释放度检测方法  桨法取样后, 取续滤液稀释至适宜浓度溶液作为供试品溶液。精密称取格列齐特对照品约17 mg, 置100 mL量瓶中, 加释放介质溶解并稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 精密量取5 mL, 置50 mL量瓶中, 用释放介质稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 即得对照品溶液。参考《中华人民共和国药典》2020版四部通则0401紫外-可见分光光度法, 波长为226 nm, 按对照品比较法计算供试品溶液浓度。
数据分析  按上述方法进行体外释放度试验, 测定并计算累积释放百分率, 以时间(time/h) 为横坐标, 累积释放百分率(%) 为纵坐标绘制释放曲线, 采用相似因子(f2) 比较释放曲线的相似性[11], 根据公式(1) 计算相似因子(f2)。
$ {f}_{2}=50\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}\left\{{\left[1+\left(\frac{1}{n}\right){\sum }_{t=1}^{n}({R}_{t}-{T}_{t}{)}^{2}\right]}^{-0.5}\times 100\right\} $
其中, Rtt时间参比样品平均溶出量; Ttt时间受试样品平均溶出量; n为取样时间点的个数。通常认为, 当f2值大于50时, 两种药物制剂的释放曲线具有相似性。
为了进一步探究格列齐特缓释片的释药行为, 分别采用4种经典数学模型对释药数据进行拟合, 包括Zero-order、First-order、Higuchi和Korsmeyer-Peppas模型[12]
$\text { Zero-order } \frac{M_t}{M_{\infty}}=a \times t+b$
$\text { First-order } \frac{M_t}{M_{\infty}}=1-e^{-k_1 t}$
$\text { Higuchi } \frac{M_t}{M_{\infty}}=k_2 \times \sqrt{t}+b$
$\text { Korsmeyer-Peppas } \frac{M_t}{M_{\infty}}=k_3 \times t^n$
其中, MtM是在时间t和∞时药物溶出的量。k1为一阶释放常数, k2为Higuchi方程溶出常数, k3为骨架结构和几何特征常数。Korsmeyer-Peppas方程中n为表示释放行为的特征参数, 对于圆柱形片剂, 如果n ≤ 0.45, 则释放机制遵循Fickian扩散; 当0.45 < n < 0.89时, 表示药物释放机制涉及扩散和溶蚀; 当n ≥ 0.89时, 药物释放机制为骨架溶蚀[12]
市售15家格列齐特缓释片在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液条件下的静态释药全过程视频已上传至网址: https://gliclazidedrug.pages.dev/video1-2。不同厂家格列齐特缓释片的静态释药可视化数据有明显区别。
图 2所示, 仿制制剂02号为非亲水凝胶骨架片型缓释制剂, 02在介质中润湿后, 水分渗入片剂, 使得整个片剂润湿而崩解, 不发生明显的膨胀现象。其余格列齐特缓释片均以亲水性材料为载体, 其释药过程均表现出亲水凝胶骨架片的特征, 其释放过程涉及多个阶段, 包括亲水材料的润湿、吸水、水化、膨胀, 形成凝胶层及凝胶层的溶蚀。
当格列齐特缓释片遇到溶出介质时, 由于水分与亲水基团相互作用, 水分在片剂表面迅速扩散, 润湿表面。随后亲水骨架材料吸收水分并发生水化作用, 这些材料与水分结合, 导致药片的体积膨胀。同时, 亲水材料在片剂表面形成一层凝胶层。该凝胶层能减缓药物从片芯内部向释放介质的扩散, 但部分药物仍然会被水分溶解并通过凝胶层向释放介质中扩散, 随着时间的推移, 凝胶层逐渐溶蚀[13]
除仿制制剂02外, 其余所有厂家生产的格列齐特缓释片均属于亲水凝胶骨架片, 尽管释药过程中均出现溶胀现象, 但其溶蚀过程也体现出差异化的可视化特征(图 3)。参比制剂01与仿制制剂030507081011在药物释放初期, 药片会出现明显的膨胀现象, 随后药片表面开始形成并脱落较大尺寸的颗粒。这些颗粒易于黏附并聚集在药片表面, 形成一种蓬松状结构。随着时间的推移, 药片的骨架结构逐渐溶蚀, 体积变小。有趣的是, 这些与参比制剂01溶胀、溶蚀行为相似的格列齐特缓释片仿制制剂均通过了仿制药一致性评价。这可能是因为在亲水凝胶骨架片中, 药物的释放过程主要由基质的溶胀、药物通过凝胶层的扩散及基质的溶蚀这3个过程共同控制[14]。当两种药片在溶胀和溶蚀行为上表现出高度的相似性时, 推测它们的释药过程也较为接近。
其次, 040612它们在药物释放过程中产生的颗粒较小, 药片整体以细小颗粒的状态逐渐溶蚀。溶蚀速率与制剂的组成紧密相关。当制剂中含有较高比例的高分子量羟丙甲纤维素(hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, HPMC) 或HPMC总体含量较高时, 其溶蚀过程会相对缓慢[15]。这表明在溶蚀行为明显的制剂中, 可能高分子量HPMC的比例较低, 或者HPMC的总含量较低。另外, 如果制剂中使用的辅料具有崩解剂的作用, 这可能导致片剂在溶蚀过程中仅形成弱凝胶层, 而这种弱凝胶层无法有效阻止药片的进一步溶蚀[16]
最后, 仿制制剂09131415在释药过程中固-液界面形成凝胶层, 脱落的颗粒也呈现出“凝胶”状。这些药片在溶蚀过程中的形态和大小变化相对缓慢, 并且在溶蚀过程中出现了脱离筛网漂浮的现象, 显示出体外漂浮的特性。这可能是由于这些制剂中亲水性聚合物的比例相对较高, 亲水性聚合物的增加能够增强药片在液体介质中的浮力[16]
不同厂家的格列齐特缓释片在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质中的释放行为存在一定的差异。如图 4所示, 在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质条件下, 参比制剂01在14 h内的累积释放量超过了90%标示量, 相比之下, 仿制制剂070814的释药行为与参比制剂01最为相似, 在14 h内的各个取样时间点, 这些仿制制剂的平均累积释放量与参比制剂相比, 差异均保持在5%以内。此外, 030405101113的释放曲线与参比制剂差异较小, 并且在14 h内的累积释放率也超过90%。仿制制剂0206091215的释放曲线不同于参比制剂, 这些仿制制剂在14 h的平均累积释放率分别为87.21%、71.52%、88.04%、88.09%、80.31%, 均未达到90%。
表 1所示, 试验条件下, 药品编号为020615的格列齐特缓释片的释放曲线与参比制剂的相似度较低(f2 < 50), 它们的释放行为与参比制剂之间存在显著差异。其余11个厂家生产的格列齐特缓释片的释放曲线与参比制剂相似(f2 > 50), 其中8种制剂已通过一致性评价。这意味着这些产品的释药特性与原研药较为一致。然而, 即使体外释放曲线相似(f2 > 50), 也不完全等同于体内生物等效, 因为体外与体内之间的相关性存在局限性, 特别是对于具有复杂释放机制的缓控释制剂而言。
拟合函数的相关参数见表 2, R2的值越接近1, 表示释药曲线与对应方程的拟合效果越佳。数据表明, 在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质中12家厂家生产的格列齐特缓释片的释药曲线与First-order模型的拟合度最高, 这证明First-order模型能够较好地描述该介质条件下的药物释放机制。尽管不同厂家生产的格列齐特缓释片在释药曲线上存在差异, 但是其释放机制较为一致, 即药物的释放速率随时间推移而变化。对于编号为060912的格列齐特缓释片, First-order模型和Korsmeyer-Peppas模型的R2值均大于0.99, 表明两种模型都能较好地拟合释放数据。
参比制剂与仿制制剂的释放曲线及其可视化数据的相似性对比详见于表 3。分析结果显示, 格列齐特缓释片的可视化释药特征与参比制剂相近时, 其药物释放曲线也与参比制剂高度相似(https://gliclazidedrug.pages.dev/video3-4)。这些仿制制剂均通过了一致性评价, 进一步证明了释药过程的宏观可视化特征与药物释放行为之间存在紧密的关联, 并可作为评估制剂释放行为的有效手段之一。
尽管部分仿制制剂的可视化特征与参比制剂存在差异, 但在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液介质中, 它们的释药曲线却展现出一致性。这可能源于以下原因: 首先, 该缓冲介质未能充分揭示参比制剂与仿制制剂的内在品质差异; 其次, 传统体外释放度试验中, 高转速条件可能削弱了不同厂家产品间的区分能力; 最后, 这种可视化特征的细微差异可能并不足以对药物的释放行为产生显著影响。因此, 在评估仿制制剂的释药特性时, 需要综合考虑多种因素, 充分、全面、多角度、多层次的比较仿制制剂与参比制剂的差异, 确保药物的安全性和有效性。
崩解是固体制剂释放药物的前提, 通过连续的可视化表征能够直观反映这一过程。亲水凝胶骨架片的溶胀与溶蚀行为与药物的释放紧密相关[17]。这是由于亲水凝胶骨架片的释药机制主要包括扩散和溶蚀, 药物通过凝胶层逐渐扩散至溶液中, 并随着凝胶层的溶蚀而释放[18]。通过可视化技术能够宏观反映亲水凝胶骨架片在释药过程中溶胀和溶蚀行为的变化, 这一过程与药物的释放密切相关, 结合释药曲线能够进一步阐明药物释放的机制。
02号主要通过溶蚀控制释放, 从可视化数据中可以看出, 其在前6 h的溶蚀速度较快, 因此药物释放速率较快, 之后, 药片的溶蚀速度下降, 导致药物的释放速度变慢。尽管06号制剂的释放曲线和可视化特征与参比制剂不相似, 但它通过了仿制药的一致性评价。这可能是由于静态条件和桨法装置不能完全模拟体内的运行条件。15号仿制制剂在释药过程中产生了明显的凝胶层, 从而阻碍了药物的进一步释放, 导致药物的释放缓慢。
溶出曲线相似性评价是体外评价的重要组成部分, 但传统的溶出度测定方法, 如桨法和篮法, 存在一定的局限性。在某些情况下, 制剂的体外溶出曲线具有相似性, 然而在进行生物等效性试验时却无法达到通过的标准; 相反, 即使生物等效性试验显示通过, 其在实际应用中的疗效却可能表现不一致[19, 20]。为了解决这些问题, 近年来, 新型溶出技术不断改进和发展, 这些技术能够更加精准地描述药物的崩解、溶出和释放行为, 从而更准确地反映药物在体内的生物利用度和疗效。这些进展将有助于提高口服固体制剂研究的效率和准确性, 为固体制剂的体外一致性评价提供有力支持。
通过可视化评价系统, 研究人员能够直观地监控固体制剂在多种溶出介质中的形态变化, 提取出各种可视化特征数据, 如崩解时间、崩解速率、崩解形态等。尽管动态条件下的形态变化与体外溶出测试更具有相关性, 但其复杂条件却难以精确捕捉药片崩解的细节特征, 所获得的图像质量受限, 且不同动态参数可能引入额外变量, 影响崩解过程的一致性。相比之下, 静态试验有效规避了外部扰动, 提供了一个更为稳定和可控的环境, 利于高精度记录药片崩解的细微变化。
在光学成像过程中, 鉴于介质透明度对成像效果至关重要, 实验往往采用较小体积的溶出介质以增强光线穿透能力。为了保障图像数据的高质量, 采用静态条件能减少对成像的不利影响。虽然静态条件与人体复杂的生理条件存在差异, 但静态条件能最小化外界干扰, 更精确地评估固体制剂的崩解过程。
这些崩解过程的可视化特征可以从一个全新的角度评估制剂的释药行为, 在传统溶出度方法的基础上, 结合参比制剂的可视化特征, 可以了解仿制制剂与参比制剂在释药过程中的差异, 进而为仿制制剂的处方优化设计和体外释药行为评价提供科学依据。
作者贡献: 陈思宇和李泽亚负责可视化实验、论文撰写、修改; 黎萍和赵欣庆负责溶出度实验与数据处理; 邓黎负责实验设计、论文修改和审核; 张志荣和龚涛负责实验指导。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 四川省药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与控制重点实验室开放课题项目(2023HZKF-04)
  • 大学生创新创业计划项目(C2024128841)
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0660
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2024-09-03
基金
四川省药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究与控制重点实验室开放课题项目(2023HZKF-04)
大学生创新创业计划项目(C2024128841)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西药学院, 靶向药物与释药系统教育部重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
    2.成都市药品检验研究院, 四川省药品监督管理局化学药品质量研究及控制重点实验室, 四川 成都 610046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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