Article(id=1308455354434605480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0649, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889666421, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889666421, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889666421, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889666421, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1631, endPage=1640, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455354627543465, articleId=1308455354434605480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on structural modification and antibacterial activity of octapeptin, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Octapeptin is a class of cyclic lipopeptides with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, demonstrating significant potential against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sources, structure, synthesis methods, and antibacterial mechanisms of octapeptin, with a focus on the impact of structural modifications on their antibacterial activity. The unique structural features of octapeptin contribute to their strong antibacterial potential, and structural modifications can significantly enhance their activity, offering insights into the development of novel antibiotics.

, authors=Lin-feng LI1, Li YANG2, 3, Jin-xiu HUANG2, 3, *, Ren-li QI2, 3, *, authorsList=Lin-feng LI, Li YANG, Jin-xiu HUANG, Ren-li QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin-xiu HUANG, Ren-li QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455357236400564, articleId=1308455354434605480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=八肽菌素的结构修饰及抗菌活性研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

八肽菌素是一类环状脂肽, 具有广谱抗菌活性, 尤其在对抗多重耐药革兰阴性菌方面具有显著潜力。本文综述了八肽菌素的来源、结构、合成方法及其抗菌机制, 重点探讨了结构修饰对其抗菌活性的影响。八肽菌素独特的结构特性使其具备强大的抗菌潜力, 结构修饰可以显著增强其活性, 为新型抗生素的开发提供了有价值的见解。

, authors=李林峰1, 杨娌2, 3, 黄金秀2, 3, *, 齐仁立2, 3, *, authorsList=李林峰, 杨娌, 黄金秀, 齐仁立, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄金秀, 齐仁立, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李林峰负责文章整体构思、文献查阅与初稿撰写; 杨娌参与文献筛选和内容补充; 黄金秀负责文章结构优化和内容校审; 齐仁立提供专业指导和关键性意见修订。所有作者均对文章内容进行审核并同意最终稿件的发表。

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄金秀, E-mail:
齐仁立, E-mail:
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This figure shows the proposed mechanism of action for polymyxins and octapeptins against Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting their activity against polymyxin-sensitive (left) and polymyxin-resistant (right) lipid A. Antibiotics disrupt the outer and inner membranes, leading to cytoplasmic leakage and cell lysis. Polymyxin resistance (Pmx-R) arises from lipid A modifications (e.g., 4-amino-4-deoxy-arabinose, phosphoethanolamine), which limit polymyxin binding, while octapeptin remain effective, figureFileSmall=mJUpSck0y+WG5JZM9ZivDg==, figureFileBig=rbxcMZ9dSnN4+e8EBclJ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497689428452280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455354434605480, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OctapeptinSynonymAA1AA4AA5Source strainRpt. timeCountryRef.
A1EM49βD-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A2EM49α1D-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A3EM49α2D-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A4-D-DabD-LeuL-Leu---[21]
B1EM49δD-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B2EM49γ1D-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B3EM49γ2D-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B4-D-DabD-LeuL-Phe---[21]
B5BattacinD-DabL-LeuD-PhePaenibacillus sp. F6‐B702012China[22]
C0Bu-2470 AD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C1333-25D-DabD-PheL-LeuBacillus circulans No. 333-251976Japan[25-27]
C2Bu-2470 B1D-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C3Bu-2470 B2αD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C4Bu-2470 B2βD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
D1-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D2-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D3-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D4-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497689571058617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455354434605480, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structure, classification, nomenclature, and sources of octapeptin. D-Dab: D-Diaminobutyric acid; L-Leu: L-Leucine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OctapeptinSynonymAA1AA4AA5Source strainRpt. timeCountryRef.
A1EM49βD-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A2EM49α1D-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A3EM49α2D-DabD-LeuL-LeuATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
A4-D-DabD-LeuL-Leu---[21]
B1EM49δD-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B2EM49γ1D-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B3EM49γ2D-DabD-LeuL-PheATCC-216561973USA[16-20]
B4-D-DabD-LeuL-Phe---[21]
B5BattacinD-DabL-LeuD-PhePaenibacillus sp. F6‐B702012China[22]
C0Bu-2470 AD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C1333-25D-DabD-PheL-LeuBacillus circulans No. 333-251976Japan[25-27]
C2Bu-2470 B1D-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C3Bu-2470 B2αD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
C4Bu-2470 B2βD-DabD-PheL-LeuATCC-318051983Japan[23, 24]
D1-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D2-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D3-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
D4-D-SerD-LeuL-LeuBacillus species JP-3011980Japan[28, 29]
), ArticleFig(id=1308497689680110522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455354434605480, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OctapeptinIsolateMIC /μg·mL-1Ref.
EM49βStreptococcus pyogenes C2030.8[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.8
Candida albicans SC 53149.4
EM49αStreptococcus pyogenes C2031.6[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.8
Candida albicans SC 53149.4
EM49Staphylococcus epidermidis0.6-3.1[16, 38, 39]
Escherichia coli0.1-1.65
Klebsiella pneumoniae0.78-1.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa< 0.4-1.6
Salmonella schottmuelleri SC 38500.8
EM49δStaphylococcus aureus FDA 209P2.4[38]
Streptococcus pyogenes C2030.4
Escherichia coli SC 29270.4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83291.2
EM49γStreptococcus pyogenes C2030.4[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.4
BattacinPseudomonas aeruginosa2-4[22]
Escherichia coli2-4
Acinetobacter baumannii4-16
Klebsiella pneumoniae2-8
Bu-2470 AEscherichia coli3.1-6.3[23]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa6.3-12.5
P. maltophilia0.4-1.6
333-25Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P JC-16.25[27]
Salmonella typhimurium3.13
Bu-2470 B1Streptococcus faecalis B402-33.1[23]
Bacillus anthracis IID-1156.3
Escherichia coli3.1-6.3
Shigella dysenteriae D-1633.1
P. maltophilia0.8-6.3
Bu-2470 B2Streptococcus faecalis B402-33.1[23]
Bacillus anthracis IID-1153.1
Escherichia coli3.1
Shigella dysenteriae D-1633.1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa3.1-12.5
P. maltophilia0.8-6.3
Octapeptin DEscherichia coli NIHJ JC-26.25[29]
Salmonella typhimurium6.25
Shigella sonnei3.13
), ArticleFig(id=1308497689772385211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455354434605480, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Reported MIC of octapeptin. MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OctapeptinIsolateMIC /μg·mL-1Ref.
EM49βStreptococcus pyogenes C2030.8[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.8
Candida albicans SC 53149.4
EM49αStreptococcus pyogenes C2031.6[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.8
Candida albicans SC 53149.4
EM49Staphylococcus epidermidis0.6-3.1[16, 38, 39]
Escherichia coli0.1-1.65
Klebsiella pneumoniae0.78-1.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa< 0.4-1.6
Salmonella schottmuelleri SC 38500.8
EM49δStaphylococcus aureus FDA 209P2.4[38]
Streptococcus pyogenes C2030.4
Escherichia coli SC 29270.4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83291.2
EM49γStreptococcus pyogenes C2030.4[38]
Escherichia coli SC 29270.6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 83290.4
BattacinPseudomonas aeruginosa2-4[22]
Escherichia coli2-4
Acinetobacter baumannii4-16
Klebsiella pneumoniae2-8
Bu-2470 AEscherichia coli3.1-6.3[23]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa6.3-12.5
P. maltophilia0.4-1.6
333-25Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P JC-16.25[27]
Salmonella typhimurium3.13
Bu-2470 B1Streptococcus faecalis B402-33.1[23]
Bacillus anthracis IID-1156.3
Escherichia coli3.1-6.3
Shigella dysenteriae D-1633.1
P. maltophilia0.8-6.3
Bu-2470 B2Streptococcus faecalis B402-33.1[23]
Bacillus anthracis IID-1153.1
Escherichia coli3.1
Shigella dysenteriae D-1633.1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa3.1-12.5
P. maltophilia0.8-6.3
Octapeptin DEscherichia coli NIHJ JC-26.25[29]
Salmonella typhimurium6.25
Shigella sonnei3.13
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八肽菌素的结构修饰及抗菌活性研究进展
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李林峰 1 , 杨娌 2, 3 , 黄金秀 2, 3, * , 齐仁立 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(6): 1631-1640
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (6) : 1631 -1640
八肽菌素的结构修饰及抗菌活性研究进展
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李林峰1, 杨娌2, 3, 黄金秀2, 3, * , 齐仁立2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1西南大学动物科学技术学院, 重庆 402460
  • 2重庆市畜牧科学院, 重庆 402460
  • 3生猪技术创新中心, 重庆 402460
通讯作者:
黄金秀, E-mail:
齐仁立, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李林峰负责文章整体构思、文献查阅与初稿撰写; 杨娌参与文献筛选和内容补充; 黄金秀负责文章结构优化和内容校审; 齐仁立提供专业指导和关键性意见修订。所有作者均对文章内容进行审核并同意最终稿件的发表。

Research progress on structural modification and antibacterial activity of octapeptin
Lin-feng LI1, Li YANG2, 3, Jin-xiu HUANG2, 3, * , Ren-li QI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 3National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0649
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八肽菌素是一类环状脂肽, 具有广谱抗菌活性, 尤其在对抗多重耐药革兰阴性菌方面具有显著潜力。本文综述了八肽菌素的来源、结构、合成方法及其抗菌机制, 重点探讨了结构修饰对其抗菌活性的影响。八肽菌素独特的结构特性使其具备强大的抗菌潜力, 结构修饰可以显著增强其活性, 为新型抗生素的开发提供了有价值的见解。

八肽菌素  /  脂肽抗生素  /  合成方法  /  作用机制  /  构效关系

Octapeptin is a class of cyclic lipopeptides with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, demonstrating significant potential against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sources, structure, synthesis methods, and antibacterial mechanisms of octapeptin, with a focus on the impact of structural modifications on their antibacterial activity. The unique structural features of octapeptin contribute to their strong antibacterial potential, and structural modifications can significantly enhance their activity, offering insights into the development of novel antibiotics.

octapeptin  /  lipopeptide antibiotics  /  synthesis method  /  mechanism of action  /  structure-activity relationship
李林峰, 杨娌, 黄金秀, 齐仁立. 八肽菌素的结构修饰及抗菌活性研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1631 -1640 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0649
Lin-feng LI, Li YANG, Jin-xiu HUANG, Ren-li QI. Research progress on structural modification and antibacterial activity of octapeptin[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1631 -1640 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0649
自1941年青霉素被引入临床以来, 抗生素的广泛应用带来了革命性的医疗进步, 但也伴随着耐药性问题的快速增长[1, 2]。耐药菌株的出现和传播已经成为全球公共卫生安全的重大挑战[3], 革兰阳性菌粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis) 和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus), 以及革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae) 和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter species), 是美国传染病学会确定的6种最危险的ESKAPE“超级细菌”[4], 2024年, 世界卫生组织将它们列为极高和高优先级的病原体, 是开发新抗生素的重点目标[5]。与革兰阳性菌相比, 开发针对耐多药革兰阴性菌的新抗生素更加困难, 这类细菌具有独特的双膜结构, 其外膜中的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 组成部分有效地阻止了许多抗生素的渗透且其高效的外排泵系统可以排出穿透膜的抗生素[6, 7]。多黏菌素(polymyxin) 作为对抗耐多药革兰阴性菌感染的最后一线抗生素被频繁使用, 但其应用受到严重不良反应的限制, 尤其是肾毒性风险。此外, 耐多黏菌素菌株的出现进一步限制了其临床使用[8-12]。因此, 迫切需要开发针对这些耐多药革兰阴性菌的新型抗生素。
八肽菌素(octapeptin) 作为一类从芽孢杆菌属和类芽孢杆菌属分离出的环状脂肽, 显示出对多种革兰阳性和阴性细菌以及真菌的广泛抗菌活性。更为重要的是, 八肽菌素经过多代传递后, 未显著诱导出耐药性, 显示了其对抗耐药性的巨大潜力[13, 14]。然而, 尽管八肽菌素具备显著的医疗潜力, 关于其化学属性、生物活性及临床应用前景的研究相对欠缺, 这限制了其作为新型抗生素候选物的发展。本文旨在全面回顾八肽菌素的研究进展, 特别是其来源、结构、合成方法、作用机制及结构活性关系, 为新型抗生素的研发提供了有价值的参考。
八肽菌素是一类从芽孢杆菌属和类芽孢杆菌属分离出的环状脂肽, 具有一个环状的七肽核心, 末端连接一个D-氨基酸残基和一个N末端的β-羟基脂肪酰基链。环状的七肽核心包含3至4个L-二氨基丁酸(Dab) 残基, 第八位的氨基酸是L-亮氨酸(Leu), 而N末端的脂肪酰基链长度通常介于C9~C11之间。
八肽菌素家族分为A、B、C和D共4个亚类, 根据第1、4和5位氨基酸的种类和手性进行分类, 并用下标数字区分不同的脂肪酰基链[15]。在正式命名为“八肽”之前, 这些脂肽最初由施贵宝(Squibb) 和百时美(Bristol-Myers) 制药公司的研究团队用如EM49、333-25和Bu-2470等公司代码标识。表1[16-29]介绍了各八肽菌素的结构、分类和来源菌株。
Velkov团队[30]通过对环状芽孢杆菌ATCC 31805菌株的全基因组测序, 识别并注释了完整的八肽菌素生物合成基因簇。这一研究揭示了八肽菌素合成的非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS) 基因簇的结构和功能, 奠定了对八肽菌素合成机制的理解。
八肽菌素的生物合成由特定的NRPS系统驱动, 该系统包含多个串联模块, 每个模块负责一个氨基酸的激活、转运、连接和修饰[21], 每个模块包含3个基本域: 腺苷酸化域(adenylation domain, A域)、肽酰基载体蛋白域(peptidyl carrier protein domain, PCP域) 和缩合域(condensation domain, C域)。在八肽菌素的合成过程中, NRPS系统的A域识别并激活特定的氨基酸(如L-Leu、D-Phe等), 将其转化为氨基酰-腺苷酸单磷酸复合物, A域的特异性确保了正确的氨基酸被选取并激活, 这是合成过程中的首要步骤, 决定了肽链的基本结构和功能。激活的氨基酸随后被转移到相邻的PCP域, 通过其羧基与PCP域上的巯基(-SH) 形成硫酯键, 这一步骤稳定了中间体并促进了其在模块间的有效转移, 是生物合成的关键环节。C域负责将PCP域上的氨基酸通过肽键连接起来, 其催化作用使得生长中的肽链逐步延伸, 每一个C域的作用都是生物合成路径上的重要步骤[30-32]。八肽菌素的生物合成最后阶段通常涉及一个硫酯酶样域(thioesterase domain, TE域), 该域负责肽链的环化处理, 将线性的肽链转化为环状结构并切断与模块的链接。环化是通过形成一个内酯键来完成的, 这对八肽菌素的活性至关重要。在合成过程中, 肽链逐渐在NRPS模块之间转移, 可能伴随特定氨基酸残基的修饰, 如甲基化或羟基化。一些模块可能包含辅助结构域, 如差向异构化域(epimerization domain, E域), 用于催化氨基酸的差向异构化, 从而生成D-氨基酸。八肽菌素的合成过程中可能还包括脂肪酸的连接。脂肪酸的连接通常由NRPS系统中的专用模块完成, 这些模块通过特定的酰基转移酶将脂肪酸酰基团连接到成熟的肽链上, 形成最终的脂肽结构[21, 33]。
以八肽菌素C4为例, 其合成过程由3个主要的NRPS单元完成: octA、octB和octC (图1)。这些单元通过顺序排列的模块化方式有序组装八肽菌素分子: octA包含3个模块, 负责激活和连接前3个氨基酸(Dab-1、Dab-2和Dab-3); octB包含4个模块, 继续将接下来的4个氨基酸(Phe-4、Leu-5、Dab-6和Dab-7) 添加到生长中的肽链上; octC添加最后一个氨基酸Leu-8, 并通过其末端的TE域将肽链环化并释放。环化后的肽与羟基脂肪酸进行交联, 形成最终的活性八肽菌素分子[21, 30]。此外, 八肽菌素C4的生物合成途径还涉及其他一些关键酶, 例如转氨酶和磷酸胸腺嘧啶转移酶, 这些酶在生物合成过程中发挥调控和辅助功能[21, 33]。
八肽菌素的生产依赖于微生物发酵, 但产量往往有限且提取纯化过程复杂[33], 为了克服天然产量低和获取难度大的挑战, 同时也为深入研究其结构活性关系, De Zoysa团队[34]于2015年首次采用化学方法合成了八肽菌素B5。此后, 2017年又相继报道了八肽菌素C4[35]和八肽菌素A3[36]的化学合成。
八肽菌素及其衍生物的化学合成主要采用固相合成技术(图2)。首先, 亮氨酸的羧基与2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂(2-CTC) 反应, 将亮氨酸固定到树脂上作为起始氨基酸; 然后, 加入被Fmoc保护的氨基酸, 使用活化剂(如六氟磷酸氮杂苯并三唑四甲基脲) 和碱(如N, N-二异丙基乙胺) 将氨基酸与树脂上的肽链偶联; 此后, 使用哌啶溶液去除新添加的氨基酸的N-末端Fmoc保护基, 以便进行下一个氨基酸的添加, 重复上述偶联和脱保护步骤, 直至完成8个氨基酸的偶联; 最后一步是与脂肪酸进行偶联。Dab残基的侧链保护使用叔丁氧羰基(Boc) 保护基, 而参与环化的Dab-2侧链胺使用特定的保护基团[如1-(4, 4-二甲基-2, 6-二氧杂环己基) 乙氧基(ivDde)/4-甲氧基-2, 3, 6-三甲基苄基(Mtt)]。偶联完成后, 使用4%的水合肼溶液去除Dab-2上的ivDde保护基团, 并使用六氟异丙醇将完整的肽链从树脂载体上裂解下来或使用20%的三氟乙醇在二氯甲烷中处理以去除Mtt保护基团, 并从树脂上裂解受其他基团保护的肽。在二甲基甲酰胺中, 使用环化试剂二苯基磷酰叠氮将Dab-2的侧链NH2与Leu-8的-COOH偶联, 生成保护的环状脂肽。环化完成后, 使用三氟乙酸、水和三异丙基硅烷混合物去除剩余的保护基团, 得到环状八肽。最终, 通过反相高效液相色谱对产物进行纯化, 以去除未反应的氨基酸、保护基团和其他杂质, 从而获得高纯度的八肽菌素[35-37]。
通过化学合成, 可以在实验室中高效地生产八肽菌素及其衍生物, 使得大规模制备成为可能。此外, 化学合成还允许研究者对八肽菌素分子的各个部分进行精确的修饰和优化, 以增强其抗菌活性和选择性, 同时减少毒副作用。这种灵活性对于应对日益严重的多药耐药性问题尤为重要。
八肽菌素的结构类似于截短版的多黏菌素, 其独特之处在于其更广泛的活性谱(表2[16, 22, 23, 27, 29, 38, 39])。与多黏菌素不同, 八肽菌素不仅对革兰阳性和阴性细菌有效, 还对真菌(如酵母和丝状真菌) 有抑制作用, 这使其在抗真菌治疗中也具有潜力。此外, 八肽菌素在革兰阴性细菌中没有与多黏菌素产生交叉耐药性, 这可能与其独特的作用机制有关。各种类型的八肽菌素在体外对多种细菌和真菌均显示出强效的抑制效果, 例如, 能有效抑制链球菌、葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌等细菌, 并对白色念珠菌等真菌也有抑制作用。
八肽菌素在小鼠体内表现出显著的抗菌活性, 针对不同细菌感染展现了良好的治疗效果。Meyers等[38]研究表明, 皮下注射110~130和18.7 mg·kg-1的EM49分别能够有效保护小鼠免受化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes C203) 和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli SC 8294) 的实验性感染导致的死亡。然而, EM49通过口服给药时未能提供任何保护作用。此外, EM49在局部感染模型中也表现出显著的抑菌效果, 能够有效抑制铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa SC 8822) 在感染伤口中的增殖。在另一项小鼠实验性感染中[23], 八肽菌素C0 (Bu-2470 A)、C2 (Bu-2470 B1) 和C3 & C4 (Bu-2470 B2) 对大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌也表现出不同程度的抗菌活性, 尤其是八肽菌素C0的体内活性较高, 肌肉注射剂量分别是7.6~25 mg·kg-1的八肽菌素C0、43~100 mg·kg-1的八肽菌素C2和22 mg·kg-1的八肽菌素C3 & C4, 其中八肽菌素C3 & C4对大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌没有活性。Qian等[22]静脉注射4 mg·kg-1的八肽菌素B5 (Battacin), 对接受致死剂量的Escherichia coli ATCC 35318和Escherichia coli 5539感染的小鼠展现出良好的保护作用。
1974年, Meyers等[39]发现八肽菌素在处理大肠杆菌时会导致其细胞表面形成许多从细胞外膜延伸的突起或气泡, 揭示八肽菌素的作用机制与破坏细胞膜相关。后续的扫描和透射电子显微镜结果显示, 八肽菌素对大肠杆菌细胞的外表面造成了大面积的损伤, 并释放了膜颗粒。受试菌在加入八肽菌素后2 min内迅速释放外膜颗粒, 进一步表明这一现象不是由细胞死亡和裂解引起的次生事件[40, 41]。使用N-苯基-1-萘胺(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, NPN) 透化实验评估八肽菌素对革兰阴性细菌外膜的破坏能力, 结果显示, 八肽菌素在浓度依赖下显著增加了NPN的荧光, 表明其具有破坏革兰阴性细菌外膜的能力[22]。八肽菌素通过其带正电的氨基基团(如Dab) 与革兰阴性细菌膜上阴离子成分(如脂质A和磷脂头基) 之间的静电相互作用吸附到膜表面, 这种结合使八肽菌素在膜表面特异性聚集[41, 42]。同时, 初始电荷相互作用促进八肽菌素的N端脂肪酰基插入膜核心, 通过与膜脂的疏水相互作用将八肽菌素锚定在膜表面, 对细菌膜进行破坏[42, 43]。N端脂肪酰基的插入导致细胞膜去极化, 干扰细菌细胞的正常生理功能; 另外八肽菌素的插入使脂质膜的流动性增加, 膜的有序性降低, 影响了膜的结构, 使膜变得更容易渗透, 这种改变会导致细胞内容物(如钾和其他小分子) 的泄漏, 同时外界的有害物质也能更容易进入细胞内部[43-45]。中子反射实验揭示了八肽菌素与革兰阴性菌外膜的独特相互作用机制, 八肽菌素同时与磷脂和脂质A头基有瞬时的极性相互作用, 随后整个八肽菌素分子渗透到外膜的脂肪酰基核心区域, 表明八肽菌素对脂质A和磷脂的双重靶向作用(图3), 不依赖于初始静电相互作用, 这使得八肽素可以绕过多黏菌素耐药的革兰阴性细菌的脂质A电荷屏障[36]。此外, 八肽菌素还能穿透细胞膜, 进入革兰阴性细菌内膜区域。电子自旋共振光谱分析显示, 八肽菌素的插入使不同深度脂肪酸的运动均受到了限制, 说明八肽菌素在膜的不同层次均发挥作用, 表明八肽菌素对细菌内膜同样具有破坏性作用[41]。使用膜电位敏感染料diSC3-5评估八肽菌素对细胞质膜的去极化作用, 结果显示八肽菌素在4×MIC下导致细胞质膜的显著去极化和细菌死亡, 表明其通过破坏细胞质膜发挥杀菌作用[22]。通过碘化丙啶染色实验, 确认八肽菌素衍生物通过“自我摄取”机制破坏细菌的内膜, 导致碘化丙啶进入细胞并与DNA结合[34, 46]。除了通过破坏细胞膜结构来杀死细菌, 八肽菌素还影响了革兰阴性细菌的生理和生化过程[47]。具体而言, 八肽菌素通过影响细菌呼吸和增加细菌膜对质子及其他阳离子的通透性, 进而扰乱细菌的电解质平衡, 干扰细菌的能量代谢过程, 使细胞无法有效地产生ATP, 导致能量枯竭和细胞死亡[44, 48]。八肽菌素与多黏菌素在结构和作用机制上具有相似性, 但也存在一些差异。多黏菌素主要通过与LPS中的脂质A结合, 破坏革兰阴性细菌的外膜。然而, 八肽菌素能够独立结合磷脂和LPS (图4), 增加了其作用的广泛性和效率[36, 49]。
八肽菌素在革兰阳性菌中的作用机制与其在革兰阴性菌中的作用机制相似, 主要通过破坏细胞膜实现[34, 46]。研究[38]发现, 八肽菌素在低浓度(10~25 μmol·L-1) 下能够有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的形成, 且具有剂量依赖性。Rosenthal等[47]研究表明, 由于革兰阳性菌缺乏外膜, 合成的八肽菌素衍生物更容易接触并作用于细胞膜或肽聚糖层, 因此, 实验合成的八肽菌素衍生物可以直接插入和破坏细胞膜, 导致细胞死亡。尽管对革兰阳性菌的具体作用机制研究相对较少, 但现有研究[23, 41]表明, 八肽菌素及其衍生物在革兰阳性菌中同样具有显著的抗菌活性。
由于细菌和真菌细胞膜组成的差异, 真菌细胞膜中较高的类固醇含量和较低的膜电位等特性使八肽菌素对真菌细胞表现出高选择性[50]。八肽菌素中的Dab残基赋予其阳离子特性, 使八肽菌素能够与负电荷的细胞表面成分结合, 其脂肪族基团通过与细胞膜中的脂类成分相互作用, 导致细胞膜的破坏和细胞死亡[50-52]。
隐球菌的荚膜由负电荷的多糖(如葡萄糖氧基木糖甘露聚糖) 组成。八肽菌素的阳离子部分可以与这些负电荷多糖结合, 增加其在细胞表面的浓度, 从而增强抗菌活性。研究[51, 52]显示, 隐球菌荚膜的存在增强了八肽菌素的抗菌效果, 荚膜缺失的突变株对八肽菌素具有更高的抗性; 八肽菌素对黑色素化的隐球菌细胞的杀菌活性略有增强。Glossop等[50]发现, 八肽菌素衍生物在处理白色念珠菌时, 能有效抑制和清除其生物膜。此外, 使用DCFDA荧光染料评估八肽菌素诱导的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成, 发现八肽菌素衍生物能以浓度依赖的方式增加白色念珠菌内源性ROS的生成。在抗氧化剂抗坏血酸存在的情况下, ROS生成减少, 但抗真菌活性仍然存在, 表明ROS生成是膜破坏的次要作用。
多黏菌素是对抗碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌的最后一道防线, 然而耐药菌的出现使这一治疗方案面临挑战[53]。八肽菌素是一种结构相关的非核糖体脂肽类抗生素, 与多黏菌素在结构框架上共享一个核心的环状肽结构和一个线性的脂肽尾部, 这一共性赋予了它们对细菌细胞膜的高度亲和力, 从而展现出抗菌活性。但它与多黏菌素没有交叉耐药性, 且具有更广泛的活性谱。因此, 八肽菌素成为开发新型抗生素的重要资源, 两者之间的显著结构差异使得八肽菌素在对抗多黏菌素耐药菌株时具备独特优势[42, 47, 54]。
八肽菌素的脂肽尾部相较于多黏菌素, 呈现出更为简洁的结构特征: 其脂肽尾部长度较短, 仅包含一个单一的D-氨基酸, 没有多余的氢键供体或受体。这种简化可能减轻毒性, 为抗药性的防控策略提供了新思路。在八肽菌素的环状肽结构中, 位于第8位的疏水性L-Leu残基与多黏菌素中的亲水性L-Thr残基形成对比, 这个疏水性残基在八肽菌素的抗菌活性中起关键作用, 使其与细菌膜的疏水部分更好地结合, 进一步强化了八肽菌素[54]与细菌细胞膜的相互作用。此外, 八肽菌素中由于线性片段的缩减, 导致Dab残基的数量减少, 可能对其抗菌谱产生影响。而较长的C8至C10 β-羟基脂肪酰链增加了整体分子的疏水性, 这不仅促进了八肽菌素与细胞膜的融合, 也增强了其针对特定耐药菌株的抗菌活性。脂肪酰链中包含一个羟基, 这个羟基在与细菌膜的相互作用中可能起到特定的作用, 如增强与脂多糖的结合[48, 55]。这些结构上的差异不仅揭示了八肽菌素在对付耐多黏菌素革兰阴性菌株方面的独特优势, 也为其在临床应用中作为一种潜在的新型抗生素候选物质提供了理论基础。
在近年来的研究中, 科学家们通过修改八肽菌素的结构, 深入研究了其抗菌活性的影响因素, 尤其关注的是八肽菌素N-末端脂肪酸链的修改和其氨基酸残基的替换。
通过自旋标记实验发现, 八肽菌素与膜的相互作用深度和强度受酰基长度影响显著。中等长度(C8~C12) 的脂肪酸链表现出最佳的抗菌活性; 过短(C2~C4) 或过长(C16~C18) 的脂肪酸链均会导致抗菌活性下降[41, 56]。另有研究[57]表明, 支链结构的脂肪酸链可能增加疏水性, 从而优化八肽菌素的抗菌活性和广谱性。
八肽菌素C4的脂肪酰基上存在羟基, 导致在穿透过程中形成多个氢键, 使八肽菌素在外膜的头基-碳氢链界面区域被困在半折叠状态, 增加了穿透的自由能障碍。去除脂肪酰基部分的羟基后, 在穿透过程中只显示出未折叠和折叠两种构象, 大大减少了穿模阻力, 抗革兰阳性菌及大肠杆菌活性均提高[37, 42]。
替换八肽菌素原本位置的氨基酸残基再对其进行体外抗菌活性评估的结果表明, 第1位正电荷氨基酸对八肽菌素膜结合和抗菌活性至关重要; 第3位L-Dab是最佳碱性氨基酸; 在第4和第5位, 氨基酸的立体化学配置是抗菌活性的关键, 改变时活性完全丧失, 需要第4位为D-配置, 第5位为L-配置[51, 58]。此外, 第4位引入电子吸引基团可以显著提高八肽菌素对革兰阴性细菌的抗菌活性; 在第5位引入电子供体基团可以增强八肽菌素对革兰阳性细菌的活性[58]。进一步的构效关系研究揭示, 八肽菌素中的疏水基团比Dab残基更重要[54]。
研究[35]发现, 环化的八肽菌素C4在对抗革兰阴性菌方面表现出更高的活性, 而其线性类似物的活性明显较弱, 这表明环化结构在其抗菌活性中起关键作用。然而在battacin衍生物的研究中, 线性类似物在对抗各种病原体时表现出更低的MIC值(1~2.5 μmol·L-1), 而环状类似物的MIC值显著更高(最高达976 μmol·L-1), 这种趋势表明线性化可以提高抗菌活性, 并且经济上更有利。此后, 越来越多八肽菌素结构活性的研究围绕简化的battacin结构展开[38]。
对于battacin的线性衍生物研究表明, 脂肪酸链的疏水性增加会提高肽的抗菌活性, 具有长链和芳香环的脂肪酸的肽在抗菌活性方面表现优异, 但也导致了较高的溶血性[59, 60]。适当长度的脂肪酸链(C6) 可以在不显著增加溶血活性的情况下, 增强抗菌性能, 而过长的脂肪酸链(C14) 则会导致自组装行为, 降低抗菌活性并显著增加溶血风险[61]。通过Langmuir单分子层技术观察到, 支链的脂肪酸链结构在低表面压力下比线性的脂肪酸链结构更容易插入膜中, 表现出更强的膜插入能力和更显著的膜流动性变化, 提高了肽的抗菌活性[43]。此外, 具有支链的脂肪酸肽在高浓度下仅表现出3.4%的溶血, 这表明改变脂肪酸链为支链结构可以在不显著提高溶血活性的情况下提高抗菌活性[46, 59]。将battacin线性衍生物D-Dab替换为L-Dab, 导致其抗菌活性显著降低, 这表明氨基酸手性对肽的自组装和生物活性起着关键作用[62]。C-末端酰胺化的battacin线性衍生物, 其对映体表现出比其活性高12倍的抗菌活性(0.2 μmol·L-1) 并有良好的血清稳定性, 该结果进一步证明了氨基酸的立体化学配置对battacin[63]线性衍生物活性的影响。
持续简化battacin的结构, 保留对battacin抗菌活性至关重要的五肽核心。八肽和五肽在与细菌膜相互作用时均通过Dab残基的正电荷和疏水残基的插入实现膜结合和破坏。八肽在金黄色葡萄球菌膜中的插入更深, 五肽在大肠杆菌内膜中的插入更显著, 这表明两者在不同细菌膜中的表现存在差异[45]。五肽普遍对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性比三肽更强, 但三肽对铜绿假单胞菌的活性相当甚至更强[62]。总的来说, 这些结果为进一步优化和设计新型抗菌肽提供了宝贵的参考。
八肽菌素C0和C2[23]在小鼠急性毒性实验中展现出不同的毒性水平, 根据实验数据, 八肽菌素C0的静脉注射途径的LD50为35 mg·kg-1, 皮下注射途径的LD50为56 mg·kg-1; 而八肽菌素C2的静脉注射途径LD50也为35 mg·kg-1, 但其皮下注射途径的LD50高达280 mg·kg-1。相比之下, 黏菌素(colistin) 的静脉注射LD50为8.8 mg·kg-1, 皮下注射LD50为115 mg·kg-1, 表明八肽菌素C2的毒性显著低于黏菌素和八肽菌素C0, 尤其是在皮下注射时。八肽菌素C1[27]在小鼠急性毒性实验中, 通过不同给药途径显示出不同的毒性: 静脉注射的LD50为12.525 mg·kg-1, 腹腔注射为25~50 mg·kg-1, 皮下注射为500 mg·kg-1, 而口服途径的LD50大于500 mg·kg-1, 显示在口服时毒性最低。八肽菌素C4[30]在体内外毒性测试中表现出较低的毒性水平, 在高浓度下对人红细胞无溶血作用, 且在小鼠体内高剂量皮下注射(40 mg·kg-1) 时未显示明显的毒性, 而黏菌素和多黏菌素B在相同条件下则出明显的肾毒性。八肽菌素D[29]在小鼠体内通过皮下注射显示出治疗效果, ED50为5.0 mg·kg-1, 急性毒性LD50在10~50 mg·kg-1之间。八肽菌素B5[22]在体外对人红细胞和HEK293细胞表现出较低的毒性水平, 在小鼠急性毒性实验中, 静脉注射的LD50为15.46 mg·kg-1, 低于多黏菌素B的LD50 (6.52 mg·kg-1)。
此外, 近期关于八肽菌素B5衍生物的研究进一步表明, 通过结构优化可以显著降低其毒性并提高安全性。Posa团队[59]开发了具有新型N-末端脂肪酸的截短型八肽菌素B5衍生物, 这些衍生物在溶血和细胞毒性实验中表现出优异的安全性。具体而言, 这些八肽菌素B5衍生物对人类红细胞和细胞系的毒性显著降低, 同时保持了强大的抗菌活性, 表明优化脂肪酸结构的八肽菌素B5衍生物在降低毒性方面展现出显著的潜力。
八肽菌素作为一种环状脂肽抗菌肽, 具有广谱的抗菌活性。本文通过对八肽菌素的来源、分类、结构、合成方法及其抗菌机制的全面回顾, 明确了其在抗细菌、真菌感染中的独特优势。八肽菌素不仅能够有效破坏细菌的细胞膜, 还能通过干扰细菌的代谢过程来增强其抗菌活性。此外, 与传统抗生素相比, 八肽菌素的结构多样性和可修饰性为其在新型抗菌剂的开发中提供了独特的应用前景。
未来的研究方向应重点放在以下几个方面: ①结构优化: 通过对八肽菌素分子结构的进一步修饰, 特别是脂肪酰基链和氨基酸残基的调整, 来提高其抗菌活性和稳定性, 同时降低其毒性; ②作用机制解析: 利用先进的分子生物学和生物物理技术, 深入解析八肽菌素与细菌细胞膜的相互作用机制, 揭示其抗菌作用的分子基础; ③临床前及临床研究: 在更大范围的动物模型和人体临床试验中验证八肽菌素的安全性和有效性, 评估其作为新型抗生素的临床应用潜力。
总之, 肽菌素的研究不仅为解决当前多种病原菌带来的医疗挑战提供了新思路, 还为新型抗生素和抗真菌药物的开发奠定了基础。随着研究的深入, 八肽菌素有望在抗菌、抗真菌及其他微生物感染的防治中发挥重要作用。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0649
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
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    1西南大学动物科学技术学院, 重庆 402460
    2重庆市畜牧科学院, 重庆 402460
    3生猪技术创新中心, 重庆 402460

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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