Article(id=1199783102106137164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0636, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720195200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-06, revisedDate=1723132800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980182434, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980182434, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980182434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980182434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3117, endPage=3129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783102399738458, articleId=1199783102106137164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid alleviates ischemic stroke through improving lipid metabolism abnormalities, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid (COL) is a neuroprotective preparation composed of various amino acids and peptides, which has beneficial effects on diverse central system diseases. However, the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of oral COL on ischemic stroke (IS) still need to be explored. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of COL on IS in vivo and in vitro. An IS rat model was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, behavioral scoring, Evans blue leakage, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate the effects of COL on cerebral infarct size, neurological function, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation in IS rats. An in vitro model of IS was established on hCMEC/D3 cells through oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), and cell counting kit-8 assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, scratch test and Transwell test were conducted to examine the influence of COL on cell viability, oxidative stress and migration ability. Lipidomics technology, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot experiments were used to investigate the regulation and mechanism of COL on lipid metabolism in the brain of IS rats. All the animal experiments were approved by Ethical Committee of Animal Experiments of China Pharmaceutical University (No.2022-02-23). Our results showed that intragastric administration of COL could significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction, improve neurological deficits, lower the levels of inflammatory factors, and protect against the blood-brain barrier damage of rats with IS. OGD/R modeling resulted in a significant decrease in the viability, an elevation in intracellular ROS levels, and a weakened cell migration ability of hCMEC/D3 cells. COL treatment could effectively protect hCMEC/D3 cells from damage caused by OGD/R. More importantly, cerebral ischemia led to significant lipid metabolism disorders in the brain of rats, and significant accumulation of intracerebral triglycerides (TAG) and ceramides (Cer) was observed in IS rats. COL was proved to significantly reverse lipid metabolism disorders in the brain of IS rats and reduce the content of cytotoxic lipid Cer by upregulating the intracerebral levels of an acid ceramidase called N-acylsphingosine amidehydrolase 1 (ASAH1). In summary, COL was proved to be a promising and effective candidate for IS treatment, which could alleviate cerebral ischemic injury by regulating abnormal lipid metabolism.

, correspAuthors=Guang-ji WANG, Yan LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Teng-jie YU, Ting-ting ZHANG, Ye LIU, Dong CHENG, Hao-yu AI, Nan JIA, Lin XIE, Guang-ji WANG, Yan LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783104199094975, articleId=1199783102106137164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=脑多肽口服液通过改善脂质代谢异常发挥对缺血性脑卒中的治疗作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脑多肽口服液(cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid, COL) 是一种由氨基酸和多肽组成的神经保护制剂, 对多种中枢系统疾病具有保护作用。然而, 口服COL对缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke, IS) 的治疗作用和潜在机制仍需探索。本研究旨在探讨COL对IS体内外模型的治疗效果及其潜在的作用机制。通过大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 手术建立IS大鼠模型, 采用氯化三苯基四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC) 染色、行为学评分、伊文思蓝渗漏实验、酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 和免疫荧光染色等考察COL对IS大鼠脑梗死面积、神经功能、血脑屏障(blood brain barrier, BBB) 和神经炎症的影响; 通过糖氧剥夺/复氧复糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, OGD/R) 在hCMEC/D3细胞上建立IS的体外模型, 采用cell counting kit-8法、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测、划痕实验及Transwell实验等考察COL对细胞活力、氧化应激和迁移能力的影响; 采用脂质组学技术、实时定量PCR和Western blot实验等考察COL对IS大鼠脑内脂质代谢的调控及作用机制。所有动物实验均经中国药科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2022-02-23)。研究结果显示, 口服COL可以显著减少IS大鼠的脑梗死面积, 改善神经功能缺陷, 降低炎症因子水平并减轻BBB的破坏。OGD/R造模导致hCMEC/D3细胞的活力显著下降、细胞内ROS水平升高且细胞的迁移能力减弱, 而给予COL可有效改善OGD/R对hCMEC/D3细胞造成的损伤。此外, 脑缺血的发生导致大鼠脑内出现显著的脂质代谢紊乱, 其中甘油三酯(triglyceride, TAG) 和神经酰胺(ceramide, Cer) 类脂质在IS大鼠脑内显著蓄积。COL可以显著逆转IS大鼠脑内的脂质代谢紊乱, 并可通过上调酸性神经酰胺酶即N-酰基鞘氨醇酰胺水解酶1 (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1, ASAH1) 的水平, 降低细胞毒性脂质Cer的含量。综上, COL被证明是一种有效且具有良好前景的IS治疗候选药物, 可通过调节脂质代谢异常减轻缺血性脑损伤。

, correspAuthors=王广基, 梁艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王广基, E-mail: ;
梁艳, Tel: 86-25-83271060, E-mail:
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A: TTC-stained brain tissue sections; B: Infarction area; C: Neurology deficit score; D: Levels of MDA; E: Representative image of Evans blue extravasation in the brains; F: Levels of TNF-<i>α</i>; G: Levels of IL-1<i>β</i>. <i>n</i> ≥ 4, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> IS group. COL: Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid; IS: Ischemic stroke; TTC: Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; MDA: Malondialdehyde , figureFileSmall=oa1zci7gO7dQW1Rm54W4XA==, figureFileBig=G8MC4uDZOkE7eAaTSLNaNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375557973209796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K0FAlztX1SxyyZ+hH2SGtg==, figureFileBig=LaNvsnCK2XbasAe6LuosIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558145176272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= COL treatment significantly inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia. A: GFAP-labeled astrocytes in the cerebral sections. Scale bar: 40 μm; B: Average area of GFAP<sup>+</sup> cells; C: Iba1-labeled microglia in the cerebral sections. Scale bar: 40 μm; D: Average area of Iba1<sup>+</sup> cells. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> IS group. GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; IBA1: Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 , figureFileSmall=K0FAlztX1SxyyZ+hH2SGtg==, figureFileBig=LaNvsnCK2XbasAe6LuosIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558300365529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jIgwzv2DUut7le6u8HN6kg==, figureFileBig=xanfCVPmkZw20Cq24p/IYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558447166178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Investigation of the therapeutic effect of COL on <i>in vitro</i> model. A: Cell viability; B: Representative image of intracellular ROS. Scale bar: 500 μm; C: Fluorescence intensity of intracellular ROS; D, E: The migration of hCMEC/D3 cells. Scale bar: 1 000 μm; F: Relative level of Evans blue. <i>n</i> ≥ 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> OGD/R group. ROS: Reactive oxygen species , figureFileSmall=jIgwzv2DUut7le6u8HN6kg==, figureFileBig=xanfCVPmkZw20Cq24p/IYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558543635176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DLq2kKo2Qh+hSf5Zk+OtSg==, figureFileBig=SSZxWX6VbuPZCFAwtHwTPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558669464304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of COL on cortical lipidomics in IS model rats. A: PCA analysis of rat cortex lipidome; B: Heatmap of cortical TAGs; C: Heatmap of cortical Cers; D: The VIP value of TAGs; E: Relative levels of TAGs in rat cortex; F: The VIP value of Cers; G: Relative levels of Cers in rat cortex. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> IS group. TAGs: Triglycerides; Cers: Ceramides , figureFileSmall=DLq2kKo2Qh+hSf5Zk+OtSg==, figureFileBig=SSZxWX6VbuPZCFAwtHwTPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558786904823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H/19YrA2mGLkOiAICavUoA==, figureFileBig=7J9sXfIfUJGbjTEp4UTGKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558900151037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of COL on hippocampal lipidomics in IS model rats. A: PCA analysis of rat hippocampus lipidome; B: Heatmap of hippocampal TAGs; C: Heatmap of hippocampal Cers; D: The VIP value of TAGs; E: Relative levels of TAGs in rat hippocampus; F: The VIP value of Cers; G: Relative levels of Cers in rat hippocampus. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> IS group , figureFileSmall=H/19YrA2mGLkOiAICavUoA==, figureFileBig=7J9sXfIfUJGbjTEp4UTGKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375558984037124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vwv0W6L/WZSd//X8Y/o3UQ==, figureFileBig=EM4ktXzWfoS4Bj8z6e0E0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375559084700426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of COL on striatal lipidomics in IS model rats. A: PCA analysis of rat striatum lipidome; B: Heatmap of striatal TAGs; C: Heatmap of striatal Cers; D: The VIP value of TAGs; E: Relative levels of TAGs in rat striatum; F: The VIP value of Cers; G: Relative levels of Cers in rat striatum. <i>n</i> ≥ 4, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> IS group , figureFileSmall=vwv0W6L/WZSd//X8Y/o3UQ==, figureFileBig=EM4ktXzWfoS4Bj8z6e0E0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375559197946643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L8TcB3EYUvaIeM0XWpZIYA==, figureFileBig=1AhX3kwkLUVLvjgVzcrSgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375559353135900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Regulation effect of COL on Cers<i>.</i> A: Cers biosynthesis pathway; B: Levels of <i>SPTLC1</i>; C: Levels of <i>SPTLC2</i>; D: Levels of <i>CerS1</i>; E: Levels of <i>CerS4</i>; F: Levels of <i>CerS6</i>; G: Levels of <i>ASAH1</i>; H: Levels of <i>ACER2</i>; I, J: Representative Western blots and quantification of ASAH1. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> IS group. SPT: Serine palmitoyltransferase; CerS: Ceramide synthases; CDase: Ceramidase , figureFileSmall=L8TcB3EYUvaIeM0XWpZIYA==, figureFileBig=1AhX3kwkLUVLvjgVzcrSgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375559470576420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/min Mobile phase
A/% B/%
0 75 25
2 75 25
5 35 65
23 5 95
31 1 99
33 1 99
35 25 75
36 75 25
40 75 25
), ArticleFig(id=1200375559592211246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The gradient elution program for lipidomic analysis of lipids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/min Mobile phase
A/% B/%
0 75 25
2 75 25
5 35 65
23 5 95
31 1 99
33 1 99
35 25 75
36 75 25
40 75 25
), ArticleFig(id=1200375559688680248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Forward primer sequence (5′-3′) Reverse primer sequence (5′-3′)
SPTLC1 CCAGACCATCCACAAGTCCC TGAGTCAATGCGATGCCCTT
SPTLC2 CGGCTCATACCAAAGAAATACTTGA TCAGTCTTCTGTCTCCTCATAGGT
CerS1 CACCTTACTGCTCATCGCCT GGAACCAGTAGAGGCGGAAC
CerS4 TCAACGCTGGTTCAGGAGAC AGGGCCAAATTCAGGGTCTG
CerS6 TTCATGGTGCGGCTCATCTT TGGGTTTCTCCTGGTTACGC
ASAH1 AGCATGGCAGATGGTACGTG GGGTCTGGGCAATCTCGAAG
ACER2 GCTGCTGTCCTCCTTTCACT AGGAGGGACACATAGGGGAC
β-Actin CCCTAAGGCCAACCGTGAA CACGCACGATTTCCCTCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1200375559810315070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102106137164, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers of SPTLC1, SPTLC2, CerS1, CerS4, CerS6, ASAH1, ACER2 and β-actin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Forward primer sequence (5′-3′) Reverse primer sequence (5′-3′)
SPTLC1 CCAGACCATCCACAAGTCCC TGAGTCAATGCGATGCCCTT
SPTLC2 CGGCTCATACCAAAGAAATACTTGA TCAGTCTTCTGTCTCCTCATAGGT
CerS1 CACCTTACTGCTCATCGCCT GGAACCAGTAGAGGCGGAAC
CerS4 TCAACGCTGGTTCAGGAGAC AGGGCCAAATTCAGGGTCTG
CerS6 TTCATGGTGCGGCTCATCTT TGGGTTTCTCCTGGTTACGC
ASAH1 AGCATGGCAGATGGTACGTG GGGTCTGGGCAATCTCGAAG
ACER2 GCTGCTGTCCTCCTTTCACT AGGAGGGACACATAGGGGAC
β-Actin CCCTAAGGCCAACCGTGAA CACGCACGATTTCCCTCTCA
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脑多肽口服液通过改善脂质代谢异常发挥对缺血性脑卒中的治疗作用
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于腾杰 1 , 张婷婷 1 , 刘也 1 , 程冬 2 , 艾浩宇 1 , 贾楠 1 , 谢林 1 , 王广基 1, * , 梁艳 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(11): 3117-3129
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(11): 3117-3129
脑多肽口服液通过改善脂质代谢异常发挥对缺血性脑卒中的治疗作用
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于腾杰1, 张婷婷1, 刘也1, 程冬2, 艾浩宇1, 贾楠1, 谢林1, 王广基1, * , 梁艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 多靶标天然药物全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.江苏省食品药品监督检验研究院, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*王广基, E-mail: ;
梁艳, Tel: 86-25-83271060, E-mail:
Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid alleviates ischemic stroke through improving lipid metabolism abnormalities
Teng-jie YU1, Ting-ting ZHANG1, Ye LIU1, Dong CHENG2, Hao-yu AI1, Nan JIA1, Lin XIE1, Guang-ji WANG1, * , Yan LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0636
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脑多肽口服液(cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid, COL) 是一种由氨基酸和多肽组成的神经保护制剂, 对多种中枢系统疾病具有保护作用。然而, 口服COL对缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke, IS) 的治疗作用和潜在机制仍需探索。本研究旨在探讨COL对IS体内外模型的治疗效果及其潜在的作用机制。通过大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 手术建立IS大鼠模型, 采用氯化三苯基四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC) 染色、行为学评分、伊文思蓝渗漏实验、酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 和免疫荧光染色等考察COL对IS大鼠脑梗死面积、神经功能、血脑屏障(blood brain barrier, BBB) 和神经炎症的影响; 通过糖氧剥夺/复氧复糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, OGD/R) 在hCMEC/D3细胞上建立IS的体外模型, 采用cell counting kit-8法、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测、划痕实验及Transwell实验等考察COL对细胞活力、氧化应激和迁移能力的影响; 采用脂质组学技术、实时定量PCR和Western blot实验等考察COL对IS大鼠脑内脂质代谢的调控及作用机制。所有动物实验均经中国药科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2022-02-23)。研究结果显示, 口服COL可以显著减少IS大鼠的脑梗死面积, 改善神经功能缺陷, 降低炎症因子水平并减轻BBB的破坏。OGD/R造模导致hCMEC/D3细胞的活力显著下降、细胞内ROS水平升高且细胞的迁移能力减弱, 而给予COL可有效改善OGD/R对hCMEC/D3细胞造成的损伤。此外, 脑缺血的发生导致大鼠脑内出现显著的脂质代谢紊乱, 其中甘油三酯(triglyceride, TAG) 和神经酰胺(ceramide, Cer) 类脂质在IS大鼠脑内显著蓄积。COL可以显著逆转IS大鼠脑内的脂质代谢紊乱, 并可通过上调酸性神经酰胺酶即N-酰基鞘氨醇酰胺水解酶1 (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1, ASAH1) 的水平, 降低细胞毒性脂质Cer的含量。综上, COL被证明是一种有效且具有良好前景的IS治疗候选药物, 可通过调节脂质代谢异常减轻缺血性脑损伤。

缺血性脑卒中  /  脑多肽口服液  /  脂质组学  /  神经酰胺  /  N-酰基鞘氨醇酰胺水解酶1

Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid (COL) is a neuroprotective preparation composed of various amino acids and peptides, which has beneficial effects on diverse central system diseases. However, the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of oral COL on ischemic stroke (IS) still need to be explored. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of COL on IS in vivo and in vitro. An IS rat model was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, behavioral scoring, Evans blue leakage, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate the effects of COL on cerebral infarct size, neurological function, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation in IS rats. An in vitro model of IS was established on hCMEC/D3 cells through oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), and cell counting kit-8 assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, scratch test and Transwell test were conducted to examine the influence of COL on cell viability, oxidative stress and migration ability. Lipidomics technology, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot experiments were used to investigate the regulation and mechanism of COL on lipid metabolism in the brain of IS rats. All the animal experiments were approved by Ethical Committee of Animal Experiments of China Pharmaceutical University (No.2022-02-23). Our results showed that intragastric administration of COL could significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction, improve neurological deficits, lower the levels of inflammatory factors, and protect against the blood-brain barrier damage of rats with IS. OGD/R modeling resulted in a significant decrease in the viability, an elevation in intracellular ROS levels, and a weakened cell migration ability of hCMEC/D3 cells. COL treatment could effectively protect hCMEC/D3 cells from damage caused by OGD/R. More importantly, cerebral ischemia led to significant lipid metabolism disorders in the brain of rats, and significant accumulation of intracerebral triglycerides (TAG) and ceramides (Cer) was observed in IS rats. COL was proved to significantly reverse lipid metabolism disorders in the brain of IS rats and reduce the content of cytotoxic lipid Cer by upregulating the intracerebral levels of an acid ceramidase called N-acylsphingosine amidehydrolase 1 (ASAH1). In summary, COL was proved to be a promising and effective candidate for IS treatment, which could alleviate cerebral ischemic injury by regulating abnormal lipid metabolism.

ischemic stroke  /  cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid  /  lipidomics  /  ceramide  /  N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1
于腾杰, 张婷婷, 刘也, 程冬, 艾浩宇, 贾楠, 谢林, 王广基, 梁艳. 脑多肽口服液通过改善脂质代谢异常发挥对缺血性脑卒中的治疗作用. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3117 -3129 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0636
Teng-jie YU, Ting-ting ZHANG, Ye LIU, Dong CHENG, Hao-yu AI, Nan JIA, Lin XIE, Guang-ji WANG, Yan LIANG. Cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid alleviates ischemic stroke through improving lipid metabolism abnormalities[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3117 -3129 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0636
脑卒中在全球范围内是常见的致死和致残原因之一[1]。在中国, 18岁及以上人群的脑卒中死亡率约为114.8/万人[2]。缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke, IS) 主要由供血动脉(最常见的是大脑中动脉) 闭塞引起, 约占所有脑卒中类型的80%[3]。然而, 目前仍缺乏足够有效的脑卒中治疗方案。重组组织纤溶酶原激活剂(r-tPA) 是唯一经FDA批准的用于血管内溶栓的药物。但由于其治疗窗口较窄(约4.5 h) 且可增加颅内出血的风险, 因此, 仅有约5%的患者可从中受益[4]
神经退行性疾病的病理过程中常涉及神经营养因子与其受体之间信号级联的破坏[5]。因此, 神经营养因子的应用在恢复神经功能方面具有巨大潜力。脑多肽是一种由猪源性多肽和游离氨基酸组成的神经营养药物, 数十年来, 已有50多个国家批准将其用于脑卒中、脑外伤和认知障碍等疾病的治疗[6]。有研究表明, 脑多肽含有与神经营养因子结构相似的片段, 可以通过保护和再生神经元来维持大脑的正常功能[7]。如脑多肽可调节成熟神经生长因子(NGF) 与前体-NGF的比例, 改善胆碱能神经元的缺陷, 从而发挥对阿尔茨海默症(AD) 小鼠的保护作用[8]。另有研究显示, 脑多肽可提高神经干细胞在APP转基因AD小鼠脑内的移植存活率, 并减少AD小鼠脑内凋亡细胞的数量[9]。在轻度创伤性脑损伤大鼠模型中, 脑多肽被证明可改善星形胶质细胞增生和轴突损伤, 并改善神经发生[10]。Barakat等[11]发现, 在脑缺血前预先腹腔注射脑多肽可减少小鼠脑内炎症因子的表达和白细胞浸润, 从而改善脑卒中小鼠的神经功能。此外, 静脉注射脑多肽可通过激活CREB/PGC-1α通路, 减轻脑卒中小鼠的神经炎症[12]。值得注意的是, IS的预防、治疗和康复都是长期过程, 患者对静脉给药的依从性远低于口服给药。开发脑多肽口服液(cerebroprotein hydrolysate oral liquid, COL) 更有利于其在退行性疾病中的应用。但COL对IS的治疗效果和潜在机制仍需探索。
近年来, 组学技术的发展为寻找脑卒中的生物标志物和阐明其发病机制提供了新的思路[13]。包括代谢组学、转录组学和蛋白组学在内的多组学技术已被广泛用来寻找IS的生物标志物。如转录组学研究表明, miR-320在脑卒中发生后显著下调, 并被认为与血管生成不良有关[14]。Bergerat等[15]利用蛋白组学探索了脑皮层微血管中的蛋白质变化, 发现水通道蛋白-4和层粘连蛋白-α1与脑卒中的易感性密切相关。Liu等[16]比较了急性脑卒中患者与正常人血清中的代谢谱, 发现患者血清中的丝氨酸和异亮氨酸含量显著降低。除了上述的各种组学之外, 脂质组学是组学领域中较晚出现的一个分支, 其于2003年才被正式提出。脂质是自然界中一类难溶于水而易溶于有机溶剂的化合物, 其结构多样, 种类繁多。脂质不仅可作为能量储存分子, 还参与了细胞的发育、分化、凋亡和炎症等多种生理过程。脂质代谢异常与糖尿病[17]、AD[18, 19]、癌症[20, 21]、溃疡性结肠炎[22]等多种疾病密切相关。然而, 关于IS中脂质变化的报道较少, 脂质代谢在IS中的具体作用仍需阐明。
本研究旨在通过构建IS大鼠模型和糖氧剥夺/复氧复糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, OGD/R) 细胞模型, 系统研究COL对IS的治疗作用, 并结合脂质组学技术, 探索COL发挥治疗作用的靶点和作用机制, 为临床治疗IS提供新策略。
药品与试剂  COL (批号: 20220306) 由河北智同生物制药有限公司提供, 主要成分为16种氨基酸和多肽类化合物, 含量以总氮计为每瓶30 mg; β-肌动蛋白(β-actin, AC026)、离子钙结合衔接分子1 (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba-1, A19776)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, A19058) 和N-酰基鞘氨醇酰胺水解酶1 (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1, ASAH1, A6527) 抗体购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 检测试剂盒(S0131S)、RIPA裂解液(P0013B)、PVDF膜(FFP24)、cell counting kit-8试剂盒(C0039) 和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒(S0033S) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 大鼠IL-1β的ELISA试剂盒(ER008) 和TNF-α的ELISA试剂盒(ER006) 购自上海依科赛生物科技有限公司; 伊文思蓝(E104208) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 色谱级甲醇、乙腈和异丙醇购自德国Merck公司; 脂质标准品购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; RNAiso Plus (9109) 购自日本Takara公司; RT SuperMix (R323-01) 和SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Q311-02) 购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
主要仪器  高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo公司); Milli-Q超纯水机(美国Millipore公司); 冷冻切片机(德国Leica公司); 激光共聚焦显微镜(日本Olympus公司); SynergyTM H1多功能酶标仪、Lionheart FX智能活细胞成像分析系统(美国BioTek公司); Triple QuadTM 5500 LC-MS/MS系统(美国SCIEX公司); ChemiDoc XRS化学发光凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
实验动物及脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型的建立  雄性SD大鼠(6~8周龄, 180~220 g) 购自浙江维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 生产许可证号为SCXK (浙) 2019-0001。动物实验的所有程序均严格遵守动物保护法和指南, 并经中国药科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2022-02-23)。大鼠被随机分为空白(Con) 组、IS组和IS+COL组。IS模型由大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 手术建立[23]。简要来说, 采用10%的水合氯醛麻醉大鼠, 剂量为3 mL·kg-1。钝性分离大鼠的左侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉和颈内动脉, 然后将线栓从颈外动脉插入颈内动脉, 直至阻塞大脑中动脉。计时2 h后, 拔出线栓以实现脑血流的再灌注。MCAO手术后, 所有大鼠均可自由获取食物和水, 不同组别的大鼠分别灌胃给予COL (5 mL·kg-1) 或等剂量的生理盐水。
神经功能缺陷和脑梗死面积的测定  采用Longa法[24]评价MCAO手术后大鼠的神经功能缺陷情况。评分标准分为从0~4分共5个级别, 评分越高, 代表神经功能损伤越严重。采用TTC染色测定大鼠的脑梗死面积。将冷冻后的新鲜大脑切为连续的2 mm厚的冠状切片, 随后将其与1.5% TTC溶液在37 ℃避光20 min。使用Image-J软件统计脑梗死面积。
MDA、TNF-α和IL-1β的测定  采用脂质过氧化MDA检测试剂盒测定大鼠血浆中MDA的水平。大鼠脑内TNF-α和IL-1β的水平则按照产品说明书, 采用相应的ELISA试剂盒测得。
免疫荧光染色  将大鼠脑组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 随后在蔗糖溶液中脱水7天。接下来, 将脱水的脑组织在冷冻切片机中切片, 切片厚度为20 μm。将脑切片用PBS清洗3次后, 分别与Iba1和GFAP抗体在4 ℃下孵育过夜。再次用PBS冲洗3次后, 将切片与荧光二抗在避光环境下孵育2 h, 然后用DAPI对细胞核进行染色。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察并获取图像。
细胞培养和OGD/R模型的建立  人脑微血管内皮细胞系(hCMEC/D3) 购自南京厉行生物科技有限公司。将细胞培养于含1%青霉素/链霉素和10% FBS的DMEM培养基中。培养箱温度为37 ℃、CO2浓度为5%。采用已报道的方法建立hCMEC/D3细胞的OGD/R模型[25]。即将hCMEC/D3细胞置于无葡萄糖DMEM中, 在气体条件为5% CO2和1.5% O2的缺氧培养箱中培养24 h, 然后将无葡萄糖DMEM替换为正常DMEM后, 于正常培养箱中继续培养1 h。
细胞活力和ROS的测定  按照实验说明书, 采用cell counting kit-8试剂盒测定OGD/R后hCMEC/D3细胞的存活率。细胞内ROS的水平通过ROS检测试剂盒测得。
细胞划痕实验  将细胞接种在6孔板中并培养24 h。待细胞生长至汇合后, 用灭菌枪头沿孔板直径垂直划出痕迹。用PBS将细胞洗涤3次以去除细胞碎片, 然后在正常或OGD条件下继续培养24 h。用活细胞成像系统观察并获取OGD后0、12和24 h的图像。
体外血脑屏障(blood brain barrier, BBB) 模型的建立  将hCMEC/D3细胞接种于Transwell上室中, 待细胞生长至致密单层后, 采用OGD/R对整个系统进行造模。造模结束后, 在Transwell上室中加入伊文思蓝溶液, 通过测量Transwell下室中伊文思蓝的吸光度来评价BBB的完整性。
脂质组学分析  脂质组学分析在Sciex 5500 LC-MS/MS系统上进行。样品前处理的简要步骤如下: 向50 μL的脑组织(海马、皮质和纹状体) 匀浆液或血浆中加入200 μL含有脂质内标(10 μg·mL-1 LPE14:0、PS28:0、PE28:0、TAG51:0、PC28:0和LPC17:0) 的75%甲醇。震荡15 min后, 向样品中加入600 μL甲基叔丁基醚。震荡1 h后, 向样品中加入130 μL超纯水。随后, 将样品以14 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上层有机相并在氮吹仪中干燥。进样分析前, 将样品复溶于由60%乙腈、35%异丙醇和5%水组成的溶剂中。
采用Thermo HypersiI GOLD色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) 对样品中的脂质进行分离。流动相A由水和乙腈(40∶60, v/v) 组成, 流动相B由乙腈和异丙醇(10∶90, v/v) 组成。两种流动相中均含有1‰体积的醋酸和5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵。时长为40 min的梯度洗脱程序如表 1所示。使用MultiQuant软件处理脂质组学数据。
实时定量PCR  称取约20 mg脑组织, 用RNAiso Plus试剂提取总RNA。随后, 采用RT SuperMix kit将总RNA逆转录成cDNA。采用SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix在CFX Connect实时PCR检测系统上进行定量PCR。每个靶基因的表达均通过β-actin进行矫正。引物序列如表 2所示。
Western blot实验  称取约20 mg脑组织, 用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取总蛋白。蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE分离后, 随后被转移到PVDF膜上。用5%脱脂牛奶在室温下封闭2 h后, 将膜与一抗在4 ℃下孵育过夜。用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次后, 将膜与二抗在室温孵育2 h。使用ChemiDoc XRS化学发光凝胶成像系统获取条带。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism (8.0版本) 对数据进行统计分析, 结果以x ± s表示, 采用student′s t-test或one-way ANOVA分析各组数据间的差异, P < 0.05表示各组数据间的差异具有统计学意义。
为探讨COL对IS的治疗作用, 对IS大鼠连续7天灌胃COL (5 mL·kg-1) 或等剂量的生理盐水。TTC染色结果显示, IS大鼠脑内出现明显的脑梗死区域, 而给予COL可以显著缩小IS大鼠的脑梗死面积(图 1AB)。行为学评分显示, COL可有效缓解MCAO造模引起的神经功能缺陷(图 1C)。MDA是脂质过氧化的标志物, 有研究表明, 与健康受试者相比, 脑卒中患者血浆中MDA的含量显著升高[26]。如图 1D所示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠血浆中的MDA水平显著升高, 而COL可显著降低MDA的水平。脑缺血后通常会出现BBB破坏, 并可能导致较差的神经功能结果[27]。本研究采用血管示踪剂伊文思蓝评估了BBB的完整性。如图 1E所示, 伊文思蓝在IS大鼠缺血侧半脑的外渗明显增加, 而COL给药可显著减少伊文思蓝外渗, 表明COL可维持血脑屏障的完整性。此外, 脑缺血的发生会导致炎症因子的大量释放, 进一步加重脑损伤[28]。ELISA结果显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠脑内炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β的表达显著升高, 而给予COL可以显著降低这些炎症因子的水平(图 1FG)。
星形胶质细胞是大脑中最丰富的细胞类型之一, 在中枢神经系统正常功能的维持中起着重要作用。小胶质细胞则是大脑中的天然免疫细胞。这两种胶质细胞在缺血条件下均可被激活并释放炎症因子, 从而进一步加重缺血性损伤[29, 30]。在本研究中, GFAP和Iba1被用来分别标记大鼠脑内的星形胶质和小胶质细胞。结果显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠脑内的星形胶质和小胶质细胞被显著激活, 表现为胞体的肥大和过度增殖, 而给予COL可以显著逆转这一现象(图 2)。
为进一步验证COL对IS的治疗作用, 采用OGD/R在hCMEC/D3细胞上建立了脑卒中的体外模型。结果显示, OGD/R造模后, hCMEC/D3的细胞活力显著下降, 细胞内ROS水平显著升高, 而COL可显著提高OGD/R组细胞的活力并降低ROS水平(图 3A~C)。随后, 采用细胞划痕实验研究了COL对细胞迁移能力的影响。如图 3DE所示, 与对照组相比, OGD/R组细胞的迁移率显著降低, 而COL可以显著提高OGD/R组细胞的迁移率。最后, 利用Transwell建立了BBB的体外模型。结果显示, 与对照组相比, OGD/R组伊文思蓝的外渗显著增加, 而COL可以显著减少OGD/R造模引起的伊文思蓝渗漏(图 3F), 表明COL可维持体外BBB模型的完整性。
活性成分的复杂性和靶点的多样性对COL的药效学机制研究造成极大的阻碍。近年来, 迅速发展的组学技术被广泛应用于探索多靶点药物的生物学基础。本研究采用基于高分辨率质谱的脂质组学技术, 鉴定并筛选了与IS密切相关的特征性脂质。大鼠脑皮质中共鉴定出11大类573种脂质, 包括鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin, SM) 19种、TAG 124种、甘油二脂(diglyceride, DAG) 25种、Cer 29种、磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA) 42种、磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC) 54种、磷酸乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine, PE) 124种、磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG) 55种、磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI) 39种、磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS) 45种和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA) 17种。
PCA分析显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠的皮质脂质谱出现明显偏移, 而COL对IS大鼠皮质脂质谱的偏移具有显著回调作用(图 4A)。在11大类脂质中, TAG和Cer的变化趋势较为显著。如图 4BC所示, IS大鼠皮质中大部分TAG和Cer的含量显著升高, 而COL可以显著下调这两种脂质的水平。采用VIP值对变化趋势最为显著的TAG进行了筛选, 结果显示, 与对照组相比, TAG52:1-FA18:0、TAG52:2-FA16:0、TAG52:2-FA18:1、TAG54:2-FA20:1、TAG54:6-FA16:0、TAG56:7-FA22:6、TAG58:7-FA22:6和TAG60:12-FA22:6的水平在造模后显著升高, 而COL显著降低这些TAG类脂质的水平(图 4DE)。此外, VIP值筛选结果显示, Cer(d18:1/16:0)、Cer(d18:1/20:1)、Cer(d18:1/24:0)、Cer(d18:2/16:0)、Cer(d18:2/22:0)、Cer(d18:2/24:1)、Cer(d18:2/24:0) 和Cer(d18:2/25:0) 类脂质在IS大鼠皮质中显著升高, COL显著回调了这些升高的Cer水平(图 4FG)。
对IS大鼠海马脂质谱的变化进行了研究。海马组织中共鉴定出473种脂质, 包括SM 19种、TAG 69种、DAG 12种、Cer 20种、PA 37种、PC 58种、PE 115种、PG 46种、PI 37种、PS 43种和FFA 17种。如图 5A所示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠海马的脂质谱出现显著偏移, 而COL对偏离的脂质谱具有一定的回调作用。Heatmap分析结果表明, IS大鼠海马内TAG和Cer的水平显著升高, 而COL对部分升高的脂质具有一定的回调作用(图 5BC)。VIP值筛选结果显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠海马内TAG48:0-FA16:0、TAG50:0-FA18:0、TAG50:1-FA18:1、TAG52:0-FA16:0、TAG52:1-FA16:0、TAG52:1-FA18:0、TAG54:1-FA20:1和TAG54:6-FA22:6的水平显著升高, 而COL只对TAG52:1-FA16:0具有显著的回调作用(图 5DE)。此外, 大鼠海马内Cer(d18:1/16:0)、Cer(d18:1/18:0)、Cer(d18:1/22:0)、Cer(d18:1/24:0)、Cer(d18:2/16:0)、Cer(d18:2/18:0)、Cer(d18:2/23:0) 和Cer(d18:2/24:1) 的含量显著升高, COL可以显著降低Cer(d18:2/16:0)、Cer(d18:2/18:0) 和Cer(d18:2/23:0) 的水平(图 5FG)。
对IS大鼠纹状体的脂质组进行了研究。纹状体中共检测出514种脂质, 包括SM 17种、TAG 80种、DAG 22种、Cer 26种、PA 33种、PC 65种、PE 119种、PG 44种、PI 43种、PS 48种和FFA 17种。PCA分析结果显示, IS大鼠纹状体的脂质谱明显偏离对照组, 而COL对脂质的代谢异常具有一定的回调作用(图 6A)。脑缺血发生后, 大鼠纹状体中大部分TAG和Cer的含量显著升高(图 6BC)。进行筛选后发现, IS大鼠纹状体中TAG46:0-FA16:0、TAG50:2-FA16:0、TAG50:2-FA16:1、TAG56:7-FA16:0、TAG56:7-FA18:1、TAG56:7-FA22:6、TAG56:8-FA22:6和TAG60:12-FA22:6的含量显著升高, COL显著降低了TAG46:0-FA16:0、TAG50:2-FA16:0、TAG50:2-FA16:1、TAG56:7-FA16:0、TAG56:7-FA18:1、TAG56:7-FA22:6和TAG56:8-FA22:6的水平(图 6DE)。此外, IS大鼠纹状体中还存在Cer(d18:1/16:0)、Cer(d18:1/17:0)、Cer(d18:1/21:0)、Cer(d18:1/23:0)、Cer(d18:1/25:0)、Cer(d18:2/16:0)、Cer(d18:2/23:0)和Cer(d18:2/24:0) 类脂质的显著升高, COL可以显著回调Cer(d18:1/16:0)、Cer(d18:1/23:0)、Cer(d18:1/25:0)、Cer(d18:2/16:0) 和Cer(d18:2/23:0) 的水平(图 6FG)。
以上结果表明, 脑缺血发生后, 大鼠的不同脑区内均出现脂质代谢异常, 其中TAG和Cer的含量显著增加。COL对IS大鼠不同脑区的脂质代谢异常均有一定的回调作用, 但对皮质脂质谱的调节最为显著。Cer是一种活性脂质, 参与调节了多种细胞活动。有研究显示, Cer的蓄积可促进细胞凋亡[31, 32]。另有研究表明, 降低Cer水平可减少心梗发生后心肌细胞的死亡[33, 34]。这提示COL对IS的保护作用可能是通过降低皮质Cer的水平实现的。因此, 本研究探索了COL对Cer代谢通路的影响。Cer的主要合成和降解途径如图 7A所示。丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶(serine palmitoyltransferase, SPT) 是Cer从头合成途径的限速酶, 可以在内质网上将丝氨酸和棕榈酰辅酶A合成为3-酮二氢鞘氨醇。然而, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠皮质中SPTLC1SPTLC2的mRNA水平均显著下调(图 7BC)。神经酰胺合成酶(ceramide synthases, CerS) 有6种亚型, 其中CerS1CerS4CerS6在脑内表达水平较高[35, 36]。实验结果显示, MCAO造模后, 大鼠皮质中CerS1CerS4CerS6的mRNA水平显著降低, 且给予COL对这些酶的表达水平没有显著的调节作用(图 7D~F)。由于Cer合成途径中关键酶的表达与Cer的水平不一致, 提示脑缺血后Cer在脑内的蓄积可能是由于Cer的降解异常造成的。Cer的降解主要是由神经酰胺酶(ceramidase, CDase) 所介导。采用PCR技术检测了大鼠皮质中编码酸性CDase的基因ASAH1和编码碱性CDase的基因ACER2的表达水平。结果显示, 两种CDase的表达在MCAO造模后均显著下降, 而COL仅可显著增加ASAH1的表达水平(图 7GH)。Western blot结果同样显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠脑皮质中ASAH1蛋白水平显著下降, 而COL可显著提高ASAH1的水平(图 7IJ)。综上, 脑缺血发生后, 大鼠皮质中ASAH1表达显著下调, 进而导致了Cer的异常蓄积。COL可通过上调ASAH1的表达来缓解Cer的蓄积, 从而发挥对IS的治疗作用。
脑卒中是继缺血性心脏病之后的全球第二大死亡原因[37]。近年来, 由于人口老龄化的加剧, 脑卒中的负担逐渐增加。脑卒中主要包括缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中, 其中前者约占所有脑卒中类型的80%[38]。目前, r-tPA是唯一经FDA批准的用于治疗IS的药物。然而, r-tPA的治疗窗较窄, 且常伴有不良反应, 使其临床效果较差。因此, 迫切需要治疗IS的有效药物。COL作为猪源性神经营养制剂, 目前尚缺乏其口服途径对IS治疗作用的报道。本研究系统探索了口服COL对IS的治疗效果并从脂质代谢调控的角度研究了其作用机制。
MCAO诱导的IS大鼠是被广泛使用的脑卒中实验动物模型。由于人类脑部的梗死区域也常发生于大脑中动脉周围, 因此, 该模型可较好地模拟临床上IS的症状[39]。实验结果显示, MCAO手术后, 大鼠脑部出现明显的梗死区域, 而COL可显著缩小脑梗死面积。脑卒中还通常伴随着血脑屏障的破坏, 已被证明与患者的预后不良密切相关[27]。伊文思蓝渗漏实验结果显示, IS大鼠脑内的蓝色区域显著扩大, 表明血脑屏障遭到破坏, 而给予COL可以显著减少IS大鼠脑内的蓝色区域面积。此外, 基于hCMEC/D3细胞建立了BBB的体外模型, 结果表明, 在体外模型中, COL对OGD/R引起的BBB损伤同样具有显著的保护作用。
胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的重要组成部分, 可为中枢神经系统的正常发育提供营养和结构支持。在所有胶质细胞中, 小胶质细胞约占5%, 星形胶质细胞约占20%[40]。作为脑内的先天免疫细胞, 脑缺血发生后, 小胶质细胞会迅速被招募到脑损伤部位并转变为激活状态, 形态上表现为细胞体肥大和运动分支的增多。激活后的小胶质细胞可释放大量的促炎因子, 如TNF-α、IL-6和IL-β等, 进而加剧缺血性脑损伤[41, 42]。星形胶质细胞也是脑内先天免疫系统的重要组成部分。在脑缺血的刺激下, 星形胶质细胞大量增殖, 胞体肥大, 并伴有GFAP的过度表达, 这种现象被称为反应性星形胶质细胞增生[43]。反应性星形胶质细胞同样会释放过量的炎症因子[29]。本研究发现, 给予COL可以显著缓解IS大鼠缺血侧脑组织内星形胶质和小胶质细胞的过度增殖和激活。此外, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠脑内促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β的水平显著升高, 而COL可显著减轻神经炎症。
以往的研究显示, 脑多肽可通过促进神经元的存活和再生、缓解炎症和增强神经可塑性等发挥对脑卒中的治疗作用。如sonic hedgehog (Shh) 信号通路是参与调节神经发生、抗氧化和抗炎的重要因子。脑多肽可增加Shh及其相关受体的表达, 从而促进缺血大脑内少突胶质细胞和神经元的发生[44]。脑多肽还含有结构上与神经营养因子相似片段的活性多肽, 如脑源性神经营养因子和胶质源性神经营养因子等, 可作用于神经祖细胞并促进神经再生[45]。然而, COL成分的复杂构成导致其治疗IS的靶标具有多样性。近年来, 脂质组学技术的发展为全面认识脑卒中发病机制和发现治疗靶点提供了新的手段[46]。脂质是一类广泛存在于生物体内并具有重要生物学功能的疏水性化合物, 其代谢紊乱已被证明与多种脑部疾病紧密相关。有研究表明, 胆固醇或TAG等脂质水平的变化与IS的风险具有显著相关性[47, 48]。但脑多肽对IS大鼠脑内脂质代谢的调节作用仍鲜有报道。本研究采用脂质组学技术系统地考察了大鼠缺血半脑的不同脑区(皮质、海马和纹状体) 内的脂质代谢变化。结果显示, 与对照组相比, IS大鼠不同脑区的脂质谱均出现明显偏移, 表明缺血脑区出现了明显的脂质代谢异常。在鉴定出的11类主要脂质中, TAG和Cer的变化趋势最为明显, 这两类脂质的含量在IS大鼠不同脑区内的含量显著增加。给予COL对IS大鼠不同脑区的脂质代谢紊乱均有一定的调节作用, 但对皮质区的调节最为显著。因此, COL对IS的治疗作用可能是通过调节皮质的异常脂质代谢实现的。
大量的研究表明, Cer的异常蓄积可导致细胞凋亡[31, 32]。本研究发现, IS大鼠皮质中Cer(d18:1/16:0)、Cer(d18:1/20:1)、Cer(d18:1/24:0)、Cer(d18:2/16:0)、Cer(d18:2/22:0)、Cer(d18:2/24:1)、Cer(d18:2/24:0)和Cer(d18:2/25:0) 的水平显著升高, 而COL可显著降低这些Cer的水平。随后, 对COL降低Cer含量的具体机制进行了探索。结果显示, IS大鼠皮质中参与Cer从头合成的酶如SPTLC1SPTLC2CerS1CerS4CerS6的mRNA水平显著降低, 且COL给药对这些酶的表达没有调节作用。因此, 缺血皮质中Cer的蓄积可能并不是由于其合成增加引起的, 而可能是其降解障碍所致。值得注意的是, IS大鼠皮质中Cer水解酶ASAH1ACER2的mRNA表达显著下降, 而COL给药显著增加了ASAH1的mRNA水平。Western blot结果同样表明, IS大鼠皮质中ASAH1蛋白水平显著下降, COL可显著上调ASAH1蛋白的表达水平。这些结果提示, COL可通过上调ASAH1的表达, 降低毒性脂质Cer在缺血大脑中的蓄积, 从而降低其对神经元的损伤。另有研究发现, 在肥胖小鼠中, Cer可通过Nlrp3炎症小体依赖性的方式增加巨噬细胞和脂肪组织中活化的caspase-1水平, 继而提高IL-1β等炎症因子的释放[49]。但在缺血性脑损伤的急性期中, Cer与炎症因子之间的关系仍需进一步探索。除Cer之外, IS大鼠缺血脑区中TAG含量也显著增加。有研究报道, AD和癫痫等其他中枢系统疾病中同样存在TAG的蓄积, 并被认为可加剧相关疾病的进展[50, 51]。后续的实验将进一步探讨TAG在IS发生发展中的作用。
IS是造成残疾和死亡的主要疾病之一, 严重威胁人类健康并造成极大的经济负担。然而, 目前临床上使用的药物存在治疗窗窄、疗效差和不良反应多等缺点。本研究证明, 口服COL可显著缓解MCAO造模引起的脑缺血症状。此外, 脑缺血发生后, IS大鼠脑内出现显著的脂质代谢异常, 其中毒性脂质Cer在皮质中显著蓄积。COL可通过增加ASAH1蛋白水平来缓解脑缺血引起的脂质代谢紊乱, 并降低毒性脂质Cer的含量。这些发现为COL的临床应用提供了新的见解, 调节脂质代谢可能成为治疗IS的新方向。
作者贡献: 梁艳、王广基和于腾杰负责本实验研究的设计; 于腾杰、张婷婷、刘也、艾浩宇、贾楠、程冬和谢林负责实验研究及数据分析; 梁艳和于腾杰负责撰写并修订文章。
利益冲突: 本研究与任何组织和个人均不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274194)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(H2021302001)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(C2021418001)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0636
  • 接收时间:2024-07-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-06
  • 修回日期:2024-08-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274194)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(H2021302001)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(C2021418001)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学, 多靶标天然药物全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.江苏省食品药品监督检验研究院, 江苏 南京 210009

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*王广基, E-mail: ;
梁艳, Tel: 86-25-83271060, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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