Article(id=1199783106812149787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0602, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=1724947200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980183556, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980183556, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980183556, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980183556, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2975, endPage=2980, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783107143499811, articleId=1199783106812149787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=HSP90 functional site recognition mechanism based on peptide derivatives, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a crucial molecular chaperone responsible for the activation and maturation of client proteins. Targeting HSP90 can effectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation by either competitively occupying the ATP-binding site or disrupting the protein-protein interaction sites between HSP90 and its co-chaperones. Therefore, studying the recognition and function of HSP90 binding sites is essential for molecular discovery. This study focuses on peptide P1, revealing its dual binding mechanism with HSP90. P1 is capable of simultaneously interacting with both the ATP-binding site of HSP90 and the binding interface with the co-chaperone CDC37 (cell division cycle 37). Through ATPase and Co-IP assays, we found that P1 effectively inhibits both ATP activity and the protein interaction between HSP90 and CDC37, providing a novel approach for developing new inhibitors targeting the HSP90 chaperone system.

, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-xiao ZHANG, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783108259184734, articleId=1199783106812149787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于多肽衍生物的HSP90功能位点识别机制研究, columnId=1199783099958653494, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) 是一种重要的分子伴侣蛋白, 负责客户蛋白的激活和成熟。靶向HSP90可通过竞争性占据ATP位点或者干扰HSP90与共伴侣蛋白之间的蛋白互作位点, 进而有效抑制癌细胞增殖。因此, HSP90的位点识别与功能的研究对于分子发现至关重要。本研究聚焦于多肽P1, 揭示了其与HSP90之间的双重结合机制, P1能够同时作用于HSP90的ATP结合位点和共伴侣蛋白CDC37 (cell division cycle 37) 结合界面。通过ATPase实验和Co-IP实验, 发现P1具有同时抑制ATP的活性和HSP90-CDC37之间的蛋白互作的能力, 这为靶向HSP90伴侣系统的新型抑制剂提供了新思路。

, correspAuthors=尤启冬, 王磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尤启冬, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail: ;
王磊, E-mail:
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A: Overview of the <strong>GA</strong>, <strong>P1</strong> and compound <strong>11</strong> bound to HSP90 NTD colored grey; B: Chemical structure of <strong>GA</strong>, <strong>P1</strong> and compound <strong>11</strong>; C: The red line defines ATP binding pocket; D: <strong>P1</strong> binds to two binding pockets; E: The blue line defines potential CDC37 binding interface. NTD: N terminal domain; GA: Geldanamycin; <strong>P1</strong>: Gly14-Arg13-Asp12-Leu11-Tyr10-Asp9-Asp8 , figureFileSmall=97fUM94oWkAsCmUdDdvtyg==, figureFileBig=Zm1d2E5v3NsxUl1mhJmhbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555347575386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hNQXCGqtTt88H1auwxqhdg==, figureFileBig=fzzqMPnOjLArY4JXOVL3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555515347553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Analysis of MD simulations and binding energy calculation. A: A schematic of detailed <strong>P1</strong> atom interactions with the protein HSP90 NTD residues; B: Per-residue of <strong>P1</strong> energy decomposition; C: Backbone RMSD values of GA, <strong>P1</strong> and compound <strong>11</strong> (Comp11) are shown separately for the compare. MD: Molecular dynamics; RMSD: Root mean square deviation , figureFileSmall=hNQXCGqtTt88H1auwxqhdg==, figureFileBig=fzzqMPnOjLArY4JXOVL3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555657953901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kXLZ4WVy9tUfpJfbVhbDAA==, figureFileBig=Ubz3cJWmRxvueRZTJE/3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555825726071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= <strong>P1</strong> binding to the HSP90 NTD double binding site. A: Dose dependence of peptides inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity; B: Flag-CDC37 and Myc-HSP90 were transferred to 293T after treatment with dose-dependent <strong>P1</strong> (0, 1, 5 and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for Co-IP. Western blots were performed with anti-Flag and anti-Myc. Co-IP: Co-immunoprecipitation , figureFileSmall=kXLZ4WVy9tUfpJfbVhbDAA==, figureFileBig=Ubz3cJWmRxvueRZTJE/3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375555938972288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O4Urqhfl0K2yk6ghKUdEng==, figureFileBig=XJTBRlahEFSfjKb7wuI+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556052218508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Binding affinities of HSP90 NTD proteins for <strong>P1</strong>, <strong>P2</strong>, <strong>P3</strong> and <strong>P4</strong>. A: BLI assay results of target compound <strong>P1</strong>, <strong>P2</strong>, <strong>P3</strong> and <strong>P4</strong>; B: HSQC spectra of 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> <sup>15</sup>N-labeled HSP90 NTD in the absence and presence of 250 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> <strong>P1</strong>, <strong>P2</strong>, <strong>P3</strong> and <strong>P4</strong>. BLI: Biolayer interferometry; HSQC: Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy , figureFileSmall=O4Urqhfl0K2yk6ghKUdEng==, figureFileBig=XJTBRlahEFSfjKb7wuI+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375556173853337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peptide No. Sequence KD/μmol·L-1 IC50/μmol·L-1
P1 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Asp-NH2 2.63 1.35
P2 Ac-Gly-Arg(Me)2-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Asp-NH2 6.58 3.62
P3 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr(OMe)-Asp-Asp-NH2 NA NA
P4 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp(OMe)-Asp-NH2 5.79 6.31
), ArticleFig(id=1200375556345819813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783106812149787, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

P1-derived peptides binding capacity and inhibition rate of HSP90 ATPase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peptide No. Sequence KD/μmol·L-1 IC50/μmol·L-1
P1 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Asp-NH2 2.63 1.35
P2 Ac-Gly-Arg(Me)2-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Asp-NH2 6.58 3.62
P3 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr(OMe)-Asp-Asp-NH2 NA NA
P4 Ac-Gly-Arg-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Asp(OMe)-Asp-NH2 5.79 6.31
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基于多肽衍生物的HSP90功能位点识别机制研究
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张立晓 1, 2 , 尤启冬 1, 2, * , 王磊 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024,59(11): 2975-2980
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 蛋白成熟与翻译后修饰的化学干预 2024, 59(11): 2975-2980
基于多肽衍生物的HSP90功能位点识别机制研究
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张立晓1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, * , 王磊1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*尤启冬, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail: ;
王磊, E-mail:
HSP90 functional site recognition mechanism based on peptide derivatives
Li-xiao ZHANG1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, * , Lei WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0602
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HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) 是一种重要的分子伴侣蛋白, 负责客户蛋白的激活和成熟。靶向HSP90可通过竞争性占据ATP位点或者干扰HSP90与共伴侣蛋白之间的蛋白互作位点, 进而有效抑制癌细胞增殖。因此, HSP90的位点识别与功能的研究对于分子发现至关重要。本研究聚焦于多肽P1, 揭示了其与HSP90之间的双重结合机制, P1能够同时作用于HSP90的ATP结合位点和共伴侣蛋白CDC37 (cell division cycle 37) 结合界面。通过ATPase实验和Co-IP实验, 发现P1具有同时抑制ATP的活性和HSP90-CDC37之间的蛋白互作的能力, 这为靶向HSP90伴侣系统的新型抑制剂提供了新思路。

HSP90  /  分子伴侣系统  /  双功能作用位点  /  ATP  /  蛋白-蛋白相互作用

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a crucial molecular chaperone responsible for the activation and maturation of client proteins. Targeting HSP90 can effectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation by either competitively occupying the ATP-binding site or disrupting the protein-protein interaction sites between HSP90 and its co-chaperones. Therefore, studying the recognition and function of HSP90 binding sites is essential for molecular discovery. This study focuses on peptide P1, revealing its dual binding mechanism with HSP90. P1 is capable of simultaneously interacting with both the ATP-binding site of HSP90 and the binding interface with the co-chaperone CDC37 (cell division cycle 37). Through ATPase and Co-IP assays, we found that P1 effectively inhibits both ATP activity and the protein interaction between HSP90 and CDC37, providing a novel approach for developing new inhibitors targeting the HSP90 chaperone system.

HSP90  /  molecular chaperone system  /  the dual functional site  /  ATP  /  protein-protein Interaction
张立晓, 尤启冬, 王磊. 基于多肽衍生物的HSP90功能位点识别机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2975 -2980 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0602
Li-xiao ZHANG, Qi-dong YOU, Lei WANG. HSP90 functional site recognition mechanism based on peptide derivatives[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 2975 -2980 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0602
分子伴侣在维持蛋白稳态中扮演着重要角色, 负责调控众多客户蛋白(如蛋白激酶、转录因子和激素受体等) 的成熟折叠与翻译后修饰, 从而在细胞生长、分化和存活中发挥关键作用[1-3]。分子伴侣系统主要由热休克蛋白(heat shock protein, HSP) 及其共伴侣蛋白组成, 热休克蛋白家族成员包括HSP100、HSP90、HSP70、HSP60和小分子热休克蛋白。无论在细胞的正常或应激状态下, 这些分子伴侣都能发挥作用, 以维持细胞的稳定状态[4]。HSP90与其多种共伴侣蛋白共同构成分子伴侣循环, 协助底物蛋白完成折叠、成熟与翻译后修饰。在这过程中, 共伴侣蛋白CDC37 (cell division cycle 37) 主要负责特异性地招募激酶蛋白, 并与ATP共同调控分子伴侣循环过程中HSP90二聚体的构象转变[3, 5]。HSP90分子伴侣循环主要包括以下过程: 在CDC37的协助下, 客户蛋白结合到HSP90 N端; ATP结合到HSP90 N端, HSP90复合体由“开放”变为“封闭”构象; 同时, CDC37-激酶复合物转移到HSP90 M端; 最后, 在ATP被充分水解后, HSP90再次变成开放构象, 为激酶蛋白的成熟和折叠提供机会[3, 6, 7]。HSP90通过依赖ATP发生的构象转变及与共伴侣蛋白相互作用, 构成复杂的蛋白调控网络, 进而实现对众多底物蛋白的折叠和翻译后修饰。因此, 阐明HSP90不同位点所对应的生物学功能对药物发现及后续药理学研究极其重要。
天然产物格尔德霉素被确证为首个HSP90 ATPase抑制剂后, 科学家们积极地投身于靶向HSP90 N端ATP结合位点小分子药物设计中。基于4种结构母核(格尔德霉素类、嘌呤骨架类、间苯二酚类和苯甲酰胺类), 已经陆续开发了上千种ATPase抑制剂。截至目前, 超过30种HSP90 ATPase抑制剂进入临床试验阶段。这类抑制剂通过竞争性地结合到ATP口袋, 阻断HSP90的构象转变, 从而干扰底物蛋白的正确折叠和成熟[8]。同时, 针对HSP90与其共伴侣蛋白(如CDC37、HOP、AHA1和p23) 相互作用的小分子药物设计也取得了进展[8-12]。本课题组首次报道了靶向HSP90非ATP位点的HSP90-CDC37蛋白互作小分子抑制剂DDO-5936[11]。此类抑制剂可特异性地干扰HSP90-CDC37蛋白互作界面, 而不会对HSP90正常的ATP功能产生影响。
过去数年中, 本课题组基于化合物DDO-5936的结构, 进行了结构优化研究, 成功获得了多个活性更强、性质更优的HSP90-CDC37 PPI抑制剂。同时, 也有研究发现了多个天然产物通过干扰HSP90-CDC37 PPI从而实现抗肿瘤细胞增殖[13, 14]。然而, 目前鲜有化学分子能够同时针对HSP90的多个作用位点对其生物功能进行有效干预, 限制了对HSP90不同作用位点和功能之间潜在的对应关系的深入理解。
本研究以Kaza Suguna团队[15]报道的7肽P1 (Gly14-Arg13-Asp12-Leu11-Tyr10-Asp9-Asp8) 为基础, 该多肽能够有效与HSP90 NTD的ATP口袋结合。基于此, 深入探讨了HSP90 NTD两个结合位点之间的相互作用及其在生物学功能中的重要作用。通过分子对接和分子动力学模拟分析, 揭示了P1与HSP90 NTD的结合模式, P1能够同时结合于ATP和CDC37的结合口袋。P1中的Arg残基对于识别CDC37口袋至关重要, 而Tyr则是识别ATP结合口袋的关键氨基酸。此外, Asp残基对于多肽与HSP90 NTD的结合贡献显著。在体外活性评价中, P1不仅表现出对HSP90 ATPase活性的抑制作用, 还可以有效干扰HSP90-CDC37蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI)。为了进一步了解多肽如何影响其在HSP90上的功能位点相互作用, 对P1进行了结构修饰。实验结果表明, Arg13残基甲基化后, ATP结合活性得以保留; 然而, Tyr9残基甲基化导致ATP结合活性丧失。Asp8残基甲基化时, ATPase活性仍然存在。综合分析, P1能够结合至HSP90 NTD的双结合位点, 其中Arg13、Tyr9和Asp8对结合效果至关重要。这项研究为开发靶向HSP90的双位点多肽抑制剂提供了新策略, 预期能研发出更短、活性更高且具有药物潜力的多肽分子。
基于文献[15]报道的多肽P1, 详细探究了P1与HSP90 NTD的结合模式和结合位点。同时对ATP抑制剂(geldanamycin, GA) 和HSP90-CDC37 PPI抑制剂(化合物11) 一起进行叠合分析。结果发现, GA和化合物11与之前文献[15]报道的结果一致, 分别作用于ATP口袋和CDC37结合界面, 但是P1可以占据HSP90的两个功能结合位点(图 1)。上述研究结果有助于更深入地理解P1对HSP90的新型和更有效地抑制活性所依赖的结构基础。
为了全面地探究P1与HSP90之间相互作用位点和结合模式, 选用了HSP90和P1进行了10 ns的分子动力学模拟, 对其结合模式进行了研究。P1可以与HSP90的两个功能结合位点的残基同时发生氢键相互作用。其中, P1中的Tyr10可以与HSP90 NTD中ATP口袋的Thr184发生氢键相互作用; Arg13与HSP90 NTD中CDC37结合界面的Glu47形成了重要的氢键作用(图 2A)。在10 ns模拟轨迹中, Arg13侧链的胍基在96.0%的模拟时间内可以与Glu47形成氢键, 53%的时间可以与Asn51形成氢键。Arg13和Glu47之间的氢键可能是P1破坏HSP90-CDC37 PPI的主要驱动力。Try10的侧链在58.0%的模拟时间内可以与Thr184形成氢键, 这可能是多肽抑制ATP活性的主要原因。
通过轨迹分析计算了P1上每个残基的有效结合能, 以提供每个残基对HSP90 NTD结合的能量贡献, 贡献大于-5 kcal·moL-1结合能的残基包括Arg13、Try10和Asp9 (图 2B)。在这个结合模型中, Asp9也显示出较强的结合贡献, 说明它在两者结合过程中发挥了重要作用。在长距离轨迹中, P1表现出比GA、化合物 11更稳定的构象(图 2C), 说明P1具有更好的结合稳定性和配体性质。
为了进一步证明P1可以具有同时抑制HSP90不同功能位点的活性, 对多肽P1进行了结构修饰, 设计并合成了3个肽段(P2~P4), 其中P2用两个甲基修饰Arg13, P3用甲氧基修饰Try10, P4用甲氧基修饰Asp9。采用ATPase、BLI assay (biolayer interferometry) 和HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy) 实验进行结合活性测试, 结果如表 1所示。
首先, 运用ATPase实验测试这些多肽的ATP活性(图 3A), 其中P1表现出对ATP的抑制活性为1.35 μmol·L-1, P2P4保持了相似的活性, 分别为3.62和6.31 μmol·L-1, 但是P3的ATP活性完全丧失; 随后, 进行Co-IP实验以证明多肽可以干扰HSP90-CDC37 PPI, 将外源性的HSP90和CDC37质粒转染进入细胞, 在不同浓度的P1处理下, 利用Flag抗体将Flag-CDC37蛋白及Myc-HSP90沉淀下来, Western blot检测HSP90和CDC37相互作用(图 3B)。结果表明, 随着P1浓度的增高, HSP90-CDC37相互作用减弱, 说明P1可以在体外有效地干扰HSP90-CDC37 PPI。
BLI实验得到与ATPase实验相似的结果, 相比于P1结合活性来说, P2P4都表现出了相似的结合亲和力, KD值分别6.58和5.79 μmol·L-1 (图 4A)。同时, HSQC实验结果也表现出了相同的结论(图 4B), 通过与HSP90 Napo对比, 加入P1, P2P4后, 发现T184和E47这两个氨基酸的化学位移发生明显的扰动, 但是加入P3后对蛋白的氨基酸化学位移没有影响。因此, 用甲氧基修饰Try10后, 导致P3的所有活性丧失, 表明Try10对保持多肽的结合活性具有重要意义。
虽然轨迹分析有效结合能时, Asp9贡献了大于-5 kcal·moL-1结合能, 但是根据以上实验结果, P4在所有实验中都保持了与P1同等的结合活性, 表明Asp9不是对结合发挥关键作用的氨基酸。
分子伴侣系统长期以来都是极具有吸引力的靶标, 并且被认为是治疗多种疾病的理想靶标。随着对HSP90分子伴侣系统作用机制研究的深入, 大约30余种HSP90抑制剂进入临床研究阶段, 但是这类抑制剂存在不可避免的热休克毒副反应, 大大限制其临床应用。近些年, 多个靶向HSP90共伴侣蛋白的PPI抑制剂被报道, 它们作用在全新的结合位点, 不会影响HSP90的ATPase活性从而有效避免热休克效应。然而, 这些抑制剂普遍面临活性欠佳及生物学机制不清晰的挑战。目前, 尚未发现同时靶向ATP结合位点和共伴侣蛋白的PPI作用位点的化学分子, 这一局限性阻碍了对HSP90蛋白不同作用位点和生物学功能之间联系的深入探索。因此, 开发靶向HSP90双作用位点的分子, 有望成为癌症治疗的又一创新策略。
基于在Kaza Suguna团队[15]报道的短肽P1, 本课题组前期对P1和HSP90 NTD的结合模式进行了预测, 分解氨基酸残基在结合过程中的能量贡献, 确定了多肽上在结合过程中的关键氨基酸, 结果表明P1中Arg13和Try10能够分别与HP90的Glu47和Thr184形成氢键。这说明P1能够同时占据双功能位点, 具有调控ATP活性和HSP90-CDC37 PPI的潜力。后期采用ATPase和BLI实验进行的活性评价, 结果验证P1可以同时抑制ATP活性和HSP90-CDC37 PPI的能力。这部分研究工作对同时占据HSP90的双功能位点的生物功能进行了探索, 不仅在体外可以同时展现出对两个位点的有效抑制, 而且可能为疾病的治疗提供了新思路。
细胞培养  人结肠癌细胞HCT116和人胚肾细胞HEK-293T购自上海ATCC细胞库, 细胞分别培养于含10%胎牛血清的RPIM 1640和DMEM完全培养基中, 所有细胞培养在37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱。
预测结合模式  使用Discovery Studio (DS) 4.0进行对接研究, HSP90的晶体结构是从PDB (PDB: 1US7) 中获得, 去除蛋白附近的水分子, 对受体蛋白加氢, 加电荷等预处理。分别以HSP90 N端ATP口袋和CDC37结合界面的氨基酸序列为中心, 将其周围10 Å范围定义为“SBD Site Sphere”。将所要对接的目标化合物导入DS 4.0软件, 利用“Prepare Ligands”模块使化合物产生3D构象, 通过CHARMM力场使对接分子能量最小化, 通过“CDOCKER”模块进行对接。选取打分最高的构象作为对接结果, 并用于后续的分子动力学模拟。
应用AMBER 12程序对目标化合物和HSP90进行分子动力学模拟, 以分子对接生成的复合物的构象为起始结构, 进行10 ns的分子动力学模拟。在进行动力学模拟过程前分两步进行系统体系能量最小化, 在整个模拟过程中, 采用Ewald法计算远程静电相互作用。整个系统从0~300 K进行加热, 同时在恒定体积下运行50 ps的分子动力学模拟。随后进行等温-等压系统(NPT) 分子动力学模拟, 时间常数为1.0 ps, 持续1 000 ps, 以调整溶剂密度。最后, 在恒压下使用10 ns的分子动力学模拟。利用AMBER 12中的“ptraj”工具分析蛋白和配体的RMSD, 研究模拟过程中复合物的稳定性。使用MM-PBSA方法分析各个氨基酸残基的自由能和对每个残基的能量贡献和关键原子间的距离。
HSP90 NTD蛋白表达和纯化  将His标记的HSP90 NTD的序列克隆到pET28a载体中, 完成质粒转化过程。挑取适宜的单克隆菌群, 扩增在包含卡那霉素(50 μg·mL-1) 的LB培养基中, 培养于37 ℃, 220 r·min-1条件的摇床中, 至OD值到0.4~0.6时, 加入0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG, 16 ℃诱导表达12 h, 随后收集含有过表达蛋白质的大肠杆菌。然后, 通过超声破碎, 12 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 取上清。采用AKTA-pure (GE healthcare) 纯化系统, 在镍柱上进行纯化, 最后在HiLoad 60 Superdex200柱(GE Healthcare) 上进行凝胶过滤, 得到纯度达95%以上的HSP90 NTD。所有蛋白均在用考马斯蓝染色的12% SDS-PAGE凝胶上进行验证。最终, 将蛋白存储在PBS缓冲液中并分装, 在液氮中速冻, 储存在-80 ℃。
ATPase实验  使用DiscoveRx ADP Hunter Plus Assay Kit (DiscoveRx, Fremont, CA) 测试HSP90 ATP活性, 所有实验在384孔黑板上进行, 每个孔含有20 μL化合物(对照组用缓冲液代替化合物体系), 20 μL 5 μmol·L-1 HSP90 NTD蛋白和20 μL 100 μmol·L-1 ATP, 在37 ℃温度下孵育1 h。随后, 分别加入10 μL检测试剂A和20 μL检测试剂B, 室温孵育30 min。然后, 通过Varioskan多模微孔板酶标仪(Thermo Scientific; 激发波长540 nm, 发射波长620 nm) 检测ADP的生成。同时, 在不含蛋白和化合物的情况下测定背景值, 阴性对照只含蛋白, 并以100% ATP酶活性为标准。
BLI实验  使用Octet RED96 (ForteBio) 测定化合物对HSP90 NTD的结合亲和力。本实验中所有蛋白使用EZ-Link NHS-Biotin (20217, Thermo Fisher Scientific) 进行生物素化, 实验组设置在室温下按照1∶1的比例将化合物与蛋白进行孵育。Super Streptavidin (SSA) 生物传感器(ForteBio, Menlo Park, CA) 在PBS中平衡60 s后, 将SSA生物传感器装载HSP90蛋白(1 μmol·L-1), 同时设置空白对照组, 选取新的SSA生物传感器, 传感器在不含蛋白的缓冲液进行孵育, 其余过程与实验组完全一致。本实验在96孔聚丙烯微孔板黑板(Greiner; 655209) 上进行, 每孔设置体积为200 μL, 温度为25 ℃。所有数据在Octet data analysis software进行分析。使用双扣除方法对信号进行分析, 排除背景和非特异性信号对实验结果的影响。研究采用结合和解离速率为1∶1的结合模型。通过Koff/Kon比值计算出平衡离解常数KD
15N-HSQC实验  在Bruker 800-MHz核磁共振波谱仪上进行15N-HSQC实验。15N标记的HSP90 NTD在含有1.5 mmol·L-1磷酸钠(pH 7.4)、150 mmol·L-1 NaCl和5% DMSO的缓冲液中, 与500 μmol·L-1的化合物混合均匀, 放入核磁共振波谱仪中使用超低温探头进行扫描。所有光谱信息使用SPARKY程序(T. D. Goddard和D. G. Kneller, SPARKY 3) 分析。
Co-IP实验  取对数生长期的HCT116细胞, 接种适量细胞到细胞培养板中, 待细胞密度达到80%, 加入待测的化合物至所需的终浓度, 同时对照组加入与化合物等量的DMSO, 共孵育24 h。随后使用WB及IP裂解液裂解细胞, 每管加入200 μL, 冰上裂解45 min, 然后4 ℃, 2 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清。从样品中吸出50 μL, 加入5×Loading Buffer混匀后95 ℃煮10 min, -20 ℃保存, 作为Input组。剩下的样品按照1∶50的体积比, 加入HSP90抗体混合均匀, 4 ℃翻转摇床孵育过夜。第二天加入磁珠后继续在4 ℃翻转摇床上孵育4 h, 孵育完成后, 使用磁力架把磁珠和蛋白样品分离后, 弃去液体, 之后用磁珠洗涤液洗涤磁珠3遍。洗涤完成之后, 加入2×Loading Buffer混匀后95 ℃煮5 min, 为IP组。在进行SDS-PAGE电泳前把IP组样品加热2 min, 12 000 r·min-1离心2 min。配置12%分离胶进行电泳, 先恒压60 V电泳40 min, 再调高电压至120 V直到样品完全分离, 然后于冰浴中利用PVDF膜300 mA恒流转膜2 h。将PVDF膜置于5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h, 加入一抗(按说明书比例稀释) 4 ℃孵育过夜; 第二天1×TBST洗涤3次, 每次10 min; 加入对应的二抗(1∶20 000稀释) 室温孵育1 h后; 再次利用1×TBST洗涤3次, 每次10 min; 洗涤结束后将膜转移到曝光仪中分析条带。
作者贡献: 张立晓负责蛋白和细胞实验、数据分析及文章的撰写工作; 王磊负责分子对接实验及课题设计、指导和论文审阅; 尤启冬负责课题设计、指导和论文审阅。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173741)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金-优秀青年基金(BK20230103)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0602
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
  • 修回日期:2024-08-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173741)
江苏省自然科学基金-优秀青年基金(BK20230103)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009

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*尤启冬, Tel: 15261483858, E-mail: ;
王磊, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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