Article(id=1199783256758518004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0551, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=1721750400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980219306, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1728662400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980219306, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980219306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980219306, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783256183898355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='2677', pageEnd='2896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980219168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225034160, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2723, endPage=2729, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783257026953462, articleId=1199783256758518004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Intelligent transformation of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories: challenges and future trends, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drug testing involves many analytical instruments and test items, sample pretreatment is tedious, the industry's intelligence level remains low, making drug testing a labour-intensive job. However, in the era of Industry 4.0 intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transformation of the quality control (QC) laboratory has become the focus of industry. At the same time, driven by consistency evaluation of the quality and efficacy of generic drugs and the centralized procurement policies, pharmaceutical companies have intensified their competition, further stimulating the intrinsic demand for laboratory intelligence. Based on the current state and future trends of the pharmaceutical industry, this review discusses the development of a digital and automated QC laboratory. It points out the necessity of transitioning from the traditional centralized laboratory model to an intelligent, distributed quality control model to accommodate continuous manufacturing processes. At the same time, it also analyses the potential challenges in the implementation process and coping strategies, in order to provide relevant practitioners with ideas for building intelligent QC laboratories.

, correspAuthors=Heng-yuan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-ling HUANG, Yu-qiong KONG, Heng-yuan MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783257509298427, articleId=1199783256758518004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=药品质量控制实验室的智能化转型: 挑战与未来趋势, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

药品检验涉及的分析仪器与检验项目众多, 样品前处理过程繁琐, 且当前行业智能化水平不高, 导致药品检验仍属于劳动密集型工作。然而, 在工业4.0智能制造的时代背景下, 质量控制(quality control, QC) 实验室的智能化转型已成为行业焦点。同时, 受仿制药一致性评价和药品集采政策的推动, 制药企业竞争加剧, 进一步激发了企业对实验室智能化的内在需求。本文结合制药工业现状及未来趋势, 探讨了如何构建数字化和自动化的QC实验室, 并指出为了适应连续制造工艺, 需从传统的中央实验室模式逐步升级为智能化的分布式质量控制模式。同时还深入剖析了实施过程中的潜在挑战及应对策略, 以期为相关从业人员提供构建智能化QC实验室的思路。

, correspAuthors=马恒元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马恒元,Tel: 15240339682, E-mail:
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Type Feature
Laboratory information management system (LIMS) It is mainly responsible for managing the whole process of samples and the final test results, ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of the whole process, and is the core system of the laboratory.
Laboratory execution system (LES) Emphasis is placed on compliance and standardization of operations, making it more suitable for QC laboratories.
Electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) Focusing on the flexibility and diversity of the experimental process, it is more suitable for R&D laboratories.
Chromatography data system (CDS) Manages and controls chromatography instruments, performs chromatography analysis, and is generally web-based with good data integrity features.
Scientific data management system (SDMS) An integrated data management system that automates the entry of diverse data into a centralized data repository, provides flexible and efficient backup and recovery operations, and facilitates the searching, reviewing, transferring and sharing of such information.
Advanced planning and scheduling system (APS) Develop a reasonable inspection plan for multi-lot and multi-variety inspection tasks. Currently APS systems are less mature in the laboratory field, but they have become an urgent need for large laboratories and need to be jointly developed.
), ArticleFig(id=1200142933870608644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783256758518004, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Common digitization systems in the laboratory

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type Feature
Laboratory information management system (LIMS) It is mainly responsible for managing the whole process of samples and the final test results, ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of the whole process, and is the core system of the laboratory.
Laboratory execution system (LES) Emphasis is placed on compliance and standardization of operations, making it more suitable for QC laboratories.
Electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) Focusing on the flexibility and diversity of the experimental process, it is more suitable for R&D laboratories.
Chromatography data system (CDS) Manages and controls chromatography instruments, performs chromatography analysis, and is generally web-based with good data integrity features.
Scientific data management system (SDMS) An integrated data management system that automates the entry of diverse data into a centralized data repository, provides flexible and efficient backup and recovery operations, and facilitates the searching, reviewing, transferring and sharing of such information.
Advanced planning and scheduling system (APS) Develop a reasonable inspection plan for multi-lot and multi-variety inspection tasks. Currently APS systems are less mature in the laboratory field, but they have become an urgent need for large laboratories and need to be jointly developed.
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药品质量控制实验室的智能化转型: 挑战与未来趋势
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黄丽玲 , 孔玉琼 , 马恒元 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(10): 2723-2729
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(10): 2723-2729
药品质量控制实验室的智能化转型: 挑战与未来趋势
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黄丽玲, 孔玉琼, 马恒元*
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  • 江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司, 江苏 连云港 222000

通讯作者:

*马恒元,Tel: 15240339682, E-mail:
Intelligent transformation of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories: challenges and future trends
Li-ling HUANG, Yu-qiong KONG, Heng-yuan MA*
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China
出版时间: 2024-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0551
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药品检验涉及的分析仪器与检验项目众多, 样品前处理过程繁琐, 且当前行业智能化水平不高, 导致药品检验仍属于劳动密集型工作。然而, 在工业4.0智能制造的时代背景下, 质量控制(quality control, QC) 实验室的智能化转型已成为行业焦点。同时, 受仿制药一致性评价和药品集采政策的推动, 制药企业竞争加剧, 进一步激发了企业对实验室智能化的内在需求。本文结合制药工业现状及未来趋势, 探讨了如何构建数字化和自动化的QC实验室, 并指出为了适应连续制造工艺, 需从传统的中央实验室模式逐步升级为智能化的分布式质量控制模式。同时还深入剖析了实施过程中的潜在挑战及应对策略, 以期为相关从业人员提供构建智能化QC实验室的思路。

质量控制实验室  /  数字化  /  自动化  /  连续制造  /  分布式质量控制

Drug testing involves many analytical instruments and test items, sample pretreatment is tedious, the industry's intelligence level remains low, making drug testing a labour-intensive job. However, in the era of Industry 4.0 intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transformation of the quality control (QC) laboratory has become the focus of industry. At the same time, driven by consistency evaluation of the quality and efficacy of generic drugs and the centralized procurement policies, pharmaceutical companies have intensified their competition, further stimulating the intrinsic demand for laboratory intelligence. Based on the current state and future trends of the pharmaceutical industry, this review discusses the development of a digital and automated QC laboratory. It points out the necessity of transitioning from the traditional centralized laboratory model to an intelligent, distributed quality control model to accommodate continuous manufacturing processes. At the same time, it also analyses the potential challenges in the implementation process and coping strategies, in order to provide relevant practitioners with ideas for building intelligent QC laboratories.

quality control laboratory  /  digitalization  /  automation  /  continuous manufacturing  /  distributed quality control
黄丽玲, 孔玉琼, 马恒元. 药品质量控制实验室的智能化转型: 挑战与未来趋势. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2723 -2729 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0551
Li-ling HUANG, Yu-qiong KONG, Heng-yuan MA. Intelligent transformation of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories: challenges and future trends[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2723 -2729 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0551
质量控制(quality control, QC) 实验室是质量体系的核心, 承担全面检验工作。其内部组织复杂, 涉及物料入厂到药品出厂的每个环节, 并贯穿药品的全生命周期。QC实验室的工作不仅限于样品前处理和分析仪器操作, 还涉及一系列繁琐的软件工作, 包括使用台账和检验记录的同步记录、结果计算、试剂及对照品管理、数据统计、档案管理以及检验计划安排等。在大型制药企业的生产基地中, 质量体系人员的比例通常会超过25%, 而分析人员又占质量体系人员的75%以上。这些分析人员不仅需要拥有扎实的专业技术知识, 还必须经过长期的培养和实践锻炼, 才能胜任复杂多变的检验工作任务。因此, QC实验室的工作无疑属于劳动密集型范畴。
随着制药工业技术的迅猛发展与监管标准的日益严格, QC实验室一直在进行持续的技术更新和管理改进。2015年FDA在印度药企掀起了全球性的数据完整性风暴, 单机版色谱系统逐渐升级为网络版系统。2018年华海药业的缬沙坦原料药中发现遗传毒性杂质N-亚硝基二甲胺, 引发全球监管系统对遗传毒性杂质监管的收严, 同时检验结果超标调查的科学性和流程合理性成为行业关注的重点[1-3]。自2020年起, 在工业4.0智能制造的趋势推动下, 减少人力投入, 降本增效, 推进QC实验室的智能化又成为新的行业热点[4]。在仿制药一致性评价和药品集中采购政策的推动下, 国内制药企业间的竞争日益激烈, 企业对QC实验室实现智能化具有迫切的内在需求。实现实验室的智能化转型, 不仅有助于提升检验效率, 还能确保药品质量的稳定性和可靠性, 增强企业的市场竞争力。
QC实验室的工作传统上依赖纸质文档, 工作流程繁琐, 对操作细节及数据准确性要求极高, 工作强度大。引入数字化系统, 使实验室能够精确控制工作流程, 有效解决纸质文档管理的繁琐性, 显著提升检验的规范性和准确性。实验室常见的数字化系统如表 1所示[5]
通过引入扫码技术、电子数据传递、自动运算及分析等数字化手段, 实验室能够消除高达80%的纸质文档工作, 提升了工作效率。此外, 电子记录的应用减少了部分需要双人现场确认的工作, 减少了繁琐的档案管理工作。
当分析人员严格遵循系统预设的工作流程时, 减少了外部人员干预的机会, 从而显著降低了简单的重复人为偏差。这种流程化的操作确保了实验的一致性和准确性。
FDA多次在其警告信的整改期望中提到技术改进, 通过电子系统增加单机版设备(例如天平、pH计、水分测定仪) 生成的数据与实验室信息管理系统(laboratory information management system, LIMS) 网络的集成[6-8]。实验室数字化系统不仅完善了数据管理的规范化, 还增设了账户访问权限, 确保分析仪器和数据不被未授权访问。
数字化技术使得实验室在计划和调度方面实现了显著优化, 特别是提高了人员、设备和材料的利用率。这种优化不仅提高了工作效率, 还降低了资源浪费。
数字化系统实现了多部门、多地的共同协作, 确保数据实时更新共享。这种协作模式使得数据收集和分析能够迅速完成。同时增强了文件签批与沟通协调的效率。
通过工作效率提升、减少人为偏差及优化计划调度等一系列的优化措施, 传统的QC实验室在数字化转型后可以实现成本降低20%以上。
数字化系统功能的实现依赖于及时获取大量且精确的基础数据。然而, 将线下的行为有效地转换为线上数据的过程充满了挑战。
在实验室管理体系中, 数字化系统虽然是一个重要的载体, 但其启用并不意味着可以完全消除数据完整性的风险。以实验数据传输至LIMS为例, 存在两种主要的数据传输方式。一种是开发专用接口以实现数据的自动抓取, 构成了一个封闭的系统环境。另一种是依赖于人工将数据转录到LIMS中, 这种方式打破了系统的封闭性, 引入了人为错误的可能性, 有一定的数据完整性风险[9]。FDA发布了与数字化系统相关的多种缺陷, 如分析方法不可控[10], 数据录入后修改无审计追踪[11], 线上线下数据不一致[12]等。合规使用数字化系统才能确保实验室合规运作, 完善的管理体系是成功实施数字化系统的基础。
当原有的工作流程与成熟的数字化系统推荐的流程出现分歧时, 不应直接否定推荐流程的适用性, 而应对原有工作流程进行深入的风险评估, 以确定其是否有潜在风险。以实验室执行系统(laboratory execution system, LES) 为例, 其操作步骤具有严格的逻辑顺序。若为了操作便捷, 将串联流程修改为并发流程, 可能会引入新的数据完整性风险。数字化不是将线下流程简单复制到线上, 而是基于合规和精益原则的流程重构, 需投入更多资源进行优化和完善。
在数字化系统的推行与维护中, 资源投入至关重要。资金方面需涵盖软件、培训及长期维护费用。人力资源方面, 需提升操作人员专业素养, 并组建专业维护团队。员工对新系统的接受度是一个主要难题, 因此需要投入资源进行培训, 以提升员工的操作技能并增强他们对新系统的认同感, 确保他们能够高效地使用数字化系统。
一方面, 部分旧版本仪器不具备与数字化系统连接的条件, 如缺少数据传递串口或数据格式不兼容。另一方面, 不同品牌的数字化系统在设计、功能和数据格式上存在差异, 这使得它们无法兼容。为了实现这些系统之间的连接, 往往需要进行复杂的接口开发, 甚至有时无法实现全功能的对接。这不仅增加了系统集成的难度和成本, 也可能对系统的稳定性和安全性造成潜在威胁。
实验室完成数字化转型之后, 随着在线业务的运行, 每天都会产生海量的高质量数据。这些数据不再是冰冷的数字, 而是推动实验室进步的关键资源。它们真实地反映了实验室的各项业务运行情况, 包括实验流程、设备状态、实验结果等多个维度。这些数据用于AI模型的训练, AI模型能够逐渐学习到实验室工作的内在规律和模式, 从而变得更加智能和精准。随着AI技术的深度应用, 实验室的日常工作体验将得到极大提升。AI不仅能辅助实验人员进行数据分析, 提供实验建议, 还能在实验过程中进行实时监控和预警, 确保实验的安全和有效性。此外, AI还能优化实验资源分配, 减少浪费, 从而提高实验室的整体运行效率。
实验室自动化转型的主要驱动力源于两方面: 一是通过自动化设备替代繁琐且重复的人工操作, 以降低分析人员的工作负担, 提高其工作效率; 二是出于对数据完整性的需求, 自动化设备能够降低人为因素引起的错误和差异, 且数据的生成过程、修改历史和相关背景信息, 均可溯源, 这对于QC实验室至关重要。例如微生物菌落计数, 虽然美国药典 < 1117 > 章节基于菌落计数的复杂性, 不推荐对所有的菌落计数实验执行四眼原则(four-eyes principle)[13], 但国际主流的数据完整性指南, 均认为微生物计数属于高风险的操作, 建议第二人同步确认结果, 即执行四眼原则[14-17]。采用自动化设备, 通过图像识别技术读数, 且菌落照片作为元数据保存, 不再需要第二人同步确认结果, 确保了数据完整性, 降低了实验室的劳动负荷。自动化技术的应用将逐渐取代大部分人工操作, 此举不仅提高了实验的准确性和一致性, 还降低了人工成本, 使QC实验室能够更聚焦于核心的质量控制工作。
随着技术进步和目前行业内实验室自动化推进的程度, 可以将实验室自动化归纳为四个层级, 如图 1所示。
此层级的自动化聚焦于实验室的某些操作或步骤, 如样品前处理流程中的自动化称量和自动化消解等。
此层级的自动化集成了多个模块, 旨在针对常用流程实现连续自动化操作。以瑞士TECAN公司的Freedom EVO全自动移液工作站为例, 这一工作站能够执行液体加样、混合、分配、转移、稀释和洗涤等一系列操作, 从而极大地减少了人工操作, 提高了工作效率, 确保了配制过程的准确性、一致性及可追溯性。
此层级的自动化融合了多种前处理及测试分析仪器, 形成了全方位的自动化实验室系统。以生物药开发中使用的美国Molecular Devices公司的高通量多功能抗体筛选自动化系统为例, 涵盖了大肠杆菌样品涂布、静置培养、大肠杆菌单克隆挑取、摇床培养、诱导表达和抗体片段分析检测等功能, 将噬菌体展示实验的各个步骤无缝衔接整合。
此层级的自动化代表了实验室自动化的最高级别。2020年7月8日Nature[18]封面报道, 英国利物浦大学研究人员开发的KUKA机器人, 是AI+机器人技术联用的早期代表案例。由批处理贝叶斯算法驱动, 在8天内独立完成了668项实验, 并发现了一种新型化学催化剂。中国科学技术大学研发的机器化学家“小来”, 能够从火星陨石中自动合成和智能优化析氧反应催化剂, 证明了AI化学家能自动合成火星探索所需化学物质[19]。在这一层级, 分析人员通过远程控制智能机器人执行所有实验室操作, 如样品运输、样品前处理、分析检测及数据处理。AI的中央控制系统能够智能评估最佳资源配置, 分析实验结果, 并自主决策后续的实验计划, 从而实现了真正的“无人值守”实验室。
在选择实验室自动化转型的供应商时, 需综合考量多个关键因素以确保项目的顺利推进和长期效益。
国外成熟的供应商凭借丰富的经验和成功案例, 确保了项目的高成功率。但缺点也很明显, 价格昂贵, 是国内的3倍以上, 后期再扩展能力较差, 厂家工程师支持力度弱, 实施工期较长, 客户参与度受限等。如英国LABMAN公司的定制化样品前处理系统能实现称量、超声、振摇、定容、稀释、外壁清洗吹干等全流程的自动化操作。然而, 该设备的成本较高, 8 h内能完成25批处理能力的设备报价超过了10 000 000元, 并且它是一个封闭系统, 后期难以进行扩展。
虽然国内的机器人技术高速发展, 在简单场景落地项目较多, 例如样品的跨房间和设备转运、在洁净区内替代人工进行浮游菌的自动采样, 以及在不同洁净区域内进行汽化氧化氢消毒等, 但聚焦于QC实验室自动化设备的厂家依然稀缺, 且实施经验有限。然而, 值得注意的是, 汇像科技、奔曜科技、晶泰科技和镁伽科技等一批领先企业已经崭露头角, 它们推出了自动化流动相配制平台、自动化样品前处理平台、自动化进样检测分析平台等一系列自动化解决方案。以含量分析为例, 在传统的人工操作中, 使用容量瓶混匀、视觉定容。如果直接模仿人工操作开发自动化设备, 会导致设备庞大、稳定性差、成本高等一系列问题。成熟的供应商往往选择使用重量定容来替代视觉定容, 以匹配自动化设备的特性。缺乏转化经验, 很可能导致项目达不到预期效果。然而, 国内供应商的优势也很明显, 价格低, 厂家工程师支持力度大, 客户可以参与开发过程。尤其是可以开源设计, 后期可扩展能力强, 有效规避了因后期各模块升级不同步而无法协同工作的弊端, 从而延长了设备的自动化使用寿命。
基于合规、降本增效等不同的需求以及项目落地的难易程度, 实验室自动化转型涉及多种实施路径的选择。这些路径的选择依赖于实验室的具体需求、现有基础设施、资源限制以及未来发展目标。
最简洁有效的途径是采购已经商品化的自动化仪器。这类自动化升级通常基于原始设备厂商提供的升级版设备, 非定制化的解决方案。如瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司的XPR自动天平、德国ERWEKA公司的RoboDis II+全自动溶出仪和美国Charles River公司的EndoProbe®全自动细菌内毒素检测系统等。以美国Rapid Micro Biosystems公司的Growth Direct® System为例, 能够实现培养皿的自动培养、观察及数据分析[20]。通过图像识别技术还可以实现微生物快速检测, 缩短培养周期。减少了人工错误和可变性, 数据可以与LIMS系统对接, 来确保数据的完整性和合规性。这种实验室自动化转型策略虽然能解决一部分自动化需求, 但无法满足不同实验室多变且复杂的个性化需求。
对于目前主要由人工完成的繁琐实验流程, 如样品处理和流动相配制等, 可以通过定制自动化系统进行优化。采用开源式设计, 机器人连接不同的独立功能模块单元, 实现多功能联合操作, 从而取代繁琐的人工操作。尽管目前在QC实验室中落地项目较少, 但在研发实验室中已有一些成功的案例, 展现出巨大的应用潜力。
面向未来, 新建实验室应考虑实现智能化。利用传感器实时检测实验室内的各种环境参数(如温湿度、送风量等), 以及通过图像识别技术实时观测实验室各区域情况, 并能自动识别异常行为(如违规行为)。结合自动导向车、机械臂和图像识别技术的机器人, 可以在原实验室区域内实现自动化操作。而AI中央控制系统则是构建智能化实验室的核心, 它需要充足的基础数据进行训练, 并代表着实验室未来发展的趋势。
合理的投资回报比是说服公司管理层支持的关键。鉴于自动化项目前期投资金额巨大, 且需要持续推进, 在编纂项目立项书之前, 必须对多项关键指标进行深入分析。
首先, 实验室的规模与业务量往往不足以证明自动化所需的高额前期投资是合理的, 尤其是在缺乏详细的成本数据和成功案例支持的情况下。自动化设备在提升操作的重现性、稳定性、可追溯性, 以及减少人工错误和可变性方面具有显著优势, 这些指标需要用具体数据量化, 从而支持投资决策的科学性。再者, 国内药企产品种类多而批次少的特点增加了自动化系统的复杂性和成本, 需要选择合理的实施范围。同时, 在某些特定情境下, 高昂的自动化设备投入相较于减少的分析员薪资并无明显优势, 加之分析员普遍具备抗压能力, 这使得实验室自动化的推进缺乏紧迫性。
自动化设备开发过程中需注意以下几个方面: 首先, 需要关注多品种和多方法操作可能带来的交叉污染风险。其次, 移液和称量的精度必须达到极高的准确性。此外, 从人工操作转化为自动化设备操作, 需要根据自动化设备的特点进行重新设计和优化。同时, 设备的长期运行稳定性和操作系统的数据完整性也是必须考虑的关键因素。
QC实验室对操作的规范性和分析结果的准确性有着极为严格的要求, 并受到药品监管机构的监督。药品检验的全过程, 每一步都需严格遵循已批准的药品质量标准及药品工艺信息表中的相关规定, 技术改进必须符合相关法规要求。比如在采用重量定容替代传统的视觉定容时, 需要完成方法验证, 并按照相应的注册法规完成变更申报工作, 以确保检验程序的法规符合性。
连续制造作为制药领域的新兴技术, 其优势在于整合工艺、减少步骤和时间、优化设备布局、支持先进开发方法, 以及实现实时质量监控和灵活操作。这些优势直接降低了药品质量问题、减少了成本, 并提高了生产效率[21]
在决定是否采用连续制造工艺时, 主要考虑因素可以归纳为以下三点: 一是庞大的市场需求, 对提高产量有内在动力。二是药物作为商品的“生命周期”足够长, 能确保在长时间的工艺开发过程中保持市场竞争力。如首仿药物独占期较短, 时间对其更为关键, 而连续制造工艺开发时间较长, 一般不适用。三是选择工艺简单和高稳定性的产品, 以提高成功率。
自2015年美国FDA批准第一个连续制造药品上市以来, 全球范围内十几个品种获批上市。国内药企尚没有连续制造工艺获批。NMPA批准了两款药物, Eli Lilly的阿贝西利(abemaciclib) 片和Pfizer的阿布昔替尼(abrocitinib) 片, 均来自境外生产[22, 23]。Johnson & Johnson的达芦那韦(darunavir) 片是首个通过上市后变更途径(即从批生产转变为连续生产) 获得批准的药物。历时五年, 将原本分散的批生产工艺步骤(包括称量、粉碎、混合、压片和包衣) 整合为一条直接压片固体制剂的连续生产线。产品的生产和检测时间缩短了80%, 生产周期从原先的两周缩短至一天。同时, 该生产线还减少了三分之一的生产废料[24]。这些经验为我国已上市产品由批次生产转向连续制造的注册申报、审评及审批流程提供了参考和指导。
传统的批次制造模式下, 质量控制主要依赖于批放行的集中检验模式, 但在连续制造的背景下, 这种模式已无法满足实时监控和即时放行的需求。因此, QC实验室需要从批放行的集中检验模式转型为分布式质量控制模式。
在连续制造过程中, 过程分析技术(process analysis technology, PAT) 发挥着至关重要的作用。PAT是一种先进的生产与质量控制系统, 通过实时、动态监测生产过程及最终产品的关键质量和性能特性, 确保产品质量的稳定性。在固体制剂连续制造中, 近红外光谱和拉曼光谱是两种广泛应用的分析技术[25, 26], 它们结合光谱的化学计量学分析、线性回归与非线性算法以及实时数据建模等方法, 为连续制造提供了强有力的技术支持。
实现分布式质量控制后, 检验人员的需求将大幅减少, 这一岗位将不再是劳动密集型工作, 大部分测试将在生产线上完成, 包括但不限于粒度、水分、混合均匀度及含量等, 这将极大地提升了检测的时效性与精确性。同时, 洁净区域空气及工艺用水的关键质量指标也能实现实时监控。通过实时收集和分析生产过程中的数据, 实现对产品质量的实时监控和即时放行, 不仅提高了质量控制工作的效率和准确性, 还减少了实验室的物理空间需求, 使质量控制变得更加轻巧和高效。
随着制药工业技术的迅猛发展, 全球的监管机构也在同步推动智能化监管, 并陆续发布了一系列药品连续制造的指导原则[27]。FDA也公布了关于AI在药品生产中应用的监管考量领域和潜在的政策发展[28], 旨在推动行业内的技术革新。国家药监局综合司发布了《药品监管人工智能典型应用场景清单》, 主要探讨了AI技术在药品监管领域的多种应用场景, 包括准入审批、日常监管、服务公众和辅助决策等多个方面[29]。QC实验室的管理人员应当主动顺应这一趋势, 积极调整智能化转型的方向。这要求实验室不仅要达成数字化和自动化的目标, 还需依据行业发展趋势, 调整实验室架构, 转变为更为精确、高效的质量控制模式。鉴于制药工业的强监管属性, 实验室在智能化转型的过程中, 必须与监管机构保持紧密的沟通, 确保所有创新举措均符合现行的监管法规。
从QC实验室内部变革的驱动力来看, 急需解决由劳动密集型工作所带来的问题。数字化转型为繁琐流程带来了优化, 而自动化则显著减轻了分析员的劳动负荷。随着连续制造技术发展, 传统的大实验室正逐步向分布式质量控制转变。展望未来, QC实验室将迈向高度智能化, 大量重复性操作由智能设备自动执行, 实现分析数据的实时可视化。实验室的核心功能将逐渐转向少量高精度检测, 而多数检测将直接在生产线内完成, 实现即时放行。
Hinton等[30, 31]一直坚持神经网络算法是AI领域的可行技术路线, 并最终证明了其正确性, 为人工智能领域奠定了坚实的基础。智能作为一种新的资源, 能为各行业带来革命性的变革。目前AI已成为制药领域发展的强大驱动力, 它们通过机器学习在虚拟筛选、计算机辅助合成规划、从头分子生成等多个药物设计环节中发挥了关键作用[32, 33]。专用AI已展现出巨大潜力, 如谷歌的AlphaFold3能够预测包含蛋白质数据银行内几乎所有分子类型的复合物结构, 并能准确预测蛋白质与其他生物分子相互作用的模式, 为药物开发奠定了坚实基础[34]。监管机构如FDA对新技术也表达了积极态度, 并公布了关于AI在药物研发中应用的相关观点[35]。此外, 通用生成式AI, 尤其是OpenAI推出的ChatGPT, 已经进化到GPT4o, 是集合文本、图片、视频、语音的全能模型, 可以实现多模态交互, 甚至能感知人类情绪。制药巨头Sanofi与OpenAI也达成合作, 共同开发药物研发领域的AI软件。AI的发展速度远超预期, 已从单纯的技术概念进化为引领新质生产力的强大工具。实验室智能化转型后, 利用实验室日常运行中积累的海量数据来训练AI模型, 不仅极大提升了实验室操作的智能性与精准度, 而且AI模型将展现出强大的能力, 能够驾驭并解析多维度、高难度的实验数据, 挖掘出人类难以捕捉的模式与内在联系。这一变革为管理人员带来了前所未有的深刻洞察, 为其决策过程提供了坚实的数据支持。这一趋势将深刻改变实验室的运作模式, 推动质量控制向更高效、更精准、更先进的方向发展。
作者贡献: 黄丽玲负责构思文章整体结构、文献检索和文章撰写; 孔玉琼负责微生物相关内容的修改和文献补充; 马恒元指导论文写作和修改, 把控文章整体结构和质量。
利益冲突: 无任何利益冲突。
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0551
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-24
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    江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司, 江苏 连云港 222000

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*马恒元,Tel: 15240339682, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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