Article(id=1199783265981788846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0468, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1720281600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980221505, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1728662400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980221505, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980221505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980221505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783256183898355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='2677', pageEnd='2896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980219168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225034160, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2809, endPage=2819, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783266308944576, articleId=1199783265981788846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing reveals aspirin inhibits angiogenesis in Kawasaki disease mouse model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that primarily affects children. If left untreated in the early stages of the disease, it can lead to coronary artery aneurysms or the formation of arterial fistulae, and in severe cases, myocardial infarction. The pathogenesis of KD is related to the infiltration of immune cells into the walls of the coronary arteries. Macrophages play a crucial role in the development of KD by participating in inflammatory responses and neovascularization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in the serum and coronary arteries of patients with KD, promoting inflammation and neovascularization, thereby increasing the risk of aneurysms. Aspirin is one of the standard treatment methods for KD. It exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing inflammatory mediators, thus controlling the acute symptoms of the disease. Animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing (snRNA-seq) can provide profound insights into the cellular and molecular landscape of KD. Through snRNA-seq analysis, it was found that aspirin may improve endothelial dysfunction by downregulating VEGF levels in coronary endothelial cells and inhibiting macrophage-mediated proangiogenic signals to endothelial cells, thereby preventing arterial stenosis or aneurysm formation.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-dan FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-jing WANG, Hai-guo YU, Zhi-dan FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783268867470140, articleId=1199783265981788846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=单细胞核转录组测序揭示阿司匹林抑制川崎病小鼠模型心脏组织的血管新生, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD) 是一种主要发生在儿童的急性全身性血管炎疾病。如果在疾病发作早期未给予及时的治疗, 可能会导致冠状动脉扩张或形成动脉瘤, 严重者可引起心肌梗死。川崎病的发病机制与免疫细胞浸润冠状动脉壁有关。巨噬细胞在川崎病发展中扮演关键角色, 参与炎症反应和血管新生。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 在川崎病患者血清和冠状动脉中表达上调, 促进炎症和血管生成, 增加动脉瘤的风险。阿司匹林(aspirin, ASA) 是川崎病常规治疗方法之一, 其主要作用是通过减少炎性介质和抑制血小板聚集来发挥抗炎和抗血栓作用。研究中实验动物的动物福利和动物实验过程均遵循南京医科大学附属儿童医院医学伦理委员会的伦理指南。单细胞核转录组测序技术(single-nucleus RNA sequencing, snRNA-seq) 可以深入到川崎病细胞和分子层面的图景探索, 本文通过snRNA-seq分析得到, 阿司匹林可通过下调心脏血管内皮细胞VEGF水平并抑制巨噬细胞向内皮传导血管新生信号, 来改善血管内皮功能失调、阻止血管新生, 进而防止动脉狭窄或动脉瘤形成。

, correspAuthors=樊志丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*樊志丹, E-mail:
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Immune and non-immune mechanisms that determine vasculitis and coronary artery aneurysm topography in Kawasaki disease and MIS-C [J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2023, 22: 103240., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200142936647238043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, awardId=82271838, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82271838), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200142929802133603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200142929814716516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, companyId=1200142929802133603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital & Chest Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200142929823105125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, companyId=1200142929802133603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南省胸科医院心血管内科, 郑州大学附属胸科医院, 河南 郑州 450003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200142929932157039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200142929936351344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, companyId=1200142929932157039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200142929953128561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, companyId=1200142929932157039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京医科大学附属儿童医院, 风湿免疫科, 江苏 南京 210008)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200142934571057469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8f8Rpg7hr/BDpZ8fmdaVcw==, figureFileBig=eibajLFO8hqr9R4CljNrbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142934730441031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Aspirin attenuated <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced inflammatory injury in coronary arteries and myocardial tissue in mice. A: Schematic illustration of the LCWE mouse Kawasaki disease model construction; B-E: Body temperature recordings (B), pictures of the abdominal aorta (C), platelet counts (D), and H&E staining of cardiac tissues (E, top; scale bar, 100 μm), coronary artery (E, medium; scale bar, 100 μm), aortic root (E, bottom; scale bar, 200 μm; CA: Coronary artery; Ao: Aorta) from four groups of mice in the Kawasaki disease mouse model animal experiment; F: Transcriptional expression levels of cardiac inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (<i>Tnf</i>), chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (<i>Ccl2</i>), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (<i>Ace2</i>) in mice in the normal, LCWE, and ASA-H groups. <i>n</i> ≥ 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. ASA-L: Aspirin-low dose group, 50 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>; ASA-H: Aspirin-high dose group, 100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> , figureFileSmall=8f8Rpg7hr/BDpZ8fmdaVcw==, figureFileBig=eibajLFO8hqr9R4CljNrbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142934852075856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HioK2iP6Noq1n0mA1Xj6Yg==, figureFileBig=si5okisbaoG0QYhnVDQlPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142934973710676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing (snRNA-seq) reveals distinct cardiac cells subpopulations in LCWE model mice. A: Schematic diagram of the process of collecting, sequencing, and analyzing samples from the mouse cardiac single-nucleus transcriptome; B: Seurat analysis with 46 principal components (PCs) and a resolution of 0.7 was used to identify 15 main clusters; C: Heatmap displaying the expression of the top five differentially expressed genes in each cell subcluster; D: A bar chart displaying the percentage of subclusters in datasets for control and diseased hearts; E: Dot plots display the expression levels of inflammatory genes in each sample , figureFileSmall=HioK2iP6Noq1n0mA1Xj6Yg==, figureFileBig=si5okisbaoG0QYhnVDQlPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142935145677148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vIhX8vrcINcp2MjpJJ2bXw==, figureFileBig=VeVEJanfsO1xrzf2N0txtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142935263117668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Phenotypic shift towards pro-angiogenic mouse cardiac macrophages. A: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plots of macrophages; B: Expression of <i>Vegfa</i>, <i>Vegfc</i>, <i>Hif1α</i>, <i>Esrra</i> and <i>Nox1</i> in macrophages. The data is presented as the average fold-change to normal group. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM; C, D: Pseudotime trajectory of macrophage subtypes inferred by Monocle2 (C). Trajectory is colored by pseudotime (top), cell states (bottom), and the trajectory state in which each subpopulation of macrophages is placed (D); E, F: Branch expression analysis (E) of two paths (cell fate 1 and 2) and KEGG pathways enriched in each branch (F); G: Immunohistochemical staining of mouse heart tissue sections for F4/80 (scale bar, 100 μm) , figureFileSmall=vIhX8vrcINcp2MjpJJ2bXw==, figureFileBig=VeVEJanfsO1xrzf2N0txtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142935401529709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qW4zQpSBa91GpsOOKZptCw==, figureFileBig=szOjT9o9aLId3gAxZX8z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142935590273402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Aspirin attenuates inflammatory injury and reduces VEGF levels in cardiac vascular endothelial cells. A: t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) plot of the aggregate of endothelial cells and vascular endothelial cells; B: Pseudotime trajectory of vascular endothelial cells (Vas_ECs) subtypes is colored by pseudotime (top) and cell clusters (bottom); C: Heatmap displaying the scaled expression of differentially expressed genes along the pseudotime trajectory; D: Expression dynamics of two marker genes, SRY-box transcription factor 17 (<i>Sox17</i>) and sulfatase 1 (<i>Sulf1</i>), across pseudotime; E: Expression of <i>Nos3, Vegfa</i>, and <i>Vegfc</i> in Vas_ECs. Data is presented as the average fold change compared to the normal group. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM; F: The network diagram shows the number of macrophages interacting with Vas_ECs cells; G: Immunohistochemical staining of mouse heart tissue sections for CD31 (scale bar, 50 μm) , figureFileSmall=qW4zQpSBa91GpsOOKZptCw==, figureFileBig=szOjT9o9aLId3gAxZX8z0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142935963566465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jjBmGS4VPoyvNOKLkD/3Uw==, figureFileBig=JcPz1GXuADE9RfJaf6Euxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142936324276621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783265981788846, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= ASA inhibits VEGF signaling communication between macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. A: Dysfunctional signals in vascular endothelial cells were compared in pairs: LCWE group <i>vs</i> normal group and ASA-H group <i>vs</i> LCWE group; B: Dot plots illustrate communication ligand-receptor pairs that are up-regulated by vascular endothelial cells in the LCWE group and down-regulated by vascular endothelial cells in the ASA-H group; C: Dot plots presenting cellular communication ligand-receptor pairs between macrophages and vascular endothelial cells, with macrophages as signal emitters and vascular endothelial cells as signal receivers; D: Comparison of the intensity of reciprocal signals emitted and received by macrophages and vascular endothelial cells in the normal, LCWE, and ASA-H groups, respectively , figureFileSmall=jjBmGS4VPoyvNOKLkD/3Uw==, figureFileBig=JcPz1GXuADE9RfJaf6Euxw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, 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单细胞核转录组测序揭示阿司匹林抑制川崎病小鼠模型心脏组织的血管新生
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王晶晶 1 , 俞海国 2 , 樊志丹 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(10): 2809-2819
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(10): 2809-2819
单细胞核转录组测序揭示阿司匹林抑制川崎病小鼠模型心脏组织的血管新生
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王晶晶1, 俞海国2, 樊志丹2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河南省胸科医院心血管内科, 郑州大学附属胸科医院, 河南 郑州 450003
  • 2.南京医科大学附属儿童医院, 风湿免疫科, 江苏 南京 210008

通讯作者:

*樊志丹, E-mail:
Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing reveals aspirin inhibits angiogenesis in Kawasaki disease mouse model
Jing-jing WANG1, Hai-guo YU2, Zhi-dan FAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital & Chest Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
  • 2. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
出版时间: 2024-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0468
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川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD) 是一种主要发生在儿童的急性全身性血管炎疾病。如果在疾病发作早期未给予及时的治疗, 可能会导致冠状动脉扩张或形成动脉瘤, 严重者可引起心肌梗死。川崎病的发病机制与免疫细胞浸润冠状动脉壁有关。巨噬细胞在川崎病发展中扮演关键角色, 参与炎症反应和血管新生。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 在川崎病患者血清和冠状动脉中表达上调, 促进炎症和血管生成, 增加动脉瘤的风险。阿司匹林(aspirin, ASA) 是川崎病常规治疗方法之一, 其主要作用是通过减少炎性介质和抑制血小板聚集来发挥抗炎和抗血栓作用。研究中实验动物的动物福利和动物实验过程均遵循南京医科大学附属儿童医院医学伦理委员会的伦理指南。单细胞核转录组测序技术(single-nucleus RNA sequencing, snRNA-seq) 可以深入到川崎病细胞和分子层面的图景探索, 本文通过snRNA-seq分析得到, 阿司匹林可通过下调心脏血管内皮细胞VEGF水平并抑制巨噬细胞向内皮传导血管新生信号, 来改善血管内皮功能失调、阻止血管新生, 进而防止动脉狭窄或动脉瘤形成。

川崎病  /  冠状动脉  /  血管新生  /  血管内皮生长因子  /  巨噬细胞

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that primarily affects children. If left untreated in the early stages of the disease, it can lead to coronary artery aneurysms or the formation of arterial fistulae, and in severe cases, myocardial infarction. The pathogenesis of KD is related to the infiltration of immune cells into the walls of the coronary arteries. Macrophages play a crucial role in the development of KD by participating in inflammatory responses and neovascularization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in the serum and coronary arteries of patients with KD, promoting inflammation and neovascularization, thereby increasing the risk of aneurysms. Aspirin is one of the standard treatment methods for KD. It exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing inflammatory mediators, thus controlling the acute symptoms of the disease. Animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing (snRNA-seq) can provide profound insights into the cellular and molecular landscape of KD. Through snRNA-seq analysis, it was found that aspirin may improve endothelial dysfunction by downregulating VEGF levels in coronary endothelial cells and inhibiting macrophage-mediated proangiogenic signals to endothelial cells, thereby preventing arterial stenosis or aneurysm formation.

Kawasaki disease  /  coronary artery  /  neovascularization  /  vascular endothelial growth factor  /  macrophage
王晶晶, 俞海国, 樊志丹. 单细胞核转录组测序揭示阿司匹林抑制川崎病小鼠模型心脏组织的血管新生. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2809 -2819 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0468
Jing-jing WANG, Hai-guo YU, Zhi-dan FAN. Single-cell nuclear transcriptome sequencing reveals aspirin inhibits angiogenesis in Kawasaki disease mouse model[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2809 -2819 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0468
川崎病也称黏膜淋巴综合征, 是主要发生于婴儿和儿童的一种急性全身性血管炎[1]。川崎病最先报道于1967年日本, 因其严重之时常累及冠状动脉, 发生冠脉狭窄甚至发展形成冠脉瘤。若在疾病发生早期未及时接受大剂量静脉丙球(intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG) 和阿司匹林(aspirin, ASA) 治疗, 将会有15%~20%的患儿出现冠状动脉扩张或者冠状动脉瘤, 更严重可能会导致心肌梗死、猝死[2]。但对于川崎病的发病机制仍未明确, 多项研究证据表明川崎病与免疫细胞浸润冠状动脉血管壁有关, 可在川崎病患者动脉壁中观察到巨噬细胞、单核细胞等聚集[3, 4]。巨噬细胞是川崎病发展中关键的炎性细胞, 同时会参与到血管新生的过程中。当巨噬细胞受到缺氧或者炎症的环境刺激, 就被招募至损伤部位、聚集引发炎性浸润, 加剧损伤; 而在损伤修复期间巨噬细胞表型转变, 高表达CXC基序趋化因子受体3 (CXCR3) 和Fcγ受体Ⅲ (FcγRIII), 有助于血管生成[5]。此外, 急性期川崎病患者血清以及冠状动脉中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF) 表达水平异常升高, 这会加重患者心脏内皮炎症并促进血管生成, 并且VEGF高水平的患者对冠状动脉异常(coronary artery anormality, CAA) 更易感[6, 7], 并且有研究表明使用血管生成抑制剂可以减轻川崎病小鼠模型的血管炎, 进而可降低疾病发展为动脉瘤的概率[8]。而形成动脉瘤的川崎病患儿, 其动脉瘤可能会存在数年, 同时也表现有活跃的冠脉重塑现象[4]。因此, 川崎病患者的冠状动脉的血管病变与疾病急性期VEGF异常上调有很大关联, 甚至在患者急性期消退之后其冠状动脉仍进行着活跃的血管新生导致冠脉重塑。
川崎病治疗标准方法之一为阿司匹林。临床上对于川崎病急性期治疗推荐使用ASA 30~50 mg·kg-1·d-1, 分2~3次口服, 热退48~72 h后或者发病超过14天后改为每天一次性服用3~5 mg·kg-1·d-1[9]。目前普遍认为阿司匹林于川崎病治疗的关键作用为抑制环氧化酶, 进而阻止血小板聚集防止血栓以及减少组胺等引起炎症的物质抗炎[10]。现今很多研究指出阿司匹林可不通过环氧化酶而发挥抗癌作用, 即抑制血小板和肿瘤的相互作用, 或者减少血小板分泌促血管生成因子、细胞因子和趋化因子等而抑制肿瘤血管生成[11]。抗炎抗血栓作为阿司匹林的常见作用, 可以很好地抑制川崎病初期的急性炎症和后期动脉血栓, 但并未有研究给出阿司匹林具体针对川崎病治疗的分子机制。考虑到VEGF也会表达于血管内皮细胞、巨噬细胞等, 并且冠脉血管内皮也是川崎病疾病的灶源, 由此猜想阿司匹林是否能通过抑制血管内皮的血管新生机制而控制川崎病炎症发展和血栓形成。
单细胞核转录组测序(single-nucleus RNA sequencing, snRNA-seq) 是一种高通量的转录组测序技术, 在本研究中应用snRNA-seq技术可以更加全面深入地了解川崎病发生时异常的基因表达和细胞亚群功能状态的改变, 找到阿司匹林治疗川崎病可能的分子机制, 有助于进一步挖掘川崎病的病理分子机制以及寻找潜在的分子靶点。本研究通过snRNA-seq结果得到, 阿司匹林可以降低川崎病小鼠冠脉内皮细胞的VEGF水平、抑制巨噬细胞向血管内皮细胞传导血管新生信号, 进而有可能改善冠脉血管内皮的功能障碍, 阻断血管炎进一步发展, 预防动脉狭窄或者动脉瘤形成。
主要试剂  ATCC334干酪乳杆菌(货号: BNCC186562) 购自北京商城北纳创联生物科技有限公司; 阿司匹林(目录号: HY-14654) 购自美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司; 4%组织通用型多聚甲醛(货号: BL539A) 购自北京兰杰柯科技有限公司; 苏木素(货号: G1080)、伊红(货号: G1100) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
实验动物  所用实验动物为雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 周龄4~5周, 体重15~17 g。小鼠购于江苏集萃药康有限公司[动物许可证号: SYXK (苏) 2019-0056]。实验采用方案均符合南京医科大学附属儿童医院医学伦理委员会的伦理指南(伦理号: 202105054-1)。动物进入饲养设施中适应1周后进行实验, 实验期间自由饮水饮食。
干酪乳杆菌细胞壁提取物(LCWE) 制备  所用菌株为ATCC334干酪乳杆菌[12]。菌株按照产品手册活化复苏, 并在MRS肉汤培养基(货号027312, 广东环凯微生物科技有限公司) 中进行扩大传代培养并于40%甘油中、-80 ℃冰箱冻存菌种。取1 mL冻存菌种于40 mL MRS肉汤培养基中, 保证培养环境密封厌氧, 置于37 ℃恒温摇床上, 转速220 r·min-1过夜复苏菌株, 复苏的菌株继续扩大培养, 得到4 L菌液。7 000 r·min-1离心菌液10 min得到菌泥沉淀, 弃去上清, 反复用PBS清洗沉淀3次, 以将残余的培养基除去。所得菌泥称重, 加入两倍体积于菌泥重量的4% SDS, 充分重悬菌泥, 室温下静置过夜裂解菌体。次日离心(7 500 r·min-1、15 min、25 ℃) 裂解液, 弃去上清, 反复用PBS清洗10次, 保留细胞壁沉淀, 清洗之后用PBS重悬沉淀。重悬之后冰水浴超声2 h, 频率为超声5 s暂停5 s, 功率90~100 W。超声后所得溶液, 转入高速离心机中(12 000 r·min-1、20 min、4 ℃), 收集上清继续离心(38 000 r·min-1、1.5 h、4 ℃), 收集上清即为LCWE, 保存于-80 ℃冰箱。LCWE使用前进行过滤除菌并定量。LCWE浓度测定按照硫酸-苯酚比色法定量测定。
LCWE川崎病小鼠模型构建  实验所有动物C57/B6J健康4~5周雄性小鼠23只, 随机分为4组: 正常组(normal, n = 4)、LCWE模型组(LCWE, n = 7)、阿司匹林给药低剂量组(ASA-L, n = 6)、阿司匹林给药高剂量组(ASA-H, n = 6)。造模开始时, LCWE模型组小鼠每只单次腹腔注射500 μL (定量1 mg LCWE), 正常组小鼠腹腔注射等体积的PBS溶液, 当天记为Day 0; 次日Day 1开始阿司匹林灌胃给药, ASA-L组小鼠每只给药50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ASA-H组小鼠每只给药100 mg·kg-1·d-1, 同时normal组和LCWE组小鼠灌胃等体积PBS, 共持续14天。造模期间记录小鼠每日体温。
H&E染色  最后一次给药4 h后处死小鼠, 分离小鼠的腹主动脉和心脏, 浸入4%多聚甲醛中固定, 后脱水浸蜡、石蜡包埋并切片, 切片厚度为5 μm。腹主动脉和心脏组织切片均进行常规H&E染色, 评估小鼠腹主动脉、心肌组织以及冠状动脉炎性浸润和组织损伤情况。
免疫组化实验  小鼠心脏组织石蜡切片经65 ℃烤片、脱蜡、水化后, 浸没在柠檬酸钠抗原修复液中高压热修复, 待抗原修复液冷却后, 先后使用内源性过氧化氢酶封闭液、0.05% Triton X-100对组织分别进行过氧化物酶灭活、组织通透处理。接着用3%山羊血清室温封闭切片1 h。过夜4 ℃孵育一抗。洗去一抗, 二抗室温孵育组织1 h。洗去二抗, 用DAB显色。后滴加苏木素染核2 min, 经75%盐酸乙醇分化数秒, 接着在自来水中返蓝。切片脱水后中性树脂封片, 在显微镜下观察拍照。
snRNA-seq文库构建  取100 mg左右小鼠心脏组织切碎, 分散在5 mL lysis buffer中, 使用Dounce研磨器进行研磨以释放细胞核, 得到匀浆依次用70、40 μm细胞滤网过筛, 经1 000 ×g、5 min、4 ℃离心收集细胞核。用2 mL sucrose buffer重悬细胞核, 再小心将细胞核悬液加到装有4 mL sucrose buffer的试管中, 保证悬液与下面的sucrose buffer有完整的分界面, 1 000 ×g、5 min、4 ℃离心, 得到沉淀即为细胞核。用1 mL nuclei storage buffer (NSB) 洗一遍细胞核, 再用1 mL NSB重悬。得到单细胞核悬液后, 按照single cell 3′ reagent kits v3 (10×genomics) 试剂盒使用手册的方法和要求构建snRNA-seq文库[13]
snRNA-seq数据预处理  使用CellRanger软件(V.6.0.2) 处理测序数据, 进行测序文库拆分、识别并分配条形码、UMI计数, 参考基因集为GRCm38 (mm10)。进一步的数据处理使用R语言(V.4.2.3) 的Seurat R包(V.4.3.0), 计算除去表达低于200基因数并且线粒体基因表达量多于25%的细胞; 接着对来自不同样本的数据进行整合、去批次, 然后完成所有样本细胞的标准化、归一化、聚类、PCA主成分分析、降维可视化, 使用DoubleFinder去除双细胞的干扰, 再计算细胞周期分值以消除细胞周期的干扰。聚类分群时, 使用前46个主成分进行UMAP降维, 使用FindNeighbors函数维度参数为46, 聚类FindClusters函数分辨率选择0.7, 得到15个细胞亚群。计算每个亚群的marker基因, 根据marker基因确认亚群的细胞类型并进行注释。
拟时序分析  使用Monocle2 (V.2.18.0) R包对血管内皮细胞进行拟时序轨迹分析, 以探究细胞在正常和病理条件下的状态改变, 捕捉细胞在状态转变时在基因水平发生的变化。
通路富集分析  使用FindAllMarkers和FindMarkers函数计算来自不同组别样本或者不同亚群间的差异基因, 然后基于GO、KEGG等数据库对差异基因进行功能富集分析, 以了解不同状态下细胞的功能差异。
细胞通讯分析  使用Cellchat R包(V.1.6.1) 来推断细胞间互作强度, 基于两个细胞亚群中配受体对的基因表达水平高低对细胞间通讯做出预测, 使用CommunPro函数计算互作细胞间的互作概率和强度并可视化。
统计学方法  所有数据都以均数±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。
整体动物实验过程如图 1A所示, 为了探究阿司匹林治疗川崎病的分子机制, 本研究构建了LCWE诱导的川崎病小鼠模型, 周期为14天。构建模型开始第0天时, 注射了LCWE后的小鼠出现了短暂的体温下降, 接着在第2天小鼠开始发热体温升高; 其中LCWE模型组小鼠发热情况最为严重, 对比之下, ASA低剂量组和高剂量组给药后第3~5天体温显著降低, 说明阿司匹林可缓解注射LCWE小鼠的发热情况, 并且高剂量组体温下降更为明显(图 1B)。
急性期川崎病患者的血常规结果中, 血小板计数是明显增加的, 本研究将血小板计数作为衡量川崎病小鼠模型疾病严重程度的指标之一。第14天处死小鼠并解剖, 发现LCWE组小鼠腹主动脉发生明显扩张, 腹主动脉直径显著大于正常组(图 1C), 并且小鼠的血常规结果显示血小板计数(PLT) 也显著升高(图 1D); 阿司匹林给药之后有效抑制了小鼠腹主动脉扩张以及PLT下降(图 1CD)。此外, 小鼠心脏的H&E染色结果表明, 相比normal组小鼠, LCWE组小鼠心肌组织处(图 1E, 上)、心脏冠状动脉(图 1E, 中) 和主动脉根部(图 1E, 下) 存在炎性细胞浸润(箭头指向处表征为心肌细胞排列紊乱、细胞间质间有明显的炎性细胞聚集), 经阿司匹林治疗后小鼠冠状动脉处炎性浸润情况明显改善。本研究选出了normal组、LCWE组、ASA-H组小鼠心脏进行单细胞测序, 同时检测了3组小鼠心脏的炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, Tnf)、趋化因子2 (C-C motif ligand 2, Ccl2) 和血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, Ace2) 的转录表达水平。LCWE模型组小鼠的Tnf、Ccl2、Ace2基因转录水平相较于正常组均发生明显上调, 说明模型组小鼠心脏正处于炎症状态下; 阿司匹林给药治疗后的小鼠TnfCcl2、Ace2转录水平下调, 说明小鼠心脏炎症情况减弱(图 1F)。以上表明LCWE诱导的川崎病小鼠出现了明显腹主动脉扩张、血小板计数增加, 以及发热体温升高等川崎病典型症状, 阿司匹林给药后小鼠的病症得到显著缓解。
本研究收集了normal组、LCWE模型组以及治疗效果更佳的ASA-H给药组小鼠的心脏进行snRNA-seq, 相对于单细胞转录组测序技术(scRNA-seq), snRNA-seq可以保留小鼠心肌细胞的转录组信息(图 2A)。测序数据经过质控、降维聚类等步骤, 得到15个细胞亚群(图 2B)。对所有的小鼠心脏细胞进行分群注释后, 可见小鼠心脏主要的细胞类群为心肌细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞以及髓系、淋巴系的免疫细胞(图 2C), 各群细胞的前5位标记基因展示在图 2D中。其中, LCWE组内皮细胞相对于正常组有所减少, 阿司匹林组内皮细胞数量有所回升。内皮细胞数量变化可能与川崎病急性炎症所造成内皮损伤有关, 而阿司匹林给药则减轻了小鼠心脏内皮细胞的损伤。参考Tombor等[14]文中的炎性基因集对normal、LCWE、ASA-H组的炎症情况进行评价(图 2E) 发现, 相对于正常组, LCWE组的炎性基因表达出现显著上调, 阿司匹林给药后小鼠心脏组织整体炎性基因表达下调, 表明川崎病小鼠炎症情况得到改善。
巨噬细胞是川崎病血管炎浸润核心免疫细胞之一, 是川崎病进程中重要的驱动因素[15], 所以接下来本研究将小鼠心脏中的巨噬细胞数据提取出来, 单独进行分析。对巨噬细胞整体再聚类分群, 得到3个亚群(图 3A)。当巨噬细胞受到缺氧、炎症刺激时, 缺氧诱导因子(Hif1α) 会易位到核中, 激活Vegf等血管生成基因的表达响应环境刺激; 此外, 巨噬细胞还可以通过雌激素相关受体(Esrra) 响应代谢信号而增加释放VEGF[16], 本研究的巨噬细胞数据均观察到了LCWE模型组Hif1αEsrra表达显著上调(图 3B)。LCWE模型组中Hif1α表达上调可能与线粒体损伤产生ROS导致氧化应激有关; 巨噬细胞中主要ROS来源是NOX1酶, 这是一种NADPH氧化酶, 该酶在LCWE模型组中表达也被上调[17]。因此, 川崎病诱发心脏微环境中氧化应激, 促使巨噬细胞做出响应, 最终使得Vegf信号增强(图 3B)。
接下来对巨噬细胞进行拟时序分析, 模拟川崎病背景下小鼠心脏巨噬细胞的分化轨迹。拟时序结果表明, Mac_C0巨噬细胞亚群处于分化起点, 经过轨迹分支点后巨噬细胞分别向两个方向发展(cell fate1、cell fate2, 图 3C~E)。对cell fate1分支的细胞相关基因进行KEGG富集分析, 发现该分支细胞与响应VEGF刺激、冠状动脉血管形态发育等有关, 呈现出促血管生成表现; cell fate2分支细胞功能则是正常抗原呈递相关功能(图 3F)。同时, 小鼠心脏组织切片的F4/80 (巨噬细胞标志物) 免疫组化染色结果显示, LCWE模型组小鼠相较于正常组在动脉血管周围巨噬细胞浸润增加, 接受阿司匹林给药的小鼠血管周围巨噬细胞浸润情况较轻(图 3G)。因此, 川崎病模型中的巨噬细胞受心脏微环境改变的影响而发生表型转变, 呈现出促血管生成功能。
川崎病血管炎倾向于发生在冠状动脉血管处, 炎症会导致血管内皮功能障碍出现内皮损伤进而加剧炎症[18], 因此这里分析了在川崎病中最易累及的血管内皮细胞。本研究从总的心脏内皮细胞中提取出血管内皮细胞, 细分亚群共得到4个小的亚群(图 4A)。首先对内皮细胞做拟时序分析, 发现随着拟时间演化, 血管内皮细胞中有关血管生成的基因表达量逐渐升高, 如SRY-17号转录因子(SRY-box transcription factor 17, Sox17)、硫酸酯酶1 (sulfatase 1, Sulf1) (图 4B~D)。Sox17是内皮再生、血管生成的重要调节因子[19], Sulf1则是参与脑血管血栓的基因[20]
川崎病患儿的血管组织往往表现为血管内皮下水肿、血管出现损伤、内皮细胞间隙较宽以及内皮细胞“开窗”, 同时VEGF过度表达[6]。其中, 血管内皮中内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS) 负责产生NO以及维持血管内皮完整性[21, 22], 因此本研究比较了3组中eNOS的表达以确定内皮细胞损伤情况。结果发现, LCWE组整体Nos3表达下调, 这将会导致NO合成受到抑制、血管舒张功能障碍, 说明川崎病小鼠血管内皮正经历功能失调, 阿司匹林给药后小鼠eNOS表达量回升; 此外, 也发现LCWE模型组血管内皮细胞中VegfaVegfc基因表达量出现明显上调, 表明LCWE可能触发了冠脉中血管生成信号, 或者使得血管内皮通透性增加; 阿司匹林给药则显著降低了血管内皮的VegfaVegfc基因转录水平(图 4E)。
前面确认了川崎病小鼠心脏中的巨噬细胞向促炎和促血管生成表型转变, 这里继续考察巨噬细胞各亚群与血管内皮细胞的通讯互作情况(图 4F)。LCWE模型组Mac_C1与Mac_C0亚群与血管内皮细胞间的互作数量增加, 阿司匹林组中减弱, 而Mac_C2亚群则在LCWE组中不再与血管内皮产生互作。同时, 小鼠心脏组织切片的CD31 (血管内皮标志物) 免疫组化染色结果显示, LCWE模型组小鼠相较于正常组出现了心肌间微血管增加, 接受阿司匹林给药的小鼠心脏微血管数量接近正常小鼠(图 4G)。该结果进一步确认了Mac_C1亚群促血管新生的表型, 也表明川崎病小鼠模型中巨噬细胞参与了血管内皮细胞血管新生相关信号传导, 阿司匹林治疗后巨噬细胞与血管内皮细胞中血管生成相关基因均下调, 说明阿司匹林抑制了由LCWE引发的小鼠心脏血管新生。
在LCWE模型组中, 血管内皮细胞明显增强了VEGF信号的流入和流出, 阿司匹林给药治疗后血管内皮的VEGF信号不再显著(图 5A)。通过分析血管内皮细胞间细胞通讯配受体对表达情况, 发现在LCWE中与血管新生相关信号通讯增加(图 5B)。VEGF及其两种酪氨酸激酶受体VEGFR1、VEGFR2负责调节生理血管生成, 尤其VEGFA/VEGFR2是主要参与者, 两者结合后, VEGFR2胞质部分的酪氨酸激酶结构域发生自磷酸化, 触发下游PI3K-AKT、MAPK、FAK等信号通路, 促进血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移以及调节细胞黏附、血管通透性等[8, 16, 23]。此外, 巨噬细胞亚群中主要向血管内皮输送VEGF信号的为Mac_C1亚群(图 5C), 同时也印证了上文中Mac_C1亚群的促血管生成表型。最后比对了normal、LCWE和ASA-H 3组中血管内皮细胞和巨噬细胞中各亚群的传入(纵坐标值) 和传出(横坐标值) 的交互强度(图 5D), 发现血管内皮细胞在LCWE模型组中接收和发送信号强度增加, 阿司匹林给药治疗后其接收和发送信号强度都显著减弱, 巨噬细胞与血管内皮细胞主要互作信号即为VEGF, 说明经阿司匹林治疗后血管内皮细胞的血管新生信号通路不再活跃, 同时巨噬细胞对血管内皮的浸润活化也得到抑制。以上表明, Mac_C1亚群是巨噬细胞中输送给血管内皮VEGF信号的主要信号源, 并且阿司匹林可以减弱两者间的互作强度以及有效抑制LCWE模型中血管内皮活跃的血管新生信号。
川崎病并非是单一的血管炎疾病, 严重者会出现冠状动脉的并发症。这是由于川崎病患儿的免疫系统过度激活, 使得川崎病急性期间TNFα、IL-1、IL-6等炎性细胞因子和趋化因子急剧升高, 对血管造成免疫损伤[24]。冠状动脉内皮损伤的程度越严重, 患儿出现并发症的概率将增大, 如冠状动脉血栓、动脉瘤、心肌梗死甚至猝死[25, 26]。现有的研究指出, 川崎病动脉血栓形成的因素包括血小板、内皮功能障碍和持续活跃的血管重塑[27]。调控血管新生的关键之一是VEGF, 其与VEGFR1/2受体结合激活下游通路信号, 使得血管内皮通透性增加, 调节血管新生[28]。本研究通过对川崎病模型小鼠心脏进行snRNA-seq分析发现, 川崎病小鼠心脏的巨噬细胞VEGF信号相关基因明显上调, 出现了明显的向促血管生成表型转化的拟时序状态。此外, 先前的研究在心肌肥大疾病中也观察到巨噬细胞会向促血管生成功能过渡, 以响应心脏超压力负荷状态[29]
本研究所采用的LCWE诱导的小鼠川崎病模型可以模拟人类川崎病急性期过程[30]。结果观察到川崎病小鼠模型血管内皮细胞VEGF异常增加, 与人类川崎病急性期表现一致。而在人类川崎病急性期, 患儿的血清VEGF水平和血小板计数升高, 与动脉瘤出现在同一阶段[25], 而且血小板聚集会上调P选择素, 并与川崎病模型小鼠心脏炎症呈正相关。因此, 可能是由于血小板介导了川崎病的炎症, 才使得川崎病背景下动脉血栓或者动脉瘤对阿司匹林治疗敏感。
本研究通过分析川崎病小鼠心脏转录组测序数据发现阿司匹林可以通过降低川崎病小鼠模型中冠脉内皮细胞中的VEGF水平, 抑制巨噬细胞向内皮细胞传递促进血管生成的信号, 这可能在一定程度上改善由于血管炎引起的冠脉内皮功能紊乱。此外, 阿司匹林也可能通过阻断血管炎进一步发展成为动脉狭窄或动脉瘤的过程, 从而缓解川崎病患者的冠脉病变并防止严重并发症的发生。阿司匹林作为一种被广泛应用的非甾体抗炎药物, 但其用于川崎病治疗的抑制血管生成机制还需通过更多深入的研究来进一步阐明和验证。
作者贡献: 王晶晶负责实验设计与实施、数据整理、文章构思与撰写; 俞海国负责实验总体思路设计与文章修改; 樊志丹负责论文审阅指导与研究经费支持。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82271838)
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0468
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-07-07
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82271838)
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    1.河南省胸科医院心血管内科, 郑州大学附属胸科医院, 河南 郑州 450003
    2.南京医科大学附属儿童医院, 风湿免疫科, 江苏 南京 210008

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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