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All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817817739289135, articleId=1308817795840827840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=经典药物化学方法创制的非唑内坦, columnId=1190335351748137800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=新药发现与研究实例简析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, authors=郭宗儒, authorsList=郭宗儒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Eai+55gLjvid2E8JN4X1FA==, magXml=+Hic9f5uSPrphOAwurr6GQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zhsyVGj+gGpnBpnuknk8KQ==, pdfFileSize=1045724, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GT5uprok8QlixP5THjOxGA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1308818073424068935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={CN=AuthorExt(id=1308818073491177801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, authorId=1308818073424068935, language=CN, stringName=郭宗儒, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308818073335988548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818073348571461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, companyId=1308818073335988548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=null, refs=null, funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308818073335988548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308818073348571461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, companyId=1308818073335988548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308818073658949962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2hNK3R IC50a/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stabilityb/%
22-CH3OH48053
3HH2 100915
42-CH3OCl13038
5-Cl130846
62-PyridylCl5 090Not testNot test
73-PyridylCl3 810Not testNot test
84-PyridylCl1 800Not testNot test
9-Cl>10 000Not testNot test
103-CH3OCl>10 000Not testNot test
114-CH3OCl>10 000Not testNot test
122-CF3Cl>10 000Not testNot test
132-CH3Cl>10 00012Not test
142-phH>10 000Not testNot test
152-C2H5Cl180514
162-CNCl48022Not test
172-OHCl1 300Not testNot test
182-CONH2Cl370Not testNot test
192-CH3O, 5-ClCl>10 0001200
202-O-ph-3′-FCl6080
212-H2NCOOCl802948
), ArticleFig(id=1308818073726058827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Potency and stability SAR at ring A. a: Inhibition of NKB-induced aequorin Ca2+ signal in CHO cells expressing recombinant hNK3-R; b. Ex vivo rat plasma stability reported as % intact compound at 1 h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2hNK3R IC50a/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stabilityb/%
22-CH3OH48053
3HH2 100915
42-CH3OCl13038
5-Cl130846
62-PyridylCl5 090Not testNot test
73-PyridylCl3 810Not testNot test
84-PyridylCl1 800Not testNot test
9-Cl>10 000Not testNot test
103-CH3OCl>10 000Not testNot test
114-CH3OCl>10 000Not testNot test
122-CF3Cl>10 000Not testNot test
132-CH3Cl>10 00012Not test
142-phH>10 000Not testNot test
152-C2H5Cl180514
162-CNCl48022Not test
172-OHCl1 300Not testNot test
182-CONH2Cl370Not testNot test
192-CH3O, 5-ClCl>10 0001200
202-O-ph-3′-FCl6080
212-H2NCOOCl802948
), ArticleFig(id=1308818073805750604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
222-F1 200Not testNot test
233-F580Not testNot test
244-F240418
254-CF342555
264-OCF3130559
274-CH3390Not testNot test
284-SO2CH32 500Not testNot test
294-CN208891
302, 4-Cl2205455
312-N3 100Not testNot test
323-N7 100Not testNot test
334-N7 200Not testNot test
34-2 000Not testNot test
35-3 300Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308818073877053773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Potency and stability SAR at ring D

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Compd.RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
222-F1 200Not testNot test
233-F580Not testNot test
244-F240418
254-CF342555
264-OCF3130559
274-CH3390Not testNot test
284-SO2CH32 500Not testNot test
294-CN208891
302, 4-Cl2205455
312-N3 100Not testNot test
323-N7 100Not testNot test
334-N7 200Not testNot test
34-2 000Not testNot test
35-3 300Not testNot test
), ArticleFig(id=1308818073944162638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
36 Cl3 100Not testNot test
37 H7 400Not testNot test
38 Cl1902100
39 Cl2 900Not testNot test
40 Cl9314748
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074019660111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Potency and stability SAR at ring B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
36 Cl3 100Not testNot test
37 H7 400Not testNot test
38 Cl1902100
39 Cl2 900Not testNot test
40 Cl9314748
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074107740496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
41 Cl18044100
42 Cl18040100
43 Cl28017100
44 H>5 000Not testNot test
45 Cl1 1001778
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074233569617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Potency and stability SAR at ring C

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Compd. RhNK3R IC50/nmol·L-1RLM t1/2/minPlasma stability/%
41 Cl18044100
42 Cl18040100
43 Cl28017100
44 H>5 000Not testNot test
45 Cl1 1001778
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074300678482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RpKiLLEaclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1 b
464-F5.34.50.8≥200
474-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8194
483-F5.34.50.8199
493-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8196
502-F< 4.5< 3.70.8≥200
512-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8≥200
524-ph5.93.42.528
534-ph-4′-F5.73.02.710
644-ph-4′-Cl5.32.03.25.3
554-ph-4′-OCH3< 4.5< 22.56.4
564-CH2-ph< 4.5< 1.82.7169
574-(2-Thienyl)6.33.92.412
584-(5-Me-furan-2-yl)4.82.42.471
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074355204435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.5, caption=

SAR at ring A. a: LLE = pKi-clogP; b: At pH 7.4 PBS buffer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RpKiLLEaclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1 b
464-F5.34.50.8≥200
474-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8194
483-F5.34.50.8199
493-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8196
502-F< 4.5< 3.70.8≥200
512-OCH3< 4.5< 3.70.8≥200
524-ph5.93.42.528
534-ph-4′-F5.73.02.710
644-ph-4′-Cl5.32.03.25.3
554-ph-4′-OCH3< 4.5< 22.56.4
564-CH2-ph< 4.5< 1.82.7169
574-(2-Thienyl)6.33.92.412
584-(5-Me-furan-2-yl)4.82.42.471
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074430701908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEaclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1
59 5.13.71.4≥200
60 6.14.71.4≥200
61 7.25.41.8197
62 6.35.01.3≥200
63 5.84.41.3≥200
64 5.23.91.3≥200
65 < 4.5< 3.51.0≥200
66 6.44.61.8193
67 7.05.41.6≥200
68 7.64.23.2179
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074497810773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.6, caption=

SAR at rings B and D

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEaclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1
59 5.13.71.4≥200
60 6.14.71.4≥200
61 7.25.41.8197
62 6.35.01.3≥200
63 5.84.41.3≥200
64 5.23.91.3≥200
65 < 4.5< 3.51.0≥200
66 6.44.61.8193
67 7.05.41.6≥200
68 7.64.23.2179
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074560725334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1
69 8.04.63.4110
70 7.95.52.4160
71 7.94.83.1118
72 6.53.33.2-
73 7.14.42.7172
74 7.13.43.711
75 8.64.54.125
76 8.55.03.5119
77 8.25.03.250
78 7.65.42.2185
79 8.55.53.093
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074636222807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Further SAR on optimized compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEclogPSolubility /μmol·L-1
69 8.04.63.4110
70 7.95.52.4160
71 7.94.83.1118
72 6.53.33.2-
73 7.14.42.7172
74 7.13.43.711
75 8.64.54.125
76 8.55.03.5119
77 8.25.03.250
78 7.65.42.2185
79 8.55.53.093
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074707525976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEclogPFsp3CYP/IC50/μmol·L-1ahERG/IC50/μmol·L-1
71 7.94.83.10.2450/>100/21/34/2624
79 8.55.53.00.2479/39/13/19/678
80 7.66.11.50.3190/>100/42/48/>100>100
81 5.04.20.80.31Not testNot test
82 6.96.20.70.31>100/>100/42/34/86Not test
83 7.65.91.70.39>100/>100/64/56/1001.6
84 7.05.81.20.27>100/>100/64/82/>10050
85 5.94.81.10.27Not testNot test
86 6.74.72.00.35>100/>100/12/4/51Not test
87 7.75.72.00.31>100/88/7/50/9966
88 8.15.72.40.31>100/>100/45/57/5439
89 7.36.01.30.3131/>100/12/17/6450
90 7.56.51.00.35>100/>100/77/54/>10050
), ArticleFig(id=1308818074787217753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817795840827840, language=CN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Further optimization of ring A. a: Order of the values as CYP 3A4, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, and 1A2, respectively

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.StructurepKiLLEclogPFsp3CYP/IC50/μmol·L-1ahERG/IC50/μmol·L-1
71 7.94.83.10.2450/>100/21/34/2624
79 8.55.53.00.2479/39/13/19/678
80 7.66.11.50.3190/>100/42/48/>100>100
81 5.04.20.80.31Not testNot test
82 6.96.20.70.31>100/>100/42/34/86Not test
83 7.65.91.70.39>100/>100/64/56/1001.6
84 7.05.81.20.27>100/>100/64/82/>10050
85 5.94.81.10.27Not testNot test
86 6.74.72.00.35>100/>100/12/4/51Not test
87 7.75.72.00.31>100/88/7/50/9966
88 8.15.72.40.31>100/>100/45/57/5439
89 7.36.01.30.3131/>100/12/17/6450
90 7.56.51.00.35>100/>100/77/54/>10050
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经典药物化学方法创制的非唑内坦
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2026,61(2): 665-670
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药学学报 |新药发现与研究实例简析 2026 , 61 (2) : 665 -670
经典药物化学方法创制的非唑内坦
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0453
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郭宗儒. 经典药物化学方法创制的非唑内坦. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 665 -670 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0453
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 665 -670 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0453
本品为治疗更年期女性血管舒缩综合征(vasomotor syndrome, VMS)研制的首创性药物。VMS是由于更年期常见的血管舒缩失常造成困扰, 长时发生潮热症状, 包括出汗和皮肤血管扩张等症状。目前, 治疗VMS药物多采用传统的雌激素替代疗法, 以致伴随有许多不良反应, 因而创制VMS药物为临床之亟需。2013年FDA批准了抗抑郁药物帕罗西汀(1, paroxetine)作为老药新用上市, 用于治疗中/重度VMS, 为首款非激素类药。
人体中枢神经支配的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG), 组合调节生殖生理功能。在HPG轴上通过由吻素蛋白(kisspeptin)、神经激肽B (NKB)和强啡肽(Dyn)联合调节KNDy神经元控制促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)水平。绝经期雌激素水平下降, 负性反馈使得GnRH等激素及其受体表达显著提高, 这些激素又通过神经激肽3受体(NK3R)将信号传递到下丘脑, 成为发生VMS和潮热的关键因素。因此, 设计阻断NKB/NK3R通路的化合物有望成为治疗VMS全新机制的药物。
用发光蛋白Ca2+生物荧光方法普筛化合物对hNK3R的抑制作用, 发现有4个环的化合物2活性IC50 = 480 nmol·L-1, 为将苗头分子演化成先导物(hit-to-lead), 首先变换A环, 合成的化合物结构、活性和对肝微粒体和血浆稳定性列于表1。
构效关系分析如下: ①去除2-CH3O的化合物3活性显著降低, IC50 = 2 100 nmol·L-1, 甲氧基移至3-或4-位, 化合物10和11活性更低, 提示2-位取代基与B环的邻近, 可能分子采取某种构象有利于同受体结合; ② A环与B环(哌嗪)之间加入亚甲基, 化合物5仍保持活性, 但换成吡啶(6~8)或环己基9失去活性; ③ 2-位甲基、三氟甲基或苯基取代活性都很低, 但2-乙基(15)、2-(3′-氟苯氧基) (20)和2-氨甲酰氧基(21)化合物活性都很高, 原因有待揭示; ④ D环的苯基作4-氯代(例如4)比无取代的(2)活性强高, 也提升了血浆中的稳定性。
固定A环为2-甲氧基苯, B和C环不变, 用取代苯基、环己基和苄基探索构效关系, 化合物结构与活性列于表2。
分析构效关系如下: ① D环为苯环时, 对位疏水性拉电子基团有利于活性, 例如三氟甲基(25)活性强于甲基(27)大约10倍, 三氟甲氧基(26)虽然也拉电子但活性强于极性更强的28和29; ②拉电子的25、26和29的血浆稳定性较高, 但大鼠肝微粒体的稳定性差, 而二氯取代的30提高了对微粒体的稳定性; ③吡啶、环己基和苄基(31~35)的活性都很低。
固定A环为2-甲氧基苯, C环为吡唑和D环为4-氯苯, 变化B环的化合物结构与活性列于表3。
表3构效关系提示: ①哌嗪环上引入羰基(36)活性下降, 提示不宜有sp2杂化碳的存在; ②甲酰基换作磺酰基(37)降低活性; ③哌嗪环2-位引入甲基以S构型为优映体(38), 而且血浆稳定性较好; ④化合物40的二甲基提高了活性和肝微粒体代谢稳定性, 血浆稳定性也不错。
用甲基吡唑消除N-H氢键供体, 化合物41和42活性与4 (表1)相近, 而对肝微粒体和在血浆的稳定性显著提高, 而没有氢键供体的异噁唑44和45活性很弱(表4), 说明甲基的存在有利于活性和稳定性, 推测是位阻和(或)疏水作用所致(Hoveyda R, Roy MD, Blanc S, et al. Discovery of 3-aryl-5-acylpiperazinyl-pyrazoles as antagonists to the NK3 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2011, 21: 1991-1996)。
研制者在进行上述结构演化的同时, 又进行了普筛, 或许吸取了上述构效关系的启示, 设计出另一含有三唑并哌嗪母核的化合物46。细斟46的四环结构, 回顾前述的苗头演化的元件变迁, A和D环相对位置和取代基特征具有相似性, B和C环由羰基相连, 稠合成三唑并哌嗪, 羰基转为A和B环间的连接基。46成为先导化合物。
固定BCD环不变, 在A环作拉/推电子/疏水基团的变换, 合成的化合物活性和物化性质列于表5。
综述表5的构效关系, 苯环3或4位拉电子基团有利于活性, 而推电子的甲氧基不利, 2-位的拉/推电子都不利于活性, 可能邻位效应产生了不利于同受体结合的构象。联苯基化合物无论有无取代基, 活性有所提高, 推测是疏水结合所致, 但因分子的疏水性提高抵消了活性贡献, 使LLE下降, 因而联苯基52~55以及56不可取。而噻吩基57活性提高的幅度显著超越疏水因素, LLE值较高, 成为以后优化的参考。
固定A环为4-氟苯基, C环的三唑稠合于哌嗪环, 变换B和D环的化合物结构与活性等列于表6。
构效关系分析如下: ①前述第3节的优化B和D环已经发现哌嗪环的甲基引入有利于对hNK3受体的抑制活性, 化合物60比46多一个S-甲基, pKi提高了0.8个log单位, LLE和溶解性也都有改善, 这个手性“魔甲基”的效应很显著, 造成活性次序是S-甲基(60)>无甲基(46)>R-甲基(59)。表6中D环吡啶的“魔甲基”也很重要, 63与46的结构区别仅多一个甲基, pKi提高了0.5单位, LLE略有降低是因为甲基增加了分子的疏水性缘故。②吡啶环上取代基的电性变换对活性影响不显著, 66拉电子的2-CF3 (借用Hammet σp = 0.54)与62推电子的2-H (Hammet σt0)的活性几乎相同, pKi值只相差0.1, 提示吡啶环的电荷密度对活性影响不大, 因而可以改换杂环。③化合物67和68的D环为甲基噻唑和苯基噻唑, 活性的确显著提高。
综合前述的构效关系, A和D环对活性的贡献主要是与受体的疏水性结合, 化合物57的高活性A环是2-噻吩基苯基, pKi 6.3, 是该系列中活性最强的, 因而表7化合物固定A环为2-噻吩基苯, B/C环为R-甲基三唑并哌嗪, 变换D环为不同的杂环, 结构和活性列于表7。
分析构效关系如下: ① 70与69的活性几乎相同, 说明2-甲基吡嗪与吡啶的极性变化对活性影响不大, 但因此LLE提高了0.9, 溶解性也有所改善。②甲基噻唑(71)与70活性相同, 哌嗪上甲基的构型对活性影响与前述相同, 71>73>72。③异丙基噻唑75的活性显著高于甲基噻唑71, 尽管疏水性增强, LLE却仍优于71, 只是溶解性差。异丙基噁唑76的活性和LLE皆优, 溶解性也优于75。④甲基噻二唑79的活性强于甲基噁二唑78近10倍, 虽然溶解性低1倍, 但LLE高于78 (Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Roy MO, et al. Discovery and optimization of novel antagonists to the human neurokinin-3 receptor for the treatment of sex-hormone disorders (Part Ⅰ). J Med Chem, 2015, 58: 3060-3082)。
按照优化得到的A/B/D环或环上取代基作不同的组合, 新合成的化合物连同前述的71和79列于表8中, 鉴于都是优势组合, 又评价了化合物对细胞色素P450以及对hERG钾通道的抑制作用, 还计算了每个化合物中sp3杂化碳的在非氢原子中的占比(Fsp3), 作为化合物刚性的量度, 数值越大, 分子柔性较高。
分析构效关系如下: ① 79的D环为3-甲基-1,2,4-噻二唑, 活性比71 2-甲基噻唑高, 而且噻二唑的代谢稳定性高于噻唑, 然而79对hERG钾通道有一定的抑制作用。② 80的A环为4-氟苯基, 虽然活性低于79, 但因疏水性低, LLE高于79。80的柔性优于79, 80还显示对CYP和hERG的弱活性。③ 81是2-甲基-1,3,4-噻二唑, 是80的区域异构体, 虽然疏水性低于80, 但因81活性显著下降, LLE值很低。82是2-甲基-1,3,4-噁二唑, 为80的O/S电子等排体, 活性锐减, 所以1,3,4-噁二唑不可取。④ 83的D环有异丙基取代, 活性与80相同, 但疏水性过强消减了LLE, 对hERG也有一定的作用。⑤其他化合物或因D环上没有“魔甲基”, 或哌嗪环上偕甲基取代, 影响了活性。
表中列出化合物对NK3受体的抑制活性都较高, 所以评价了对影响药物代谢的细胞色素P450和钾通道的抑制活性, 成为取舍化合物的另外参数。
分析D环的结构与hERG活性的构效关系, 提示环上氢键接受体多和分子的疏水性强的化合物具有抑制hERG的趋势, 例如高活性的79和83对hERG的活性IC50分别为8和1.6 μmol·L-1, 有潜在的心脏毒性。
化合物90的2-羟乙基替换2-甲基, 活性和对CYP与hERG的数据都不错, 但被糖蛋白Pgp外排作用显著, 脑内水平低, 未予选取。
此外, 还体外测定对NK1和NK2受体的脱靶作用, 化合物80显示对NK3受体的选择性作用(数据省略) (Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Dutheuil G, et al. Optimization of novel antagonists to the neurokinin-3 receptor for the treatment of sex-hormone disorders (Part Ⅱ). ACS Med Chem Lett, 2015, 6: 736-740)。
基于疗效取决于药效/药代(PD/PK)的综合影响(Trainor GL. The importance of plasma protein binding in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 2007, 2: 51-64), 对高活性和低脱靶作用的化合物测定了Caco-2细胞透过性、大鼠和猴血浆中化合物总浓度(结合+游离态)和游离态浓度及脑中化合物总浓度和游离态浓度、清除率、分布容积、半衰期和生物利用度等, 还根据大鼠和猴灌胃给药测定血浆和脑中促黄体生成素(LH)被抑制的活性(数据省略), 发现化合物80的PD/PK/脱靶作用等显示最佳参数, 确定为候选化合物, 定名非唑内坦(fezolinetant)。
经系统的临床前和临床研究, 表明由Astellas公司研制的非唑内坦是一种口服小分子神经激肽3受体(NK3R)拮抗剂, 用于治疗中度至重度血管舒缩综合征(VMS)或更年期潮热, 为首创的非激素类型的药物(FIC), 于2023年在美国批准上市。

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2026年第61卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0453
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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    中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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