Article(id=1199786455548657785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0433, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1720022400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980981957, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1726070400000, pubDateStr=2024-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980981957, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980981957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980981957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199786450628735631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='9', pageStart='2417', pageEnd='2676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980980784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225057364, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810182063280633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199786450628735631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2665, endPage=2672, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199786455900979339, articleId=1199786455548657785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation of scutellarin solid dispersion based on deep eutectic solvents, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as excipients to prepare solid dispersion (SD) of scutellarin. The SD of scutellarin were prepared by melting method with cumulative dissolution rate as the index of investigation. The preparation conditions of SD of scutellarin were optimized by single factor experiment, which investigated the type of the carrier material, the type of DESs, and the ratio of the drug to the carrier. The optimum preparation conditions of DESs-SD were as follows: using Poloxamer 407 as the carrier material, PEG 200/urea (2∶1) as the DESs system, and the ratio of carrier, DESs, and drug was 6∶1∶1. The drug loading capacity of scutellarin in SD was 12.53% under the optimum preparation conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscope exhibited that scutellarin was amorphous form in the SD system. Furthermore, the stability of the DESs-based SD of scutellarin was evaluated by high temperature, high humidity, and strong light tests, which showed that the cumulative dissolution rate and scutellarin content of SD decreased with time under these conditions. Finally, the result of pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the oral absorption of the scutellarin could be increased using DESs as an excipient in the preparation of SD. The animal experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: FJTCMIACUC 2023048). Consequently, this research offers a novel and effective approach for using DESs to enhance the oral bioavailability of active substances with low water solubility.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yong-jing LIU, Li LOU, Dong-ting HUANG, Li-rong CHEN, Xiao-ying WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199786458253984037, articleId=1199786455548657785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于低共熔溶剂的灯盏花素固体分散体的制备, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DESs) 作为辅料, 进行灯盏花素固体分散体(solid dispersion, SD) 的制备研究。采用熔融法制备灯盏花素SD, 以累积溶出度为指标, 通过单因素试验考察载体材料、DESs种类及载体、DESs、药物的比例等条件, 确定最佳制备工艺是: 泊洛沙姆407为载体材料, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 为DESs体系, 载体、DESs及药物的比例为6∶1∶1。在此条件下, 所制备的灯盏花素SD的载药量为12.53%, 并对灯盏花素SD进行了表征; 其次, 通过高温、高湿、强光试验评价灯盏花素SD的稳定性, SD中灯盏花素的累积溶出度及含量在高温、高湿及强光条件下均随着时间增加而下降, 其中光照对稳定性影响较小; 最后, 对灯盏花素DESs-SD进行大鼠口服药代动力学研究, 动物实验经福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: FJTCMIACUC 2023048)。结果表明, 将DESs作为制备SD的辅料可以增加灯盏花素口服后的血药浓度, 有利于灯盏花素的口服吸收。本研究为在水溶性差的中药活性成分的制剂及增加其口服生物利用度方面提供新的解决方案及研究思路。

, correspAuthors=王晓颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王晓颖, Tel: 13960704809, E-mail:
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A: Under high temperature; B: Under high humidity conditions; C: Under strong light. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \stackrel{-}{x}\pm s $</tex-math></span> , figureFileSmall=mhWA/E1gttCwKEUsE7YA7w==, figureFileBig=1uUksQcreeJJCfDXcthPCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378855312708254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786455548657785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gS835jvS1R8MSnptK53QfA==, figureFileBig=RDRSbkJJQ4p8jJ1AGLMo3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378855451120291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786455548657785, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The concentration-time curves. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M6">$ \stackrel{-}{x}\pm s $</tex-math></span> , figureFileSmall=gS835jvS1R8MSnptK53QfA==, figureFileBig=RDRSbkJJQ4p8jJ1AGLMo3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200378855585338027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786455548657785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SD Particle size/nm PDI
SD-CDES 310.17 ± 2.07 0.18 ± 0.02
SD-WDES 626.8 ± 7.27 0.24 ± 0.03
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Particle size distribution of SD-CDES and SD-WDES. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x}\pm s $

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SD Particle size/nm PDI
SD-CDES 310.17 ± 2.07 0.18 ± 0.02
SD-WDES 626.8 ± 7.27 0.24 ± 0.03
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Time/day High temperature High humidity Strong light
Content/% Weight change/% Content/% Content/%
0 12.54 0.00 12.44 12.36
5 11.23 3.14 10.13 11.03
10 10.42 4.21 9.32 10.22
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The content change of SD-CDES under different conditions

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Time/day High temperature High humidity Strong light
Content/% Weight change/% Content/% Content/%
0 12.54 0.00 12.44 12.36
5 11.23 3.14 10.13 11.03
10 10.42 4.21 9.32 10.22
), ArticleFig(id=1200378856067683011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199786455548657785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameters Unit A B C D
AUC0-24 μg·h·L-1 469.20 ± 16.26 1 044.28 ± 33.88*** 947.12 ± 111.71*** 757.81 ± 19.85**
AUC0-∞ μg·h·L-1 604.42 ± 71.32 1 120.66 ± 167.92* 1 284.38 ± 318.82** 766.79 ± 24.28
MRT0-24 h 7.64 ± 0.25 6.86 ± 0.24 7.61 ± 0.79 9.35 ± 0.85
MRT0-∞ h 14.57 ± 3.90 10.28 ± 2.59 19.48 ± 6.96 12.57 ± 1.20
t1/2 h 10.27 ± 2.39 8.68 ± 3.92 14.57 ± 8.54 3.22 ± 1.03
Tmax h 2.83 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.02
Cmax μg·L-1 83.57 ± 6.08 180.64 ± 9.32*** 190.05 ± 4.63*** 94.70 ± 5.13
Vz/F L·kg-1 1 215.85 ± 152.35 498.83 ± 193.43 793.08 ± 417.91 302.01 ± 90.41
CLz/F L·h-1·kg-1 83.45 ± 9.23 40.60 ± 5.78 40.40 ± 8.90 65.25 ± 2.10
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The main pharmacokinetic parameters. A: Scutellarin; B: SD-CDES; C: SD-WDES; D: Scutellarin dissolved in DESs. n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x}\pm s. $ *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs group A

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Parameters Unit A B C D
AUC0-24 μg·h·L-1 469.20 ± 16.26 1 044.28 ± 33.88*** 947.12 ± 111.71*** 757.81 ± 19.85**
AUC0-∞ μg·h·L-1 604.42 ± 71.32 1 120.66 ± 167.92* 1 284.38 ± 318.82** 766.79 ± 24.28
MRT0-24 h 7.64 ± 0.25 6.86 ± 0.24 7.61 ± 0.79 9.35 ± 0.85
MRT0-∞ h 14.57 ± 3.90 10.28 ± 2.59 19.48 ± 6.96 12.57 ± 1.20
t1/2 h 10.27 ± 2.39 8.68 ± 3.92 14.57 ± 8.54 3.22 ± 1.03
Tmax h 2.83 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ± 0.02
Cmax μg·L-1 83.57 ± 6.08 180.64 ± 9.32*** 190.05 ± 4.63*** 94.70 ± 5.13
Vz/F L·kg-1 1 215.85 ± 152.35 498.83 ± 193.43 793.08 ± 417.91 302.01 ± 90.41
CLz/F L·h-1·kg-1 83.45 ± 9.23 40.60 ± 5.78 40.40 ± 8.90 65.25 ± 2.10
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基于低共熔溶剂的灯盏花素固体分散体的制备
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刘永静 , 楼丽 , 黄冬霆 , 陈丽蓉 , 王晓颖 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(9): 2665-2672
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(9): 2665-2672
基于低共熔溶剂的灯盏花素固体分散体的制备
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刘永静, 楼丽, 黄冬霆, 陈丽蓉, 王晓颖*
作者信息
  • 福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122

通讯作者:

*王晓颖, Tel: 13960704809, E-mail:
Preparation of scutellarin solid dispersion based on deep eutectic solvents
Yong-jing LIU, Li LOU, Dong-ting HUANG, Li-rong CHEN, Xiao-ying WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
出版时间: 2024-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0433
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本研究以低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DESs) 作为辅料, 进行灯盏花素固体分散体(solid dispersion, SD) 的制备研究。采用熔融法制备灯盏花素SD, 以累积溶出度为指标, 通过单因素试验考察载体材料、DESs种类及载体、DESs、药物的比例等条件, 确定最佳制备工艺是: 泊洛沙姆407为载体材料, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 为DESs体系, 载体、DESs及药物的比例为6∶1∶1。在此条件下, 所制备的灯盏花素SD的载药量为12.53%, 并对灯盏花素SD进行了表征; 其次, 通过高温、高湿、强光试验评价灯盏花素SD的稳定性, SD中灯盏花素的累积溶出度及含量在高温、高湿及强光条件下均随着时间增加而下降, 其中光照对稳定性影响较小; 最后, 对灯盏花素DESs-SD进行大鼠口服药代动力学研究, 动物实验经福建中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: FJTCMIACUC 2023048)。结果表明, 将DESs作为制备SD的辅料可以增加灯盏花素口服后的血药浓度, 有利于灯盏花素的口服吸收。本研究为在水溶性差的中药活性成分的制剂及增加其口服生物利用度方面提供新的解决方案及研究思路。

低共熔溶剂  /  灯盏花素  /  固体分散体  /  溶出度  /  药代动力学研究

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as excipients to prepare solid dispersion (SD) of scutellarin. The SD of scutellarin were prepared by melting method with cumulative dissolution rate as the index of investigation. The preparation conditions of SD of scutellarin were optimized by single factor experiment, which investigated the type of the carrier material, the type of DESs, and the ratio of the drug to the carrier. The optimum preparation conditions of DESs-SD were as follows: using Poloxamer 407 as the carrier material, PEG 200/urea (2∶1) as the DESs system, and the ratio of carrier, DESs, and drug was 6∶1∶1. The drug loading capacity of scutellarin in SD was 12.53% under the optimum preparation conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscope exhibited that scutellarin was amorphous form in the SD system. Furthermore, the stability of the DESs-based SD of scutellarin was evaluated by high temperature, high humidity, and strong light tests, which showed that the cumulative dissolution rate and scutellarin content of SD decreased with time under these conditions. Finally, the result of pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the oral absorption of the scutellarin could be increased using DESs as an excipient in the preparation of SD. The animal experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: FJTCMIACUC 2023048). Consequently, this research offers a novel and effective approach for using DESs to enhance the oral bioavailability of active substances with low water solubility.

deep eutectic solvent  /  scutellarin  /  solid dispersion  /  dissolution  /  pharmacokinetic study
刘永静, 楼丽, 黄冬霆, 陈丽蓉, 王晓颖. 基于低共熔溶剂的灯盏花素固体分散体的制备. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2665 -2672 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0433
Yong-jing LIU, Li LOU, Dong-ting HUANG, Li-rong CHEN, Xiao-ying WANG. Preparation of scutellarin solid dispersion based on deep eutectic solvents[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (9) : 2665 -2672 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0433
灯盏细辛为菊科植物短葶飞蓬[Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz.] 的干燥全草, 其气微香, 味微苦, 具有祛风除湿、散寒解表、活络止痛之功效, 用于脑卒中偏瘫、胸痹心痛、风湿痹痛等疾病的治疗[1]。灯盏花素, 又名野黄芩苷, 是灯盏细辛中发挥主要生物活性的黄酮类成分[2]。灯盏花素具有抗氧化、抗炎、舒张血管、抗血小板、抗凝血、保护心肌等多重功效, 灯盏花素的相关制剂如灯盏花素注射剂已广泛应用于临床, 用于治疗脑卒中、心肌梗死和糖尿病并发症[3]。根据生物药剂分类系统, 灯盏花素属于Ⅳ类, 具有较低的渗透性和溶解性[4], 仍存在着口服生物利用度较差的缺点。因此如何增加灯盏花素口服生物利用度, 改善其体内吸收情况引起了研究人员们的重点关注。
低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents, DESs) 最初于2003年由Abbott提出, 是由氢键供体(hydrogen-bond donor, HBD) 和氢键受体(hydrogen-bond acceptor, HBA) 通过氢键作用力而形成的绿色溶剂[5], 通常选择氯胆碱和甜菜碱这两种季铵盐作为HBA, 糖、醇、羧酸、维生素等作为HBD[6, 7]。近几十年来, DESs因具有易于制备、经济、不易燃和可生物降解等优点, 广泛应用于催化、二氧化碳捕获与分离、电化学、材料化学和分析化学等众多领域[8-12]。相关研究表明, DESs作为提取溶剂, 能够增加提取物在实验动物体内的生物利用度, 如Huang等[13]使用由L-脯氨酸及苹果酸组成的DESs提取葛根中的葛根素, 并对葛根水提物及DESs提取物进行大鼠口服药动学研究, 结果表明, DESs提取物中葛根素的生物利用度显著高于水提物。Sut等[14]对小鼠分别灌胃给予3种DESs溶解的小檗碱溶液和小檗碱水溶液后的药代动力学进行研究, 结果显示DESs溶解的小檗碱的口服生物利用度与小檗碱水溶液相比有所增加。课题组前期进行DESs对灯盏花素的溶解度测定, 发现DESs在增加灯盏花素溶解度方面具有明显的优势; 并且课题组前期分别对大鼠灌胃给予灯盏花素的PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 溶液和灯盏花素的水溶液, 结果表明, 以PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 为溶剂时, 在大鼠血浆中检测到的灯盏花素的含量高于以水为溶剂时的含量, 推测DESs有助于灯盏花素在大鼠体内的口服吸收。
固体分散体(solid dispersion, SD) 是指药物以分子、无定型、微晶态等高度分散状态均匀分散在载体中形成的一种分散系统, 因其制备过程简单, 目前成为改善难溶性药物溶出程度和速率应用较为广泛的技术[15-17]。因此, 本研究以水溶性较差的灯盏花素为研究对象, 将DESs作为辅料, 进行灯盏花素SD的制备研究, 以期改善灯盏花素口服生物利用度较低的问题; 并进行灯盏花素SD的药代动力学研究, 分析比较各口服给药组的药动学参数, 进行药动学评价。本研究进行基于DESs的灯盏花素SD的制备研究, 为DESs在制剂方面及增加难溶性成分的口服生物利用度方面的应用提供实验基础。
仪器    XS 105分析天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); LC-2030高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司); AVATAR360傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国尼高力仪器公司); STA449F5自动进样同步热分析仪(德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司); Verios G4超高分辨率场发射扫描电子显微镜(美国伊达克斯有限公司); DY1602 X射线多晶衍射仪(美国培安有限公司); NICOMP 380ZLS纳米粒度及电位分析仪(美国PSS粒度仪公司); RCZ-1B溶出仪(黄海药检仪器有限公司); UPR-II-5TN超纯水机(四川优普超纯科技有限公司); ACQUITY UPLC I-Class超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱仪(美国Waters公司)。
药品与试剂    灯盏花素对照品(批号B21478, 纯度≥ 98%)、汉黄芩苷对照品(批号PS2046, 纯度99%)、PEG 200 (分析纯) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 灯盏花素原料药(批号20220802, 纯度≥ 95%, 湖北巨胜科技有限公司); 甜菜碱(分析纯)、乙二醇(分析纯)、苄基三甲基氯化铵(分析纯) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 乙酰胺(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 泊洛沙姆188 (分析纯)、泊洛沙姆407 (分析纯)、PEG 4000 (纯度≥ 99%)、PEG 6000 (纯度≥ 99%) 购自大连美仑生物科技有限公司; 甲醇(质谱级)、乙腈(质谱级)、甲酸(质谱级)、水(质谱级) 购自美国默克公司。
实验动物    SD大鼠, 2月龄, SPF级, 雄性, 体重200~250 g, 购于杭州医学院[生产许可证: SCXK (浙) 2019-0002]。饲养于福建中医药大学实验动物中心[合格证: SYXK (闽) 2019-0007], 饲养环境温度(24 ± 2) ℃, 环境湿度(55 ± 5)%, 保持室内自然通风, 自由饮食、饮水。实验前置饲养环境中适应7天。本研究已通过福建中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准, 伦理审查编号: FJTCMIACUC 2023048。
熔融法制备SD    将蒸发皿置于水浴锅上80~90 ℃, 加入载体, 待载体熔化后加入制备好的DESs, 再加入灯盏花素原料药, 搅拌至无颗粒均匀的状态。将玻璃板于-20 ℃预冷, 将熔融物均匀倒在玻璃板上, 于-20 ℃固化, 并置于干燥器中干燥, 粉碎, 过80目筛, 备用。按此方法分别制备含DESs的SD (solid dispersion-contained deep eutectic solvents, SD-CDES), 及不含DESs的SD (solid dispersion-without deep eutectic solvents, SD-WDES)。
SD体外溶出度测定方法    按照《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020版) 第四部溶出度测定方法(篮法) 测定溶出度。将适量灯盏花素SD置于900 mL的经脱气的纯水中, 介质温度为(37 ± 0.5) ℃, 转速为100 r·min-1。分别在3、5、10、15、30、45、60、90、120 min时吸取2 mL溶出液滤过, 取续滤液作为供试品溶液, 同时补加等体积同温同质的溶出介质。供试品溶液按“灯盏花素含量测定的色谱条件”进行分析, 测定灯盏花素溶出量, 计算溶出度, 以时间为横坐标, 以累积溶出度为纵坐标, 绘制累积溶出曲线。
$ 累积溶出度 = [C_{i} + (C_{1} + C_{2}+ …. + C_{i-1}) ]V_{1}/V_{2}$
其中, Ci为第i次测定的相对百分溶出度, V1为每次取样后补充的体积数, V2为溶出介质总体积。
灯盏花素含量测定的色谱条件    色谱柱为Syncronis C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液(40∶60)。流速: 1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温: 30 ℃, 检测波长: 335 nm, 进样量: 10 μL。
表征方法
差示扫描量热分析(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)   分别称取适量灯盏花素原料药、载体材料(泊洛沙姆407)、物理混合物(physical mixtures, PM)、SD-CDES及SD-WDES, 置于开放式铝盘中, 采用自动进样同步热分析仪, 以15 K·min-1的速率从30 ℃加热至300 ℃, 在氩气吹扫的条件下测定各样品的热特性。
傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FT-IR)   称取适量的灯盏花素原料药、载体材料(泊洛沙姆407)、PM、SD-CDES与SD-WDES置于研钵中, 加入过量溴化钾研细混匀, 于磨具中压至透明片, 在波数范围为400~4 000 cm-1, 以2 cm-1的分辨率进行32倍扫描。
X-射线衍射分析(X-ray powder diffraction, XRD)   测试条件: Cu靶; 扫描范围: 5°~80°; 扫描速度: 2 °·min-1; 扫描步长: 0.01°, 灯盏花素原料药、载体材料(泊洛沙姆407)、PM、SD-CDES与SD-WDES等样品均按照上述测试条件进行测试。
扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)   取少量样品粘于导电胶上, 喷金后进行样品检测。通过SEM对灯盏花素原料药、载体材料(泊洛沙姆407)、SD-CDES及SD-WDES的表面微观形态进行观察。
粒径分布测试   取一定量最佳制备工艺制备的SD, 加入适量蒸馏水。待完全溶解分散后, 取适量溶液稀释至适宜浓度, 通过ZS 90激光粒度仪对溶液进行粒径分布测试, 比较两种SD在水中的粒径分布状况。重复3次进行平行测定。
稳定性研究
高温试验   取灯盏花素SD适量, 平铺于洁净的塑料表面皿中, 置于温度为(60 ± 2) ℃的恒温恒湿试验箱中放置10天。
高湿试验   取灯盏花素SD适量, 平铺于洁净的塑料表面皿中, 置于温度为(25 ± 2) ℃、相对湿度为(90 ± 5)% 的恒温恒湿试验箱中放置10天。
强光试验   取灯盏花素SD适量, 平铺于洁净的塑料表面皿中, 置于温度为(25 ± 2) ℃、光照强度为(4 500 ± 500) Lx的恒温恒湿试验箱中放置10天。在上述3个条件下, 分别在0、5、10天取出适量样品, 对SD的外观形态变化进行观察, 并测定相应时间的样品含量和累积溶出度, 与0天进行比较。每个条件下重复3次进行平行测定。
药代动力学    健康雄性大鼠24只, 体重为200~250 g, 随机分为4组, 灯盏花素原料药组、SD-CDES组、SD-WDES组及DESs [PEG 200/脲(2∶1)] 溶解的药物组, 每组6只。试验前大鼠禁食不禁水12 h, 称量体重后, 将每种药物混悬于少量的0.5% CMC-Na中, 制成相应的药物混悬液(给药剂量为50 mg·kg-1); 于给药后0.083、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、10、12、24 h内眼眶取血约0.5 mL, 置于肝素化的离心管中, 以3 000 r·min-1的速度离心10 min, 分离血浆, 取上清液冻存于-80 ℃冰箱。精密吸取50 μL的空白血浆, 加入2 mol·L-1的甲酸2 μL进行酸化, 涡旋1 min, 加入20 μL的甲醇, 加入20 μL的内标, 涡旋1 min, 加入200 μL的甲醇, 涡旋3 min, 离心5 min (10 000 r·min-1), 取上清按“LC-MS/MS色谱及质谱条件”进样检测。
LC-MS/MS色谱及质谱条件    色谱柱: ACQUITY UPLC®HSS T3 (1.8 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm); 流动相为0.1% 甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B) 梯度洗脱(0~0.5 min, 80% A; 0.5~4.0 min, 80%~10% A; 4.0~4.5 min, 10% A; 4.5~4.6 min, 10%~80% A; 4.6~5.0 min, 80% A), 流速: 0.25 mL·min-1; 柱温: 45 ℃; 进样量: 2 μL; 洗脱时间为5 min。质谱条件: 电喷雾负离子; 切换多反应监测模式; 毛细管电压2.5 kV; 脱溶剂气流: 氮气800 L·h-1; 脱溶剂温度: 500 ℃; 锥孔气流: 氮气50 L·h-1; 离子源温度: 150 ℃; 二级锥孔萃取电压: 3.00 V; 碰撞气体: 氩气。定量分析离子对: 灯盏花素为m/z 461.10~285.02; 汉黄芩苷为m/z 459.20~283.04; 锥孔电压: 灯盏花素为40 V; 汉黄芩苷30 V; 碰撞能量: 灯盏花素为25 V; 汉黄芩苷30 V。
统计学方法    使用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数, 实验结果采用$ \stackrel{-}{x}\pm s $表示, 统计学分析采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 进行多组间比较, P < 0.05说明具有显著性差异。
按照“熔融法制备SD”项下方法, 分别采用不同的载体材料(泊洛沙姆188、泊洛沙姆407、PEG 4000、PEG 6000) 制备SD, 载体材料、药物及DESs的比例为8∶1∶1, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为DESs体系, 以累积溶出度为指标筛选制备SD的载体材料。由图 1A可知, 在相同的条件下, 采用不同载体材料制备的SD累积溶出度的大小为泊洛沙姆407 > 泊洛沙姆188 > PEG 4000 > PEG 6000。泊洛沙姆407为载体时累积溶出度最高, 故选择泊洛沙姆407为载体材料。
按照“熔融法制备SD”项下方法, 分别采用不同的DESs, 即PEG 200/脲(2∶1), 甜菜碱/乙二醇(2∶1), PEG 200/TMBAC (2∶1) 制备SD, 载体材料、药物及DESs的比例为8∶1∶1, 泊洛沙姆407作为载体材料, 以累积溶出度为指标筛选制备SD的DESs体系。由图 1B可知, DESs的组成成分对溶出度有较大的影响, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 制备时累积溶出度最高, 因此选择该体系进行后续实验。
按照“熔融法制备SD”项下方法, 分别采用不同的载体材料、药物及DESs的比例(8∶1∶1、6∶1∶1、4∶1∶1) 制备SD, 载体材料为泊洛沙姆407, DESs体系为PEG 200/脲(2∶1), 以累积溶出度为指标筛选制备SD的载体、药物及DESs的比例。由图 1C可知, 当载体材料、药物及DESs的比例为6∶1∶1时, SD的累积溶出度最高, 故选择载体材料、灯盏花素及DESs的比例为6∶1∶1。
综上所述, 最终确定灯盏花素SD的最佳制备工艺为泊洛沙姆407作为载体材料, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为DESs体系, 载体材料、药物及DESs的比例为6∶1∶1。
DSC结果如图 2A所示, 原料药灯盏花素在169.4和205.7 ℃处有吸热峰, 在215 ℃处有一个宽峰。载体材料泊洛沙姆407在62.6 ℃处有一个吸热峰。PM中存在原料药的峰, 169.4 ℃处的峰偏移至148.37 ℃, 205.7和215 ℃处的峰偏移至219.33和227.13 ℃, 可能是由于DESs及载体的加入导致熔点的变化, 表明PM只是简单的药物与载体混合而成。而SD-CDES及SD-WDES中, 药物的峰消失, 载体的吸热峰减弱, 表明灯盏花素可能处于无定型状态。
红外结果见图 2B, 原料药灯盏花素在3 520和3 380 cm-1处有较强的-OH伸缩振动峰, 并在1 567、1 616 cm-1处有C=C特征峰。而载体材料泊洛沙姆407在2 887 cm-1处有一较强的特征峰, PM中所示仅为原料药与载体材料的简单叠加, 两者无相互作用。而在SD-CDES及SD-WDES中, 灯盏花素在3 520和3 380 cm-1处的特征峰消失。在SD-CDES及SD-WDES中431~852 cm-1与1 147~1 732 cm-1处呈现与原料药不同的吸收, 并且在SD中载体的特征峰出现了偏移, 在SD-CDES及SD-WDES中分别由2 887 cm-1处偏移至2 878 cm-1处, 表明可能在SD的制备过程中, 药物与DESs及载体等辅料相互作用形成氢键。而氢键可能是形成无定型的驱动力, 可以抑制相转变和重结晶等增加其稳定性。
图 2C可知, 原料药灯盏花素在9.45°、14.25°、15.99°、19.11°、21.24°、25.93°、26.85°、29.14°处有明显的衍射峰, 载体材料泊洛沙姆407在19.11°、23.35°处显示特征性的高强度衍射峰。而PM的曲线显示出原料药和载体的特征峰, 为原料药和载体曲线的简单叠加, 表明在PM中存在结晶的原料药。而在SD-CDES及SD-WDES中, 原料药的衍射峰消失或峰强度降低, 推测灯盏花素大部分以无定型形式存在于SD中, 可能仍有少部分以原料晶体形式存在。
图 3可知, 灯盏花素原料药为片状结晶, 表面粗糙; 而泊洛沙姆407呈现为大小不一的圆球形状, 偶见不规则物质, 表面光滑。SD-CDES及SD-WDES呈现块状结构, 未见原料药与载体材料各自的形态, 表明灯盏花素以无定型状态分散在SD中。
SD-CDES和SD-WDES在水中的粒径分布状况如表 1所示, 在粒径分布方面, SD-CDES组的粒径小于SD-WDES组, 可能是由于SD-CDES中加入亲水性DESs, 增加了SD的润湿性, 使药物得以在水中以分子或微粒的形式分散, 从而减小粒径。在聚合物分散指数方面, SD-CDES组的PDI也小于SD-WDES组, 表明加入DESs后, 其粒径分布也比较均一。
图 4可知, 将灯盏花素制备成SD后, 其溶出度明显高于PM组及原料药组, 表明SD可以增加难溶性灯盏花素的溶出; 而在两种SD的溶出曲线中, SD-CDES组的药物溶出度要高于SD-WDES组, 可能是由于SD-CDES组中原料药的粒径较小, 导致它们与溶出介质的接触面积增大, 从而增加了原料药的分散性, 使灯盏花素的溶出度得到提高; 并且亲水性DESs的加入也能够一定程度上增加其润湿性, 使累积溶出度增加, 说明以DESs作为辅料时, 可以增加SD中原料药的体外溶出。
对3个批次的SD-CDES中灯盏花素的含量进行测定, 3个批次SD-CDES的平均载药量为12.53%, RSD为0.70%, 说明该制备工艺比较稳定, 重现性良好。
高温试验结果见图 5A表 2, 结果表明SD-CDES在高温条件下放置10天后, 相对于0天的样品来说, 累积溶出度随着时间变化而逐渐下降, 灯盏花素的溶出度由93.66% 减小为88.56%; 在含量变化方面, 在放置10天后, SD-CDES中灯盏花素的含量减少2.12%, 且放置10天后, SD-CDES出现结块现象, 由此可知, 所制备的灯盏花素SD虽符合高温项下的稳定性要求, 但在储存时仍应尽量避免高温, 防止其受热分解。
高湿实验结果见图 5B表 2, 结果表明SD-CDES在高湿条件下放置10天后, 相对于0天的样品来说, 累积溶出度略有下降, 但变化不明显; 随着时间增加, SD-CDES样品均出现颜色逐渐加深, 并且较为严重的结块现象。在重量增加程度方面, SD-CDES在高湿条件下放置10天后, 重量增加了4.21%。放置10天后, SD-CDES中灯盏花素的含量减少3.12%。SD-CDES在高湿条件下均较不稳定, 容易受到湿度条件的较大影响, 在保存时仍应保持干燥。
强光试验结果见图 5C表 2, 结果表明SD-CDES在强光条件下放置10天后, 相对于0天的样品来说, 累积溶出度略有下降, 但不明显; 在含量变化方面, 在放置10天后, SD-CDES中灯盏花素的含量减少2.14%。且放置10天后, 没有出现结块现象, 表明光照对SD-CDES的稳定性影响不大。
大鼠分别灌胃给予灯盏花素原料药、SD-CDES、SD-WDES、PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 溶解的灯盏花素原料药后, 平均血药浓度-时间曲线如图 6所示, 原料药组达峰时间为2.83 h, 在4 h左右出现次高峰; SD-CDES组达峰时间为3 h; SD-WDES组达峰时间为2 h, DESs [PEG 200/脲(2∶1)]溶解的原料药组达峰时间为3 h, 在6 h左右出现次高峰; 12 h后各给药组血药浓度较为平缓。4组药物均出现双峰现象可能是由于药物存在肝肠循环, 药物在胃肠道吸收后, 一部分在胆囊蓄积, 再次进入肠道被重吸收, 也可能是由于药物在胃肠道的不同部位有吸收, 吸收速度不一致。采用DAS 2.0软件对数据进行处理, 各组制剂的平均药代动力学非房室模型参数结果见表 3。由结果可知, 首先, 与原料药组相比, DESs溶解的药物组的AUC0-24显著增加, 而Cmax略有增加, 表明PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为溶剂溶解药物后可以增加药物在体内的吸收; 其次, 与原料药组相比, SD-CDES及SD-WDES组的AUC0-24分别为原料药组的2.23倍和2.02倍, Cmax分别为原料药组的2.16倍和2.27倍, AUC0-24Cmax均与原料药组存在显著性差异, 表明制备成SD后可增加灯盏花素的生物利用度; 最后, SD-CDES组的AUC0-24为SD-WDES组的1.10倍, 表明将PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为制备SD的辅料可以增加其口服给药时的血药浓度, 有利于药物的口服吸收。
本研究首次进行了基于DESs的灯盏花素SD的制备研究。采用熔融法制备SD, 以体外溶出率为指标, 通过考察不同种类的载体材料、不同体系的DESs、载体材料、药物及DESs的不同比例进行制备工艺优化。得到最佳制备工艺为泊洛沙姆407作为载体材料, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 为DESs体系, 载体材料、药物及DESs的比例为6∶1∶1。通过DSC、FT-IR、XRD、SEM进行表征, 推测灯盏花素大部分以无定型的形式存在于SD中。在最佳条件下, SD-CDES的累积溶出度为95.75%, SD-WDES的累积溶出度为71.74%, 表明DESs的加入能够一定程度上增加SD的累积溶出度。粒径分布与聚合物分散指数结果表明, 加入DESs可以减小SD的粒径, 增加粒径分布均匀性。稳定性试验结果表明, SD-CDES的累积溶出度及含量在高温、高湿及强光条件下均随着时间增加而下降。最后, 基于DESs的灯盏花素SD在大鼠体内的口服药代动力学研究结果表明, PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为溶剂溶解灯盏花素后可增加其在大鼠体内的口服吸收; 且制备成SD后可增加灯盏花素在大鼠体内的口服生物利用度, 更为重要的是SD-CDES组的AUC0-24为SD-WDES组的1.10倍, 说明将PEG 200/脲(2∶1) 作为制备SD的辅料可以增加灯盏花素的口服吸收。
综上所述, 本研究将DESs作为SD的辅料, 制备了基于DESs的灯盏花素SD, 并进行了灯盏花素SD在大鼠中的药代动力学研究, 为拓展DESs成为提高难溶性活性成分的口服吸收的方法提供理论依据, 也为其在递药系统中的应用提供实验基础与支持。
作者贡献: 刘永静是负责本文的思路, 本文的主要撰写者和修改者; 楼丽是实验操作者和文章撰写者; 黄冬霆是文章的参与者和图片修改者; 陈丽蓉是实验的参与者; 王晓颖指导并修改论文。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(81903928)
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2024年第59卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0433
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-07-04
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(81903928)
作者信息
    福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122

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*王晓颖, Tel: 13960704809, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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