Article(id=1200383182555172946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0383, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=1715788800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764123252762, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1723392000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764123252762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764123252762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764123252762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200383177295515678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='2183', pageEnd='2416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764123251508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225076631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2237, endPage=2244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200383183431782498, articleId=1200383182555172946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research on the regulation of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells line LX2 by recombinant cytoglobin, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intracellular overexpression of cytoglobin (Cygb) has been shown to reduce extracellular matrix deposition and promote liver fibrosis recovery, but its mechanism is not yet clear. This study constructed and expressed a fusion protein (TAT-Cygb) of cell penetrating peptide TAT and Cygb, to investigate the effect of fusion protein TAT-Cygb on regulating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) ferroptosis. Cultured human hepatic stellate cells line (LX2) were treated with TAT-Cygb and erastin in vitro, respectively. The effects of ferroptosis phenotype in LX2 cells induced by TAT-Cygb, including cell viability, cell morphology, iron ion (Fe2+) content, lipid peroxidation product levels, and antioxidant system indicators, were investigated using trypan blue staining, transmission electron microscopy, Prussian blue staining, and reagent kits detection. After co-treatment with TAT-Cygb and ferrostain-1, the levels of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione (GSH) were measured by reagent kits. The protein expression levels of alpha smooth actin (α-SMA), collagen I and fibronectin were detected by Western blot, and the protein expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and desmin relevant to fibrosis were observed by immunofluorescence. The results showed that TAT-Cygb could significantly reduce the viability of LX2 cells and trigger events relevant to ferroptosis, including promoting intracellular Fe2+ accumulation, and inducing mitochondrial morphological changes, and intensifying lipid peroxidation products accumulation, and decreasing the level of antioxidant indexes, which played a similar role as erastin; Fer-1 significantly weakened the increase in Fe2+, ROS, MDA, 4-HNE levels induced by TAT-Cygb, as well as the decrease in NADPH and GSH levels, while also weakening the TAT-Cygb-induced over-expression levels of α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin, and TAT-Cygb-induced under-expression levels of EGFR and desmin. This cellular level study indicated that TAT-Cygb can induce ferroptosis of activated HSCs. This study revealed the potential mechanism of TAT-Cygb anti-liver fibrosis, and provided the experimental basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of TAT-Cygb realizing biological function by regulating the ferroptosis pathway.

, correspAuthors=Yong DIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xun-wei DUAN, Gui-qing XIAO, Huai-yu CHEN, Yong ZHANG, Wen-lin WU, Yi GAO, Yong DIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200383184778154143, articleId=1200383182555172946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=重组胞红蛋白调控肝星状细胞LX2铁死亡作用的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胞红蛋白(cytoglobin, Cygb) 过表达已被证实能减少细胞外基质沉积促进肝纤维化恢复, 但其机制尚未明确。本研究构建表达细胞穿膜肽TAT与Cygb的融合蛋白(TAT-Cygb), 探究其调控活化型肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs) 铁死亡作用。体外培养肝星状细胞系LX2, 分别给予不同浓度的TAT-Cygb及铁死亡诱导剂(erastin) 处理, 台盼蓝染色、透射电镜、普鲁士蓝染色、试剂盒检测等考察TAT-Cygb对铁死亡表型包括细胞活力、细胞形态特征、铁离子含量、脂质过氧化产物水平及抗氧化系统指标的影响; 同时采用铁死亡抑制剂(ferrostain-1, Fer-1) 进行反向验证, 给予TAT-Cygb和Fer-1共同处理, 试剂盒法测定Fe2+、活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE)、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 的水平, 蛋白印迹法检测HSCs活化指标α平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth actin, α-SMA)、I型胶原蛋白(collagen I)、纤连蛋白(fibronectin) 的表达水平, 免疫荧光观察促纤维化关键指标表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)、肌间线蛋白(desmin) 的表达情况。结果显示, TAT-Cygb能显著降低LX2细胞活力, 并触发了细胞铁死亡相关事件, 包括促进胞内Fe2+堆积并诱导线粒体形态改变, 加剧脂质过氧化产物堆积, 降低抗氧化指标水平, 与erastin发挥相似的作用; 而Fer-1显著削弱了TAT-Cygb诱导的Fe2+、ROS、MDA、4-HNE水平的升高以及NADPH和GSH水平的降低, 同时还减轻了TAT-Cygb诱导高表达的α-SMA、collagen I和fibronectin水平, 下调了TAT-Cygb对EGFR、desmin的表达抑制作用。这一细胞水平研究表明, TAT-Cygb能诱发活化型HSCs铁死亡事件。本研究揭示了TAT-Cygb抗肝纤维化潜在的作用机制, 为深入研究TAT-Cygb通过调控铁死亡途径发挥其生物学功能的分子机制提供实验依据。

, correspAuthors=刁勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刁勇, Tel: 86-595-22919533, E-mail:
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TAT-Cygb: A fusion protein of cell penetrating peptide TAT and cytoglobin; M: Molecular weight marker; Ø: Non-induced bacteria culture (negative control); 16 and 37 ℃: Incubation temperature during induction with IPTG; NPE: The soluble supernatant fraction; DPE: The supernatant of denatured protein; No.2: T7E strain; No.10: Rosetta strain; T: Target proteins , figureFileSmall=/AmJ7uA24QLFWVYc/qOcRg==, figureFileBig=BNIswPuVZFnHlSpocJwURQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200747444637127553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383182555172946, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iI9A6ZQEe7dlkfeD3akHzA==, figureFileBig=EcSa6JMWXOxXyg/Q2nPyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200747444725207939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383182555172946, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of TAT-Cygb on ferroptosis markers in LX2 cells. A: LX2 cells viability analyzed by trypan blue staining; B: Iron accumulation analyzed by Prussian staining (scale bars: 50 μm); C: Mitochondrial morphology observed by electron microscopy (×0.5 k: 20 μm, ×8 k: 1 μm); D-I: The contents of Fe<sup>2+</sup> (D), ROS (E), MDA (F), 4-HNE (G), NADPH (H), GSH (I) in LX2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; GSH: Glutathione , figureFileSmall=iI9A6ZQEe7dlkfeD3akHzA==, figureFileBig=EcSa6JMWXOxXyg/Q2nPyhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200747444821676933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383182555172946, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5lVfLbG3fRr1PW5jhyKHrA==, figureFileBig=Q+MG5+MLeKBdWGCT6S528g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200747444901368712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383182555172946, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Fer-1 inhibits TAT-Cygb-triggered cellular changes. A-F: The contents of Fe<sup>2+</sup> (A), ROS (B), MDA (C), 4-HNE (D), NADPH (E), GSH (F) in LX2 cells; G-J: Changes in protein expression levels of <i>α</i>-SMA, collagen Ⅰ and fibronectin after Fer-1 treatment; K and L: Immunofluorescence results of EGFR and desmin (scale bars: 100 μm). <i>n</i> = 3, $\overline{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> TAT-Cygb group. <i>α</i>-SMA: Alpha smooth actin; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor , figureFileSmall=5lVfLbG3fRr1PW5jhyKHrA==, figureFileBig=Q+MG5+MLeKBdWGCT6S528g==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, 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重组胞红蛋白调控肝星状细胞LX2铁死亡作用的研究
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段训威 1, 4 , 肖桂清 3 , 陈怀宇 1, 4 , 张勇 5 , 吴文林 1, 4 , 高壹 6 , 刁勇 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(8): 2237-2244
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(8): 2237-2244
重组胞红蛋白调控肝星状细胞LX2铁死亡作用的研究
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段训威1, 4, 肖桂清3, 陈怀宇1, 4, 张勇5, 吴文林1, 4, 高壹6, 刁勇2, *
作者信息
  • 1.泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院, 福建 泉州 362000
  • 2.华侨大学医学院, 福建 泉州 362021
  • 3.黎明职业大学轻工学院, 福建 泉州 362000
  • 4.福建省海洋藻类活性物质制备与功能开发重点实验室, 福建 泉州 362000
  • 5.昌吉市人民医院, 新疆 昌吉 831100
  • 6.华侨大学附属厦门长庚医院, 福建 厦门 361000

通讯作者:

*刁勇, Tel: 86-595-22919533, E-mail:
Research on the regulation of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells line LX2 by recombinant cytoglobin
Xun-wei DUAN1, 4, Gui-qing XIAO3, Huai-yu CHEN1, 4, Yong ZHANG5, Wen-lin WU1, 4, Yi GAO6, Yong DIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
  • 2. School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
  • 3. College of Light Industry, Liming Vocational University, Quanzhou 362000, China
  • 4. Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou 362000, China
  • 5. Changji People's Hospital, Changji 831100, China
  • 6. Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital Hua Qiao University, Xiamen 361000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0383
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胞红蛋白(cytoglobin, Cygb) 过表达已被证实能减少细胞外基质沉积促进肝纤维化恢复, 但其机制尚未明确。本研究构建表达细胞穿膜肽TAT与Cygb的融合蛋白(TAT-Cygb), 探究其调控活化型肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs) 铁死亡作用。体外培养肝星状细胞系LX2, 分别给予不同浓度的TAT-Cygb及铁死亡诱导剂(erastin) 处理, 台盼蓝染色、透射电镜、普鲁士蓝染色、试剂盒检测等考察TAT-Cygb对铁死亡表型包括细胞活力、细胞形态特征、铁离子含量、脂质过氧化产物水平及抗氧化系统指标的影响; 同时采用铁死亡抑制剂(ferrostain-1, Fer-1) 进行反向验证, 给予TAT-Cygb和Fer-1共同处理, 试剂盒法测定Fe2+、活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE)、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 的水平, 蛋白印迹法检测HSCs活化指标α平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth actin, α-SMA)、I型胶原蛋白(collagen I)、纤连蛋白(fibronectin) 的表达水平, 免疫荧光观察促纤维化关键指标表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)、肌间线蛋白(desmin) 的表达情况。结果显示, TAT-Cygb能显著降低LX2细胞活力, 并触发了细胞铁死亡相关事件, 包括促进胞内Fe2+堆积并诱导线粒体形态改变, 加剧脂质过氧化产物堆积, 降低抗氧化指标水平, 与erastin发挥相似的作用; 而Fer-1显著削弱了TAT-Cygb诱导的Fe2+、ROS、MDA、4-HNE水平的升高以及NADPH和GSH水平的降低, 同时还减轻了TAT-Cygb诱导高表达的α-SMA、collagen I和fibronectin水平, 下调了TAT-Cygb对EGFR、desmin的表达抑制作用。这一细胞水平研究表明, TAT-Cygb能诱发活化型HSCs铁死亡事件。本研究揭示了TAT-Cygb抗肝纤维化潜在的作用机制, 为深入研究TAT-Cygb通过调控铁死亡途径发挥其生物学功能的分子机制提供实验依据。

胞红蛋白  /  细胞穿膜肽  /  铁死亡  /  肝纤维化  /  肝星状细胞

Intracellular overexpression of cytoglobin (Cygb) has been shown to reduce extracellular matrix deposition and promote liver fibrosis recovery, but its mechanism is not yet clear. This study constructed and expressed a fusion protein (TAT-Cygb) of cell penetrating peptide TAT and Cygb, to investigate the effect of fusion protein TAT-Cygb on regulating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) ferroptosis. Cultured human hepatic stellate cells line (LX2) were treated with TAT-Cygb and erastin in vitro, respectively. The effects of ferroptosis phenotype in LX2 cells induced by TAT-Cygb, including cell viability, cell morphology, iron ion (Fe2+) content, lipid peroxidation product levels, and antioxidant system indicators, were investigated using trypan blue staining, transmission electron microscopy, Prussian blue staining, and reagent kits detection. After co-treatment with TAT-Cygb and ferrostain-1, the levels of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione (GSH) were measured by reagent kits. The protein expression levels of alpha smooth actin (α-SMA), collagen I and fibronectin were detected by Western blot, and the protein expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and desmin relevant to fibrosis were observed by immunofluorescence. The results showed that TAT-Cygb could significantly reduce the viability of LX2 cells and trigger events relevant to ferroptosis, including promoting intracellular Fe2+ accumulation, and inducing mitochondrial morphological changes, and intensifying lipid peroxidation products accumulation, and decreasing the level of antioxidant indexes, which played a similar role as erastin; Fer-1 significantly weakened the increase in Fe2+, ROS, MDA, 4-HNE levels induced by TAT-Cygb, as well as the decrease in NADPH and GSH levels, while also weakening the TAT-Cygb-induced over-expression levels of α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin, and TAT-Cygb-induced under-expression levels of EGFR and desmin. This cellular level study indicated that TAT-Cygb can induce ferroptosis of activated HSCs. This study revealed the potential mechanism of TAT-Cygb anti-liver fibrosis, and provided the experimental basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of TAT-Cygb realizing biological function by regulating the ferroptosis pathway.

cytoglobin  /  cell penetrating peptide  /  ferroptosis  /  hepatic fibrosis  /  hepatic stellate cell
段训威, 肖桂清, 陈怀宇, 张勇, 吴文林, 高壹, 刁勇. 重组胞红蛋白调控肝星状细胞LX2铁死亡作用的研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2237 -2244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0383
Xun-wei DUAN, Gui-qing XIAO, Huai-yu CHEN, Yong ZHANG, Wen-lin WU, Yi GAO, Yong DIAO. Research on the regulation of ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells line LX2 by recombinant cytoglobin[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2237 -2244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0383
肝纤维化是多种慢性肝病发展为肝硬化甚至肝癌的关键病理过程, 药物、毒物及酒精损伤、自身免疫性缺陷及病毒性肝炎等都可能导致纤维化发生[1]。当前, 肝纤维化的发生呈显著上升趋势, 更糟糕的是, 肝纤维化及早期肝硬化无明显临床症状, 极易被忽视而具有较高误漏诊率, 且肝脏穿刺的诊断方式有创伤性且价格昂贵[2]。因此, 深入研究肝纤维化病理机制、干预靶标, 并以此研发安全有效的防治药物具有重要临床意义。肝纤维化的主要病理特征表现为肝脏内弥漫性细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 过度沉积, 汇管区大量纤维结缔组织异常增生, 破坏肝脏正常结构及生理功能[3]。据报道, 肝形状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs) 激活及转化为肌成纤维样细胞(myofibroblastic-like cells, MFLCs) 是肝纤维化发生和发展的核心环节, 活化型HSCs是ECM分泌的主要起源, 并与周围肝细胞、肝窦内皮细胞等相互作用, 刺激分泌炎性细胞因子、趋化因子等加剧肝纤维化程度[4, 5]。研究已明确HSCs主要由氧化应激、细菌脂多糖及促纤维化细胞因子等旁分泌激活后再转化为MFLCs, 之后不断增殖并通过自分泌促纤维化因子去激活静息状态的HSCs, 最终导致ECM稳态失衡, 大量堆积于肝脏[6]。因此, 诱导活化型HSCs失活或清除是抑制纤维化发生的重要策略。
铁死亡(ferroptosis) 是依赖细胞内铁聚集或过载, 引起细胞内脂质活性氧(lipid reactive oxygen species, L-ROS) 的生成与代谢失衡所致的一种氧化性细胞死亡形式[7]。基础与临床研究均证实, 铁死亡可通过调节细胞内脂质过氧化程度及铁离子水平等影响肝脏疾病的发展进程[8-10]。伴随肝纤维化发生机制逐渐被阐明, 研究已证实肝纤维化并非不可逆, 抑制纤维化过程中胶原沉积、炎症状况、应激状态等过程均是改善肝纤维化的主要手段[11]。因此, 研究铁死亡与HSCs活化过程的交叉通路, 并以此特异性调节活化型HSCs铁死亡或抑制HSCs活化可能成为治疗肝纤维化的新策略[12]
胞红蛋白(cytoglobin, Cygb) 又名星状细胞激活蛋白(stellate cell activating protein, STAP)[13], 是一种珠蛋白, 被研究发现在HSCs中过表达可使其免受氧化应激的作用, 并抑制其转化成MFLCs, 且Cygb的过表达可减少由于肝损伤导致的以胶原为主的细胞外基质沉积, 并促进纤维化的恢复[14]。此外, 研究已证实, Cygb在癌细胞中能调控p53介导的细胞铁死亡, 不可忽视的是在HSCs活化过程中也激活了Cygb的表达, 而cygb基因上游存在HIF-1α结合位点能受到低氧胁迫诱导而表达[15], 那么Cygb是否通过参与细胞铁死亡调控实现生物学功能仍需进一步明确。
综上所述, 本课题组前期对Cygb在抗炎症及抗肝纤维化等生物学功能开展了部分研究[16, 17], 但是对其是否通过调控铁死亡通路发挥上述生物学功能及机制方面揭示尚不充分。由于外源性Cygb限制了其功能的发挥[18], 为此, 本研究构建了细胞穿膜肽TAT与Cygb的融合蛋白TAT-Cygb, 并初步探究TAT-Cygb胞内是否具有调控HSCs铁死亡作用, 从而为阐明其通过调控铁死亡通路发挥抗肝纤维化作用分子机制提供实验依据。
材料与试剂  台盼蓝(T8070-5g, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 普鲁士蓝染色试剂盒、cell counting kit-8 (货号为S0178、BA00208, Bioss公司); Fe2+、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 检测试剂盒(货号为A039-2-1、A003-1、A115-1-1、A006-1-1, 南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司); human 4-HNE ELISA kit (MM-51443H2, 武汉酶免生物科技有限公司); 活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、结晶紫(货号为S0033S、P0010、C0121, 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司); erastin (E872563, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); Fer-1 (R022075, 上海易恩化学技术有限公司); 蛋白marker (26619-1, Fermentas公司); PVDF膜(IPVH00010, Millipore公司); ECL底物液(NCI5079, Thermo公司); 胎牛血清、胰酶(货号为10099-141C、25200072, Gibco公司); DMEM (PM150210, Procell公司); DAPI (D9542, Sigma公司); α平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth actin, α-SMA)、collagen I、fibronectin抗体(货号为bs-10196R、bs-0666R、b5-0578R, 北京博奥森生物技术有限公司); 表达载体pET22b-SUMO为本实验室保存; 其他化学试剂均为国产分析纯。
主要仪器设备  超净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); 显微镜(日本奥林巴斯); 电泳仪电源、垂直电泳槽、电转仪(北京六一仪器厂); 水平摇床(江苏海门其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司), pH计(瑞士梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); 电子天平(北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); 磁力搅拌器(江苏省金坛市中大仪器厂); 酶标仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); 凝胶成像系统(美国伯乐生命医学产品有限公司); 全功能微孔板检测仪(美国珀金埃尔默仪器有限公司); 细胞计数仪(上海赛尔迈生命科技有限公司)。
表达载体pET22b-SUMO-TAT-Cygb的构建  通过化学合成的方法合成获得编码穿膜肽TAT (YGRKKRRQRRR)、linker (GGGGS)、Cygb的核苷酸序列(TAT-Cygb) 并经测序验证。通过引物设计软件Premer 5.0设计目的基因(TAT-Cygb) 的扩增引物扩增目的基因序列, 经目的片段回收、酶切后插入至pET22b-SUMO(+)载体的BamH I和Xho I位点之间, 转化入E. coli DH5α后经菌落PCR、酶切等方法筛选出符合要求的阳性克隆, 提取重组质粒送江苏赛索飞生物科技有限公司测序, 将测序正确的重组质粒命名为pET22b-SUMO-TAT-Cygb。
TAT-Cygb融合蛋白的诱导表达  将pET22b-SUMO-TAT-Cygb表达载体分别转化至T7E和Rosetta表达菌中过夜培养。次日, 挑取单克隆菌落至5 mL LB液体培养基中, 于37 ℃、200 r·min-1恒温摇床中培养16 h, 再以1∶100接种到含相应抗性的新的LB液体培养基中, 待OD600 nm=0.6~0.8时, 加入终浓度为1 mmol·L-1 IPTG进行诱导, 分别在16或37 ℃、200 r·min-1摇床培养4 h使其表达蛋白, 活化成功后进行16 ℃条件培养过夜, 次日, 再接37 ℃条件菌液培养。10 000 r·min-1离心收集表达菌液, 加入PBS超声裂解, 离心后上清液标记为“NPE”, 沉淀用PBS (含8 mol·L-1尿素) 混匀标记为“DPE”, 采用SDS-PAGE检测表达情况。
TAT-Cygb融合蛋白的纯化  将纯化填料加入重力柱中, 待保存液20%乙醇滴完, 加入10倍柱体积超纯水, 将乙醇冲洗干净, 最后加入10倍柱体积PBS pH 7.5平衡重力柱; 堵住重力柱下端, 用待纯化样品将填料悬匀后, 与样品混合, 放入结合摇床置于4 ℃冰箱中, 结合时间不小于30 min; 将结合好的样品从结合摇床取下, 于4 ℃冰箱静置10 min, 再将样品与填料的混合物加到空柱, 并收集流穿样品(FT) 并取40 μL小样以备SDS-PAGE检测; 使用10倍柱体积的PBS pH 7.5冲洗, 收集样品(W1) 并取40 μL小样以备SDS-PAGE检测; 不同浓度梯度的咪唑溶液淋洗后, 再用高浓度咪唑(含PBS) 溶液每一个柱体积洗1管, 总共洗9管, 每管取40 μL小样以备SDS-PAGE检测; 根据SDS-PAGE结果收集目标蛋白。
细胞培养  人肝星状细胞LX2实验室保藏(传至8~10代), LX2培养于含10%胎牛血清、100 u·mL-1青霉素及100 mg·mL-1链霉素的DMEM培养基中维持活化状态, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养[19], 实验所用的细胞均处于对数生长期。
细胞计数实验  细胞经处理到指定时间后, 消化、离心、收集细胞于离心管中, 参照台盼蓝染色试剂盒说明书制备细胞悬液并稀释调整每毫升细胞数至1×106个, 将细胞悬液与0.4%台盼蓝溶液以9∶1混合, 吹匀, 在3 min内用自动细胞计数仪分别统计活细胞和死细胞数。
Perls铁染色检测胞内铁沉积情况  提前在24孔板中铺设无菌盖玻片, 取对数生长期的LX2细胞接种于24孔板中培养。细胞经处理到指定时间后, 弃去培养基, 参照Perls染色试剂盒说明书制备样品, 用甲醇固定5 min或4%多聚甲醛固定15 min。然后, 用配制好的Perls染色液滴满涂片, 37 ℃孵育30 min, PBS冲洗2 min。用Perls复染液滴染于涂片, 复染1 min, 水洗、晾干、镜检。
透射电镜检测LX2细胞线粒体形态变化  细胞经处理到指定时间后, 去掉培养基并加入2.5%常温戊二醛固定液室温孵育2 h, 然后加入1%四氧化锇溶液室温孵育1 h, 刮下细胞后离心2 min, 进行丙酮脱水、环氧丙烷渗透和树脂包埋、切片, 采用枸橼酸铅和醋酸铀进行双染色后, 在透射电镜下观察细胞线粒体形态并拍照。
胞内Fe2+、ROS、MDA、GSH、NADPH及4-HNE水平检测  细胞经处理到指定时间后, 收集细胞, 按照相应的检测试剂盒说明书进行裂解、制作检测样品, 酶标仪检测不同波长的吸光度值。
蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot) 分析  细胞经处理到指定时间后, 收集细胞并加入RIPA裂解液(含蛋白酶抑制剂) 提取细胞总蛋白, 用BCA试剂盒测定蛋白质浓度。10% SDS-PAGE分离总蛋白后, 采用湿法转移至PVDF膜, 5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭30 min。洗涤后加入1% BSA/PBST稀释一抗(1∶1 000), 4 ℃下孵育过夜, 第二天充分洗涤后将PVDF膜放入用含5%脱脂奶粉PBST稀释辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗(1∶5 000) 中, 室温摇床孵育1 h。充分洗涤后, 用ECL显影液显影, 在凝胶成像系统上拍照, 并使用Image J软件分析蛋白的相对表达量。
免疫荧光(IF) 分析  细胞经处理到指定时间后, 吸去原培养液, 用培养基重悬细胞, 取20 μL细胞悬液加入20 μL台盼蓝进行计数, 每孔4×104个细胞加到铺有玻片的24孔板中, 5% CO2、37 ℃过夜培养。在培养板中用PBS浸洗3次, 每次3 min; 用4%多聚甲醛固定玻片30 min, PBS浸洗玻片3次, 每次3 min; 0.5% Triton X-100 (PBS配制) 室温通透20 min; PBS浸洗玻片3次, 每次3 min, 吸水纸吸干PBS, 在玻片上滴加正常山羊血清, 室温封闭30 min; 孵育一抗4 ℃过夜, TBS漂洗; 孵育Alex Flour 488标记的羊抗兔IgG (H+L), 室温60 min, 漂洗; 孵育兔源IgG, 室温60 min, 漂洗; 加入羊抗兔IgG (H+L)的Fab片段, 室温30 min, 漂洗; 孵育抗MUC2蛋白抗体, 室温120 min, 漂洗; 加荧光二抗: 滴加稀释好的荧光二抗, Alex Flour 647标记的羊抗兔IgG (H+L), 室温孵育60 min, TBS浸洗切片3次, 每次3 min; 复染核: 滴加DAPI避光孵育5 min, 对标本进行染核, 用PBST洗去多余的DAPI; 吸水纸吸干玻片上的液体, 用抗荧光淬灭剂封片后, 在荧光显微镜下观察采集图像。
统计学分析  本研究的数据整理与统计分析用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件, 数据用均值±标准差() 表示, 组间比较用单因素方差分析。P < 0.05具有统计学意义。
将构建的重组质粒pET22b-SUMO-TAT-Cygb转化至表达菌株, 在16或37 ℃条件下经IPTG诱导培养4 h后, 收集诱导和未诱导组样本进行SDS-PAGE分析。结果如图 1A所示, 与未诱导组相比, 诱导组T7E和Rosetta表达菌株在37 ℃条件下诱导表达后的“DPE”中有明显的蛋白条带(32 kDa左右), 且Rosetta表达菌株的表达效率更高。经Western blot鉴定(图 1B) 显示在32 kDa左右(含SUMO、TAT、linker和Cygb) 处出现一条特异性蛋白条带, 与目的蛋白分子量大小一致, 说明在常规诱导条件下(37 ℃, 1 mmol·L-1 IPTG, 诱导4 h), 即可成功表达TAT-Cygb重组蛋白, 绝大部分重组蛋白存在于沉淀中, 且表达量较高。
通过台盼蓝染色考察了不同质量浓度的TAT-Cygb (20、40、60 μg·mL-1) 对LX2细胞活力的影响, 结果如图 2A所示, TAT-Cygb和erastin明显降低了HSC-LX2细胞活力, TAT-Cygb呈现浓度依赖性, 40和60 μg·mL-1 TAT-Cygb处理效果与erastin (10 μmol·L-1) 的处理效果类似。接下来探讨TAT-Cygb是否诱发铁死亡事件。通过Perls染色考察了TAT-Cygb对LX2细胞内铁堆积的影响, 结果如图 2B所示, 随着TAT-Cygb浓度升高, Perls染色的点状或片状蓝染区域明显增多, 40和60 μg·mL-1 TAT-Cygb组与erastin组呈现的效果类似。
此后, 通过透射电镜观察TAT-Cygb (40 μg·mL-1, 下同) 对LX2细胞及线粒体形态的影响, 结果如图 2C所示, TAT-Cygb和erastin处理组的LX2细胞均呈现明显的铁死亡细胞形态学变化, 线粒体发生明显变小、皱缩、线粒体嵴消失及线粒体膜密度增加。继续检测TAT-Cygb对Fe2+浓度影响, 结果如图 2D所示, 与对照组相比, TAT-Cygb和erastin处理组的LX2细胞中Fe2+浓度显著性上升(P < 0.001)。此外, 对各处理组的ROS、MDA、4-HNE、NADPH、GSH水平进行检测, 结果如图 2E~I所示, 与对照组相比, TAT-Cygb组ROS (P < 0.01)、MDA (P < 0.001) 和4-HNE (P < 0.001) 水平显著升高, NADPH (P < 0.001) 和GSH (P < 0.01) 水平显著降低, 与erastin处理组的效果类似。综上结果表明, 一定浓度的TAT-Cygb可以体外诱导肝星状细胞LX2发生铁死亡事件。
为了进一步验证TAT-Cygb (40 μg·mL-1, 下同) 发挥作用确实与其诱导肝星状细胞LX2铁死亡相关, 采用铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1 (1 μmol·L-1) 阻断细胞铁死亡进行反向验证。将LX2细胞处理分为对照组、TAT-Cygb、Fer-1和TAT-Cygb+Fer-1处理组, 然后检测铁死亡以及HSCs活化相关指标。首先考察了各处理组的Fe2+、ROS、MDA、4-HNE、NADPH、GSH胞内水平, 结果如图 3A~F所示, 与对照组相比, TAT-Cygb组的Fe2+ (P < 0.001)、ROS (P < 0.001)、MDA (P < 0.001) 和4-HNE (P < 0.001) 水平显著提高; 与TAT-Cygb组相比, TAT-Cygb+Fer-1组的ROS (P < 0.01)、MDA (P < 0.001) 和4-HNE (P < 0.001) 水平显著下降, NADPH (P < 0.001) 和GSH (P < 0.01) 水平显著回升, 并趋近于对照组; 对照组和Fer-1组结果无显著差异。结果表明, Fer-1可以明显减轻TAT-Cygb诱导的铁超载, NADPH、GSH表达缺失及ROS、MDA、4-HNE堆积的作用, 阻断了TAT-Cygb促进HSCs发生铁死亡的作用。
此外, 还考察了TAT-Cygb对HSCs相关活化指标的影响, 通过Western blot检测HSCs活化指标(α-SMA、collagen I和fibronectin) 的表达情况。结果如图 3G~J所示, 与对照组相比, TAT-Cygb组α-SMA (P < 0.001)、collagen I (P < 0.001) 和fibronectin (P < 0.01) 表达水平显著下调, 与TAT-Cygb组相比, TAT-Cygb+Fer-1组的α-SMA (P < 0.01)、collagen I (P < 0.01) 和fibronectin (P < 0.05) 表达水平显著回升, 结果表明, TAT-Cygb能显著下调HSCs活化指标, 而Fer-1明显削弱了TAT-Cygb对这些活化指标表达的抑制作用。免疫荧光实验观察表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)、肌间线蛋白(desmin) 表达情况。结果如图 3KL所示, TAT-Cygb组的EGFR和desmin表达水平显著下调, Fer-1显著减轻了TAT-Cygb对促纤维化关键指标表达的抑制作用。综上所述, 体外阻断铁死亡可以减轻TAT-Cygb诱导的抑制HSCs活化的作用。
铁死亡作为一种新型细胞死亡方式, 可以通过铁死亡诱导剂或抑制剂直接或间接调节铁代谢、脂质代谢过程以及抗氧化系统指标影响铁死亡进程, 最新发现硒、氨基酸、谷氨酰胺代谢及转录调控等均可影响铁死亡进程[20, 21]。当前报道指出铁死亡与癌症、退行性疾病、创伤性脑损伤以及肾脏病变等各种病理过程密切相关, 细胞铁死亡在肝细胞癌、血红蛋白沉着症、药物肝毒性损伤、肝纤维化等肝脏病理进程中发挥着重要作用[22, 23]。因此, 调控细胞铁死亡已被视为预防及治疗相关疾病的可行方案。
近年来, 随着肝纤维化发生机制逐渐被阐明, 证实抑制HSCs活化、活化HSCs的清除与灭活已成为肝纤维化治疗的潜在策略, 调控HSCs铁死亡参与其活化、清除与灭活已成为有效途径[24]。本研究的Cygb作为HSCs活化相关蛋白, 已被证实具有过氧化物酶活性和清除氧自由基的功能, 通过调控cygb基因的表达可实现抑制肝纤维化[25]。然而, 外源Cygb难以通过细胞膜实现生物学功能, 这成为Cygb作为改善肝纤维化药物开发的阻碍, 本研究采用了HIV-1的86个氨基酸的反式激活因子中最短的转导有效序列中11个氨基酸组成的TAT47~57 (YGRKKRRQRRR), 被称作TAT蛋白转导功能域, 可提高蛋白主动进入细胞效率[26], 并成功构建表达了TAT-Cygb重组蛋白。
本研究通过体外实验鉴定TAT-Cygb是否诱发活化型HSCs铁死亡事件。首先, 评估TAT-Cygb对活化型HSCs铁死亡相关指标的影响, 台盼蓝染色、普鲁士蓝染色、电镜观察等实验结果揭示TAT-Cygb处理的LX2呈现明显的细胞活力下降、线粒体皱缩及Fe2+堆积等现象。试剂盒检测结果显示, TAT-Cygb剂量依赖性地调控脂质过氧化产物及抗氧化等铁死亡通路关键指标的表达。为了明确TAT-Cygb通过介导LX2铁死亡发挥作用, 研究采用Fer-1体外阻断铁死亡后考察TAT-Cygb对HSCs活化指标的影响。实验结果显示Fer-1可以明显减轻TAT-Cygb诱导的铁死亡及HSCs活化抑制作用。由此可见, TAT-Cygb可以体外诱发活化型HSCs铁死亡, 而阻断铁死亡后则阻碍了其发挥抑制HSCs活化的作用。
综上所述, 研究表明TAT-Cygb确实与诱导活化型HSCs铁死亡有关, 依赖于铁死亡通路的调控, 这一结果与Cygb通过铁死亡通路发挥抗肿瘤作用的研究结果类似[27]。研究也证实了通过调控HSCs铁死亡发挥抗肝纤维化作用是切实可行的, 这也与现有研究结果不谋而合[28, 29]。虽然TAT-Cygb确实能够诱发HSCs产生铁死亡的表型, 但其通过何种信号通路及分子机制影响铁死亡进程尚需进一步探讨。
有研究结果显示, Cygb能直接结合p53, 阻断其泛素化和随后的降解, 延长了p53半衰期[30], 在结直肠癌细胞中Cygb上调p53表达水平, 从而导致SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11) 表达下调, 抑制system XC-转运氨基酸的功能并诱发铁死亡[27]。此外, 有研究表明, 在丙型肝炎病毒感染引起的人肝纤维化进程加剧过程中, Cygb阳性的细胞逐渐减少[31], 当突变Cygb末端组氨酸(His81) 后, 对胶原合成及自由基诱导的HSCs活化的抑制效果减弱, 表明Cygb是调控纤维化的一个重要靶点[32]。还有研究显示, 在HSCs被激活时Cygb表达也被激活, 而cygb基因上游存在HIF-1α结合位点, 能受到低氧胁迫诱导而表达[33], 同时Cygb过表达后线粒体功能受损, 且Cygb具有与线粒体膜结合的特性[34], 但是Cygb是否通过影响线粒体来实现铁死亡的调控, 目前尚不得而知。本研究充分利用了TAT-Cygb融合蛋白潜在的治疗能力和独特的穿膜性质, 下一步研究将重点探索TAT-Cygb在调控HSCs铁死亡信号通路及分子机制, 为日益增长和加速发生的肝纤维化、肝癌等临床应用提供有价值的基础研究。
作者贡献: 段训威和刁勇构思和设计了本研究; 段训威、肖桂清、陈怀宇、吴文林、张勇和高壹完成了实验、数据收集与分析等工作; 段训威撰写了本论文; 刁勇、吴文林对论文进行了修改。所有作者对文章都有贡献。
利益冲突: 作者之间无利益冲突。
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2023J01899)
  • 厦门市科技局联合基金资助项目(3502Z20227371)
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2024年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0383
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19
  • 修回日期:2024-05-16
基金
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2023J01899)
厦门市科技局联合基金资助项目(3502Z20227371)
作者信息
    1.泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院, 福建 泉州 362000
    2.华侨大学医学院, 福建 泉州 362021
    3.黎明职业大学轻工学院, 福建 泉州 362000
    4.福建省海洋藻类活性物质制备与功能开发重点实验室, 福建 泉州 362000
    5.昌吉市人民医院, 新疆 昌吉 831100
    6.华侨大学附属厦门长庚医院, 福建 厦门 361000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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