Article(id=1199783266380247752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0338, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1719072000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980221600, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1728662400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980221600, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980221600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980221600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783256183898355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='2677', pageEnd='2896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980219168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225034160, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810084742844918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783256183898355, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2871, endPage=2879, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783266724180698, articleId=1199783266380247752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Vulnerability of medicinal plant Lamiophlomis rotata under future climate changes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lamiophlomis rotata is an important medicinal plant species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, which is prone to strong climate change impacts on its habitable range due to the high sensitivity of the Tibetan Plateau to climate change. Accurate quantification of species vulnerability to climate change is essential for assessing species extinction risk and developing effective conservation strategies. Therefore, we carried out the α-shape analysis to determine the habitat of L. rotata. We then carried out the climate-niche factor analysis (CNFA) to assess the vulnerability of L. rotata to climate change based on five climate variables (i.e., mean diurnal range, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month and precipitation of warmest quarter) in the context of two shared socioeconomic pathways (i.e., SSP126 and SSP585) and three global climate models (CMCC-ESM2: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici-Earth System Model version 2; HadGEM3-GC31-LL: Hadley Global Environment Model version 3-Global Coupled configuration 3.1; IPSL-CM6A-LR: Institut Pierre Simon Laplace-Climate Model version 6) during two different periods (2041-2060 and 2081-2100). The vulnerability of L. rotata to climate change was calculated by integrating the sensitivity and exposure indices of L. rotata to five climate variables. The results showed that L. rotata had the highest vulnerability to the precipitation of warmest quarter. Its vulnerability within its habitat range generally showed a spatial pattern of high value in the southern region and low in the northern region, high in the western region and low in the eastern region. In general, the vulnerability of L. rotata under the SSP585 scenario was higher than that under the SSP126 scenario. The climate data of different global climate models have some influence on the results, while the resulted uncertainty can be reduced by data integration methods. As a result of climate change, the pressure on the survival of L. rotata in the future will be intensified in the low-altitude areas such as the Yarlung Zangbo River, Yigongzangbu River, Zayu River, and Jiaomuzu River, etc., while the highly weathered scree flats or stony alpine meadows in the high-altitude zones, such as the eastern Tanggula Mountain Range, the northern part of Hengduan Mountain Range, and the western part of the Qinling Mountains, may become its refuge. It is necessary to focus on and strengthen the protection and management of L. rotata resources in these vulnerble and critical areas.

, correspAuthors=Kai SUN, Xiu-lian CHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-chao WANG, Zheng-wei XIE, Qi-ao MA, Tie-lin WANG, Guang YANG, Xiao-ting XU, Kai SUN, Xiu-lian CHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783269249151841, articleId=1199783266380247752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=未来气候变化下药用植物独一味的脆弱性, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

独一味是青藏高原特有的重要药用植物, 因青藏高原对气候变化的高度敏感性, 易引起独一味适生范围受气候变化强烈的影响。准确量化物种对气候变化的脆弱性对于评估物种灭绝风险和制定有效的保护策略至关重要。因此, 本研究基于α-shape方法确定的独一味栖息地和基于2种“社会共享经济途径(shared socioeconomic pathways, SSPs)”发展前景(SSP126和SSP585) 及3种大气环流模型(CMCC-ESM2、HadGEM3-GC31-LL、IPSL-CM6A-LR) 评估得到的2个不同时期(2041~2060、2081~2100年) 的未来气候变化数据, 采用气候生态位因子分析法, 通过综合独一味对平均日温差、温度季节性、最暖季平均温、最干月降水量和最暖季降水量5个气候变量的敏感性和暴露性指标, 分析了独一味对气候变化的脆弱性。结果发现, 独一味在最暖季降水量上的脆弱性最高, 在其栖息地范围内的脆弱性总体表现为南高北低、西高东低的空间格局, 且其脆弱性在SSP585情景下高于SSP126情景。不同大气环流模型的气候数据对结果存在一定影响, 可通过数据集成方法降低其不确定性。受气候变化影响, 未来独一味在低海拔区域如雅鲁藏布江、易贡藏布、察隅河、脚木足河等河滩地的生存压力加剧, 而高海拔地带如唐古拉山脉东部、横断山脉北部和秦岭西部地区中高度风化的碎石滩或石质高山草甸可能成为其避难所, 需要重点关注和加强对这些脆弱区和关键区独一味资源的保护和管理。

, correspAuthors=孙楷, 池秀莲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*池秀莲,E-mail: ;
孙楷,E-mail:
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A1: 2050-SSP126; A2: 2050-SSP585; B1: 2090-SSP126; B2: 2090-SSP585. Bio10: Mean temperature of warmest quarter; Bio14: Precipitation of driest month; Bio18: Precipitation of warmest quarter; Bio2: Mean diurnal range; Bio4: Temperature seasonality. CMCC-ESM2: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici-Earth System Model version 2; HadGEM3-GC31-LL: Hadley Global Environment Model version 3-Global Coupled configuration 3.1; IPSL-CM6A-LR: Institut Pierre Simon Laplace-Climate Model version 6 , figureFileSmall=SN0p3+cAIgRGOmdG/oVM8Q==, figureFileBig=mUs4hnAQRmMxt8HjTQTPfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939667132592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LHxlt44YRwEjEh22lzQw9w==, figureFileBig=tmrUKU9FIijguWVW5nPEpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939813933239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Spatial sensitivity gradations of <i>L. rotata</i>. The order of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ represents a gradual increase in sensitivity , figureFileSmall=LHxlt44YRwEjEh22lzQw9w==, figureFileBig=tmrUKU9FIijguWVW5nPEpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142939948150978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=frRS+Ddyyc7ej9NS1zJv4A==, figureFileBig=WXVUVV/VHBPAU7groLFLKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940090757316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Spatial exposure gradations of <i>L. rotata</i> under different SSPs scenarios at different periods. A-D, E-H and I-L are the spatial exposure under the HadGEM3-GC31-LL, CMCC-ESM2 and IPSL-CM6A-LR models, respectively. The order of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ represents a gradual increase in exposure , figureFileSmall=frRS+Ddyyc7ej9NS1zJv4A==, figureFileBig=WXVUVV/VHBPAU7groLFLKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940216586442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hVpcHYsT6ntIh3lGJSQK+w==, figureFileBig=5I/UU6snpQY24K5UbrEUoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940342415570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Spatial vulnerability gradations of <i>L. rotata</i> under different SSPs scenarios at different periods. A-D, E-H and I-L are the spatial vulnerability under the HadGEM3-GC31-LL, CMCC-ESM2 and IPSL-CM6A-LR models, respectively. The order of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ represents a gradual increase in vulnerability , figureFileSmall=hVpcHYsT6ntIh3lGJSQK+w==, figureFileBig=5I/UU6snpQY24K5UbrEUoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940514382042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=B7ZwgipIat9CJU58hTlSbg==, figureFileBig=mvGhBc466Qc2yJ7QB5rgJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940665376993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Spatial vulnerability gradations of <i>L. rotata</i> under different SSPs scenarios at different periods. A-D are the spatial vulnerability calculated by using the mean climate data of three different GCMs, and E-H are the mean spatial vulnerability calculated directly by averaging three spatial vulnerability under three different GCMs, respectively. The order of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ represents a gradual increase in vulnerability , figureFileSmall=B7ZwgipIat9CJU58hTlSbg==, figureFileBig=mvGhBc466Qc2yJ7QB5rgJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200142940782817510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicator HadGEM3-GC31-LL CMCC-ESM2 IPSL-CM6A-LR
2050s 2090s 2050s 2090s 2050s 2090s
126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585
Sensitixity 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73
Exposure 0.52 0.73 0.56 1.43 0.43 0.51 0.61 1.02 0.48 0.71 0.54 1.75
Vulnerability 1.95 1.97 1.96 2.05 1.95 1.96 1.97 2.04 1.95 1.98 1.96 2.10
), ArticleFig(id=1200142940988338414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783266380247752, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Total indicator of sensitivity, exposure, and vulnerability of Lamiophlomis rotata to climate change under different GCMs and different SSPs scenarios at different periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicator HadGEM3-GC31-LL CMCC-ESM2 IPSL-CM6A-LR
2050s 2090s 2050s 2090s 2050s 2090s
126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585 126 585
Sensitixity 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73 3.73
Exposure 0.52 0.73 0.56 1.43 0.43 0.51 0.61 1.02 0.48 0.71 0.54 1.75
Vulnerability 1.95 1.97 1.96 2.05 1.95 1.96 1.97 2.04 1.95 1.98 1.96 2.10
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未来气候变化下药用植物独一味的脆弱性
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王宏超 1 , 谢正薇 2 , 马启奥 1 , 王铁霖 1 , 杨光 1 , 徐晓婷 2 , 孙楷 1, * , 池秀莲 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(10): 2871-2879
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(10): 2871-2879
未来气候变化下药用植物独一味的脆弱性
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王宏超1, 谢正薇2, 马启奥1, 王铁霖1, 杨光1, 徐晓婷2, 孙楷1, * , 池秀莲1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国中医科学院, 中药资源中心, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100700
  • 2.四川大学生命科学学院, 生物资源与生态环境教育部重点实验室, 四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

*池秀莲,E-mail: ;
孙楷,E-mail:
Vulnerability of medicinal plant Lamiophlomis rotata under future climate changes
Hong-chao WANG1, Zheng-wei XIE2, Qi-ao MA1, Tie-lin WANG1, Guang YANG1, Xiao-ting XU2, Kai SUN1, * , Xiu-lian CHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2024-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0338
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独一味是青藏高原特有的重要药用植物, 因青藏高原对气候变化的高度敏感性, 易引起独一味适生范围受气候变化强烈的影响。准确量化物种对气候变化的脆弱性对于评估物种灭绝风险和制定有效的保护策略至关重要。因此, 本研究基于α-shape方法确定的独一味栖息地和基于2种“社会共享经济途径(shared socioeconomic pathways, SSPs)”发展前景(SSP126和SSP585) 及3种大气环流模型(CMCC-ESM2、HadGEM3-GC31-LL、IPSL-CM6A-LR) 评估得到的2个不同时期(2041~2060、2081~2100年) 的未来气候变化数据, 采用气候生态位因子分析法, 通过综合独一味对平均日温差、温度季节性、最暖季平均温、最干月降水量和最暖季降水量5个气候变量的敏感性和暴露性指标, 分析了独一味对气候变化的脆弱性。结果发现, 独一味在最暖季降水量上的脆弱性最高, 在其栖息地范围内的脆弱性总体表现为南高北低、西高东低的空间格局, 且其脆弱性在SSP585情景下高于SSP126情景。不同大气环流模型的气候数据对结果存在一定影响, 可通过数据集成方法降低其不确定性。受气候变化影响, 未来独一味在低海拔区域如雅鲁藏布江、易贡藏布、察隅河、脚木足河等河滩地的生存压力加剧, 而高海拔地带如唐古拉山脉东部、横断山脉北部和秦岭西部地区中高度风化的碎石滩或石质高山草甸可能成为其避难所, 需要重点关注和加强对这些脆弱区和关键区独一味资源的保护和管理。

独一味  /  脆弱性  /  α-shape  /  气候生态位因子分析法  /  大气环流模型

Lamiophlomis rotata is an important medicinal plant species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, which is prone to strong climate change impacts on its habitable range due to the high sensitivity of the Tibetan Plateau to climate change. Accurate quantification of species vulnerability to climate change is essential for assessing species extinction risk and developing effective conservation strategies. Therefore, we carried out the α-shape analysis to determine the habitat of L. rotata. We then carried out the climate-niche factor analysis (CNFA) to assess the vulnerability of L. rotata to climate change based on five climate variables (i.e., mean diurnal range, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month and precipitation of warmest quarter) in the context of two shared socioeconomic pathways (i.e., SSP126 and SSP585) and three global climate models (CMCC-ESM2: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici-Earth System Model version 2; HadGEM3-GC31-LL: Hadley Global Environment Model version 3-Global Coupled configuration 3.1; IPSL-CM6A-LR: Institut Pierre Simon Laplace-Climate Model version 6) during two different periods (2041-2060 and 2081-2100). The vulnerability of L. rotata to climate change was calculated by integrating the sensitivity and exposure indices of L. rotata to five climate variables. The results showed that L. rotata had the highest vulnerability to the precipitation of warmest quarter. Its vulnerability within its habitat range generally showed a spatial pattern of high value in the southern region and low in the northern region, high in the western region and low in the eastern region. In general, the vulnerability of L. rotata under the SSP585 scenario was higher than that under the SSP126 scenario. The climate data of different global climate models have some influence on the results, while the resulted uncertainty can be reduced by data integration methods. As a result of climate change, the pressure on the survival of L. rotata in the future will be intensified in the low-altitude areas such as the Yarlung Zangbo River, Yigongzangbu River, Zayu River, and Jiaomuzu River, etc., while the highly weathered scree flats or stony alpine meadows in the high-altitude zones, such as the eastern Tanggula Mountain Range, the northern part of Hengduan Mountain Range, and the western part of the Qinling Mountains, may become its refuge. It is necessary to focus on and strengthen the protection and management of L. rotata resources in these vulnerble and critical areas.

Lamiophlomis rotata  /  vulnerability  /  α-shape  /  climate-niche factor analysis  /  global climate model
王宏超, 谢正薇, 马启奥, 王铁霖, 杨光, 徐晓婷, 孙楷, 池秀莲. 未来气候变化下药用植物独一味的脆弱性. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2871 -2879 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0338
Hong-chao WANG, Zheng-wei XIE, Qi-ao MA, Tie-lin WANG, Guang YANG, Xiao-ting XU, Kai SUN, Xiu-lian CHI. Vulnerability of medicinal plant Lamiophlomis rotata under future climate changes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (10) : 2871 -2879 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0338
气候变化对生物多样性的影响一直备受关注[1], 预计未来它将超过栖息地丧失, 成为全球生物多样性的主要威胁[2]。众多研究揭示了物种因气候变化趋向高海拔、高纬度迁移[3, 4], 但其气候生态位短期内通常是保守的, 适应性进化滞后于气候变化速度, 故气候变化可能加剧物种因生境丧失而濒临灭绝的风险。高山药用植物不仅受到人为采挖的巨大威胁, 同时由于通常受到低温的限制, 加上高山的界限影响, 对气候变暖尤为敏感, 气候的不断变暖将使得高山植物面临“无处可移”的境地, 最终面临更高的灭绝风险[5]。因此, 厘清未来气候变化对高山药用植物的影响, 对于评估高山药用植物面临的灭绝风险和制定有效的保护和可持续利用策略具有重要的科学指导意义。
独一味[Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo] 为唇形科独一味属多年生草本植物, 主要分布在西藏地区, 青海、甘肃、四川西部和云南西北部也有零星分布, 分布海拔在2 700~5 100 m之间, 是青藏高原及其周边高海拔草地的特有植物, 具有重要的药用价值和经济价值[6, 7]。独一味的全株或者根及根茎可入药, 具有止血镇痛、活血化瘀、抗菌消炎、抗肿瘤和增强机体免疫等功效, 为藏、蒙、纳西等民族民间常用的高原野生药材之一[8, 9]。最早以干燥全草的形式被收载于中国药典(2005年版)。以独一味开发的各种制剂也广销国内市场, 其中独一味片、独一味软胶囊均被收载于2010、2020年版中国药典, 是国家基本药物目录和医保目录品种[10], 其他相关制剂研究也在持续进行, 其潜在市场需求巨大。目前, 独一味药用市场供应主要以野生资源为主, 采挖后需要4~5年的时间才能恢复其药用价值。过度和不当的采伐已使得独一味野生种群严重退化、生境遭到严重破坏[11], 而在青藏高原地区, 一旦生态环境被破坏, 很难得到恢复[12], 加之独一味现有栽培技术不能满足需求, 该药材的可持续开发利用面临严峻的挑战[6]。由于采挖地下部分严重破坏生态环境, 近年来已禁止采挖地下部分, 且从中国药典(2010年版) 开始规定仅干燥地上部分做药用。尽管人为影响有所控制, 但由于独一味分布于受气候变化影响显著的青藏高原区域[13], 加之特殊的高山环境需求, 使得气候变化不可避免成为引起其濒危的重要因素[14]。因此, 为促进独一味野生资源的保护和依赖于独一味野生资源相关中医药产业的可持续发展, 有必要厘清气候变化对独一味栖息地的影响。
气候变化脆弱性评估(climate change vulnerability assessments, CCVAs) 是当前被广泛应用于判定物种受全球气候变化影响程度的分析方法[15]。过去几十年间, 学者们开发了许多CCVAs方法来评估物种对气候变化的脆弱性[1]。这些方法主要通过量化物种对气候变化的敏感性、暴露性和适应性的不同方面进行评估物种对气候变化的脆弱性[16, 17]。其中, 物种的敏感性是指在其栖息地的当前气候条件下, 能够承受环境变量变化的程度; 暴露性则指物种在其栖息地内所经历的气候变化速度和幅度; 适应性是指物种通过高水平的表型可塑性、扩散能力或遗传多样性等方法适应气候变化的能力大小[16-19]。2019年, Rinnan和Lawler共同提出的气候生态位因子分析法(climate-niche factor analysis, CNFA) 是当前常用且被广泛应用于评估物种对气候变化脆弱性的方法[20-22]。该方法是基于生态位保守性的前提, 通过分析物种对气候变化的敏感性和暴露性两个方面来综合评估物种对气候变化的脆弱性, 已为木兰属[23]、绿绒蒿属[24]等物种对气候变化的脆弱性研究和保护规划提供了技术支撑。因此, 本研究将运用CNFA方法分析探讨独一味这一高山药用植物对气候变化的脆弱性, 具体解决以下问题: ①识别对独一味脆弱性影响严重的变量; ②结合CNFA框架可视化分析独一味栖息地脆弱性格局; ③探究不同大气环流模型(global climate models, GCMs) 的影响和解决办法; ④寻找独一味的未来避难所, 为独一味资源的保护和管理提供建议。
地理分布数据获取  本研究共收集到独一味野生地理分布点87个, 主要来源于文献记载[6, 25-29]和中国数字植物标本(http://www.cvh.org.cn/cms/)。为降低聚集效应引起的误差, 利用ENMTools.pl软件进行了分布点过滤, 使得每个网格(1 km, 与环境图层分辨率对应) 只保留一个分布点, 最后筛选出83个分布点。本研究以这些分布点向东、西、南、北分别外延2°作为研究范围, 即研究范围设定为26°~37°N, 88°~106°E。
环境数据获取  本研究所使用的当前和未来气候数据均从WorldClim网站(http://www.worldclim.org/) 获取。网站上的当前数据是基于WorldClim version 2.1版统计的1970~2000年期间的平均气候状况[30], 未来气候为2041~2060年期间(2050s) 和2081~2100年期间(2090s) 的平均气候状况。当代气候和未来气候均下载了分辨率为30s的19个气候变量(Bio1~Bio19), 并统一根据研究范围进行数据子集裁剪以用于后续分析。综合考虑模型性能的可靠性[31]和数据的可获取性, 本研究选择了哈德利中心全球气候环境模型(Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3-Global Coupled configuration 3.1, HadGEM3-GC31-LL)、欧洲-地中海气候变化中心-地球系统模型(Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici-Earth System Model version 2, CMCC-ESM2) 和皮埃尔·西蒙·拉普拉斯研究所-气候模型(Institut Pierre Simon Laplace-Climate Model version 6, IPSL-CM6A-LR) 3种大气环流模型(GCMs) 生成的未来气候数据。同时, 不同GCMs下均选用了2种“社会共享经济途径(shared socioeconomic pathways, SSPs)”发展前景, 即SSP126和SSP585情景。SSP126代表了一种可持续发展模式, 目标低碳化与RCP2.6相似, 力求限制全球升温约2 ℃。相反, SSP585描绘的是高碳依赖情景、温室气体排放增长、气温升高约5 ℃的严峻未来情景。
气候变量的选择  为了避免环境变量间的强相关性导致的模型过拟合问题, 研究采用四步筛选关键环境变量: ①运用R软件中的ecospat包[32], 随机生成1 500个无分布点, 与83个实际分布点组合形成完整的0-1分布数据, 建立分布数据与19个气候变量的Logistic回归模型, 计算各模型调整后的D2值评估各变量的重要性; ②借助biomod2[33]和kuenm包[34]在参数优化的Maxent模型中评估各变量的贡献率; ③计算19个变量间的Pearson相关系数r; ④结合文献对独一味特殊生态环境要求的描述, 选择生态意义重大的变量[9]。本研究共筛选出对Logistic回归模型和Maxent模型贡献都较大、生态意义突出且|r| < 0.75的5个气候变量, 即平均日温差(Bio2)、温度季节性(Bio4)、最暖季平均温(Bio10)、最干月降水量(Bio14) 和最暖季降水量(Bio18) 用于开展后续分析。
栖息地的估计  本研究应用α-shape法进行独一味栖息地范围的计算, 通过使用R软件中alphahull包[35]里的ashape函数实现。ashape函数中的alpha参数决定着栖息地多边形的复杂度, 研究采取常用的alpha水平(即6度) 来估计栖息地范围[23, 36, 37]。另外, 结合独一味实际调查所得的海拔分布记录(2 700~5 100 m), 同时考虑到实际调查可能无法完全覆盖栖息地范围, 本研究将独一味分布海拔下限延伸200 m, 进一步将α-shape法所得区域中海拔大于2 500 m的范围作为独一味真实栖息地。
脆弱性分析  本研究采用CNFA法开展独一味对未来气候变化的脆弱性分析, 通过R软件中的CENFA包[38]来实现。研究主要分别通过cnfa函数、departure函数、vulnerability函数计算得到独一味的敏感性、暴露性和脆弱性, 并分别通过sensitivity_map函数、exposure_ map函数、vulnerability_map函数绘制独一味敏感性、暴露性和脆弱性的空间分布格局。敏感性、暴露性以及脆弱性的具体计算原理详见王文婷等[24]的研究。
另外, 考虑到不同GCMs气候数据的不确定性可能通过影响暴露性差异进而引起脆弱性评估偏差[18, 23], 本研究进一步整合了现有研究报道的2种数据集成思想。一种是将不同GCMs下的气候数据求平均将其作为新的未来气候数据进行脆弱性分析得到相应的脆弱性结果[18], 本研究将其称之为“未来气候数据平均集成法”; 一种是将不同GCMs气候数据分别进行脆弱性分析, 然后将所得的脆弱性结果求平均值作为最终的脆弱性结果[23], 本研究将其称之为“脆弱性平均集成法”。由于在最严重和最轻微情景下的指标数值相差较大, 为了方便各情景下的比较, 本研究在绘制空间分布图时将3类指标均进行了标准化处理, 使得数值范围在0到1之间。依据每个情景指标数值(0~1), 按其极值、平均值及平均值的0.5、1.5倍数设定4种颜色阈值, 依次为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级, 等级越高, 值越大, 物种受威胁程度越严重。
CNFA结果显示, 独一味对最暖季降水量最为敏感, 敏感性指标达到34.01, 其次是最暖季平均温和最干月降水量; 独一味对温度季节性和平均日温差的敏感性相对较低(图 1)。独一味对5个气候变量的敏感性只与当前气候相关, 不受GCMs影响, 但对各气候变量的暴露性和脆弱性大小在不同GCMs、不同时期、不同SSPs情景下略有差异(图 1)。另外, 即使对于同一气候变量, 不同GCMs间在不同时期、不同情景下独一味对其的暴露性和脆弱性未表现出一致的大小顺序(图 1)。但在不同GCMs下, 独一味对所有气候变量的暴露性和脆弱性的总体指标均表现为随时间的推移或者SSPs程度的增加而增加(表 1)。
可视化的敏感性图显示独一味在其栖息地西南部边缘较敏感(图 2)。可视化的暴露性图则显示独一味栖息地范围内暴露性的空间格局在不同时期、不同GCMs和不同SSPs情景下则存在较大差异(图 3A~L)。总体来说, HadGEM3-GC31-LL模型下物种的高暴露性区域主要分布在栖息地的东北和西南对角线上的南端、中部和北端, 低暴露性区域主要分布在栖息地的东南部(图 3A~D); CMCC-ESM2模型下物种的高暴露性区域主要分布在栖息地的中部和东北部, 低暴露性区域主要分布在栖息地南部边缘(图 3E~H); IPSL-CM6A-LR模型下物种的高暴露性区域主要分布在西南部和东北部, 低暴露性区域主要分布在西部边缘(图 3I~L)。
综合敏感性和暴露性的结果, CNFA框架得出了物种栖息地范围内的脆弱性(图 4A~L)。可视化的脆弱性图显示独一味栖息地在不同GCMs下有着不同的高脆弱性地区(图 4A~L)。总体来说, HadGEM3-GC31-LL和CMCC-ESM2模型下物种的空间脆弱性格局较为相似, 高脆弱性区域主要分布在栖息地的南部和西北部边缘, 低脆弱性区域零散分布在栖息地的中部和东北边缘(图 4A~H); IPSL-CM6A-LR模型下物种的高脆弱性区域主要分布在南部和西北部边缘, 低脆弱性区域主要分布在中部和西部边缘(图 4I~L)。
数据集成分析结果显示, 基于“未来气候数据平均集成法”和“脆弱性平均集成法”所得独一味在栖息地范围内对气候的脆弱性大小略有差异, 但整体空间格局在同一时期同一SSP情景下大致相似, 即呈现为南部脆弱性高北部脆弱性低、西部脆弱性高东部脆弱性低的格局; 在同一时期不同SSPs情景下, 总体都表现为SSP585情景下的高脆弱性区域比SSP126更广(图 5)。将栖息地的空间脆弱性(图 5) 与栖息地海拔对比还可以发现, 低海拔地区的脆弱性相比高海拔地区的大。位于栖息地西南角的雅鲁藏布江、易贡藏布、帕隆藏布、澜沧江、金沙江、察隅河、丹巴曲、扎曲、怒江、杜柯河、大金川、脚木足河等周边低海拔河谷区域的脆弱性在不同时期不同SSPs情景基本达到了最高等级(图 5)。
基于CNFA框架, 本研究发现在影响独一味脆弱性的气候变量中, 影响最大的是最暖季降水量, 其次是最暖季平均温。最暖季是独一味的开花和结实的关键阶段, 每年的6~10月独一味需要完成其生命周期中的繁殖过程[7], 因此这一期间的气候变化对独一味的更新与延续影响程度大。Wang等[18]在研究青藏高原的2种重要药用植物大花红景天和菊叶红景天对气候变化的脆弱性时也发现最暖季降水量、最暖季平均温对物种影响较大。还有一些其他研究也强调了最暖季的气候条件是决定植物种群脆弱性和适应策略的关键因素[39, 40]。尽管如此, 最暖季对青藏高原物种的脆弱性影响是否具有普遍性, 还需要更广泛的研究。
未来气候变化影响下, 独一味栖息地的脆弱性整体呈现东部低、西部高的空间格局, 这与两种红景天在青藏高原地区的脆弱性格局相似[18]。另外, 独一味在雅鲁藏布江、易贡藏布、怒江、察隅河、丹巴曲、澜沧江等周边流域受气候变化影响尤为显著, 表现为在这些海拔相对较低的河流山谷地区敏感性和脆弱性指标更高。赵文龙等[14]研究也发现随着气候变化的持续发展, 低海拔地区的环境条件逐渐变得不利于独一味的生存与繁衍。为了适应这种变化, 独一味不得不向更高海拔地区迁移, 以寻找适宜生长的气候条件。这一发现预示着, 在未来气候变化趋势下, 低海拔生境中的独一味种群可能会面临生存压力加剧的问题。而高海拔地带如唐古拉山脉东部、横断山脉北部和秦岭西部等区域脆弱性等级低, 是Ⅰ级的主要分布区, 这些地区可能会成为该物种维持生存与种群稳定性的新避难所, 这些地区同样也是青藏高原分布的绿绒蒿属的未来避难所[36]。因此, 未来尤其要重视和加强高海拔地区独一味的就地保护。同时也应该重视和加强独一味在低海拔和高海拔地区现有种质资源的迁地保护, 防止因适生生境丧失导致的独一味种质资源的流失。
为了降低脆弱性的不确定性, 本研究对比了基于3种不同GCMs和2种不同“共享社会经济途径”情景下未来气候数据的脆弱性分析结果, 发现未来气候数据的不确定性是引起独一味脆弱性结果偏差的主要来源之一。针对此, 本研究采用了2种广泛应用的数据集成思想进行对比分析。结果发现, 虽然不同集成方法所得结果在脆弱性数值上略有差异, 但是所得栖息地范围内的脆弱性格局尤其是高脆弱性区域基本一致。因此, 未来开展物种对气候变化脆弱性分析时, 可以考虑借鉴已有相关研究的做法[23, 24], 选择任一种数据集成思想来降低未来气候数据的不确定性。当然, 纳入集成分析的GCMs数量也值得进一步探讨。已有研究表明, 通过合理的增加GCMs的多模型集合预估结果可以一定程度上降低未来气候数据的不确定性, 但依赖于GCMs数据的准确性[31]。同时, 进行GCMs集成数量选择时还需要考虑不同GCMs数据的完整性以及特殊区域(如青藏高原地区) 的精度和适用性等因素对集合模型预测准确度的影响[41]。实际应用中还需考虑计算资源的需求。因此, 本研究基于文献[31, 41]报道及课题组的一些前期研究基础仅选择了数据完整、精度较高且可用于青藏高原研究的3种全球气候模型开展分析, 未来可以更深入地开展不同数量GCMs集成分析结果的比较研究。
另外, 物种栖息地范围的不确定性也有可能会带来脆弱性研究的偏差。实际调查研究往往无法完整准确覆盖物种的栖息地范围, 因此需要根据已有调查数据进行预测。关于物种栖息地范围的确定方法有很多种, 主要包括物种分布模型[42]、反距离加权[43]α-shape[44]等。每种方法各有优劣, 如物种分布模型易受样点多少、模型复杂度、分布概率阈值、模型拟合度等多种不确定性因素的影响, 这些都会导致栖息地估计的不准确[45]。反距离加权估计栖息地的方法虽然只依靠物种经纬度数据, 方便使用, 但是在样本量少的情况下易忽略真实存在的复杂空间模式或微小但重要的栖息地特征, 从而导致可靠度大幅下降[42]α-shape法相比于物种分布模型可能会产生更广的栖息地范围, 但当原始数据被严重低估时, 在大尺度宏观生态格局研究中预测结果更加合理, 因此也被广泛用于物种当前栖息地估算[35, 36]及物种脆弱性相关研究中[23, 24, 36]。本研究仅采用α-shape法确定独一味的栖息地范围, 未来也可以尝试比较下不同栖息地估算方法对物种应对气候变化脆弱性研究可能带来的影响。
本研究采用CNFA方法量化脆弱性, 引入气候变量的影响十分灵活, 未来在变量中加入土壤、土地利用变化等非气候因素非常容易, 这些因素可能对气候变量施加约束, 进一步准确地预测物种应对未来环境变化的动态响应。尽管如此, CNFA只量化了物种敏感性和暴露性指标, 并没有去考虑物种适应能力, 不提供对物种脆弱性的全面评估, 通过与其他评估方法相结合, 如建立进化模型[46]或者基于特征的评估方法[47], 或许可以提供更明确、更完整的空间脆弱性格局。
作者贡献: 王宏超完成数据整理与分析及论文撰写工作; 谢正薇、马启奥辅助完成部分数据整理与分析; 王铁霖、杨光、徐晓婷辅助论文修改; 孙楷、池秀莲提供研究经费并指导论文的撰写和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03908)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82173930)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZZ13-YQ-087)
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0338
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-23
基金
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03908)
国家自然科学基金项目(82173930)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(ZZ13-YQ-087)
作者信息
    1.中国中医科学院, 中药资源中心, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100700
    2.四川大学生命科学学院, 生物资源与生态环境教育部重点实验室, 四川 成都 610065

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孙楷,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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