Article(id=1200394157014504119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0321, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712419200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-07, revisedDate=1714924800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125869277, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125869277, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125869277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125869277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1905, endPage=1915, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394157412963033, articleId=1200394157014504119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the functions of BORIS and related drug development, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Brother of regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS), also known as CCCTC binding factor-like (CTCFL), is a relatively newly discovered cancer-testis antigen. Drug development related to BORIS has been carried out in multiple directions, including small molecules, small RNA molecules, polypeptides, vaccines, and cellular therapies. Due to its unique ability to interfere with the higher-order spatial structure of the genome, BORIS may represent a new class of drug targets. Here we systematically review the molecular biology research results related to BORIS, including the diversity of its gene products, the multipartite interactions mediated by BORIS, the subsequent impact on signaling pathways, and current drug development strategies, in order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of BORIS in both upstream and downstream regulation networks and to identify potential research directions for further breakthroughs.

, correspAuthors=Duo LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong XU, Duo LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394158381847343, articleId=1200394157014504119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=BORIS的功能及相关药物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

印记位点调节子的弟兄(brother of regulator of imprinted sites, BORIS) 或者类CCCTC结合因子(CCCTC binding factor-like, CTCFL) 是一个相对发现不久的癌症睾丸抗原。与之相关的药物研发已经在小分子、小RNA、多肽药、疫苗以及细胞等多个方向展开。因独特的干扰基因组空间高级结构的能力, BORIS可能代表着一类全新药物靶点。本综述系统梳理BORIS相关分子生物学研究结果, 包括BORIS基因产物的多样性, 由其介导的分子间互作, 受到影响的信号传导通路, 以及现有相关药物研发策略, 以期明了BORIS的上下游调控分子机制及可能进一步突破的研究方向。

, correspAuthors=卢多, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卢多, Tel: 86-86-10-63039979, E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=molecular mechanism), Keyword(id=1200470890325594717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=drug development strategy), Keyword(id=1200470890426258022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=BORIS), Keyword(id=1200470890573058670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=三维基因组结构), Keyword(id=1200470890833105523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=癌症睾丸抗原), Keyword(id=1200470890946351741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=分子机制), Keyword(id=1200470891114123905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=药物研发策略)], refs=[Reference(id=1200470892590519007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Loukinov DI, Pugacheva E, Vatolin S, et al. 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BORIS-partnerBORIS siteDetection methodMolecular function
ATF7[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin regulator
BAT3[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Molecular chaperone
CHD8[27] N Yeast two-hybrid DNA helicase
CSTA[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Cysteine protease inhibitor
FHL2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Assembling extracellular membranes
ELF2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
HCFC1[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription coactivator
HCFC2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Interacting with virus protein (VP16)
H1[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
H2A[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
H3[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
MGA[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
MKL2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription coactivator
NFAT5[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
POGZ[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin structure regulation
PRMT7[31] N GST pull down, Co-IP Methyltransferase
SRCAP[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin-remodeling
TLK2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin assembly
ZNF518[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Methyltransferase association
UBF[32] ZF Co-IP Transcription activator
RB2/p130[33] nk Co-IP, Co-IL Heterochromatin formation
SET1A[27] nk Reciprocal IP Histone methyltransferase
Sp1[35, 36] nk IVP-PIA, Co-IP Transcription factor
TAF7L[34] nk Co-IP, ISPLA General transcription factor
hTBP[35] nk IVP-PIA General transcription factor
), ArticleFig(id=1200470892020093630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157014504119, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of protein partners of BORIS. ATF7: Activating transcription factor 7; CHD8: Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8; CSTA: Cystatin A; FHL2: Four and a half LIM domains protein 2; ELF2: ETS-related transcription factor 2; HCFC1: Host cell factor 1; MGA: MAX gene-associated protein; MKL2: Megakaryoblastic leukemia-2; NFAT5: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5; POGZ: Pogo transposable element with ZNF domain; TLK2: Tousled like kinase 2; ZNF518: Zinc finger protein 518; IP: Immunoprecipitation; Co-IL: Co-immunolocalization; ISPLA: In situ proximity ligation assay; IVP-PIA: In vitro protein-protein interaction assays; nk: Not known

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BORIS-partnerBORIS siteDetection methodMolecular function
ATF7[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin regulator
BAT3[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Molecular chaperone
CHD8[27] N Yeast two-hybrid DNA helicase
CSTA[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Cysteine protease inhibitor
FHL2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Assembling extracellular membranes
ELF2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
HCFC1[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription coactivator
HCFC2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Interacting with virus protein (VP16)
H1[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
H2A[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
H3[31] N GST pull down Nucleosome component
MGA[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
MKL2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription coactivator
NFAT5[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Transcription factor
POGZ[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin structure regulation
PRMT7[31] N GST pull down, Co-IP Methyltransferase
SRCAP[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin-remodeling
TLK2[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Chromatin assembly
ZNF518[27] N Yeast two-hybrid Methyltransferase association
UBF[32] ZF Co-IP Transcription activator
RB2/p130[33] nk Co-IP, Co-IL Heterochromatin formation
SET1A[27] nk Reciprocal IP Histone methyltransferase
Sp1[35, 36] nk IVP-PIA, Co-IP Transcription factor
TAF7L[34] nk Co-IP, ISPLA General transcription factor
hTBP[35] nk IVP-PIA General transcription factor
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BORIS的功能及相关药物研究进展
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徐东 , 卢多 *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(7): 1905-1915
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(7): 1905-1915
BORIS的功能及相关药物研究进展
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徐东, 卢多*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*卢多, Tel: 86-86-10-63039979, E-mail:
Research progress on the functions of BORIS and related drug development
Dong XU, Duo LU*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0321
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印记位点调节子的弟兄(brother of regulator of imprinted sites, BORIS) 或者类CCCTC结合因子(CCCTC binding factor-like, CTCFL) 是一个相对发现不久的癌症睾丸抗原。与之相关的药物研发已经在小分子、小RNA、多肽药、疫苗以及细胞等多个方向展开。因独特的干扰基因组空间高级结构的能力, BORIS可能代表着一类全新药物靶点。本综述系统梳理BORIS相关分子生物学研究结果, 包括BORIS基因产物的多样性, 由其介导的分子间互作, 受到影响的信号传导通路, 以及现有相关药物研发策略, 以期明了BORIS的上下游调控分子机制及可能进一步突破的研究方向。

BORIS  /  三维基因组结构  /  癌症睾丸抗原  /  分子机制  /  药物研发策略

Brother of regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS), also known as CCCTC binding factor-like (CTCFL), is a relatively newly discovered cancer-testis antigen. Drug development related to BORIS has been carried out in multiple directions, including small molecules, small RNA molecules, polypeptides, vaccines, and cellular therapies. Due to its unique ability to interfere with the higher-order spatial structure of the genome, BORIS may represent a new class of drug targets. Here we systematically review the molecular biology research results related to BORIS, including the diversity of its gene products, the multipartite interactions mediated by BORIS, the subsequent impact on signaling pathways, and current drug development strategies, in order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of BORIS in both upstream and downstream regulation networks and to identify potential research directions for further breakthroughs.

BORIS  /  3D genome  /  cancer-testis antigen  /  molecular mechanism  /  drug development strategy
徐东, 卢多. BORIS的功能及相关药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1905 -1915 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0321
Dong XU, Duo LU. Research progress on the functions of BORIS and related drug development[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 1905 -1915 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0321
BORIS于2002年发现, 因其与辅助基因印记调控的CTCF蛋白在锌指部分高度相似, 通过基因分析认定两者为旁系同源蛋白, 遂将其命名为印记位点调节子的弟兄(brother of regulator of imprinted sites, BORIS)。同时研究发现, BORIS在睾丸特异性表达, 仅限于进行基因组再甲基化的CTCF阴性雄性生殖细胞[1]。其后通过对人类细胞和组织中BORIS表达的分析, 揭示了表达这种蛋白质的其他几种细胞类型, 包括卵巢细胞、乳腺癌患者的白细胞和胚胎干细胞[2]。目前认为BORIS主要在早期配子发生和多种癌症中表达, 而在分化的体细胞中几乎不表达。也有研究显示特定正常细胞中确实存在BORIS的广泛表达, 但表达量较低[3, 4]。因为BORIS的表达特征, 当前认定为一种癌症睾丸抗原, 自然也成为一个很受关注的潜在药物靶点分子。
作为CTCF的唯一同源蛋白令BORIS更值得关注。CTCF是一个关键的三维基因组构建因子, 帮助稳定86%的结构单元——染色质环。肿瘤细胞中BORIS的出现, 一方面干扰CTCF行驶其正常功能, 另一方面介导新的染色质环形成, 在基因组层面影响下游基因表达的协同性, 引起多个信号通路的异常。靶向BORIS则可以通过改变基因组空间结构来调整细胞功能, 或许可以成为一类全新的药物靶点。虽然BORIS对基因组结构的影响多表现在与CTCF竞争脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 上, 与其结合的各类分子及相关信号通路都可能成为有效的药物攻击靶点。基于此, 本文试图汇总当前针对BORIS的分子生物学研究成果, 以及靶向该蛋白的药物研发进展, 希望由此能够更好地理解BORIS的功能及调控机制, 为进一步精准靶向药物的研发提供帮助。
人类BORIS基因位于染色体20q13上, 总长29 kb, 由16个外显子组成[3]BORIS在睾丸、胚胎干细胞和癌细胞系中表达出多种蛋白质亚型, 在DNA低甲基化增加的细胞中更为明显[3]
控制BORIS表达的启动子区域包含3种启动子A、B、C, 分别对应于第一个起始密码子ATG上游1 447、899和658碱基对的转录起始位点, 并通过可变剪接产生至少23种信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA)[3]。Pugacheva等[3]对这23个转录本变体进行了表征, 得到17种蛋白质亚型。不同的亚型在其DNA结合结构域中含有不同数量的锌指, 配以不同的氨基和羧基末端, 并且在各种正常细胞和癌细胞中具有不同的表达谱。根据其3′末端序列特征可以将23个亚型分为6个亚家族(subfamily1-6, sf1-6)。在各个亚家族中, sf2存在免疫原性, 可用于辅助肿瘤疫苗的研发[5], sf6参与宫颈癌细胞干性, 在过继性T细胞疗法中具有治疗肿瘤的潜力[6]
在蛋白翻译后修饰方面, 当前仅观察到在响应细胞DNA损伤时BORIS会发生二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate, ADP)-核糖基化修饰, 其他类型修饰尚无报道。用丙氨酸取代BORIS蛋白氨基端第198至第228位之间的5个保守谷氨酸残基, 能够降低ADP-核糖基化水平[7], 由此确定修饰位点主要位于这个区域内。
成熟的BORIS蛋白由三部分组成: 氨基端(N端)、中间锌指区(ZF区) 和羧基端(C端), 拥有和CTCF几乎一样的11个连续锌指[1] (图 1)。虽然BORIS锌指与DNA结合模式的研究并不多, CTCF锌指结合DNA已经得到深入研究。根据CTCF锌指片段与DNA结合复合物的晶体结构所示, 全部11个锌指均保持经典C2H2锌指折叠模式, ZF3-7和ZF9-11分别识别两段DNA双螺旋大沟中的碱基, 而ZF8桥接在两段之间不参与碱基特异性识别[8]。由于锌指的高度同源性, 这意味着BORIS也能以相似的方式对DNA基序进行特异性识别。但基因组中两者共享不到40%的共同结合位点[9], 因此必然有其他的影响因素存在。更细致的分析发现, 基因组中仅有CTCF或BORIS结合的位点在锌指4和7的DNA识别序列上有细微差异, 而且结合位点周围的染色质折叠特性有所差别: CTCF趋向于结合在规则排列的核小体之间, 而BORIS趋向结合在松散的核小体附近[10]。此外, CTCF趋向于结合在内含子或者基因间区域, 而BORIS趋向于结合在启动子区域[11]。在两个蛋白之间交换N和C末端序列而形成嵌合蛋白的实验表明, CTCF和BORIS的ZF区决定它们各自的DNA基序特异性, 而N和C端序列影响蛋白质结合区域的偏好[11]
DNA的甲基化修饰会影响CTCF的结合, 然而是否会影响BORIS, 目前存在一些不同的看法。针对父系印记基因H19差异甲基化位点, 有研究认为BORIS可以结合, 也有研究认为不能[2]。在对乳腺癌细胞的研究中发现, 丙酮酸激酶M1/2 (pyruvate kinase M1/2, PKM) 基因10号外显子的甲基化引起BORIS的结合以及RNA聚合酶II在该位点的富集, 导致差异剪接由保留9号外显子向保留10号转变[12]。可以看出DNA甲基化可以影响BORIS的结合, 但该影响是以直接方式抑或间接方式实施, 还需进一步的研究来明确。
BORIS在细胞中的异位表达会导致其在大量基因的启动子上结合, 通过直接调控、替换CTCF和招募其他因子等多种方式影响下游基因的表达, 其中大部分基因与癌症相关, 如黑色素瘤抗原家族成员A1基因(melanoma antigen family member A1, MAGE-A1)、乳腺癌易感基因1 (breast cancer gene 1, BRCA1)、细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, SOCS3) 基因等[2, 11, 13-19]
BORIS可以结合一些具有特殊功能的DNA序列, 如前面提到存在争论的甲基化胰岛素样生长因子2/H19 (insulin like growth factor 2/H19, Igf2/H19) 的印记调控区域(imprinting control region, ICR), 通过调控染色质环的变化影响基因表达[2]。BORIS还可以结合能够在基因组中转座的“SINE、VNTR、ALU” (SVA) 复杂重复序列家族的数目可变串联重复序列(variable number of tandem repeats, VNTR) 区域[20], 抑制其活性。
对DNA重复序列进行研究, 揭示出BORIS和CTCF结合DNA的3种形式: 仅有CTCF结合、仅有BORIS结合及BORIS和CTCF共结合[20]。这与已发现的两类功能和结构不同的CTCF靶向结合位点(CTCF target site, CTS)——2xCTS和1xCTS一致[9]。在癌细胞和精子中, 具有至少两个相邻CTS且有BORIS结合的位点(2xCTS) 主要位于启动子和增强子, 而单基序CTS (1xCTS) 更多出现在基因之间位置并与非活性转录区有关[9]。BORIS与CTCF竞争2xCTS位点, 导致完全占有该位点或者与CTCF共享, 进而诱导转录调节模式的改变, 引起癌症的发生发展。
BORIS可以通过影响基因组空间结构来调控下游基因表达。基因组空间结构在很大程度上由关键因子CTCF和黏连蛋白(cohesin) 协同构建的染色质环通过复杂的组合及嵌套而形成, 且两个因子之间存在直接的相互作用[21]。BORIS并没有发现与cohesin直接作用, 但有研究显示BORIS与减数分裂特异的黏连蛋白复合物共定位(有丝分裂与减数分裂黏连蛋白的组成亚基有所不同), 与癌症的发生有关[22]。研究还发现当CTCF介导的染色质环节点位置上出现BORIS与CTCF重叠结合的时候, 原有染色质环的强度下降, 同时环内基因的表达会出现变化[11]。除了影响CTCF形成的染色质环, BORIS可以介导新的染色质环形成。在表现出对ALK抑制剂耐药的神经母细胞瘤中, 许多新发染色质环节点上可以检测到BORIS与cohesin, 而没有CTCF。这些环大量参与耐药相关的超级增强子对下游基因的调控。敲降BORIS导致节点上cohesin及染色质环的消失[23]
与CTCF相似, BORIS同样具备结合RNA的能力。研究发现在神经干细胞(hNP1) 和由其分化产生的神经元(6dN) 细胞中分别有863和771个独特mRNA转录本与BORIS结合, 其中88个共同出现在两类细胞中[24]。此外, BORIS能与28S核糖体RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA) 和18S rRNA结合。进一步研究表明BORIS能够与功能性核糖体缔合, 包括多核糖体[24], 这意味着BORIS在转录后水平参与基因表达调控。另一BORIS结合RNA的证据是在调节环状RNA (circular RNA, circRNA) 的表达中。BORIS在邻近circRNA剪接位点的区域识别相对特异的RNA基序, 增强circRNA的生成, 且BORIS识别的RNA基序与CTCF不同[25]。总的来说, BORIS与RNA分子之间存在广泛结合, 但目前尚缺少对其结合特定RNA并调节具体功能的研究。
蛋白间互作已经成为药物研发的热点靶标。BORIS锌指主要用于核酸结合, 有研究显示N/C两端区域无特定结构[26], 或许更适用于蛋白结合。当前药物研发策略也主要针对这两个区域。下文对与BORIS相互作用的蛋白质、结合BORIS部位和功能进行总结(表 1)。
早在2008年Nguyen等[27]就已经通过酵母双杂交实验鉴定出了多种与BORIS的N端序列相互作用的蛋白, 并将它们分为4个功能组: 睾丸特异性蛋白、染色质相关蛋白、解旋酶相关蛋白、转录因子等。
进一步研究显示, BORIS的N端与人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA) B关联转录本3蛋白(HLA-B associated transcript 3, BAT3) 互作, 联合SET结构域蛋白1A (SET domain-containing protein 1A, SET1A) 在原癌基因MYCBRCA1启动子上形成蛋白复合物, 增加组蛋白H3的第4位赖氨酸二甲基化(H3K4me2) 并促进基因表达, 导致癌症发生[27]。类似表观遗传修饰也出现在Notch3MAGEA启动子区域, BORIS在Notch3的结合与H3K4的三甲基化(H3K4me3) 上调相关, 而敲降BORIS导致H3K4me3水平下降及表现抑制作用的组蛋白H3第27位赖氨酸三甲基化(H3K27me3) 水平上升[28]。BORIS结合在MAGEA启动子区域除了与H3K4me3相关外, 还与H3K9及H3K14的乙酰化相关[29]。至于哪些蛋白完成这些修饰以及相关蛋白是否与BORIS之间存在互作并不清楚。BORIS与SNF2相关CBP激活蛋白(SNF2-related CBP activator protein, SRCAP) 的结合帮助H2A.Z在核小体中替换H2A, 其作用类似H3K4me2修饰, 同样引起核小体处于松散形式, 由此暴露出新的转录起始位点[30]。此外, 在印迹基因H19位点BORIS的N端结合组蛋白H1、H2A、H3以及蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶7 (protein arginine methyltransferase 7, PRMT7)[31], 由此增强PRMT7对组蛋白H2A和H4的甲基转移酶活性, 并与DNMT一起在父系印迹基因甲基化中起作用[31]
除了靶向N端, 一些蛋白质能够与BORIS的ZF区相互作用。比如上游结合因子(upstream binding factor, UBF) 通过与BORIS的ZF区结合, 帮助组织核糖体DNA (ribosomal DNA, rDNA) 重复序列区域的染色质结构[32]
另有一些蛋白目前已知与BORIS存在相互作用, 但尚不知道结合BORIS的具体区域, 包括可能响应内质网应激而存留于内质网的视网膜母细胞瘤样蛋白2 (retinoblastoma-like protein 2, Rb2/p130)[33]、参与调节雄配子相关基因表达的类TATA盒结合蛋白关联因子7蛋白(TBP-associated factor 7-like, TAF7L)[34]、调控MAGE-A1启动子活性的人类TATA结合蛋白(human TATA binding protein, hTBP)[35]以及在肺癌发生过程中介导癌症睾丸抗原1B基因(cancer/testis antigen 1B, NY-ESO-1) 去抑制的转录因子Sp1[36]等。
BORIS在癌症发生发展中的作用机制非常复杂, 包括但不限于BORIS基因的异常扩增[37]、竞争性抑制CTCF、超级增强子的形成[23]、癌症相关基因的激活、肿瘤抑制基因的超甲基化[38]。丰富BORIS的上下游调控网络可能是揭开癌症相关分子机制的一种方式。根据已有研究, 本综述总结了BORIS上游表达调控因素, 并对下游调控网络从信号通路的角度进行了整理(图 2)。
在正常睾丸中BORIS使用所有3个启动子激活转录, 但在已经测试的30种癌细胞系中有84%仅使用启动子A和/或C, 而剩下的癌细胞系主要使用启动子B和C。正常细胞和癌细胞之间启动子使用的不同表明它们受到差异调节[39]。对BORIS表达启动子区域的分析发现, 在3个启动子区块中, GATA/CCAAT盒被确定为核心启动子的关键元件。在启动子之间存在一个CpG岛, 位于BORIS第一个ATG编码上游1 096~762 bp。另外, 在启动子上游还发现两个小卫星等位基因位点, 分别在第一个ATG上游5 936~5 734 bp和2 586~1 812 bp位置上, 被称为BORIS-MS1和BORIS-MS2。CpG岛和BORIS-MS2被发现可以充当转录调节剂, 并且BORIS-MS2被鉴定为负调控因子[40]。此外, 研究发现, BORIS在很大程度上受启动子甲基化修饰的调节[41]。DNA甲基转移酶1或3b (DNA methyltransferase 1或3b, DNMT1或DNMT3b) 失活会引起CpG甲基化减少, 导致BORIS表达上调[42], 而MAGE-A1通过驱动DNMT3a甲基化BORIS启动子来抑制其表达[41]
除了通过DNA上的调控外, BORIS的表达还受到一些转录因子的调控, 包括CTCF、p53、肝细胞核因子4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha, HNF4A)、激活蛋白1 (the activator protein-1, AP-1) 二聚体家族成员Jun和Fos[43]。其中CTCF[39]、p53[39]和HNF4A[44]可以直接作用于BORIS抑制其表达, Jun和Fos结合BORIS启动子增强其转录[43]
BORIS会引起转化生长因子β (transforming growth factor beta, TGFβ) 表达的上升, 这在神经母细胞瘤[45]、高级别浆液性卵巢癌[18]、小鼠胚胎干细胞中得到了检验。在神经母细胞瘤和干细胞中认为BORIS主要激活TGFβ通路, 而在卵巢癌中认为主要是激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K) 通路。在卵巢癌细胞中还观察到BORIS和CTCF同时结合在TGFβ基因的启动子上[18]。在神经母细胞瘤中研究人员细致检测了TGFβ通路的其他多个因子(图 2)[45]。异位表达BORIS会导致sma和mad相关蛋白2/3 (sma- and mad-related protein 2/3, SMAD2/3)、SMAD1/5、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPK) 蛋白p38表达上升, SMAD2和p38磷酸化水平提高, 且SMAD3和SMAD4的mRNA半衰期延长。敲降BORIS会引起TGFβ受体I (TGFβR1)、SMAD2/3、SMAD4表达下降, SMAD2磷酸化水平降低, 抑制因子SMAD7和SMAD泛素化调节因子2 (SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 2, SMURF2) 表达水平上升。所以BORIS主要通过经典SMAD途径调节TGFβ通路, 非经典途径中MAPK也可能参与调控。此外, 敲降BORIS的细胞中抑癌基因p53表达上升, 其抑制因子MDM2癌蛋白表达下降, 这被认为是TGFβ调控MDM2的结果。在卵巢癌细胞中敲降BORIS还发现TGFβR3表达水平上升[18]
BORIS参与调节在上皮细胞-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) 及肿瘤干细胞(CSC) 中有重要作用的Wnt/β-catenin通路[46]。使用神经母细胞瘤细胞研究BORIS调控TGFβ通路的课题组对所用细胞做进一步筛选, 得到表现肿瘤干性的CD44/CD133阳性细胞用于信号通路分析。研究发现BORIS可以调节多个Wnt/β-catenin通路关键因子, 包括Wnt5a、β-catenin、T细胞因子1/7 (T cell factor 1/7, TCF1/7)、磷酸化的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LDL receptor-related protein, LRP) 和糖原合成酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, GSK3β)。同时, 敲降BORIS可以引起间质标记物波形蛋白(vimentin)、神经钙粘蛋白(N-cadherin)、Twist蛋白、Snail和Slug蛋白水平下降。因此, BORIS可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路调节CSC的EMT以及转移[47]
此外, 在BORIS基因敲除的小鼠结直肠组织中同样会发现Wnt通路的β-catenin在细胞核内减少, MAPK通路的细胞外调节MAP蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated MAP kinase, ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)、p38磷酸化水平降低, 以及γH2AX的磷酸化和DNA损伤的显著提升。鉴于以往有研究表明Wnt和MAPK通路参与DNA损伤修复, 研究人员认为BORIS可能通过这两个通路提升癌细胞的DNA损伤修复能力[48]
BORIS在急性T淋巴细胞白血病中被认为是Notch途径的诱导剂。BORIS结合癌细胞中NOTCH3未甲基化的启动子, 与H3K4me3水平上升相关; 敲降BORIS则与H3K27me3上升、H3K4me3下降相关, 即BORIS可能通过诱导并维持允许转录状态的染色质构象, 促进NOTCH3的转录表达[28], 异常激活Notch途径。此外, 研究人员认为Notch蛋白可能与TGFβ、WNT/β-连环蛋白信号通路相互作用, 在维持肿瘤干性方面发挥关键作用, 并增加肿瘤干细胞的数量[47]
BORIS通过多个途径调节肿瘤糖代谢。在对低葡萄糖肿瘤微环境与肝癌侵袭/转移之间内在调控机制的研究中发现, 敲降腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 的α2催化亚基可以抑制下游靶分子HNF4A对低水平葡萄糖环境的响应, HNF4A又可以结合在BORIS启动子区域抑制其表达, 而BORIS直接作用于葡萄糖转运体4 (glucose transporter type 4, GLUT4) 基因, 提升其表达水平, 导致EMT标记物N-cadherin和vimentin水平上升, 增强肝癌细胞运动和转移[44]。研究还发现HNF4A激动剂(苯氟雷司) 和GLUT4抑制剂(抗病毒药物利托那韦) 可以抑制肝癌细胞增殖和葡萄糖摄取[44], 表明信号通路中的关键分子可能成为治疗肿瘤的药物靶标。
此外, 如前所述, BORIS能够通过转换差异剪接模式提升PKM2的表达水平。PKM是一个调节糖酵解的关键酶。PKM2的出现会导致细胞乳酸产量及葡萄糖摄取水平的上升, 表现出Warburg效应[44]。在神经母细胞瘤细胞中还发现, BORIS引起线粒体裂变因子动力蛋白相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1) 的表达及磷酸化水平上升, 线粒体融合标志物视神经萎缩蛋白1 (optic atrophy 1, OPA1) 表达下降。鉴于线粒体裂变与肿瘤糖酵解代谢特征相关, 研究人员检查了糖酵解标志物己糖激酶2 (hexokinase 2, HK2)、溶质载体家族2成员1 (solute carrier family 2 member 1, SLC2A1)、果糖-2, 6-二磷酸酶3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3, PFKFB3)、丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, PDK1), 且均发现表达上升[45]
在敲低和过表达BORIS的OVCAR3卵巢癌细胞中研究转录谱的变化发现, 大量差异表达基因参与细胞运动、膜转运和胞外基质相关过程。其中, BORIS诱导的32个差异表达蛋白与一个附加蛋白一起可以组成一个大型蛋白互作网络, 主要由PI3K-蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, PKB/Akt) 信号通路和细胞外基质基因两部分组成。参与PI3k-Akt信号传导途径的蛋白包括成纤维细胞生长因子受体1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, FGFR1)、整联蛋白β3 (integrin beta 3, ITGB3)、ITGB6、纤连蛋白1 (fibronectin 1, FN1)、血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA)、神经营养素3 (neurotrophin 3, NTF3) 和白细胞介素7受体(interleukin 7 receptor, IL7R)[18]。鉴于有研究显示BORIS过表达与肿瘤耐药相关, 而一些针对PI3k-Akt信号传导途径的药物治疗效果不佳, 研究人员认为联合靶向BORIS治疗或许能有所帮助。此外, 使用神经母细胞瘤细胞研究BORIS调控TGFβ通路的研究中, PI3K也被提及可能作为TGFβ的非经典调控途径参与调控, 在BORIS敲降时可以观察到PI3K表达水平的下降[45]
如前所述, BORIS可通过影响RNA剪接增强circRNA的形成。从CaCO-2癌细胞提取总circRNA并转染小鼠单核/巨噬细胞RAW264.7后可以发现, circRNA通过诱导上调Toll样受体3 (Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) 刺激下游核因子κB (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB) 信号传导途径活化, 观察到核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB, IκB) 和p65磷酸化水平的上升[25]。此外, BORIS过表达也能引起RAW264.7细胞中的NF-κB信号传导途径的激活, 并且促进炎症因子白介素6 (IL-6)、白介素1β (IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、双链RNA活化蛋白激酶(double stranded RNA activated protein kinase, PKR)、视黄酸诱导基因I蛋白(retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein RIG1) 和黑色素瘤分化相关蛋白5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5, MDA5) 的表达[25]。相对应的, 敲降BORIS会引起IκB和p65磷酸化水平下降, 抑制NF-κB通路[48]
正常生理状态下, BORIS在基因组全面甲基化重构的精子细胞中表达, 因此不难发现两者存在相关性[1]。同样, BORIS在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达, 几乎与肿瘤所有特征功能相关, 包括肿瘤发生、增殖、外周血管生成、抗凋亡、DNA损伤修复、耐药、迁移侵袭、肿瘤干性等。肿瘤的发生一般归因于原癌基因的表达与抑癌基因的沉默。如上所述, BORIS通过上调MDM2的表达, 破坏了重要抑癌基因p53的表达[45]; 通过作用在MYC等原癌基因的启动子上, BORIS帮助该基因的表达[27]MYC基因同时也具有很强的细胞增殖作用。VEGFA是一个重要的血管生成因子, 在关于PI3K通路的研究中发现与BORIS的表达相关[18]。促凋亡因子RB2/p130在内质网与BORIS结合, 使其无法入核引起细胞凋亡[33]。BORIS作用于Wnt和MAPK通路帮助DNA损伤修复[48]。抗凋亡与提升损伤修复能力都可以帮助肿瘤耐药, 特别是针对顺铂一类破坏DNA稳定性的抗肿瘤药物[49]。BORIS通过Wnt通路调节EMT, 进而影响肿瘤侵袭[47]; 通过Wnt、Notch、TGFβ通路协同作用维持肿瘤干性[47]。此外, BORIS在胚胎干细胞中表达, 与一些干性因子相关, 比如OCT4等[2]
研究显示, BORIS表达在子宫癌[50]、前列腺癌[51]、食管癌[52]、肝细胞癌[53]等癌症中均有成为诊断癌症进展或判断预后的生物标志物的潜力。在肝细胞癌中的进一步研究发现, BORIS和SOCS3的表达存在一定的负相关性。高表达BORIS和/或低表达SOCS3, 与术后生存率低相关, 而同时有BORIS高表达与SOCS3低表达的患者预后效果最差[54]
BORIS基因的相关变异也可以用于临床预测。研究发现, 肝细胞癌组织中BORIS的去甲基化频率显著高于其相邻非肿瘤组织, 并且与肿瘤大小和临床TNM分期相关, 表明BORIS低甲基化是肝细胞癌预后的生物标志物[55]。同样, BORIS低甲基化也可作为上皮性卵巢癌预后的生物标志物[56]
在乳腺癌早期研究中曾认为BORIS突变和高表达有可能被用作生物标志物[57]。但进一步研究发现, 良/恶性乳腺肿瘤患者的外周血中性粒细胞中, BORIS表达均增加, 无法区分良性和恶性病变, 这排除了BORIS作为乳腺癌标志物的可能[58]。尽管如此, BORIS-MS2的短稀有等位基因的出现还是可用于识别年轻患者患乳腺癌的风险[59]MS位点属于可变重复序列。常见的MS2具有14或15次重复, 高于或者低于此数值认为是长或短稀有等位基因。除了乳腺癌, 有证据表明BORIS-MS2的短稀有等位基因也可用于识别肺癌[40]和膀胱癌风险[60]
在分析敲降BORIS所引起的基因表达谱变化特征时发现, 使用单一化合物苍术苷处理结直肠癌细胞会导致类似变化。苍术苷明确靶向线粒体, 干扰能量代谢, 并引起DNA损伤的增加。苍术苷联合5-氟尿嘧啶使用, 可以抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长[61]。鉴于敲降BORIS与苍术苷作用的相似性, 在针对BORIS的药物研发中或许可以借鉴苍术苷的相关经验。有意思的是在非小细胞肺癌中, BORIS的过表达可以通过抑制顺铂诱导的DNA损伤, 帮助癌细胞对顺铂产生耐药性[49]。这表明BORIS基因敲除可能与目前的化疗方案协同作用, 以促进癌症患者的治愈。
除了苍术苷和顺铂与BORIS相关以外, 制蚜菌素和多西紫杉醇联合治疗转移性乳腺癌细胞, 会驱动BORIS表达并促进高迁移率族蛋白1 (high mobility group protein 1, HMGB1) 的释放, 可以作为潜在的抗肿瘤免疫应答诱导剂[62]; 另外, 姜黄素通过调节DNMT3b活性导致PKM基因DNA甲基化减少, 引起BORIS和RNA聚合酶II在该位点占有率降低, 改变差异剪接模式, 将mRNA产物由癌症特异性PKM2亚型恢复为正常细胞的PKM1亚型, 纠正头颈癌细胞能量代谢异常[63]
BORIS具有免疫原性, 并且已经被纳入高优先级人肿瘤相关抗原列表[64]。然而由于BORIS具有DNA结合、基因激活及表观遗传重编程功能, 完整野生型BORIS蛋白的使用可能加速癌症进展。为了规避安全性风险, 使用柔性结构氨基酸链替代锌指区连接N和C两段区域, 产生突变BORIS分子(命名为mBORIS) 作为靶抗原开发疫苗成为关注焦点。研究人员检测了多种方法递送mBORIS, 包括蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗、不同的佐剂、不同的递送载体等。蛋白疫苗是在大肠杆菌中表达mBORIS, 通过分离纯化获得蛋白。DNA疫苗是将蛋白编码基因插入pORF质粒的hEF1-HTLV启动子之后, 形成被称为pmBORIS的质粒作为疫苗。腺病毒疫苗是将编码基因插入AdEasy XL病毒载体, 产出被称为AdBORIS的重组腺病毒载体。
对疫苗效果的检测是在接种了4T1乳腺癌细胞的BALB/c小鼠上完成的。最初使用的是DNA疫苗, 以CD80为佐剂, 同时在首次接种以后使用腺病毒载体疫苗做增强免疫。产生的免疫反应以主要组织相容性复合体I (major histocompatibility complex I, MHC I) 类依赖性方式介导对广泛的组织学无关肿瘤(乳腺癌、神经胶质瘤、浆细胞瘤) 的细胞毒性[65]。其后使用IL12/IL18为DNA疫苗佐剂, 同时对比以QuilA为佐剂的蛋白疫苗。这两种疫苗未进行后续增强免疫。结果显示DNA疫苗优于蛋白疫苗。DNA疫苗引起Th1类免疫反应, 诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞产生; 而尽管QuilA是一种强烈的Th1型佐剂, 蛋白疫苗引起Th2类反应, 诱导mBORIS特异性抗体产生[66]。疫苗递送也尝试了使用树突状细胞, 本文稍后将做介绍。近期, 研究人员使用类病毒复制子小体(virus-like replicon particle, VRP) 进行疫苗递送, 并得到较好的结果。构建VRP是通过将编码mBORIS的mRNA插入改造过的委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒载体, 与辅助RNA分子一起通过电击送入宿主细胞, 进而得到类病毒小体(VRP-mBORIS)。使用该疫苗免疫接种了13762-MAT-B-Ⅲ乳腺癌细胞的大鼠, 50%显示肿瘤消失, 且表现出免疫记忆能力[67]
树突状细胞可以作为疫苗递送载体。使用载有BORIS突变形式(mBORIS) 的树突状细胞接种小鼠, 可以诱导强烈的抗癌免疫力、抑制肿瘤生长并显著降低自发性克隆形成转移的数量(50%的小鼠保持无转移)。与对照动物相比, 实验组接种小鼠的肿瘤位置有更多的免疫效应CD4和CD8阳性T细胞浸润, 同时髓源性抑制细胞的数量在浸润肿瘤部位显著减少, 但是在接种动物脾脏中却未见减少。鉴于此, 与药剂组合以减弱肿瘤相关的免疫抑制可能会更有效[68]
两项细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 靶向特异BORIS蛋白C端的研究得到了比较好的结果。研究人员通过分析患者样本确定可以结合HLA I型的BORIS相关天然肽段, 筛选得到可以识别一个sf2亚家族C端9肽(序列: KLHGILVEA) 的高亲和力T细胞。并明确其携带的相关T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR) 的DNA序列。使用逆转录病毒载体加载该TCR进入CD8阳性T细胞而形成的过继性CTL, 可以成功识别源于患者的卵巢癌细胞及DNA甲基化酶抑制剂地西他滨处理过的卵巢癌细胞系[69]。另一项研究借助HLA-A2四聚体从sf6亚家族蛋白C端筛选出一个高亲和力9肽(序列: LLFIGTIKV), 用于刺激健康志愿者捐献的外周血单个核细胞, 分离得到靶向该9肽的CTL克隆。该T细胞克隆对sf6阳性的人源宫颈癌细胞系显示出细胞毒性[6]
小RNA常用于在细胞中敲降BORIS表达水平。如靶向BORIS锌指10编码mRNA序列的小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA) 分子(OCM-8054编码序列: GGAAATA-CCACGATGCAAATT), 在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞系中导致BORIS表达的浓度依赖性降低和癌细胞的凋亡[70]。又如Rao等[71]研究中包含4个靶向BORIS的短发夹RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA) 分子, 其中4号分子发现在神经母细胞瘤中可以有效地降低BORIS表达水平, 增加DNA损伤, 进而引起凋亡。有意思的是, 敲降BORIS使得顺铂和多柔比星的IC50值明显降低, 说明瘤细胞药物敏感性提升[71]
同样是RNA分子, 从癌细胞中提取的circRNA可以作为癌症预防的疫苗。如前所述BORIS能够刺激circRNA的产生, 激活NF-κB通路。在BALB/c裸鼠中注射细胞来构建皮下异种移植物肿瘤的研究发现, 经circRNA免疫的动物, 其存留肿瘤体积显著小于未经治疗的对照组[25]
Zhang等[7]通过噬菌体展示技术筛选出与BORIS蛋白N末端具有最高亲和力的多肽分子, 在与HIV-1 TAT肽融合以后, 构建出BORIS靶向肽(BTApep-TAT)。进一步研究发现, BTApep-TAT可以抑制BORIS的ADP-核糖基化, 破坏BORIS与DNA修复酶Ku70蛋白的结合及相继的DNA损伤修复, 从而抑制非小细胞肺癌异种移植肿瘤进展。
自发现BORIS以来二十载有余, 相关研究在多个方向展开, 覆盖基因结构组成、基因产物多样性、BORIS蛋白与其他分子的互作以及有关蛋白参与的各种调控机制和相关的功能。总的来说, 基因构成方面的研究相对比较完整, 发现了许多能够与BORIS互作的蛋白, 部分蛋白间互作明确到BORIS的N端和ZF段区域。从精准靶向药物设计的角度考虑, 更精确的蛋白区域定位可能会有更大的价值。在与RNA分子互作方面, 相关的研究还比较少。参考旁系同源蛋白CTCF的研究成果, BORIS与RNA的互作可能是一个非常有潜力的研究方向。在调控功能方面, 当前研究主要针对细胞增殖、侵袭、能量代谢、抗凋亡等方面。虽然无限制增殖是肿瘤细胞的一个显著特征, 对耐药细胞的研究表明细胞增殖与药物敏感细胞相比有所下降[23]。这从某种程度上似乎暗示增殖不是BORIS的一个主要功能, 更多关注或许可以投射到能量代谢、凋亡等其他方向。
鉴于BORIS仅局限于少数几类正常细胞中表达, 而在多种肿瘤中异常表达, 使其成为一个理想的药物靶点。相关药物研发在多个方向开展, 包括小分子化合物、小RNA、多肽、疫苗以及细胞药物, 然而均未进入临床试验阶段。其中, 疫苗相关研究占绝大多数, 其他方向都才刚刚开始。究其原因可能是BORIS相关基础理论研究的缺乏。基因组在细胞核内的狭小三维空间里高度组织并系统性调控。许多细胞功能的变化(如氧化应激、DNA损伤修复等) 很大程度上是对三维基因组的调控[72]。BORIS是基因组空间构建关键因子CTCF唯一的旁系同源蛋白, 且表现出与CTCF或协作或竞争调控基因组三维结构的能力。启动子与超级增强子之间可以由BORIS介导的染色质环相联系, 且多项研究发现另一个基因组构建关键因子cohesin与BORIS在环节点上共定位, 尽管没有发现像CTCF那样与cohesin的直接结合, 不能排除BORIS通过其他中介因子与cohesin一起形成多元复合物, 由此建立起染色质环结构的可能性。因此针对BORIS的药物极有可能在基因组空间结构层面产生作用, 或许可以开启一类全新药物靶标的大门。
作者贡献: 徐东、卢多共同收集材料并撰写。
利益冲突: 本文无利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0321
  • 接收时间:2024-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-07
  • 修回日期:2024-05-06
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中国医学科学院创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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