Article(id=1199783102521377783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=1723564800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763980182533, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1731340800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763980182533, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763980182533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763980182533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199783099115598386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='2897', pageEnd='3178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763980181720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225007568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809973203726681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1199783099115598386, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3057, endPage=3073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199783102848533496, articleId=1199783102521377783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in research of dual inhibitors targeting Janus kinase and histone deacetylase, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Janus kinase (JAK) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) referred to as crucial targets in autoimmune diseases and cancers have achieved quite success in the treatment of these diseases. Until now, several JAK and HDAC inhibitors have been approved. Recently, developing single multi-targeting inhibitors including JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors based on network pharmacology has made significant progress in improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing toxic and side effects, and overcoming drug resistance. In this review, we summarize novel JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors as well as JAK/HDAC-based triple-targeting inhibitors, in order to provide reference for the discovery of novel JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor.

, correspAuthors=Chun-quan SHENG, Ya-hui HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing SHEN, Wei-jie HU, Guo-qiang DONG, Chun-quan SHENG, Ya-hui HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199783107659399221, articleId=1199783102521377783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于Janus激酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的双靶点抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Janus激酶(JAK) 和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 已被证实是自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤等多种疾病治疗中的重要靶标, 至今已有多种JAK和HDAC抑制剂获批上市。近年来, 基于网络药理学开发的单分子多靶点抑制(如JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂) 在提高疗效、降低毒副作用和克服耐药性等方面取得重要进展。本文综述了新型JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂及基于JAK/HDAC的三靶点抑制剂, 以期为开发新型JAK/HDAC多靶点抑制剂提供借鉴和参考。

, correspAuthors=盛春泉, 黄亚辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
黄亚辉, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription , figureFileSmall=kCDg6tKPbxR9+dgFObU5zA==, figureFileBig=LQv8iy1xOlyVur3nItqLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375560292660054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wq1BTERkVc8DQRALZu9WrQ==, figureFileBig=8eBacGEqIq+EN9nN0B+S1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375560418489185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Chemical structure of approved JAK inhibitors , figureFileSmall=wq1BTERkVc8DQRALZu9WrQ==, figureFileBig=8eBacGEqIq+EN9nN0B+S1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375560510763875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cGr+4vKM5MN3bp+Y0vI3MA==, figureFileBig=lEFHIvCI5PYo9J4uR2QRvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375560619815790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Chemical structures of approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors , figureFileSmall=cGr+4vKM5MN3bp+Y0vI3MA==, figureFileBig=lEFHIvCI5PYo9J4uR2QRvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375560867279736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bxSK0hs9kh7dWROQv3/c/g==, figureFileBig=Uo9RczYVAZk1zpFZY76mAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375562104599420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Chemical structures of multi-targeting kinase inhibitors. VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor; FLT: Fms-related tyrosine kinase; FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor receptor , figureFileSmall=bxSK0hs9kh7dWROQv3/c/g==, figureFileBig=Uo9RczYVAZk1zpFZY76mAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375562297537409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bYdiAoWgoM/Sp7XoajfPLQ==, figureFileBig=dwW+jQlwDaoV98aX0a8m4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375562511446918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Synergistic mechanism of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors , figureFileSmall=bYdiAoWgoM/Sp7XoajfPLQ==, figureFileBig=dwW+jQlwDaoV98aX0a8m4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375562788270990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IFJUMbC5MK19AY2czewXdQ==, figureFileBig=OGkkQWK3fQnXJ7VwekUPRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375562968626068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Design of macrocyclic JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>20</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>19</strong>; C: Chemical structure of target compounds; D: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>20</strong>; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>20</strong> into HDAC6; F: Proposed docking mode of <strong>20</strong> into JAK2 , figureFileSmall=IFJUMbC5MK19AY2czewXdQ==, figureFileBig=OGkkQWK3fQnXJ7VwekUPRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563178341275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4zTnQIKCoysf9kfHTTP0RQ==, figureFileBig=TSD2+ujBl0cJV2lMC5yRxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563337724836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors <strong>21</strong> and <strong>22</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>1</strong>; C: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors <strong>21</strong> and <strong>22</strong>; D: Proposed docking mode of <strong>21</strong> into HDAC6; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>21</strong> into JAK2; F: Proposed docking mode of <strong>22</strong> into HDAC6; G: Proposed docking mode of <strong>22</strong> into JAK2 , figureFileSmall=4zTnQIKCoysf9kfHTTP0RQ==, figureFileBig=TSD2+ujBl0cJV2lMC5yRxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563492914088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b9rGSTDIN5tLlE6airNAoQ==, figureFileBig=jmuKR8+jsXTp/T9UR5NI0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563606160304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Design of JAK2/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>24</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>23</strong>; C: Chemical structure of target compounds; D: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>24</strong>; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>24</strong> into JAK2; F: Proposed docking mode of <strong>24</strong> into HDAC6 , figureFileSmall=b9rGSTDIN5tLlE6airNAoQ==, figureFileBig=jmuKR8+jsXTp/T9UR5NI0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563731989432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2T5GgJa8eUg+YHmi91cDWg==, figureFileBig=h7Z2P+h+ibsAQ0c5fTJi+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375563866207168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Design of pyrimidine-2-aminopyrazole JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors <strong>26</strong> and <strong>27</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>25</strong>; C: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>26</strong>; D: Proposed docking mode of <strong>26</strong> into HDAC2; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>26</strong> into JAK2; F: Chemical structure of target compounds and SAR; G: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>27</strong>; H: Proposed docking mode of <strong>27</strong> into HDAC6; I: Proposed docking mode of <strong>27</strong> into JAK2 , figureFileSmall=2T5GgJa8eUg+YHmi91cDWg==, figureFileBig=h7Z2P+h+ibsAQ0c5fTJi+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564004619202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=V6t7UCFStRpUv5BoEjrbZg==, figureFileBig=pT3JjxaR3f3lYxGGtUTYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564088505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Design of pyrrole [2, 3-<i>d</i>] pyrimidine JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors <strong>28</strong> and <strong>29</strong>. A: Chemical structure of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>26</strong>; B: Chemical structure of target compounds; C: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>28</strong> and <strong>29</strong>; D: Proposed docking mode of <strong>29</strong> into JAK2; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>29</strong> into HDAC6 , figureFileSmall=V6t7UCFStRpUv5BoEjrbZg==, figureFileBig=pT3JjxaR3f3lYxGGtUTYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564176585678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7QiOaQVgIZIhO6WRjH4ADg==, figureFileBig=fC1eqq078vb/og6J1PJjsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564335969234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>31</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>30</strong>; C: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>31</strong>; D: Proposed docking mode of <strong>31</strong> into HDAC1; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>31</strong> into JAK2 , figureFileSmall=7QiOaQVgIZIhO6WRjH4ADg==, figureFileBig=fC1eqq078vb/og6J1PJjsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564528907222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vtXZ8dUSGS0c6EFkRDKS3w==, figureFileBig=sld0w/ZEEHZFQbCHB3fVbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564730233816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Design of 2-amino-4-phenylaminopyrimidine JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>32</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>7</strong>; C: Design of JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor <strong>32</strong>; D: Proposed docking mode of <strong>32</strong> into JAK2; E: Proposed docking mode of <strong>32</strong> into HDAC6 , figureFileSmall=vtXZ8dUSGS0c6EFkRDKS3w==, figureFileBig=sld0w/ZEEHZFQbCHB3fVbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375564977697764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jjhfZPApVVR+lg1mxunCPw==, figureFileBig=d3d0ZlYVorrlkS5PknoX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375565145469929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 13, caption= Design of macrocyclic JAK/HDAC/FLT3 triple inhibitor <strong>34</strong>. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK/FLT3 dual inhibitor <strong>33</strong>; C: Chemical structure of target compounds; D: Design of JAK/HDAC/FLT3 triple inhibitor <strong>34</strong> , figureFileSmall=jjhfZPApVVR+lg1mxunCPw==, figureFileBig=d3d0ZlYVorrlkS5PknoX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375565313242094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wK6sb/LsKCfMYx4j/UYAAQ==, figureFileBig=Lg5sGZxV6gyXdFPcMhetbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375566592504822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 14, caption= Design of JAK/HDAC/HSP90 triple inhibitors. A: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HDAC inhibitor <strong>10</strong>; B: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of JAK inhibitor <strong>1</strong>; C: Chemical structure and pharmacophore of HSP90 inhibitor <strong>35</strong>; D: Chemical structures of target compounds; E: Design of JAK/HDAC/HSP90 triple inhibitor <strong>36</strong> , figureFileSmall=wK6sb/LsKCfMYx4j/UYAAQ==, figureFileBig=Lg5sGZxV6gyXdFPcMhetbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375566722528253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hGNypcHGdgthJmWNg5Kmow==, figureFileBig=/c1xJ0IyiiDm64zkJVBSTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200375566890299393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1199783102521377783, language=CN, label=Figure 15, caption= Design of novel JAK/HDAC/BRD4 triple inhibitor <strong>37</strong>. 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基于Janus激酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的双靶点抑制剂研究进展
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沈婧 1, # , 胡伟杰 2, # , 董国强 1 , 盛春泉 1, * , 黄亚辉 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(11): 3057-3073
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(11): 3057-3073
基于Janus激酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的双靶点抑制剂研究进展
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沈婧1, #, 胡伟杰2, #, 董国强1, 盛春泉1, * , 黄亚辉1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
  • 2.温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035

通讯作者:

*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
黄亚辉, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
Advances in research of dual inhibitors targeting Janus kinase and histone deacetylase
Jing SHEN1, Wei-jie HU2, Guo-qiang DONG1, Chun-quan SHENG1, * , Ya-hui HUANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
出版时间: 2024-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0263
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Janus激酶(JAK) 和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 已被证实是自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤等多种疾病治疗中的重要靶标, 至今已有多种JAK和HDAC抑制剂获批上市。近年来, 基于网络药理学开发的单分子多靶点抑制(如JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂) 在提高疗效、降低毒副作用和克服耐药性等方面取得重要进展。本文综述了新型JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂及基于JAK/HDAC的三靶点抑制剂, 以期为开发新型JAK/HDAC多靶点抑制剂提供借鉴和参考。

Janus激酶  /  组蛋白去乙酰化酶  /  双靶点抑制剂  /  构效关系  /  药效团

Janus kinase (JAK) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) referred to as crucial targets in autoimmune diseases and cancers have achieved quite success in the treatment of these diseases. Until now, several JAK and HDAC inhibitors have been approved. Recently, developing single multi-targeting inhibitors including JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors based on network pharmacology has made significant progress in improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing toxic and side effects, and overcoming drug resistance. In this review, we summarize novel JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors as well as JAK/HDAC-based triple-targeting inhibitors, in order to provide reference for the discovery of novel JAK/HDAC dual inhibitor.

Janus kinase  /  histone deacetylase  /  dual-target inhibitor  /  structure activity relationship  /  pharmacophore
沈婧, 胡伟杰, 董国强, 盛春泉, 黄亚辉. 基于Janus激酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的双靶点抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3057 -3073 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0263
Jing SHEN, Wei-jie HU, Guo-qiang DONG, Chun-quan SHENG, Ya-hui HUANG. Advances in research of dual inhibitors targeting Janus kinase and histone deacetylase[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (11) : 3057 -3073 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0263
Janus激酶(Janus kinase, JAK) 是一种非受体型酪氨酸激酶家族, 目前已发现四个成员, 分别是JAK1、JAK2、JAK3和TYK2[1]。JAKs的结构由七个同源结构域(JH) 组成, C端的JH1是激酶结构域, JH2域是无催化活性的伪激酶结构域。N端的FREM结构域与SH2结构域在细胞因子与受体间的结合中发挥重要作用(图 1A)[2]。JAK1、JAK2、TYK2在各种细胞中普遍表达, 而JAK3主要在造血细胞中表达, 高度调控细胞的发育和激活[3-5]。JAKs在细胞膜内通过与Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型细胞因子受体结合, 激活信号转导和转录激活因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT) 发挥作用[6], 介导受体下游的信号转导。STAT家族由7个成员组成, 包括STAT1~4、STAT5A、STAT5B和STAT6。磷酸化的JAKs触发STAT的招募、结合受体和磷酸化, 磷酸化的STAT二聚体转运到细胞核中, 与调节靶基因转录的特定DNA结合位点结合, 参与调控细胞生存、生长、分化、迁移、激活和凋亡等重要生理过程[7, 8] (图 1B)。研究表明, JAK/STAT通路的功能异常与自身免疫性疾病[9]、血液恶性肿瘤[10]和恶性实体瘤[11, 12]等复杂疾病的发生发展有关。
近年来, JAK抑制剂在治疗免疫介导炎症性疾病, 如类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)、银屑病关节炎(psoriaticarthritis, PsA)、轴性脊柱炎(axial spondyloarthritis, ax-SpA)[13-15]和血液疾病[10, 16]等方面取得了重大进展(图 2)。2011年, 诺华公司开发的口服、腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 竞争性、可逆JAK1/2抑制剂芦可替尼(ruxolitinib, 1) 获美国食品和药物管理局(FDA) 批准用于治疗骨髓纤维化(myelofibrosis, MF), 是FDA批准的首个治疗MF的口服小分子药物。由辉瑞公司开发的JAK1/2/3抑制剂托法替尼(tofacitinib, 2) 在2012年获批用于治疗对甲氨蝶呤疗效不足或对其无法耐受的中重度活动性RA成年患者, 在2017年和2018年再次获批分别用于治疗PsA和中度至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC), 托法替尼针对其他免疫性疾病的临床实验正在进行中[17]。托法替尼能够抑制JAK1/2/3的磷酸化与激活, 调节TYK2功能, 抑制相关的炎症因子的生成, 如白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-6、IL-22、干扰素(interferon, IFN)-α、IFN-γ、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF) 和红细胞生成素(erythropoietin, EPO) 等[18-21]。礼来公司开发的JAK1/2抑制剂巴瑞克替尼(baricitinib, 3) 于2017年在欧盟获批用于治疗中度至重度活动性RA。2023年, 艾乐明(巴瑞克替尼片) 正式获得中国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA) 批准, 用于成人重度斑秃的系统性治疗, 是中国首个且唯一用于系统性治疗重度斑秃的创新靶向药物。但一些服用巴瑞克替尼的患者会出现白细胞减少, 胆固醇水平升高的情况, 并且出现血栓的风险可能会增加[22]。吡西替尼(peficitinib, 4) 是安斯泰来公司自主研发的一款选择性JAK3抑制剂, 于2019年获日本独立行政法人医药品医疗器械综合机构(Pharmaceuticals And Medical Devices Agency, PMDA) 批准上市, 适应症为对常规疗法反应不足的RA。吡西替尼在使用过程中会发生免疫抑制, 如中性粒细胞数目减少等。2020年1月, 日本烟草和鸟居制药共同开发的迪高替尼(delgocitinib, 5) 获批用于治疗成人轻中度特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD)。
艾伯维公司开发的选择性JAK1抑制剂乌帕替尼(upadacitinib, 6) 于2019年获批用于治疗对甲氨蝶呤应答不足或不耐受的中度至重度活动性RA。与托法替尼相比, 乌帕替尼提高了对JAK1的选择性, 减少了对其他JAK亚型的正常生理功能(如免疫、造血等) 的影响, 降低了对机体的毒性[23, 24]。同年9月, 赛诺菲/新基公司的高选择性JAK2抑制剂菲达替尼(fedratinib, 7) 获FDA批准, 用于治疗MF。菲达替尼对JAK2的抑制作用比对JAK1、TYK2和JAK3分别强约30、100、300倍[25]。相较于芦可替尼, 菲达替尼在缩脾和改善MF相关的全身症状等方面疗效较好, 并且对芦可替尼耐药/不耐受的患者有效[26]。2021年9月, 辉瑞公司的JAK1抑制剂阿布昔替尼(abrocitinib, 8) 在英国上市, 用于治疗适合接受全身性治疗的成人和12岁以上青少年中重度AD患者。2022年1月, 辉瑞公司宣布FDA批准阿布昔替尼上市, 用于治疗复发性中度至重度AD的成人患者。百时美施贵宝公司的氘可来昔替尼(deucravacitinib, 9) 是一款选择性TYK2抑制剂。由于TYK2的调控结构域与JAK1/2/3的调控结构域不同, 因此, 治疗剂量下的氘可来昔替尼不会抑制JAK1/2/3, 避免了JAK1/2/3抑制剂的相关不良反应。该药于2022年9月获美国FDA批准用于治疗适合系统治疗或光疗的中度至重度斑块型银屑病(psoriasis, Ps) 患者, 2023年3月再获欧盟批准。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 作为表观遗传学蛋白家族的一员, 通过将组蛋白和其他蛋白上的赖氨酸末端乙酰基去除, 调节细胞基因表达和调控以及细胞增殖、分化和死亡等多种活动[27]。不仅如此, HDACs还参与调控机体的固有免疫和适应性免疫过程, 如调控Toll样受体和干扰素信号通路, 参与调控淋巴细胞的生长、分化与极化[28]。另外, T细胞分化和相关的细胞因子表达伴随着HDAC模式重塑。
哺乳动物HDAC根据其结构域和酵母蛋白序列同源性可以分为4类(Ⅰ~Ⅳ): Ⅰ类HDAC包括HDAC1、HDAC2、HDAC3和HDAC8; Ⅱ类包括HDAC4、HDAC5、HDAC6、HDAC7、HDAC9和HDAC10; Ⅲ类包括沉默信息调节因子(sirtuin, SIRT) 1、SIRT2、SIRT3、SIRT4、SIRT5、SIRT6和SIRT7; Ⅳ类包括HDAC11。共18个亚型[29]。由于HDAC与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关, HDAC抑制剂作为新型抗肿瘤药物受到了众多关注。目前已有伏立诺他(vorinostat, 10)、西达本胺(tucidinostat, 11)、贝利司他(belinostat, 12)、帕比司他(panobinostat, 13) 和罗米地辛(romidepsin, 14) 共5个药物获批上市, 适应症多为皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, CTCL)[30] (图 3)。由于单药疗效差并且具有剂量限制毒性, HDAC抑制剂在临床上的应用也受到限制[31]
近几十年来, “一种疾病-一种靶标-一种药物”一直是药物开发的主要策略之一, 基于此开发了许多靶向治疗药物[32-34], 但这种方法过度简化了疾病机制。系统生物学的研究揭示了分子网络调控与疾病之间的高度关联性, 复杂疾病如自身免疫性疾病和恶性肿瘤的发生发展涉及多条信号通路和多个靶点的失衡, 使得单靶点药物往往很难达到预期效果, 且易发生药物耐药[34], 临床上常使用多靶点药物来克服单靶点药物的缺陷。多靶点药物包括多组分多靶点药物和单组分多靶点药物, 多组分多靶点药物则主要采用联合用药(鸡尾酒疗法) 的方法, 尽管其在临床上应用广泛, 但是存在多种限制: 不可控的药物-药物相互作用、复杂的给药方案、配伍比例设置困难、剂量相关毒性、患者依从性下降和治疗费用增加等问题[35]。2007年, Hopkins[36]首次提出网络药理学的概念, 指出药物开发策略应该向“网络靶向-多组分治疗”的模式优化, 从干扰单一靶标转变为干扰整个生物网络。例如, β-内酰胺类化合物需要抑制两种以上的青霉素结合蛋白(penicillin-binding protein, PBP) 才能诱导细胞死亡, 氟喹诺酮类抗生素同时抑制了GyrAParC基因, 以及抗精神病药物通常对整个血清素和多巴胺受体家族都表现出活性[37]。网络药理学致力于为开发靶向疾病中涉及的多个蛋白或网络的药物提供依据, 显示了从系统层面发现单组分多靶点药物的可能性, 它能够克服多组分多靶点药物的众多限制, 成为目前新药研发的热点[38, 39]。目前已经有越来越多的单组分多靶点药物进入临床应用, 多靶点激酶抑制剂索拉菲尼(sorafenib, 15)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib, 16)、阿西替尼(axtintib, 17) 和尼达尼布(nintedanib, 18) 在晚期肾细胞癌等恶性肿瘤中均取得一定的疗效, 可改善患者生存, 具有较低的毒性和较高的安全性(图 4)。
第一代JAK抑制剂由于对JAK家族的各个亚型缺乏选择性, 导致毒副作用较大, 包括心血管、肿瘤、血栓、感染及死亡风险。因此, FDA几乎对所有的第一代JAK抑制剂都发出了“黑框警告”, 第二代选择性JAK抑制剂应运而生。然而, 长期选择性抑制JAK某一亚型可能会使靶点突变或者代偿激活旁路通道导致耐药性的发生。一直以来, JAK抑制剂与其他药物的联用广泛应用于临床。研究表明, JAK抑制剂的耐药可能与JAK/STAT信号通路的持续激活有关[40]。诱导靶蛋白关键氨基酸残基的翻译后乙酰化或甲基化是提高JAK抑制剂生物利用度和减少其耐药的重要途径之一。STAT1的乙酰化可抵消IFN诱导的STAT1磷酸化、核易位和DNA结合, 因此HDAC抑制剂能下调STAT水平[41]。此外, 抑制HDAC能够促进JAK2降解, 使得STAT3乙酰化并激活T辅助细胞(T helper cell, Th) 17免疫反应。更重要的是, JAK抑制剂与HDAC抑制剂在抗肿瘤治疗上具有协同增效作用(图 5)[42]。在骨髓增殖性肿瘤(myeloproliferative neoplasms, MPN) 患者的治疗过程中发现, HDAC抑制剂能下调JAK2V617F突变蛋白的表达, 抑制下游信号转导, 选择性地影响携带JAK2V617F突变的肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖[43]。除了骨髓增殖性肿瘤之外, 白血病中也发现了过度活跃的JAK2信号, 如急性髓性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia, AML) 患者中JAK2V617F阳性多于MPN患者, 并且还发现了JAK2K607N突变[44]。因此, 基于以上研究基础, 开发JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂可能是治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤的新策略。
基于JAK抑制剂和HDAC抑制剂良好的协同活性, 在过去的十年内, 研究者们对JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂进行了广泛的研究。2014年, Ning等[45]首次尝试了开发大环JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂, 其对携带突变的血液肿瘤细胞有着较好的体外活性。随后, Dymock团队探索了JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂的结构类型、提升了选择性并将治疗范围扩大到实体瘤细胞, 但仍局限于体外研究。近年来, 又发现JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂对侵袭性真菌感染有治疗作用, 扩大了其治疗范围, 并深入进行了体内研究。此外, 基于JAK和HDAC的三靶点抑制剂也逐渐受到关注。市面上在研的其他基于JAK的双靶点抑制剂存在着一些劣势。如JAK/BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase, 布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶) 双靶点抑制剂的治疗范围局限(主要为B细胞淋巴瘤)、结构类型少以及研究深度不够。JAK/TEC蛋白酪氨酸激酶(TEC protein tyrosine kinase, TEC) 家族多靶点抑制剂存在广泛免疫抑制的不良反应和不可逆共价抑制带来的较大毒性。相比之下, JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂具有以下优势: ①研究基础好, 结构类型丰富, 构效关系阐明较为完整, 为后续研究提供了良好基础; ②目前已有体内外活性优秀、毒性低和药代动力学性质良好的分子, 证明开发JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂的合理性; ③治疗范围广、适应症众多、开发价值高, 具有广阔的应用前景。
多靶点分子的设计方法一般是将多个药物的药效团拼合组成一个分子, 原则上, 每个药效团都应该保持对其原来靶点的活性。多靶点药物设计的共同点是多药效团模式, 可以分为四种模式: 不可分割药效团连接模式、可分割药效团连接模式、融合药效团模式和合并药效团模式。合并药效团模式由于可最大化地重合药效团, 从而得到分子量更小、结构更简单和理化性质合理的多靶点药物, 因此被广泛运用。目前大多数JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂均通过合并药效团模式设计而来。JAK抑制剂的药效团可分为三个部分: 铰链结合区(hinge region, 通常是氨基嘧啶基团)、疏水区(hydrophobic region) 和溶剂暴露区(solvent exposed region), 其中铰链结合区是抑制JAK的关键区域[46]。典型的HDAC抑制剂的药效团也分为三个部分: 帽子区(cap groups)、连接子(linker, 通常为疏水的烷基、烯基和芳基等) 和锌离子螯合基团(zinc binding group, ZBG), 其中ZBG为活性必需基团(通常为异羟肟酸基团)[47]。其中HDAC抑制剂的Cap区可替代性强, 可以由JAK抑制剂关键药效团替代, 通过适当的连接子将ZBG连接在JAK抑制剂的合适位置(如溶剂暴露区) 设计得到JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂。
Dymock团队长期致力于多靶点激酶抑制剂的开发, 在2016~2018年先后发表了多篇关于JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂的文章[48-52]。Yang等[48]将JAK2抑制剂pacritinib (SB1518, 19) 溶剂暴露区通过不同长度的连接子与HDAC抑制剂10的关键药效团异羟肟酸融合得到一系列新型JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂(图 6A~C)。构效关系(structure activity relationship, SAR) 研究显示, 连接子的长度对于维持化合物对JAK和HDAC的平衡活性十分重要, 其中六碳化合物20具有最好的HDAC6抑制活性(IC50 = 2.1 nmol·L-1), 对JAK2也保持高活性(IC50 = 1.4 nmol·L-1, 图 6D)。分子对接显示(图 6EF), 20的异羟肟酸基团与HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) [53]的Tyr745、His573和His574之间形成氢键网络, 并与Zn2+形成配位键, 苯环与Phe583之间形成π-π相互作用。在JAK2 (PDB ID: 8BPV) 中, 20的氨基嘧啶和异羟肟酸基团与Leu932形成双氢键, 异羟肟酸基团与Pro933形成氢键。此外, 20对MDA-MB-231 (人乳腺癌细胞)、HCT116 (人结肠癌细胞)、PC-3 (人前列腺癌细胞)、MCF-7 (人乳腺癌细胞) 等实体瘤细胞及人白血病细胞HL60、HEL和Jurkat具有明显的抗增殖作用, 在大鼠肝微粒体的半衰期超过25 min, 证明其是一个良好的工具化合物。
研究者[49]将JAK1/2抑制剂1与HDAC抑制剂10的关键药效团融合, 设计、合成了新型非大环类JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂(图 7AB)。其中, 化合物21可有效抑制JAK1、JAK2 (IC50分别为17和75 nmol·L-1) 和HDAC1、2、3、6、10、11 (IC50为1.4~31 nmol·L-1, 图 7C)。分子对接显示(图 7DE), 21的异羟肟酸与HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) 的Zn2+形成配位键, 并与侧链Tyr745、His573和His574形成三个额外的氢键, 吡咯并嘧啶母核与Asp460形成氢键, 并与表面残基His463和Pro464形成π-π相互作用。在JAK2 (PDB ID: 3FUP)[54]中, 吡咯并嘧啶基与激酶铰链区残基Glu930和Leu932形成氢键, 异羟肟酸基团与Arg938和Asp939形成氢键。21在多种癌细胞中能阻断JAK/STAT和HDAC通路, 同时其具有低分子量、高配体结合效率和高亲脂效率的特点, 是一个有希望的先导化合物。随后, Yao等[50]针对化合物21开展进一步结构优化, 发现了丁烯基取代化合物2222具有纳摩尔级JAK2 (IC50 = 0.041 nmol·L-1) 和HDAC抑制活性(HDAC1 IC50 = 83 nmol·L-1, HDAC6 IC50 = 0.25 nmol·L-1)。22能有效抑制MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HCT116和PC-3的增殖(IC50为4.1~7.7 μmol·L-1, 图 7C)。分子对接显示(图 7FG), 22的异羟肟酸基团与HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) 的Zn2+形成配位键, 同时与周围His573、His574和Tyr745形成氢键。22的氨基嘧啶基团与JAK2 (PDB ID: 4AQC)[55]的铰链区残基Leu932形成两个氢键, 吡咯的NH与Glu930形成氢键, 酰胺键的羰基与Gln853形成氢键, 同时异羟肟酸基团的NH与Asp939形成氢键。丁烯基侧链在富含甘氨酸的环下延伸, 异羟肟酸从结合位点延伸到溶剂中。
随后, Chu-Farseeva等[51]基于选择性JAK2抑制剂XL019 (23) 和HDAC抑制剂10又开发了新型氨基嘧啶类JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂(图 8A~C)。通过对侧链基团的深度优化, 发现优选吗啉取代化合物24对JAK2、HDAC1和HDAC6均有较为平衡的纳摩尔活性, 还对四种实体瘤细胞具有亚微摩尔活性(IC50为0.64~1.05 μmol·L-1, 图 8D)。分子对接显示(图 8EF), 24的氨基嘧啶与JAK2 (PDB ID: 3FUP) 铰链残基Leu932和Pro933形成三个氢键, 吗啉基上的氧与Lys943形成氢键, 苯环侧链部分与富含甘氨酸环形成疏水作用。在HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) 中, 异羟肟酸基团与Zn2+形成配位键, 并与His573和Tyr745形成两个氢键, 苯酰胺上的氢与Ser531形成氢键。
基于HDAC抑制剂10和泛JAK抑制剂25, Liang等[42]在2019年报道了一种新型嘧啶-2-氨基吡唑类JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂(图 9AB)。化合物26对JAK2和HDAC2都有潜在的抑制活性(JAK2 IC50 = 10 nmol·L-1; HDAC2 IC50 = 130 nmol·L-1, 图 9C)。分子对接显示(图 9DE), 26的异羟肟酸螯合HDAC2 (PDB ID: 5IWG) [56]的Zn2+并与周围的Tyr308和His145形成氢键, 和苯环直接相连的氨基与Gly32形成氢键。脂肪链占据疏水通道, 末端帽基与活性位点的氨基酸残基相互作用; 26的氨基嘧啶部分与JAK2 (PDB ID: 4AQC) 的ATP结合口袋中Leu932形成双氢键, 异羟肟酸与Lys943和Tyr934形成氢键, 苯基占据疏水口袋。随后, Liang等探索了末端苯基、嘧啶取代基和连接子的长度对JAK2和HDAC抑制活性的影响(图 9F), SAR研究显示: R1对JAK2活性起决定性作用, 氯原子取代的化合物对JAK2活性最佳; R2的不同取代基对JAK2和HDAC活性均具有良好的耐受性, 芳香胺或脂肪胺取代都可保持活性; Linker的长度对于维持HDAC活性十分重要, 5或6个碳原子最佳。其中, 氯取代化合物27活性提升最大(JAK2 IC50 = 4 nmol·L-1; HDAC6 IC50 = 14 nmol·L-1), 在四种血液细胞系中(IC50为0.06~0.49 μmol·L-1) 表现出优于伏立诺他和芦可替尼的抗增殖和促凋亡活性(图 9G)。值得注意的是, 27在携带JAK2V617F突变的HEL中表现出比伏立诺他和芦可替尼联用组更有效的抗增殖作用。在体内实验中, 27表现出中等体内抗肿瘤活性, 且毒性较小, 但其PK性质和体内效力还有待进一步优化。分子对接显示(图 9HI), 27的异羟肟酸基团螯合HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) 的Zn2+并与His573和Tyr745形成氢键, 吡唑环与Phe583形成π-π相互作用, 脂肪链占据疏水通道, 氨基嘧啶与活性位点入口处的Asp460残基相互作用。在JAK2 (PDB ID: 3FUP) 中, 氯原子和氨基嘧啶部分与Leu932形成氢键, 异羟肟酸伸向溶剂区域, 并与Asp976和Asn859形成氢键。
2022年, Liang等[57]26的基础上引入不同的芳香环(苯基、联苯环和吡咯环等), 设计、合成了吡咯[2, 3-d]嘧啶类JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂, 有望治疗对伏立诺他耐药的三阴性乳腺癌。抑酶活性测试结果显示, 喹唑啉和苯基嘧啶类化合物的JAK2抑制活性弱于吡咯[2, 3-d]嘧啶类, 因此设计母核为吡咯[2, 3-d]嘧啶基团(图 10AB)。优选化合物28依然保持了对JAK2和HDAC6的高效抑制活性(JAK2 IC50 = 16.8 nmol·L-1, HDAC6 IC50 = 13.1 nmol·L-1, 图 10C)。在28的苯基上引入取代基和连接子得到化合物29, 对JAK1/2/3和HDAC1/6均有纳摩尔级的抑制活性(JAK2 IC50 = 32.9 nmol·L-1; HDAC6 IC50 = 8.4 nmol·L-1), 且对乳腺癌细胞株显示出较强的亚微摩尔级抑制活性。分子对接显示(图 10DE), 29的氨基嘧啶部分与JAK2 (PDB ID: 3FUP) 的Leu932形成双氢键, 异羟肟酸部分与Ser936、Asp939和Arg938、Arg980形成多氢键。29苯基的对位非常接近P-环区的Lys857, 因此在苯基对位引入取代基可能会加剧配体与Lys857之间的斥力。29的异羟肟酸螯合HDAC6 (PDB ID: 5EEI) 的Zn2+, 并与氨基酸残基Tyr745、His573和His574形成多个氢键。重要的是, 29在MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中有效地抑制肿瘤生长, 证明JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂对伏立诺他耐药的三阴性乳腺癌的潜在治疗作用, 将其治疗范围从血液恶性瘤扩大到实体瘤, 体现了其相较于传统HDAC抑制剂治疗乳腺癌的优势。
2018年, Huang等[58]基于选择性JAK2抑制剂CYT-387 (30) 和HDAC抑制剂10, 开发了一种新型JAK2/HDAC双靶点抑制剂, 用于联合治疗白血病和侵袭性真菌感染(invasive fungal infections, IFIs) (图 11A~C)。其中, 对JAK2和HDAC6具有良好抑制作用的目标化合物31 (JAK2 IC50 = 8 nmol·L-1; HDAC6 IC50 = 46 nmol·L-1), 不仅能够有效抑制白血病细胞增殖(HEL IC50 = 0.34 μmol·L-1), 且与氟康唑(fluconazole, FLC) 联合使用时对耐药白念珠菌具有良好的协同作用, 协同指数(fraction inhibitory concentration index, FICI) 为0.07 (图 11C)。分子对接显示(图 11DE), 31的异羟肟酸与HDAC1 (PDB ID: 4BKX)[59]的Zn2+配位, 并分别与Gly146和His178形成氢键。肉桂酰胺基团与His178、Phe150和Phe205形成π-π堆积相互作用, N-苯基甲磺酰胺部分与Glu146、Lys143和Ser148形成三个氢键。在JAK2 (PDB ID: 4AQC) 中, 31的氨基嘧啶与Leu932形成氢键, N-苯基甲磺酰胺部分与Asp994形成氢键。此外, 连接子和ZBG从结合位点伸出, 分别与Asp939和Arg980形成氢键。作用机制研究显示, 31能剂量依赖地诱导HEL凋亡, 阻滞细胞周期在S期; 同时阻断HEL中JAK/STAT和HDAC通路, 与FLC联用时能对耐FLC的白念珠菌产生协同作用。在HEL异种移植模型中, 31明显抑制肿瘤生长, 且毒性较小; 显著延长白血病小鼠的寿命和存活时间, 减轻小鼠脾脏肿大, 减少白血病对脾脏的浸润。在耐药白念珠菌小鼠模型中, 相较于FLC与阳性对照CYT-387和伏立诺他联用组, FLC与31联合处理组的小鼠中位生存时间(median survival time, MST) 显著延长。该研究通过设计全新的JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂, 为白血病和侵袭性真菌感染的联合治疗提供了一种新策略, 化合物31是第一个对侵袭性真菌感染表现出治疗潜力的JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂。
基于选择性JAK2抑制剂菲达替尼和HDAC抑制剂10, Qiu等[60]开发了一系列新型2-氨基-4-苯氨基嘧啶类JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂(图 12AB)。优选化合物32具有纳摩尔级HDAC3/6和JAK2活性, 且在血液恶性肿瘤和实体瘤中都表现出显著的抗增殖活性(HEL IC50 = 0.33 μmol·L-1, A549 IC50 = 0.73 μmol·L-1, 图 12C)。分子对接显示(图 12DE), 32的2-氨基-4-苯氨基嘧啶母核与JAK2 (PDB: 6VNE)[61]的Leu932形成氢键, 异羟肟酸基团与Gln853和Gln854形成氢键。在HDAC6 (PDB: 5EEI) 中, 32的异羟肟酸占据活性口袋, 与Zn2+螯合并与Gly582形成氢键, 苯基和周边His463形成π-π相互作用。此外, 32的2-氨基-4-苯氨基嘧啶通过盐桥和氢键与Asp460形成了强相互作用, 磺酰胺的氢与Pro711形成氢键。Western blot实验中, 32能够显著抑制HEL和人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549中组蛋白去乙酰化和STAT3磷酸化, 并且具有促凋亡活性。32还具有良好的血浆稳定性和口服生物利用度, 为开发治疗血液恶性肿瘤和实体瘤的JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂提供了强有力的支撑。
2014年, Ning等[45]基于大环类JAK2/FLT3抑制剂SB1317 (33) 和HDAC抑制剂10开发了JAK/HDAC/FLT3三靶点抑制剂(图 13A~C)。其中化合物34对HDAC和FLT3的抑制活性最强(HDAC IC50 = 87 nmol·L-1; FLT3 IC50 = 87 nmol·L-1), 但对JAK2的抑制活性较弱(IC50 = 686 nmol·L-1)。抗细胞增殖实验结果显示, 化合物34对携带FLT-ITD突变的MV4-11 (人白血病细胞) 和携带JAK2V617F突变的HEL的活性最强(GI50值分别为0.27和0.34 μmol·L-1, 图 13D)。此外, 化合物34对于一些常见的肿瘤细胞系的抗增殖活性与阳性药10相似。该研究表明开发JAK/HDAC/FLT3三靶点抑制剂的可行性, 显示了三重阻断JAK、HDAC和FLT3的优势, 具有治疗FLT3-ITD或JAK2V617F阳性AML患者的巨大潜力。
随着JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂2021的开发, Dymock团队提出了“瞬时药物” (transient drug) 的概念, 即某一种分子对靶点有较低的抑制效力但多靶点抑制相互平衡, 产生有效但没有毒性的协同效应, 因此他们开发了JAK/HDAC/HSP90 (热休克蛋白90, heat shock protein 90) 三靶点抑制剂。HSP90促进炎症因子STAT3的激活[62], 而JAK家族是STATs的直接激活剂, 因此抑制JAK和HSP90有可能产生协同作用。HDAC家族, 特别是HDAC6, 在调节HSP90复合体的功能中起重要作用[63], 因此探索JAK、HDAC和HSP90的三靶点抑制剂对治疗JAK/STAT或HSP90介导的癌症有重要价值。2018年, 基于JAK1/2抑制剂1、HDAC抑制剂10和HSP90抑制剂BEP800 (35), Yao等[52]设计了ⅰ和ⅱ类两种目标化合物(图 14A~D)。抑酶活性测试结果表明, ⅰ类化合物对HDAC6具有很强的抑制活性, 但对JAK2或HSP90均无明显活性, 表明将HSP90抑制剂的药效团连接在JAK抑制剂的嘧啶母核上不可行。ⅱ类化合物对JAK2和HDAC6均有活性, 但对HSP90没有活性。相比之下, 羧酸衍生物36对HSP90、JAK2和HDAC6均有抑制作用(IC50分别为20.2、3.76和6.3 μmol·L-1, 图 14E)。上述研究表明, 虽然抑制作用在微摩尔水平, 但如果这些靶点的抑制作用间存在协同作用, 同样可以产生持续且稳定的治疗效果, 避免耐药的产生和其他通路的代偿激活, 这可能是迈向研究“瞬时药物”的第一步。
JAK抑制剂菲达替尼曾被证实在治疗浓度下能发挥较强的BRD4 (溴结构域蛋白4, bromodomain-containing protein 4) 抑制作用[64, 65], 其JAK/BRD4双重抑制作用使其成为开发三靶点抑制剂的良好前体分子。基于菲达替尼和化合物10, Zhao等[66]采用融合药效团策略开发了两类(ⅰ和ⅱ) JAK/HDAC/BRD4三靶点抑制剂(图 15A~C)。经过优化, ⅱ系列中异羟肟酸基取代磺酸基的化合物37对三个靶点均产生了较为均衡的抑制活性(JAK1 IC50 = 5.7 nmol·L-1; HDAC1 IC50 = 120 nmol·L-1; BRD4-BD1 IC50 = 930 nmol·L-1), 并对MDA-MB-231具有良好的活性(IC50 = 2.9 μmol·L-1), 对GES-1 (正常人胃上皮黏膜细胞) 具有可接受的毒性(IC50 = 32.9 μmol·L-1), 且选择性优于伏立诺他(图 15D)。分子对接显示(图 15E~G), 37与HDAC1 (PDB ID: 4BKX) 的Zn2+螯合并与Asp99和Gly149形成多个氢键。37的嘧啶氨基母核与JAK1 (PDB ID: 4IVB)[67]铰链区Leu959形成两个氢键, 异羟肟酸基团与Arg1007、Asn1008和Glu883形成多个氢键。在BRD4-BD1 (PDB ID: 4P5S)[68]中, 37保留了与菲达替尼相似的与Asn140和Pro82的关键氢键相互作用, 却丧失了与BRD4-BD1的WPF区的疏水相互作用, 使37的BRD4-BD1抑制活性略低于菲达替尼。此外, 37同时抑制HDAC和BRD4-LIFR-JAK1-STAT3信号传导, 其多靶点抑制作用显示出有效的抗增殖活性和促凋亡活性, 并抑制肿瘤细胞集落形成, 能够抑制MDA-MB-231异种移植模型中肿瘤的生长。与传统HDAC抑制剂相比, Zhao等[66]开发的JAK/HDAC/BRD4三靶点抑制剂具有良好的体内抗肿瘤活性和可接受的毒性, 使JAK、HDAC以及更多靶点的联合抑制产生的协同作用在实体恶性肿瘤的体内水平上充分被证实, 因此, 通过JAK/HDAC多靶点抑制的策略治疗恶性实体瘤具有较大的研究价值。
JAK抑制剂和HDAC抑制剂单药使用时容易出现疗效不足、毒性大以及耐药性等问题, 开发单分子JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂则有望克服上述缺陷。尽管单分子多靶点药物具有诸多优势, 但在靶点组合的科学选取和合理分子设计等方面面临诸多挑战。在过去的十几年里, 对药效团融合策略的灵活运用使得JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂的研发取得了明显的进展, 用于治疗自身免疫病、血液恶性肿瘤及实体瘤, 特别是在耐药性和毒性方面的突破, 使双靶点抑制剂以较低的剂量在临床应用上展现出了优势。
JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂的开发也面临着许多困难, 目前仍未有JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂获批上市。由于JAK家族和HDAC家族激酶的高度同源性, 对单一亚型选择性抑制从而减少不良反应是一个有待解决的问题。同时, JAK抑制剂和HDAC抑制剂的结构具有高度相似性, 现有的设计策略大多以药效团组合、基团添加为主, 开发全新的抑制剂骨架将会为现有的研发带来巨大进展, 这有赖于高通量筛选技术的应用、靶点的发现与结构解析以及药物化学家设计水平的提升。此外, 已有的研究大多以提升化合物对靶点的活性为主, 相对较少地关注到分子的物理化学性质、药代动力学性质和成药性, 而大多数在临床前评价中失败的候选分子正是由于这些性质的不足, 原因可能是位点占据、空间位阻以及新分子的ADME性质改变。最后, 对于多靶点抑制剂来说, 在多个靶点间产生平衡的抑制活性是一个十分重要的问题。尽管面临着不可忽视的挑战, 但JAK/HDAC双靶点抑制剂在免疫性疾病以及血液系统恶性肿瘤和实体瘤中仍然展现出巨大优势, 在药物化学界受到广泛关注, 是研究的热点, 未来将会取得更多切实有效的新进展。
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273779)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82330109)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22277138)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0263
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 修回日期:2024-08-14
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273779)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82330109)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22277138)
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    1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 教育部医药基础研究创新中心, 上海 200433
    2.温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035

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*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
黄亚辉, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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