Article(id=1200394157639455473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709827200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-08, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764125869426, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1720713600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764125869426, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764125869426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764125869426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200394147019477416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1897', pageEnd='2182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764125866894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225115484, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810425920115297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200394147019477416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2143, endPage=2152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200394158084051730, articleId=1200394157639455473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Loaded CA4P and rapamycin acid-sensitive liposomes target blood vessels for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Given the vital role of vasculature in solid tumors, the potential of vascular disrupting therapy in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is promising. In this study, we prepared the acid-sensitive liposome PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap loaded with the vascular disrupting agent CA4P and the anti-angiogenic drug rapamycin (Rap) to explore the potential of the vascular disrupting strategy in TNBC. PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap was characterized by 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Its drug loading and acid sensitivity were determined. The particle size of PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap is 161.53 ± 1.89 nm, the zeta potential is -20.03 ± 0.9 mV and it demonstrated good drug release on acidic sensitivity responses. CCK-8 experiments proved that Rap can enhance the ability of CA4P to destroy tumor vascular endothelial cells. Rap can kill marginal residual tumor cells, suppress tumor recurrence. Nanocarriers can further enhance the therapeutic effect. Western blot (WB) showed that Rap decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) via the mTOR/p70S6K and mTOR/4E-BP1 pathways. Thus, tumor hypoxia activation and angiogenesis were inhibited. PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap can effectively destroy tumor vessels, inhibit tumor angiogenesis and recurrence, and provide a new strategy for the treatment of TNBC by targeting disruption of tumor vessels.

, correspAuthors=Yuan-yan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong-jie ZHU, Meng TIAN, Yuan-yan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200394161397552115, articleId=1200394157639455473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=负载CA4P和雷帕霉素酸敏感脂质体靶向血管治疗三阴性乳腺癌, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鉴于血管在实体肿瘤中的关键作用, 血管破坏疗法在三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 中的应用潜力令人期待。本研究制备负载血管破坏剂康普瑞汀磷酸二钠(combretastatin A4 phosphate disodium, CA4P) 和抗血管生成药物雷帕霉素(rapamycin, Rap) 的酸敏感脂质体PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap, 探索血管破坏策略在TNBC中的应用潜力。采用1H NMR、动态光散射法及透射电镜对PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap进行表征, 并检测其载药量、酸敏感性。PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的粒径为161.53 ± 1.89 nm, zeta电位为-20.03 ± 0.9 mV, 具有良好的酸敏感释药能力。通过体外CCK-8实验证明Rap能够增强CA4P的血管破坏能力。Rap能够杀伤边缘残留肿瘤细胞, 抑制肿瘤复发。纳米载体能够进一步增强疗效。通过蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot, WB) 实验证明,Rap通过mTOR/p70S6K和mTOR/4E-BP1通路降低缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 的表达水平, 进而抑制肿瘤缺氧反应激活和血管再生。PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap能够有效破坏肿瘤血管, 抑制肿瘤血管再生和复发, 以肿瘤血管破坏作为治疗靶标, 为TNBC的治疗提供一种新思路。

, correspAuthors=刘元艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘元艳, Tel: 13691414115, E-mail:
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Effects of different Rap treatments on HIF-1<i>α</i> and mTOR downstream signaling pathway protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells (A), and effects of different Rap treatments on expression of HIF-1<i>α</i> (B), p-mTOR (C), p-p70S6K (D), p-4E-BP1 (E). <i>n</i> = 3, <sup>*</sup><i>P</i><0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i><0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i><0.001 , figureFileSmall=GqqdyOFrmBGUIrF2ozGRyw==, figureFileBig=JhWKhgERGBtMOBJk3k/n/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200470898726793722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157639455473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugEE%DLC%
Rap81.10 ± 2.457.50 ± 0.21
CA4P65.62 ± 1.1013.17 ± 0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1200470898856817152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200394157639455473, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

EE% and DLC% of CA4P/ Lip-Rap. n = 3. EE: Encapsulation efficiency; DLC: Drug loading content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugEE%DLC%
Rap81.10 ± 2.457.50 ± 0.21
CA4P65.62 ± 1.1013.17 ± 0.18
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负载CA4P和雷帕霉素酸敏感脂质体靶向血管治疗三阴性乳腺癌
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朱东杰 , 田梦 , 刘元艳 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(7): 2143-2152
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(7): 2143-2152
负载CA4P和雷帕霉素酸敏感脂质体靶向血管治疗三阴性乳腺癌
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朱东杰, 田梦, 刘元艳*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学, 中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*刘元艳, Tel: 13691414115, E-mail:
Loaded CA4P and rapamycin acid-sensitive liposomes target blood vessels for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer
Dong-jie ZHU, Meng TIAN, Yuan-yan LIU*
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0207
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鉴于血管在实体肿瘤中的关键作用, 血管破坏疗法在三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 中的应用潜力令人期待。本研究制备负载血管破坏剂康普瑞汀磷酸二钠(combretastatin A4 phosphate disodium, CA4P) 和抗血管生成药物雷帕霉素(rapamycin, Rap) 的酸敏感脂质体PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap, 探索血管破坏策略在TNBC中的应用潜力。采用1H NMR、动态光散射法及透射电镜对PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap进行表征, 并检测其载药量、酸敏感性。PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的粒径为161.53 ± 1.89 nm, zeta电位为-20.03 ± 0.9 mV, 具有良好的酸敏感释药能力。通过体外CCK-8实验证明Rap能够增强CA4P的血管破坏能力。Rap能够杀伤边缘残留肿瘤细胞, 抑制肿瘤复发。纳米载体能够进一步增强疗效。通过蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot, WB) 实验证明,Rap通过mTOR/p70S6K和mTOR/4E-BP1通路降低缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 的表达水平, 进而抑制肿瘤缺氧反应激活和血管再生。PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap能够有效破坏肿瘤血管, 抑制肿瘤血管再生和复发, 以肿瘤血管破坏作为治疗靶标, 为TNBC的治疗提供一种新思路。

康普瑞汀磷酸二钠  /  雷帕霉素  /  pH敏感纳米载体  /  血管破坏策略  /  三阴性乳腺癌

Given the vital role of vasculature in solid tumors, the potential of vascular disrupting therapy in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is promising. In this study, we prepared the acid-sensitive liposome PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap loaded with the vascular disrupting agent CA4P and the anti-angiogenic drug rapamycin (Rap) to explore the potential of the vascular disrupting strategy in TNBC. PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap was characterized by 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Its drug loading and acid sensitivity were determined. The particle size of PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap is 161.53 ± 1.89 nm, the zeta potential is -20.03 ± 0.9 mV and it demonstrated good drug release on acidic sensitivity responses. CCK-8 experiments proved that Rap can enhance the ability of CA4P to destroy tumor vascular endothelial cells. Rap can kill marginal residual tumor cells, suppress tumor recurrence. Nanocarriers can further enhance the therapeutic effect. Western blot (WB) showed that Rap decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) via the mTOR/p70S6K and mTOR/4E-BP1 pathways. Thus, tumor hypoxia activation and angiogenesis were inhibited. PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap can effectively destroy tumor vessels, inhibit tumor angiogenesis and recurrence, and provide a new strategy for the treatment of TNBC by targeting disruption of tumor vessels.

combretastatin A4 phosphate disodium  /  rapamycin  /  pH-sensitive nanocarrier  /  vascular disrupting strategy  /  triple negative breast cancer
朱东杰, 田梦, 刘元艳. 负载CA4P和雷帕霉素酸敏感脂质体靶向血管治疗三阴性乳腺癌. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (7) : 2143 -2152 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0207
Dong-jie ZHU, Meng TIAN, Yuan-yan LIU. Loaded CA4P and rapamycin acid-sensitive liposomes target blood vessels for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (7) : 2143 -2152 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0207
自2020年起, 乳腺癌已经成为全球第一大癌症, 乳腺癌是目前严重危害全球女性身心健康的常见的恶性肿瘤之一。其中三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC) 在所有乳腺癌亚型中表现出最低的存活率, 预后非常差[1]。TNBC的特征是异质性、高度恶性和高度侵袭性, 化疗仅对少数对其敏感的早期TNBC患者有效, 并且伴随着转移, 复发和高死亡率等问题, TNBC仍缺乏更有效的靶向治疗手段[1-3]
肿瘤血管或许是三阴性乳腺癌的一个潜在的治疗靶点。肿瘤血管在实体肿瘤的发生、发展、转移和特殊微环境的形成等过程起着关键作用[4, 5]。肿瘤血管是实体肿瘤组织生长发育的重要器官。最早由Folkman提出肿瘤血管生成学说及抗血管生成假说, 当肿瘤组织体积大于2 mm3时, 必须生成血管才能获取足够生成的营养。因此破坏肿瘤血管和抑制血管生成能够有效抑制肿瘤生长和转移[6-8]。血管破坏疗法旨在破坏现有的肿瘤血管内皮细胞, 破坏血管完整结构, 阻断肿瘤的血液供应。康普瑞汀磷酸二钠(combretastatin A4 phosphate disodium, CA4P) 是一种经典血管破坏剂, 属于微管蛋白去稳定剂, 作用于未成熟的血管内皮细胞的微管蛋白, 抑制其聚合, 破坏肿瘤血管, 实现抗肿瘤作用, 对于多种肿瘤模型都有效[9]。虽然单一血管破坏疗法就能够在缺乏血管的肿瘤中心区域有效地引起大范围坏死, 但在血管密度较高的肿瘤边缘区域, 会不可避免地有肿瘤细胞残存。这些边缘残留细胞会激活肿瘤缺氧反应, 如上调HIF-1α的表达, HIF-1α及其下游基因通过多种机制支持肿瘤细胞进展和复发, 如激活包括大量血管生成的基因的转录、促进癌细胞增殖与存活等, 是造成新生血管生成和肿瘤复发的重要元凶[9-11]。抑制肿瘤边缘残留细胞引起的肿瘤新生血管再生和肿瘤组织复发是增强血管破坏疗法的一个重要完善方向。抗血管生成策略旨在通过阻断肿瘤过度激活的促血管生成途径来抑制肿瘤血管生成, 降低肿瘤组织血液供应[12-14]。两种策略在功能上存在互补, 因此猜想将两种血管靶向疗法联合能够获得更好的抗肿瘤效果。本研究选取血管破坏剂CA4P和抗血管生成药物雷帕霉素(rapamycin, Rap) 联用, 探索两种药物在破坏肿瘤血管和抑制血管再生方面的协同作用。
由于两种药物均属于小分子药物, 缺乏靶向性, 且存在不良反应, 限制了二者的治疗效果。纳米疗法在实现药物靶向递送、提高药物治疗的疗效等方面展示出独特的优势。酸敏感纳米载体能够特异性响应肿瘤组织弱酸性微环境, 实现药物的靶向递送和释放[7, 15, 16]。本研究借助一种酸敏感核壳结构的脂质体纳米药物, 能够通过高渗透长滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect, EPR效应) 在肿瘤组织有效积累。并且凭借酸敏感性, 能够在肿瘤弱酸性微环境下发生电荷反转和壳分离, 实现CA4P和Rap的分层释药。在体外细胞水平上通过细胞增殖实验, 评估了纳米药物对肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞影响。并通过WB实验对其潜在作用机制进行了探索和验证。拟为三阴性乳腺癌的药物治疗提供一种新思路。
试剂    (2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺(氯盐) (2,3-dioleoyloxy-propyl-trimethylammonium-chloride, DOTAP)、1,2-二油酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, DOPE)、Tween 80、碳酸氢钠、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲氨丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐[1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, EDC]、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS) (上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司, 中国); 蛋黄卵磷脂(egg phosphatidylcholine, EPC, 高纯)、CA4P、Rap、二甲基马来酸酐(2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride, DMMA)、甲氧基聚乙二醇羧基(mPEG-COOH)、支链聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine, PEI)、再生纤维素透析袋、Cy7-N-羟基琥珀酰胺酯(Cy7-SE) (上海源叶生物科技有限公司, 中国); 胆固醇(Sigma-aldrich, 美国); pH 5.5、6.8、7.4 PBS缓冲液(北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司, 中国); DMEM培养基、胎牛血清(Gibco, 美国); CCK-8试剂盒、4%~20%和8% WB预制胶、增强型化学发光液(北京兰博利德生物技术有限公司, 中国); Lyso-Tracker Green (溶酶体绿色荧光探针)、蛋白酶抑制剂(上海碧云天生物技术研究所, 中国); β-actin一抗(鼠源)、HIF-1α一抗(兔源)、p-mTOR一抗(兔源)、p-p70S6K一抗(兔源)、p-4EBP-1一抗(兔源) (CST公司, 美国)。
细胞培养    人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs) 和人三阴性乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231 (湖南丰晖生物科技有限公司, 中国); HUVECs采用内皮专用培养基—ECM培养基(Sciencell, 美国) 培养; MDA-MB-231采用DMEM高糖培养基(Gibco, 美国) 培养, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2饱和湿度的培养箱中培养。
酸敏感阴离子外壳mPEG-PEI-DMMA (PPD) 的合成和表征    酸敏感外壳基础材料选用mPEG-COOH和PEI共聚物, 以EDC和NHS为催化剂合成。将mPEG-COOH (200 mg) 溶解在MES缓冲液(pH 5.0) 中, 然后加入EDC (38.2 mg) 和NHS (23.08 mg), 室温搅拌0.5 h后, 调节溶液pH至7.0~7.4, 加入支链PEI (200 mg)。室温搅拌反应24 h。在透析袋中用去离子水透析纯化48 h。冷冻干燥后得到mPEG-PEI共聚物。
mPEG-PEI溶解于碳酸氢钠缓冲液(pH 9.0) 中, 室温下缓慢加入相对mPEG-PEI两倍物质量的DMMA。室温下搅拌反应12 h, 然后将溶液置于透析袋中用pH 8~9的去离子水透析纯化48 h。冻干后得到二甲基马来酰化的酸敏感阴离子聚合物-PPD。使用D2O作为溶剂, 采用1H NMR确定mPEG-PEI和PPD的结构。
PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的制备和表征    采用薄膜分散法制备负载Rap的阳离子脂质体内核-Lip-Rap, Rap通过疏水作用负载于脂质体内部亲脂层。将DOPE、胆固醇、EPC、DOTAP (摩尔比= 1∶1∶2∶1) 于圆底烧瓶中混合, 加二氯甲烷溶解, 然后加入质量占总脂质质量10%的Rap, 减压旋蒸, 除去所有二氯甲烷, 加入PBS (pH 6.8) 缓慢旋转水化。之后在冰水浴条件下用超声波细胞破碎仪进行超声处理10 min, 超声处理后溶液依次经过0.45、0.22 µm水相滤膜各5次, 得到负载Rap的Lip-Rap。
CA4P则通过静电作用负载于Lip-Rap表面, 将Lip-Rap与CA4P在PBS (pH 7.4) 中以4∶1的质量比搅拌混合, 得到CA4P/Lip-Rap。酸敏感阴离子壳也通过静电作用装载。以核壳总质量比1∶2, 将制备得的CA4P/Lip-Rap缓慢加入含有PPD的PBS (pH 7.4, 2 mg·mL-1) 中, 得到完整纳米药物PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap。采用马尔文激光粒度仪, 用动态光散射法测定PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap、CA4P/Lip-Rap和Lip-Rap粒径分布及表面电位。
使用透射电子显微镜对PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的形貌进行分析。将样品用超纯水适当稀释后滴在铜网上然后用透射电镜观察。
CA4P/Lip-Rap的包封率及载药量    Rap的包封率和载药量通过高效液相色谱法测定, 采用C18反相色谱柱(4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 μm), 流动相为甲醇/水(80∶20), 流速1 mL·min-1, Rap的检测波长在279 nm处。取未过滤膜的脂质体溶液和过0.2 μm水相滤膜的脂质体溶液, 加甲醇超声破乳, 分别测定二者Rap含量。经过滤膜过滤的样品所含Rap的量即为成功包载的Rap的量, 而未经过滤膜过滤的样品所含Rap的量即为投入的Rap的总量。分别根据公式(1) 和(2) 计算包封率(encapsulation efficiency, EE) 和载药量(drug loading content, DLC)。
$\begin{aligned}\mathrm{EE} \% & =(\text { 过滤膜样品 } \operatorname{Rap} \text { 含量 }) /(\text { 未过滤膜样品中 } \\\operatorname{Rap} \text { 含量 }) & \times 100 \%\end{aligned}$
$ \mathrm{DLC} \%=(\text {包载Rap的量}) /(\text {纳米粒子质量}) \times 100 \%$
CA4P则采用紫外分光光度法测定含量, 检测波长为301 nm。取2.2中制备得到的CA4P/Lip-Rap溶液, 4 ℃, 15 000 r·min-1离心g后, 使用紫外分光光度计检测上清液吸光度值, 根据公式(3) 计算包封率和载药量。
$ 载药量\% = (M_{1} - M_{2}) / (M_{\rm Lip-Rap} + M_{1} - M_{2}) × 100%(3) $
其中, M1为加入CA4P总量, M2为离心后上清液中CA4P总量。
体外酸敏感性验证和药物释放    取纯化后的PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap溶液装入透析袋(MWCO = 10 kDa), 置于PBS (6.5) 中, 37 ℃。在20、40、60、80、100和120 min时, 取样测定样品的zeta电位。
采用透析法检测PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的体外药物释放特性。取已纯化的PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap于透析袋(MWCO = 14 kDa) 中, 透析袋外液为含有0.5% Tween 80的PBS缓冲液(pH = 7.4、6.5、5.5)。透析容器置于磁力搅拌器上, 恒温37 ℃下100 r·min-1搅拌。分别在预设的时间点2、4、8、12、24、36、48、72 h取样, 并补充等体积的新鲜介质。
细胞内药物释放实验    为探究和验证MDA-MB-231细胞对阳离子脂质体内核的细胞摄取能力及阳离子脂质体的溶酶体释药和溶酶体逃逸能力, 采用Cy7-SE (红色荧光) 替代Rap制备得Lip-Cy7, 进行体外细胞摄取实验和细胞内药物释放实验。将细胞接种于6孔板中, 置于恒温培养箱中培养24 h, 使细胞贴壁。给予含有Lip-Cy7阳离子脂质体的细胞完全培养基, 置于37 ℃恒温培养箱内孵育3或12 h。采用Lyso-Tracker Green (溶酶体绿色荧光探针) 标记细胞内溶酶体位置, 置于37 ℃恒温培养箱内避光孵育15~60 min。采用4%多聚甲醛细胞固定液室温下处理10~20 min, 固定细胞。最后采用DAPI染色标记细胞核, 室温下孵育3~5 min。最后用2 mL PBS溶液洗涤3次。采用倒置荧光显微镜拍摄细胞内荧光分布情况。
Rap及纳米Lip-Rap对三阴性乳腺癌细胞的细胞增殖实验    收集对数期生长的MDA-MB-231细胞, 消化后采取血球计数板手动计数法进行细胞计数。将细胞均匀接种于96孔板中。置于恒温培养箱中培养24 h, 使细胞贴壁。24 h后分别用不同浓度的空白培养基、空白脂质体、裸药Rap和Lip-Rap进行处理。在给药处理后的24 h后进行CCK-8细胞增殖能力检测, 在450 nm处测定吸光度, 根据公式(4) 和(5) 分别计算细胞增殖率和抑制率。评估裸药Rap和纳米Lip-Rap对MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖抑制能力和细胞毒性差异。
$ 细胞增殖率\% = (A_{1} - A_{0}) / (A_{2} - A_{0}) × 100\% $
$ 细胞抑制率\% = 100\% - 细胞增殖率$
其中, A1: 实验孔, A0: 空白孔, A2: 对照组。
CA4P、Rap、CA4P+Rap和CA4P/Lip-Rap对HUVEC的细胞增殖实验    收集处于对数期生长的HUVEC细胞, 消化后采取血球计数板手动计数法进行细胞计数。将细胞均匀接种于96孔板中。置于恒温培养箱中培养24 h, 使细胞贴壁。24 h后分别用不同浓度的空白培养基、CA4P、Rap、裸药CA4P+Rap (2∶1, w/w, 浓度范围以CA4P计) 和纳米CA4P/Lip-Rap (2∶1, w/w, 浓度范围以CA4P计) 进行处理。在给药处理后的24 h进行CCK-8细胞增殖能力检测, 在450 nm处测定吸光度, 根据公式(4) 和(5) 分别计算细胞增殖率和抑制率。评估单药CA4P、Rap、裸药联合CA4P+Rap及纳米联合CA4P/Lip-Rap抑制内皮细胞增殖和细胞毒性能力和差异。
WB实验探究Rap对边缘残余肿瘤细胞的影响    采用缺氧环境细胞培养箱在体外模拟肿瘤组织血管被破坏后的缺氧加重的情况。缺氧培养箱构成为1% O2, 5% CO2和94% N2。将MDA-MB-231细胞分为空白常氧组、空白缺氧组、裸药Rap组(10 μg·mL-1)、Lip-Rap组(10 μg·mL-1), 以Rap质量浓度计算, 空白常氧组在正常培养箱(20% O2, 5% CO2, 75% N2) 中培养48 h, 缺氧组给药后则在缺氧培养箱中培养48 h。
培养结束后用含有1%磷酸酶抑制剂和1%蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA细胞裂解液, 对各组MDA-MB-231细胞中的全蛋白进行提取, 然后用BCA法进行蛋白浓度测定。通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳将蛋白质分离并转移到PVDF膜上。PVDF膜用脱脂奶粉溶液密封, 与相应的一抗在4 ℃下孵育过夜。最后, 将蛋白带与二抗孵育, 用增强型化学发光液成像, 并用Bio Imaging系统观察
数据分析    本研究所有实验均至少重复3次, 所有的数据以平均值±标准差的形式来展示。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0进行数据处理, 单因素方差分析和t检验进行数据差异性检验。当P值小于0.05则认为数据有统计学差异, P值小于0.01时认为有显著统计学差异(*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001)。
PPD的合成路线如图 1A所示。核磁结果如图 1BC所示, mPEG-PEI的1H NMR结果中同时出现了PEI中亚甲基(-CH2-CH2-) 的质子的特征峰, 化学位移δ = 2.6~2.9和mPEG-COOH中(-O-CH2-CH2-) 的质子特征峰, 化学位移δ = 3.7, 证明mPEG-COOH和PEI成功偶联。在mPEG-PEI-DMMA的1H NMR中, 在同时含有PEI和mPEG-COOH的质子特征峰的基础上, 出现了化学位移δ = 1.92新的质子峰, 为DMMA中的(O=C-CH3) 甲基质子特征峰, 表明二甲基马来酸成功结合到mPEG-PEI的侧链氨基上, 改性成功。
纳米药物的合成装载示意图如图 2A所示, Rap和CA4P分别通过疏水作用的静电作用负载于脂质体内部和外表面。透射电镜下PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap纳米粒子呈现出球形或椭圆形, 分散较好, 且大小均一(图 2B)。
Lip-Rap的zeta电位值为35.87 ± 0.21 mV, 粒径为67.01 ± 0.93 nm, PDI为0.197, 表明Lip-Rap具有良好的均一性和分散性。加载上CA4P后, 中间产物CA4P/Lip-Rap的zeta电位值有所下降, 但仍保持正电性, 为19.97 ± 0.67 mV, 粒径为92.6 ± 2.42 nm, PDI为0.251。加载酸敏感外壳后, 纳米粒子表面电荷转为负电荷, PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的zeta电位值为-20.03 ± 0.9 mV, 粒径为161.53 ± 1.89 nm, PDI为0.272。
CA4P/Lip-Rap的包封率及载药量如表 1所示, 合成后的纳米粒子中CA4P与Rap的质量比约为2∶1 (w/w), 后续双药联用进行细胞给药时, 给药剂量仍按照此质量比例。
在pH 6.5的条件下, PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的表面电位在1 h以内就由负电荷转变为正电荷(图 3A), 表明其酸敏感外壳PPD能够有效且迅速的发生酸敏感解离, 实现电荷反转。
用透析法对PPD/CA4P/Lip-Rap的体外释药进行了检测, 结果如图 3B所示, 可以看出在正常生理条件下(pH 7.4), Rap从纳米载体中的释放能力较弱, 可能是由于酸敏感外壳的包裹作用, 限制了药物的外溢, 表明该纳米载体在正常生理状态下具有一定的稳定性, 不会出现明显的非靶向部位释药。在肿瘤弱酸性微环境条件下(pH 6.5), 酸敏感外壳发生电荷反转, 解离, Rap能够从纳米载体中缓慢释放。阳离子内核Lip-Rap通过静电作用被肿瘤细胞吞噬内化。如图 3B所示, 该脂质体在溶酶体环境中(pH 5.5) 能够高效释放Rap。这可能是由于该脂质体配方中含有DOPE这一酸敏感脂质, DOPE能够在肿瘤溶酶体酸性环境中发生构象变化, 使脂质体的结构发生变化而释放药物, 并且DOPE能够促进阳离子脂质体与溶酶体膜融合, 促进药物的溶酶体逃逸[17]
图 4所示, Lip-Cy7阳离子脂质体在共孵育3 h后, MDA-MB-231细胞内出现明显的Cy7的红色荧光, 并且标记溶酶体的Lyso-Tracker绿色荧光探针的荧光分布与Lip-Cy7的Cy7红色荧光分布在细胞内的分布近乎完全重叠, 表明Lip-Cy7阳离子脂质体能够通过内吞途径被细胞有效摄取, 证明阳离子脂质体能够有效被细胞摄取, 增强药物的治疗效果。而Lip-Cy7阳离子脂质体共孵育12 h后, 细胞内Cy7红色荧光分布与孵育3 h的情况则大不相同, 除了标记溶酶体的Lyso-Tracker绿色荧光区域外, 细胞内出现了大量弥散性红色Cy7荧光分布, 表明Cy7成功逃离出溶酶体, 逃逸并扩散进入细胞质中。证明阳离子脂质体能够有效促进药物的溶酶体逃逸, 避免药物在溶酶体内被大量降解清除。
针对MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖实验结果如图 5所示, 空白脂质体对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖并未表现出明显的抑制作用, 各组空白脂质体给药组的细胞存活率均在85%以上, 表明空白脂质体本身并不具有明显细胞毒性作用。裸药Rap对MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖有一定的抑制作用, 且细胞生长活性均随药物浓度增加而降低, 但作用效果比较有限。裸药Rap的半数抑制质量浓度(50% inhibitory concentration, IC50) 为15.38 ± 0.81 μg·mL-1。纳米Lip-Rap的IC50为1.12 ± 0.40 μg·mL-1, 细胞增殖抑制效果有了显著提高(P<0.001)。Lip-Rap对MDA-MB-231细胞展现出了更强的增殖抑制效果, 表明纳米脂质体能够有效增强Rap的抗肿瘤作用。
针对HUVEC的细胞增殖实验结果如图 6所示, 单药CA4P对HUVEC的增殖有良好的抑制作用, CA4P的IC50为4.396 ± 0.451 μg·mL-1。裸药Rap对HUVEC也表现出了一定的抑制作用, 但效果比较有限。裸药Rap的IC50为11.470 ± 0.798 μg·mL-1。裸药双药联合组的抑制作用相较于两组单药有显著性提高(P<0.001), 裸药双药联合组的IC50为1.180 ± 0.189 μg·mL-1。纳米组CA4P/Lip-Rap表现出最强的抑制作用。纳米组CA4P/Lip-Rap的IC50为0.022 ± 0.006 μg·mL-1, 相较于裸药及双药联用组, 对HUVEC细胞的抑制能力有显著性提高(P<0.001)。CA4P/Lip-Rap展现出最强的增殖抑制效果, 表明脂质体能够有效增强CA4P和Rap破坏血管内皮细胞的作用, 并且Rap与CA4P在抑制内皮细胞增殖方面存在一定的协同作用, Rap能够增强CA4P破坏肿瘤血管内皮细胞的能力。
采用缺氧模式的细胞培养箱在体外模拟肿瘤组织血管被破坏后的肿瘤组织缺氧加重的情况, 评估不同形式Rap处理后MDA-MB-231细胞内缺氧反应核心蛋白HIF-1α和mTOR及其下游信号通路的表达情况。结果如图 7所示, 缺氧处理后, MDA-MB-231细胞内HIF-1α的表达含量显著提高(P<0.01), 证明缺氧条件能够激活MDA-MB-231细胞内HIF-1α的表达上调, 进而激活其负责调控的各种下游通路, 如血管生成、癌细胞生长和存活及耐药等[11, 18]。而在不同形式的Rap给药处理后, HIF-1α相对表达水平均明显下调(P<0.01)。证明Rap能够有效降低血管破坏后肿瘤组织由于缺氧而上调的HIF-1α的水平, 能够有效抑制肿瘤组织缺氧反应的激活。而Lip-Rap与裸药Rap相比, 展现出了更强的降低HIF-1α水平的作用(P<0.05), 证明脂质体能够增强Rap的治疗效果。
通过检测mTOR及其下游信号通路的表达情况, 缺氧条件下p-mTOR、p-p70S6K、p-4E-BP1三种磷酸化蛋白表达含量均明显提升(P<0.05)。而在不同形式的Rap给药处理后, p-mTOR、p-p70S6K、p-4E-BP1三种磷酸化蛋白表达含量均有所下调。表明Rap降低HIF-1α的表达的作用机制可能是通过阻断抑制mTOR酶活性, 抑制mTOR的磷酸化, 进而抑制其下游p70S6K和4E-BP1的磷酸化, 抑制HIF-1α蛋白的翻译表达过程。
鉴于肿瘤血管在固体肿瘤组织中不可或缺的作用, 近些年来肿瘤血管靶向疗法在一些实体瘤的治疗中取得了较好的治疗效果[1, 7]。三阴性乳腺癌以其异质性、高度恶性、高度侵袭性和耐药性, 在所有乳腺癌亚型中治疗难度最大。三阴性乳腺癌也是实体瘤的一种, 并且其旺盛的生长代谢也依赖于血管获得必需的氧气与营养。肿瘤血管靶向疗法或许在三阴性乳腺癌的治疗中有着巨大的应用前景。并且肿瘤血管内皮细胞相对于易突变、易耐药的肿瘤细胞, 更加稳定, 不易产生耐药性, 理论上可以一定程度上避开三阴性乳腺癌的难治性和耐药性。虽然单一血管破坏疗法就可以有效地诱导缺乏血管的肿瘤中心区域发生严重坏死, 但在肿瘤组织外围会不可避免的残留一些肿瘤细胞, 这些残留的边缘细胞能够促进肿瘤血管再生, 可能是造成肿瘤复发的重要元凶。抑制肿瘤边缘残留细胞引起的肿瘤新生血管再生和肿瘤组织复发是增强血管破坏疗法的一个重要完善方向。本研究中合成了具有酸敏感外壳修饰阳离子脂质体来分层负载Rap和CA4P。通过疏水作用Rap负载于脂质体内部亲脂层, CA4P通过静电作用负载于阳离子脂质体内核表面。纳米药物能够借助EPR效应实现在肿瘤组织的有效定位和聚集。且该纳米载体具有酸敏感性, 在肿瘤弱酸性微环境中(pH<6.8), 酸敏感外壳发生水解, 实现电荷反转, 暴露出CA4P/Lip-Rap, 优先释放外层的CA4P, 作用于肿瘤血管内皮细胞。阳离子内核Lip-Rap通过静电作用被内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞摄取内化, 同时, 脂质体组方中的DOPE在细胞溶酶体酸性环境中发生结构变化, 能够促进Rap的胞内药物释放, 同时阳离子脂质体与溶酶体发生膜融合, 实现溶酶体逃逸, 提高了药物的利用度。在肿瘤细胞中, mTOR处于异常激活状态, 促进肿瘤细胞生长、转移。mTOR是细胞生长和分裂的主要调节因子, 在调节细胞蛋白合成中起核心作用[19, 20]。同时mTOR能够参与调节HIF-1α的翻译。而HIF-1α是激活了肿瘤缺氧反应的关键因子, 能够激活包括大量参与血管生成的基因的转录, 并促进肿瘤细胞存活与增殖, HIF-1α可视为影响肿瘤血管破坏疗法疗效的关键因子[11, 18]。此外, 抑制mTOR通路还能够抑制内皮细胞的增殖和血管内皮生长因子的分泌[11, 21, 22]。有研究表明与非TNBC相比, mTOR可能在TNBC的进展中发挥更重要的作用, mTOR通路有可能是三阴性乳腺癌新的潜在的治疗靶点[23, 24]。Rap兼具有抗肿瘤作用和抗血管生成作用。因此本研究选择将血管破坏剂CA4P和抗血管生成药物Rap联用, 探索二药在破坏肿瘤血管和抑制血管再生方面的协同作用效果。结果表明Rap与CA4P在抑制内皮细胞增殖之间存在一定的协同作用, Rap能够显著增强CA4P破坏肿瘤血管内皮细胞的能力, 具体机制仍需进一步探索。同时借助脂质体能够进一步增强双药协同破坏肿瘤血管内皮细胞的能力。同时Lip-Rap能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 并且Rap能够抑制血管破坏后肿瘤细胞因缺氧加重而引起的HIF-1α的表达上调, 抑制缺氧反应激活和血管再生。根据WB结果推测其机制是阻断抑制mTOR酶活性, 抑制mTOR的磷酸化, 进而抑制其下游p70S6K和4E-BP1的磷酸化, 抑制HIF-1α的翻译表达过程。CA4P和Rap联用能够在破坏肿瘤组织现有血管在肿瘤中心区域诱导严重坏死的同时, 针对边缘肿瘤细胞, 抑制其引起的肿瘤血管再生和肿瘤复发。
综上所述, 血管破坏剂CA4P与mTOR抑制剂Rap联用能够增强血管破坏疗法的治疗效果, 同时能够抑制肿瘤组织血管破坏后的血管再生与肿瘤复发, 借助纳米疗法可以进一步增强这种治疗效果。本研究可为肿瘤血管靶向疗法在三阴性乳腺癌的治疗中的应用前景提供了参考。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7202111)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2018ZX10101001-005-003)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0207
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7202111)
国家科技重大专项(2018ZX10101001-005-003)
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    北京中医药大学, 中药学院, 北京 102488

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*刘元艳, Tel: 13691414115, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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