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Compd.Structurek/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeaTryp-likebPGPHc
1 37 000 (30-80 nmol·L-1)79 (8-12 μmol·L-1)37 (50-100 μmol·L-1)
2 14 000 (50-150 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 μmol·L-1)
3 780 (1-2.5 μmol·L-1)5.1 (100-150 μmol·L-1)120 (8-12 μmol·L-1)
4 3.1 (100-160 μmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
5 InactiveInactiveInactive
), ArticleFig(id=1308499461031166195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468503778972484, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

α, β-Keto-epoxide compounds with different length of peptides. a: Chymotrypsin-like activity; b: Trypsin-like activity; c: Polyglutamate peptide hydrolase

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Compd.Structurek/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeaTryp-likebPGPHc
1 37 000 (30-80 nmol·L-1)79 (8-12 μmol·L-1)37 (50-100 μmol·L-1)
2 14 000 (50-150 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 μmol·L-1)
3 780 (1-2.5 μmol·L-1)5.1 (100-150 μmol·L-1)120 (8-12 μmol·L-1)
4 3.1 (100-160 μmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
5 InactiveInactiveInactive
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Compd.R1R2k/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
2 14 000 (50-150 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 μmol·L-1)
6 16 000 (80-120 nmol·L-1)4.1 (100-150 μmol·L-1)20 (60-80 μmol·L-1)
7 54 000 (40-60 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
829 000 (60-120 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
91 300 (500-1 000 nmol·L-1)2.0 (120-150 μmol·L-1)130 (10-16 μmol·L-1)
108 500 (200-400 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
1131 000 (40-100 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
), ArticleFig(id=1308499461165383925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468503778972484, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effect of change in two amino acids on the activity

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Compd.R1R2k/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
2 14 000 (50-150 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 μmol·L-1)
6 16 000 (80-120 nmol·L-1)4.1 (100-150 μmol·L-1)20 (60-80 μmol·L-1)
7 54 000 (40-60 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
829 000 (60-120 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
91 300 (500-1 000 nmol·L-1)2.0 (120-150 μmol·L-1)130 (10-16 μmol·L-1)
108 500 (200-400 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
1131 000 (40-100 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
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Compd.Rk/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
2 14 000 (50-100 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 µmol·L-1)
13 5 300 (400-800 nmol·L-1)3.8 (100-150 µmol·L-1)220 (8-12 µmol·L-1)
14 37 000 (40-80 nmol·L-1)5.5 (100-150 µmol·L-1)78 (20-40 µmol·L-1)
15 63 000 (40-80 nmol·L-1)5.4 (120-150 µmol·L-1)50 (30-50 µmol·L-1)
16 29 000 (60-120 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
17 23 000 (90-150 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
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Structure and activity of compounds with varied P4 position

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Compd.Rk/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
2 14 000 (50-100 nmol·L-1)Inactive9.2 (100-160 µmol·L-1)
13 5 300 (400-800 nmol·L-1)3.8 (100-150 µmol·L-1)220 (8-12 µmol·L-1)
14 37 000 (40-80 nmol·L-1)5.5 (100-150 µmol·L-1)78 (20-40 µmol·L-1)
15 63 000 (40-80 nmol·L-1)5.4 (120-150 µmol·L-1)50 (30-50 µmol·L-1)
16 29 000 (60-120 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
17 23 000 (90-150 nmol·L-1)InactiveInactive
), ArticleFig(id=1308499461370904824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468503778972484, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.Structurek/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
18 166 000 (5-12 nmol·L-1)7.1 (80-130 µmol·L-1)21 (80-150 µmol·L-1)
19 5 200 (0.11 µmol·L-1)580 (0.5-5 µmol·L-1)11 (10-150 µmol·L-1)
1 37 000 (30-80 nmol·L-1)79 (8-12 µmol·L-1)37 (50-100 µmol·L-1)
20 53 000 (10-30 nmol·L-1)150 (5-35 µmol·L-1)21 (80-150 µmol·L-1)
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Structure and activity of compounds with varied P4 and P2 positions

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Compd.Structurek/[I]/(mol·L-1)-1·s-1
Chym-likeTryp-likePGPH
18 166 000 (5-12 nmol·L-1)7.1 (80-130 µmol·L-1)21 (80-150 µmol·L-1)
19 5 200 (0.11 µmol·L-1)580 (0.5-5 µmol·L-1)11 (10-150 µmol·L-1)
1 37 000 (30-80 nmol·L-1)79 (8-12 µmol·L-1)37 (50-100 µmol·L-1)
20 53 000 (10-30 nmol·L-1)150 (5-35 µmol·L-1)21 (80-150 µmol·L-1)
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蛋白酶体抑制剂卡非佐米的研制
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2025,60(12): 3790-3794
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药学学报 |新药发现与研究实例简析 2025 , 60 (12) : 3790 -3794
蛋白酶体抑制剂卡非佐米的研制
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0197
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郭宗儒. 蛋白酶体抑制剂卡非佐米的研制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3790 -3794 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0197
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3790 -3794 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0197
BMS公司在日本的研究所于1992年从一种放线菌(No. Q996-17)分离出抗生素环氧霉素(1, epoxomicin), 为四肽化合物, C端含有α, β-酮基环氧乙烷结构。用黑色素瘤B16移植小鼠体内实验表明1有显著抗癌活性(Hanada M, Sugawara K, Kaneta K, et al. Epoxomicin, a new antitumor agent of microbial origin. J Antibiot, 1992, 45: 1746-1752), 然而这并没有引起重视, 原因是肽类骨架的不稳定性和成药性差; 酮基环氧乙烷是亲电性基团, 可能缺乏选择性作用; 作用机制不清楚, 因而没有进一步研究。
耶鲁大学Crews等出于对该天然产物的抗癌活性的好奇心, 当时也正是化学生物学兴起的时代, 就以1作为化学探针研究其作用靶标。他们用生物素标记的环氧霉素与细胞温孵, 利用环氧乙烷的亲电性共价键结合于靶标蛋白上, 经与链霉亲和素涂层树脂处理后, 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离(SDS-PAGE)、免疫印迹(Western blotting)和质谱鉴定, 证明结合的靶标蛋白是蛋白酶体, 活性极强, 而对其他蛋白酶较少抑制作用, 这与其他蛋白酶体抑制剂例如硼替佐米不同(Meng LH, Mohan R, Kwok BHB, et al. Epoxomicin, a potent and selective proteasome inhibitor, exhibits in vivo antiinflammatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1999, 96: 10403-10408)。
解析1同蛋白酶体复合物的晶体结构, 发现1与N端催化亚基的苏氨酸残基发生双重共价结合, 如图1所示, 羟基对1的酮基作亲核加成, 发生羟醛缩合; 氨基向环氧乙烷作SN2取代开环, 复合物形成牢固的吗啉环使结合呈不可逆性。由于通常的蛋白酶的活性中心处于分子的中部难以形成如此的结合模式, 1表现出对蛋白酶体的特异性抑制(Groll M, Kim KB, Kairies N, et al. Crystal structure of epoxomicin: 20S proteasome reveals a molecular basis for selectivity of alpha, beta-epoxyketone proteasome inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc, 2000, 122: 1237-1238)。
以天然产物为先导物的药物研发, 一个关键环节是建立全合成的方法, 以保障实验用样品, 制备类似物以优化结构, 以及结构(包括构型)的确证。本项目包含的化学生物学研究, 还合成了生物素标记的环氧霉素, 以及3H-标记样品等。合成的方法是左侧的三肽用常规的固相合成方法, 三肽与右侧的含环氧乙烷的亮氨酸片段缩合, 脱保护基而得, 如图2所示(Sin N, Kim KB, Elofsson M, et al. Total synthesis of the potent proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin: a useful tool for understanding proteasome biology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1999, 9: 2283-2288)。
一些肿瘤和炎症细胞高表达的蛋白酶体是类复合酶体, 具有多种蛋白酶水解活性, 包括糜蛋白酶样(Chym-like)活性、胰蛋白酶样(Tryp-like)活性和谷氨酰多肽水解酶(PGPH)活性。本项目在阐明1的作用特征的基础上, 通过结构修饰, 使目标只对这些酶亚基有抑制活性。
评价受试化合物的活性是测定蛋白酶体的酶活性动力学。用肽-胺甲基香豆素Suc-LLVY-AMC作为糜蛋白酶样的水解底物, Boc-LRR-AMC为胰蛋白酶样底物, Z-LLE-MAC为谷氨酰多肽水解酶的底物。方法是将不同浓度的受试物分别与3种底物和牛红细胞20S蛋白酶体置于96孔板中, 根据水解反应初始与结束时测定的460 nm处荧光发射值, 经非线性最小二乘拟合, 计算kobs/[I]值(测定3次的均值)。kobs为速率常数, [I]为受试物浓度。受试物在150 μmol·L-1浓度下未呈现抑制作用的化合物视作无活性。
评价受试物抑制细胞增殖活性是用大约1 000个BEA细胞在96孔板温孵过夜, 加入不同浓度受试物, 温孵5天, 加入3H-胸腺嘧啶, 温孵4 h, 收获细胞, 液闪测定细胞的放射活性, 计算化合物的IC50。
既往研究表明, 20S蛋白酶体的催化域可适配于多种氨基酸侧链, 在结构上具有容纳剪切键两边氨基酸侧链的腔穴, P1是关键位置, 对糜蛋白酶样抑制剂的P1处宜为Leu或Phe, 而作用于胰蛋白酶样抑制剂的P1处为碱性氨基酸如Lys或Arg, 变换P2~P4残基可影响P1的选择性和抑制强度(Bogyo M, Shin S, McMaster JS, et al. Substrate binding and sequence preference of the proteasome revealed by active-site-directed affinity probes. Chem Biol, 1998, 5: 307-320), 图3是基于底物的结构设计抑制剂的位点, 棕色圈是重要位点, 蓝色圈也是优化区域。
由4个完全是Leu组成的四肽酮基环氧乙烷(2)为起始物, 缩短成三肽、二肽和一个氨基酸, 评价活性和选择性, 结果列于表1。构效关系显示全部为Leu的四肽(2)抑制糜蛋白酶样活性虽低于1, 但仍具有较高的选择性抑制作用。减小成三肽(3)活性显著下降, 而二肽4和5失去活性, 提示分子须要有足够的尺寸。遂以2为先导物, 对氨基酸类型加以变换。
固定N端和C端的氨基酸为Leu, 变换中间两个氨基酸(对应于P2和P3), 合成的四肽化合物列于表2。在P2和P3的氨基酸是Pro、Phe或萘基丙氨酸(6~11), 当P2或P3为芳香性氨基酸, 提高了抑制糜蛋白酶样活性, 尤其是化合物7 (P2为Phe), 活性与选择性都很高, 其实其他系列化合物(例如二肽或三肽类醛或硼酸)的抗蛋白酶体活性也是以苯丙氨酸的活性贡献最高(Adams J, Behnke M, Chen S, et al. Potent and selective inhibitors of the proteasome: dipeptidyl boronic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1998, 8: 333-338)。化合物10是将7的两个氨基酸交换位置(区域异构), 活性降低数倍, 提示P2位置为Phe的必要性。换成体积较小的丙氨酸如6和9的活性下降。
为了考察邻近N端的P4侧链的尺寸对3个催化位点的影响, 参考了Bogyo等报道的含有乙烯砜(也是亲电基团)的肽化合物12对蛋白酶体的构效关系(Bogyo M, Shin S, McMaster JS, et al. Substrate binding and sequence preference of the proteasome revealed by active-site-directed affinity probes. Chen Biol, 1998, 5: 307-320), 认为P4位置有较大的结合腔, 因而在P4设计了较大侧链的氨基酸, 为了避免其他位置的不同对活性的影响, 其余三处都固定为Leu。结果列于表3。构效关系显示P4的尺寸对抑制糜蛋白酶样活性有显著影响。以四肽全为亮氨酸的2为基准, R变为甲基的丙氨酸(13), 活性显著降低, 而其余较大疏水基团的芳香性基团的化合物(14~17)抑制糜蛋白酶样的活性都强于2, 而对胰蛋白酶和PGPH没有或较弱活性, 提示该位置呈现较强的选择性。其中R为高苯丙氨酸的化合物15抑制糜蛋白酶样活性非常的高, 说明苯乙基侧链对酶的结合腔为最佳适配。
以上三轮的构效关系研究得到了化合物7和15, 具有强效和高选择性抑制糜蛋白酶样的活性, P1位置始终是亮氨酸残基。这些化合物对胰蛋白酶和PGPH的抑制作用较弱, 而指望改变P1提高后两种活性又会影响对糜蛋白酶的活性, 因而未对P1作变换。而拟解决的问题是同时抑制蛋白酶体的3个催化位点, 下一步是调整氨基酸残基以兼顾对3个活性位点的抑制。
保持P1为亮氨酸和酮基环氧乙烯不变, 变换其余位置的侧链合成了上百个化合物, 其中也整合化合物7和15的苄基与苯乙基, 得到化合物18以及脱乙酰基化合物19对3个活性位点的抑制活性较好, 与先导物环氧霉素(1)和硼替佐米(20, bortezomib)的活性比较列于表4, 化合物19抑制3种酶活性显示良好, 但因溶解性差, 会限制剂量窗口。
随后引入含有吗啉片段的助溶基团, 化合物21仍保持对蛋白酶体的抑制活性, 对糜蛋白酶样、胰蛋白酶样和谷氨酰多肽水解酶活性(IC50)分别为0.000 28、0.63和2.42 μmol·L-1, 对耐受硼替佐米的肿瘤细胞保持高活性, 水溶解性明显优于19。经临床前研究, 呈现选择性作用和适宜药代动力学性质, 定名为卡非佐米(carfilzomib), 经临床试验, 表明卡非佐米对硼替佐米耐药的复发难治的多发性骨髓瘤有良好效果, 于2012年批准上市(Elofsson M, Splittgerber U, Myung J, et al. Towards subunit-specific proteasome inhibitors: synthesis and evaluation of peptide alpha, beta-epoxyketones. Chem Biol, 1999, 6: 811-822)。

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  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
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