Article(id=1200500171529375936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=1714233600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151145107, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1718121600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151145107, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151145107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151145107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200500165426672625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1509', pageEnd='1896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151143651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225143180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810542001680841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200500165426672625, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1698, endPage=1705, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200500172653449484, articleId=1200500171529375936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploration on bioactive equivalent combinatorial components of Xiaoke formula and its mechanism based on insulin resistance mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Xiaoke formula (XKF) is a classic formula for the treatment of insulin resistance (IR), but there is still unclear on bioactive equivalent combinatorial components (BECC) of XKF. In this study, based on the previous research of our team, three components, berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid, were selected as the BECC of XKF, and their efficacy and mechanism were investigated. A high-fat diet-induced IR mouse model was used to detect blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, immune & inflammatory factors, etc., and staining of pathology sections was used to detect histopathological changes. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets and signaling pathways of XKF and its BECC, and the results of the network were verified by Western blot. The animal welfare and experimental procedures followed the regulations of the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Beijing MDKN Biotech Company (MDKN-2023-019). The results showed that BECC, which was composed of berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid in the ratio of the original formula of XKF, was comparable to XKF in improving the glycemia, insulin sensitivity, histopathological damage, dyslipidemia, and immuno-inflammation in IR mice. The results of network pharmacology and Western blot suggested that the BECC of XKF and XKF might alleviate IR by promoting the activation of hepatic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), and inhibiting the expression of glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase (G6PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the key limiting enzymes of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The above results suggest that berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid can be used as the potential BECC of XKF to improve IR, and can regulate lipid metabolism, immuno-inflammation, and promote hepatic PI3K/AKT signaling to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, regulate glucose homeostasis, and improve IR in mice.

, correspAuthors=Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian ZHANG, Wen-juan MA, Lin-jie DONG, Jiang-lan LONG, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200500177300738581, articleId=1200500171529375936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型研究消渴方及其等效成分群的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

消渴方(Xiaoke formula, XKF) 是治疗消渴症的经典名方, 具有改善胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 作用, 但其等效成分群(bioactive equivalent combinatorial components, BECC) 目前尚不清楚。本研究基于团队前期研究基础, 以小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸作为消渴方BECC组成候选成分, 探讨其药效和生物机制。采用高脂饮食诱导IR小鼠模型, 检测消渴方及消渴方BECC给药后小鼠血糖、胰岛素敏感性、血脂代谢、免疫炎症因子等指标, 采用病理切片染色检测组织病理改变, 利用网络药理学预测消渴方及其BECC潜在作用靶点与信号通路, 并用Western blot对网络药理学结果进行验证。动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京迈德康纳生物技术有限公司实验动物伦理委员会的规定(MDKN-2023-019)。结果显示, 由小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸按消渴方原方配比组成的消渴方BECC, 在改善IR小鼠的血糖、胰岛素敏感性、组织病理损伤、血脂紊乱、免疫炎症等方面与消渴方作用相当; 网络药理学和Western blot结果表明, 消渴方及其BECC可能是通过促进肝脏磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶活化(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B (AKT) 磷酸化, 抑制肝脏糖异生关键限速酶葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1 (PCK1) 表达, 最终实现改善IR。综上, 小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸可作为消渴方改善IR的潜在等效成分群, 其通过调节脂质代谢、免疫炎症, 促进IR小鼠肝脏PI3K/AKT通路信号传递, 进而抑制肝脏糖异生途径, 调节葡萄糖稳态改善IR。

, correspAuthors=张瑜, 鄢丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张瑜, E-mail: ;
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
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A: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the area under the OGTT curve (AUC of OGTT) in a high-fat diet-induced model; B: Mouse weight; C: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); D: OGTT and AUC of OGTT after 4 weeks of XKF administration; E: Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and AUC of ITT. <i>n</i> = 12, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M1">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> NCD; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> HFD. XKF: Xiaoke formula; NCD: Normal chow diet group; HFD: High-fat diet group; MET: Metformin group , figureFileSmall=16OrfQ7pLrGrcQjJtteHgA==, figureFileBig=wPRGZfF3fDxVWyt14Glcrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436140213191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z8cllA1oBsUWK4nDyOMXnA==, figureFileBig=piArMN+fTwvjUXWfEoSfig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436261848011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Improvement of pancreatic, hepatic, and renal histopathologic damage by XKF and BECC administration. Scale bar is 50 μm , figureFileSmall=z8cllA1oBsUWK4nDyOMXnA==, figureFileBig=piArMN+fTwvjUXWfEoSfig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436446397403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EvubWtqWbdrkeZHv+HA3Zw==, figureFileBig=426BJT1pFk9qmH3FMnrCSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436614169572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= XKF and BECC improved plasma lipid indices, and immuno-inflammatory factor assays in mice. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> NCD; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> HFD. T-CHO: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide , figureFileSmall=EvubWtqWbdrkeZHv+HA3Zw==, figureFileBig=426BJT1pFk9qmH3FMnrCSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436719027178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zSPq6GBLmN+Sm10s4nbqwA==, figureFileBig=+s7VtA2a0a+1BUTlaTygjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118436844856309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Network pharmacology-based analysis of the pharmacodynamic targets of XKF for the treatment of T2DM. A: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of potential targets; B: Gene ontology (GO) analysis (TOP 20); C: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis (TOP 40); D: Drug-target-pathway network. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Green: Drug; Yellow: Target; Orange: Pathway , figureFileSmall=zSPq6GBLmN+Sm10s4nbqwA==, figureFileBig=+s7VtA2a0a+1BUTlaTygjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118438069593087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DUG9Mq8uevkNXVNCR9i/Yw==, figureFileBig=/kY2ggZtVJdGLyhcwlgyPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118438199615492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of administration of XKF and BECC on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and gluconeogenesis in the liver of insulin-resistant (IR) mice. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> NCD; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> HFD. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; G6PC: Glucose-6-phosphatase; PCK1: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 , figureFileSmall=DUG9Mq8uevkNXVNCR9i/Yw==, figureFileBig=/kY2ggZtVJdGLyhcwlgyPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118438354804746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wCbIFnY2scrPRe5jrBvnIg==, figureFileBig=+Z5WPL5ZTnIWnu1iCMRCMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201118438484828179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200500171529375936, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Mechanism of XKF and BECC regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in IR mice. BECC composed of berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid was screened out from XKF, which improved plasma biochemistry and immunoinflammatory indexes, and then alleviated the multiple histopathological damage in IR mice. Specifically, administration of XKF and BECC promoted the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in liver, and then inhibited gluconeogenesis pathway, regulated glucose homeostasis and improved IR. 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基于胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型研究消渴方及其等效成分群的作用机制
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张建 1, 2 , 马文娟 2, 3 , 董琳捷 2, 3 , 龙江兰 2 , 张瑜 2, * , 鄢丹 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 1698-1705
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 1698-1705
基于胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型研究消渴方及其等效成分群的作用机制
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张建1, 2, 马文娟2, 3, 董琳捷2, 3, 龙江兰2, 张瑜2, * , 鄢丹2, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
  • 3.沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁 本溪 110016

通讯作者:

*张瑜, E-mail: ;
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
Exploration on bioactive equivalent combinatorial components of Xiaoke formula and its mechanism based on insulin resistance mice
Jian ZHANG1, 2, Wen-juan MA2, 3, Lin-jie DONG2, 3, Jiang-lan LONG2, Yu ZHANG2, * , Dan YAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3. School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 110016, China
出版时间: 2024-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0181
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消渴方(Xiaoke formula, XKF) 是治疗消渴症的经典名方, 具有改善胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 作用, 但其等效成分群(bioactive equivalent combinatorial components, BECC) 目前尚不清楚。本研究基于团队前期研究基础, 以小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸作为消渴方BECC组成候选成分, 探讨其药效和生物机制。采用高脂饮食诱导IR小鼠模型, 检测消渴方及消渴方BECC给药后小鼠血糖、胰岛素敏感性、血脂代谢、免疫炎症因子等指标, 采用病理切片染色检测组织病理改变, 利用网络药理学预测消渴方及其BECC潜在作用靶点与信号通路, 并用Western blot对网络药理学结果进行验证。动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京迈德康纳生物技术有限公司实验动物伦理委员会的规定(MDKN-2023-019)。结果显示, 由小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸按消渴方原方配比组成的消渴方BECC, 在改善IR小鼠的血糖、胰岛素敏感性、组织病理损伤、血脂紊乱、免疫炎症等方面与消渴方作用相当; 网络药理学和Western blot结果表明, 消渴方及其BECC可能是通过促进肝脏磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶活化(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B (AKT) 磷酸化, 抑制肝脏糖异生关键限速酶葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1 (PCK1) 表达, 最终实现改善IR。综上, 小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸可作为消渴方改善IR的潜在等效成分群, 其通过调节脂质代谢、免疫炎症, 促进IR小鼠肝脏PI3K/AKT通路信号传递, 进而抑制肝脏糖异生途径, 调节葡萄糖稳态改善IR。

消渴方  /  等效成分群  /  胰岛素抵抗  /  PI3K/AKT信号通路  /  糖异生

Xiaoke formula (XKF) is a classic formula for the treatment of insulin resistance (IR), but there is still unclear on bioactive equivalent combinatorial components (BECC) of XKF. In this study, based on the previous research of our team, three components, berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid, were selected as the BECC of XKF, and their efficacy and mechanism were investigated. A high-fat diet-induced IR mouse model was used to detect blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, immune & inflammatory factors, etc., and staining of pathology sections was used to detect histopathological changes. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets and signaling pathways of XKF and its BECC, and the results of the network were verified by Western blot. The animal welfare and experimental procedures followed the regulations of the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Beijing MDKN Biotech Company (MDKN-2023-019). The results showed that BECC, which was composed of berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid in the ratio of the original formula of XKF, was comparable to XKF in improving the glycemia, insulin sensitivity, histopathological damage, dyslipidemia, and immuno-inflammation in IR mice. The results of network pharmacology and Western blot suggested that the BECC of XKF and XKF might alleviate IR by promoting the activation of hepatic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), and inhibiting the expression of glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase (G6PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), the key limiting enzymes of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The above results suggest that berberine, astragaloside Ⅳ and chlorogenic acid can be used as the potential BECC of XKF to improve IR, and can regulate lipid metabolism, immuno-inflammation, and promote hepatic PI3K/AKT signaling to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, regulate glucose homeostasis, and improve IR in mice.

Xiaoke formula  /  bioactive equivalent combinatorial component  /  insulin resistance  /  PI3K/AKT signaling pathway  /  gluconeogenesis
张建, 马文娟, 董琳捷, 龙江兰, 张瑜, 鄢丹. 基于胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型研究消渴方及其等效成分群的作用机制. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1698 -1705 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0181
Jian ZHANG, Wen-juan MA, Lin-jie DONG, Jiang-lan LONG, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN. Exploration on bioactive equivalent combinatorial components of Xiaoke formula and its mechanism based on insulin resistance mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (6) : 1698 -1705 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0181
胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR) 是由于肝脏、脂肪组织等靶器官的胰岛素敏感性降低, 对葡萄糖的摄取和利用功能减弱, 导致代偿性胰岛素分泌增加, 而引起的一种机体生理状态[1]。通常包括葡萄糖耐量受损、胰岛素敏感性降低、多组织病理损伤、血脂代谢紊乱、炎症等病理状态[2], 与临床糖尿病前期患者的主要症状一致[3]。如早期不干预, IR可进一步发展为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM), 严重影响患者的健康状况[4]
消渴方源于唐代《千金方》, 由黄连(Coptis chinensis franch)、黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (fisch.) bunge]、金银花(Lonicera japonica thunb) 三味中药组成, 主要用于消渴气虚内热证, 现临床常用于治疗IR及其T2DM等[5, 6]。现代药理研究表明消渴方具有改善血脂代谢、炎症等药效[7]。然而, 消渴方成分复杂, 并非所有成分都有助于药效的发挥。对药效成分和量效关系的进一步细化, 挖掘治疗该病症复方的等效成分群(bioactive equivalent combinatorial components, BECC), 是近几年针对中药复方质量标准制定所提出的策略[8, 9]。探索消渴方BECC可为消渴方质量标准制定提供参考, 并为发现消渴方组合药物提供基础实验数据, 具有较好的应用转化前景。课题组前期基于正常和高脂饮食诱导IR小鼠开展了消渴方主要药效成分的分布和代谢研究[10, 11], 挖掘了包含小檗碱(berberine, BBR)、黄芪甲苷(astragaloside Ⅳ, AS-Ⅳ)、绿原酸(chlorogenic acid, CGA) 等原型成分及其代谢产物在内的29个差异成分作为潜在药效物质基础, 并在细胞层面评价了部分潜在药效成分的药效及作用机制[11]; 但未筛出与消渴方改善IR药效相当的BECC。
本研究在明确消渴方改善IR药效作用的前提下, 利用前期工作基础, 初步构建了以小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸为代表的消渴方潜在BECC; 在高脂饮食诱导的IR小鼠模型基础上开展了消渴方及其BECC体内药效, 并基于网络药理学预测开展BECC作用靶点信号通路的验证, 旨在阐明消渴方及其BECC治疗IR的作用机制。
实验动物    SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 许可证编号为SCXK (京) 2021-0006, 北京迈德康纳生物技术有限公司实验动物伦理委员会已批准本研究的所有实验(MDKN-2023-019), 动物福利和实验过程均遵循相关规定。
实验药品和试剂盒    消渴方(870185, 天津中新药业集团股份有限公司隆顺榕制药厂); 小檗碱(DSTDX000901)、黄芪甲苷(DSTDH001503)、绿原酸(DSTDL002103) (成都德思特生物技术有限公司); 盐酸二甲双胍(211M023, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 高脂饲料(D12492, Research Diets公司); 甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG, A110-1-1)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, T-CHO, A111-1-1)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, A112-2-1)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C, A113-1-1) 测试盒(南京建成生物工程研究所); 小鼠白细胞介素1β (interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-10 (F5079B、F5202B、F5215B)、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α, F5171B)、γ干扰素(interferon γ, IFN-γ, F5221B)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS, F10621B)、胰岛素(insulin, INS, F5618B) 酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒(江苏雨桐生物科技有限公司)。
实验仪器    酶标仪(美国BioTek公司); 正置光学显微镜(日本尼康公司); 冰冻切片(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。
IR模型的形成及药物处理    6周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠购入后适应性喂养1周。随后随机分为正常喂养的正常组(normal chow diet, NCD) 和高脂饲料喂养的高脂组(high-fat diet, HFD)。饲养6周后进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) 评估IR模型。模型建立后将高脂组小鼠随机分为5组, 每组12只小鼠。继续喂养4周, 期间每日灌胃生理盐水或生理盐水配置的药物1次, 各组剂量如下(灌胃体积均是10 mL·kg-1): 正常组(给予生理盐水)、高脂组(给予生理盐水)、二甲双胍组(metformin, MET, 300 mg·kg-1)、消渴方组(1.6 g·kg-1) 和消渴方BECC组按消渴方含量测定[12]小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸比例溶于生理盐水配制成160∶0.8∶80 mg·kg-1混合溶液, 灌胃给药。实验结束后处死小鼠, 收集血浆、肝脏等。
基本代谢指标检测    实验期间每周记录小鼠体重数据。口服葡萄糖耐量试验, 小鼠用水禁食12 h, 按照2.0 g·kg-1的剂量给予20%的葡萄糖溶液, 于负荷前(0 min) 和负荷后30、60、90和120 min取尾尖血检测血糖水平。胰岛素耐量试验(insulin tolerance test, ITT), 小鼠用水禁食6 h, 腹腔注射胰岛素(0.5 U·kg-1)。于注射前(0 min) 和注射后30、60、90和120 min, 取尾尖血检测血糖水平。
组织病理染色观察    在终点处死小鼠, 并收集其器官。固定并冷冻肝脏、胰腺和肾脏组织切片, 然后苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H & E) 染色进行组织学观察, 或油红O (oil red O, ORO) 染色进行肝脏脂滴评估或过碘酸雪夫染色(periodic acid-schiff, PAS) 进行肝脏糖原蓄积情况进行评估。
相关生化指标、免疫因子检测    给药结束后, 留取小鼠血浆按试剂盒说明书分别测定TG、T-CHO、HDL-C、LDL-C、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ、LPS、INS含量, 并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR): 空腹血糖(mmol·L-1) × INS (mU·L-1) / 22.5。
网络药理学    使用TCMSP (https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)、ETCM (http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM/), 对中药材“黄连”、“黄芪”、“金银花”进行检索, 对检索的成分以口服生物利用度≥ 30%和类药性≥ 0.18为标准进行筛选, 得到消渴方的潜在活性成分及其药效靶点, 再使用Swiss Target Prediction (http://swisstargetprediction.ch/index.php) 预测其药效靶点(probability > 0.6)。在DisGeNET数据库(https://www.disgenet.org/home/), 以“non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus”检索T2DM疾病靶点。Venny 2.1.0分析获得潜在药效靶点。STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/) 将参数设置为最高置信度0.900分析潜在药效靶点构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 网络。在DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp) 对潜在药效靶点进行GO (Gene Ontology)、KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) 富集分析。基于KEGG结果构建消渴方的“药物-靶点-通路”网络, Cytoscape 3.10.0分析、绘制网络图。
蛋白免疫印迹实验(Western blot, WB)    用裂解缓冲液裂解小鼠肝脏组织提取总蛋白, 然后进行SDS-PAGE电泳并转移到PVDF膜上, 封闭后将膜与一抗蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT, 1∶10 000稀释, 10176-2-AP)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase 1, PCK1, 1∶30 000稀释, 16754-1-AP) (Proteintech)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K, P85, 1∶1 000稀释, #4257)、P-AKT (Ser473, 1∶1 000稀释, #4060) (Cell Signaling Technology)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase, G6PC, 1∶2 000稀释, bs-21523R, Bioss) 在4 ℃下孵育过夜, 二抗孵育1 h。每次孵育后TBST洗涤3次, 最后发光显影。
数据处理    以上所有实验结果以均值±标准差表示, 使用GraphPad Prism 8分析, 独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析当P值小于0.05时, 表示差异具有显著统计学意义。
课题组前期基于正常和IR小鼠开展消渴方的体内代谢和分布研究[11], 发现小檗碱、黄芪甲苷及绿原酸具有组成消渴方BECC的潜力。本研究按消渴方中小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸的含量比例160∶0.8∶80配伍, 开展药效实验[12]。结果表明, 高脂饮食喂养6周后, 小鼠OGTT曲线下面积、口服葡萄糖30 min后血糖水平、体重均显著高于正常组小鼠(图 1AB), 表明高脂组小鼠出现葡萄糖耐量异常, IR小鼠模型构建成功。消渴方干预治疗4周后, 可降低IR小鼠体重(图 1B), 显著改善高脂饮食诱导的HOMA-IR (图 1C)、糖耐量异常(OGTT结果, 图 1D) 和胰岛素敏感性(ITT结果, 图 1E), 而消渴方BECC在改善葡萄糖耐量受损、胰岛素敏感性、HOMA-IR、体重方面, 与消渴方基本相当。
IR模型小鼠呈现出胰腺、肝脏、肾脏等器官的病理变化。本研究中组织病理切片染色结果表明, 与正常组小鼠相比, IR模型组小鼠胰腺、肾脏、肝脏呈现胰岛细胞萎缩、胰岛细胞减少; 肾小球肥大、球囊间隙增宽; 肝脏空泡增多、脂滴增多、肝糖原合成减少等情况(图 2)。消渴方和消渴方BECC组均可改善高脂饮食导致的病理损伤。由此可知, 消渴方BECC在改善胰腺、肾脏、肝脏组织病理损伤方面与消渴方的治疗效果相当。
IR模型通常伴随着脂代谢异常和炎症的发生[13], 本研究对小鼠血浆中的脂质及炎症因子等相关指标进行了检测。结果表明, IR小鼠血脂指标T-CHO、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C明显升高, 消渴方给药4周治疗后, 可有效降低IR小鼠T-CHO、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C血浆浓度, 而消渴方BECC干预后, 在改善血脂代谢的能力更优于消渴方, 尤其是TG、LDL-C等指标(图 3A~D)。
炎症因子检测结果发现, 高脂饮食诱导后小鼠血浆IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α炎症因子的释放明显增多。消渴方干预后可显著降低IL-1β释放, 并可减缓IL-6和TNF-α释放。消渴方BECC则均可显著抑制IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α炎症因子释放(图 3E~G)。另一方面, 与正常组相比, IR小鼠血浆LPS促炎因子明显增多, 消渴方、消渴方BECC给药后均可显著改善这一指标(图 3H)。此外, 消渴方干预后可上调IR引起的抗炎因子IL-10和免疫因子IFN-γ释放的减少, 而消渴方BECC仅对IL-10释放有促进作用(图 3IJ)。由此提示, 消渴方BECC在抑制炎症因子释放方面优于消渴方, 但消渴方在促进抗炎、免疫因子释放方面效果更明显。
根据药效结果, 消渴方、消渴方BECC均具有改善IR作用, 为探索消渴方BECC参与调节消渴方治疗T2DM的哪些信号通路而发挥药理作用。本研究构建了消渴方治疗T2DM的潜在靶点网络。利用网络数据库, 收集到消渴方潜在药效作用靶点394个, 与T2DM疾病相关的靶点2 835个, 最终, 筛出消渴方治疗T2DM潜在靶点共218个。将其构建PPI网络, 得到218个节点的互作网络, 590条边, 平均度值5.41, 平均介数0.452。发现细胞肿瘤抗原p53 (cellular tumor antigen p53, TP53)、AKT1、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶调节亚基(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit, PIK3CB、PIK3CD、PIK3R1) 拥有高degree值, 是核心靶标筛选的重点(图 4A), 表明这些蛋白可能在消渴方治疗T2DM发挥主要作用。
将218个靶点基因进行GO富集分析, 结果推测消渴方可能影响生物过程(biological process, BP) 蛋白质磷酸化、PI3K/AKT信号正调控、PI3K/AKT信号传导等; 分子功能(molecular function, MF) 酶结合、蛋白质结合、蛋白激酶活性等; 细胞组分(cell component, CC) 细胞外间隙、质膜等(图 4B)。KEGG富集分析结果表明, 消渴方可能具有调节内分泌抵抗、PI3K/AKT信号通路、胰岛素抵抗等糖尿病相关信号通路的潜力。此外, 还可能参与调节脂质和动脉粥样硬化、TNF信号通路等免疫炎症相关信号通路(图 4C)。为进一步阐明消渴方治疗T2DM的调控机制, 本研究构建了消渴方的“药物-靶点-通路”网络。结果表明, 消渴方可能通过多靶点改善T2DM, 并汇集在PI3K/AKT信号通路、FOXO信号通路、2型糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗等通路(图 4D), 为后续验证消渴方及消渴方BECC作用靶点提供的基础。
根据网络药理学预测结果, 本研究选择了蛋白靶点较多, 且与糖尿病更为相关的PI3K/AKT信号通路、FOXO信号通路进行了WB验证。结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组PI3K P85和P-AKT (Ser 473) 表达明显降低; 消渴方治疗后, 可显著促进PI3K P85的表达(图 5A) 和AKT磷酸化(图 5B), 消渴方BECC的调节能力与消渴方基本相当。G6PC和PCK1是FOXO信号通路下游糖异生途径的关键限速酶。WB实验检测发现, 与正常组小鼠比, IR小鼠肝脏G6PC和PCK1表达明显增多, 而消渴方干预后, 可显著抑制G6PC和PCK1表达, 消渴方BECC检测结果虽然没有显著性差异, 但能看出有下调趋势(图 5CD)。
BECC是基于中药等效成分群提出的研究假说, 通过围绕药效、筛选成分开展机制研究[8], 为中药质量控制提供参考和研究数据。本研究中消渴方潜在BECC的确定, 主要基于课题组前期对正常和IR小鼠开展的消渴方体内代谢和分布研究而进行的[11]。与正常小鼠比, 以小檗碱为代表的生物碱类更容易聚集在IR小鼠血浆中, 其中小檗碱在血浆和肝脏存在代谢差异; 检测到黄芪甲苷进入小鼠血浆、肝脏, 其多个代谢物在IR小鼠血浆、肝脏和粪便含量存在显著差异; 绿原酸原型及其代谢物在IR小鼠的血浆中含量较高且代谢物种类更丰富。由此提示, 小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸可能参与了消渴方治疗IR小鼠的发挥药效, 可作为消渴方BECC组成的候选成分。
结合文献报道, 小檗碱可通过缓解IR、抑制糖异生、改善炎症等发挥抗T2DM活性[14]。黄芪甲苷和绿原酸分别为消渴方中黄芪和金银花的代表性成分, 文献报道前者可改善糖尿病肾病[15]、糖尿病周围神经病变[16]等。后者可发挥降血糖和调脂作用[17, 18]、预防糖尿病前期[17], 提示其均有降糖相关的药理作用。因此, 本研究选择小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸作为消渴方潜在BECC的候选成分, 并以原方比例配伍, 作为消渴方潜在等效成分群开展药效实验。本研究的药效评价结果也论证了以小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸为代表的消渴方BECC与消渴方治疗IR的药效基本相当。
IR是全身性的病理状态[1], 通常伴随着血糖、血脂的升高, 导致炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6释放增多[19], 抗炎免疫因子IL-10、IFN-γ降低[20, 21], 出现全身慢性炎症等。在本研究中发现消渴方BECC在改善葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素敏感性等与消渴方具有同等效果, 但在促进抗炎因子和免疫因子方面弱于消渴方。这可能是由于小檗碱[14]、黄芪甲苷[22]、绿原酸[18]为消渴方抑制炎症因子释放的主要药效成分; 而抗炎因子的释放可能受消渴方中的其他成分调节。本研究的网络药理学推测结果也表明, 消渴方可能调节脂质和动脉粥样硬化、TNF信号通路等免疫炎症相关信号通路, 与上述结果得到呼应。
肝脏在机体葡萄糖和脂质代谢调节过程中发挥主要作用, 并且肝脏胰岛素失调被认为是IR主要诱因[1]。因此, 本研究选择肝脏作为药效评价和机制研究的主要靶器官。据文献报道, PI3K/AKT通路参与调节葡萄糖稳态、脂质代谢、蛋白质合成等关键生理过程[23], 结合网络药理学结果预测, AKT1、PIK3CB、PIK3CD、PIK3R1等核心靶点都是与PI3K/AKT信号通路直接相关的。因此, 本研究对消渴方及其BECC干预前后, 该信号通路相关靶点的变化进行了WB验证。发现消渴方可显著回调IR模型引起的小鼠肝脏组织中PI3K P85和P-AKT (Ser 473) 蛋白的下调, 消渴方BECC对PI3K P85蛋白的上调能力与消渴方相当, 但对P-AKT (Ser 473) 的调节作用则弱于消渴方, 提示消渴方中还存在其他有效成分作用于该靶点。
此外, 文献报道FOXO信号通路可调控糖异生途径, 且糖尿病小鼠的G6PC和PCK1蛋白水平显著升高[24]。在本研究中, FOXO信号通路虽然在KEGG富集分析的TOP40结果中, 但其中也包含AKT1、PIK3CB、PIK3CD、PIK3R1等PPI核心靶点, 并且其为PI3K-AKT信号通路的下游通路[25], 本研究也对FOXO信号通路的糖异生途径关键限速酶G6PC和PCK1进行了验证[25]。WB结果证明, 消渴方和消渴方BECC治疗后可抑制上述两个蛋白的表达。由此推测消渴方和消渴方BECC改善IR、血脂异常、葡萄糖稳态等, 可能与促进PI3K/AKT通路、抑制糖异生途径等有关[26]
综上所述, 本研究通过多种经典实验方法检测验证, 初步明确了消渴方BECC (小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸) 具有改善IR小鼠的葡萄糖耐量受损、胰岛素敏感性降低、多组织病理损伤、血脂代谢紊乱等作用。网络药理学进行预测并验证消渴方、消渴方BECC通过促进PI3K/AKT通路, 进而抑制糖异生关键限速酶G6PC和PCK1蛋白的表达(图 6)。总之, 本研究找到了与消渴方活性基本相当的等效成分群, 从中药整体作用、药效关联为消渴方制定质量标准提供参考, 也初步解析组成消渴方BECC的活性成分作用机制, 为消渴方凝练先导化合物组合提供了研究依据。
本研究的不足之处在于, 仅对小檗碱、黄芪甲苷、绿原酸组合改善IR药效进行了研究, 未涉及消渴方其他药效作用的活性成分; 此外, 网络药理学结果提示消渴方可能调节多个信号通路, 本研究仅对PI3K/AKT通路抑制糖异生途径调节葡萄糖稳态进行研究, 其他与改善IR、葡萄糖稳态相关的信号通路及蛋白靶点还有待进一步探索; 最后, 脂肪和肌肉也是参与IR进展的重要组织, 本研究仅对胰岛素靶器官肝脏进行了研究, 后续将对胰岛素的其他糖尿病相关的骨骼肌、脂肪组织等开展机制研究。
作者贡献: 张建负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、张瑜提出研究思路、设计研究方案并修改论文; 马文娟、董琳捷、龙江兰协助实验数据采集与分析。
利益冲突: 所有本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(82130112)
  • 青年北京学者项目(2022-051)
  • 国家中医药管理局高水平中医药重点学科建设项目(zyyzdxk-2023003)
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2024年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0181
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 修回日期:2024-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(82130112)
青年北京学者项目(2022-051)
国家中医药管理局高水平中医药重点学科建设项目(zyyzdxk-2023003)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2.首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
    3.沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁 本溪 110016

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*张瑜, E-mail: ;
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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