Article(id=1200383183712800878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=1714060800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764123253038, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1723392000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764123253038, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764123253038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764123253038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200383177295515678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='2183', pageEnd='2416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764123251508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225076631, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810262870741500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1200383177295515678, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2372, endPage=2380, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200383184253866120, articleId=1200383183712800878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Impacts of gut microbiota on metabolism and efficacy of timosaponin A-Ⅲ, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Intraperitoneal administration of timosaponin A-Ⅲ (TA-Ⅲ) has therapeutic effects on high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but oral administration has no effect. This suggests that gut microbiota may affect the oral bioavailability of TA-Ⅲ. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an inflammatory subtype of MASLD. To investigate the therapeutic effect of different administration modes of TA-Ⅲ on MASH and its relationship with gut microbiota metabolism. In this study, a MASH mouse model was induced by choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Comparing the therapeutic effect of intraperitoneal injection (10 mg·kg-1, ip) and intragastric administration (100 mg·kg-1, ig) of TA-Ⅲ. The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of rats under the two administration modes was analyzed. On this basis, the metabolic effect of gut microbiota on TA-Ⅲ in mice was verified by the experiment of metabolism of gut microbiota in vitro. The pharmacokinetic experiment of combined antibiotic intervention in mice further verified the metabolism of TA-Ⅲ by gut microbiota in mice. Finally, the concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of mice after the administration of TA-Ⅲ by intragastric administration under different antibiotic intervention conditions was compared, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was combined to find the key bacteria that may participate in the metabolism of TA-Ⅲ. The animal welfare and experimental procedures in this paper were in accordance with the provisions of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The ethics approval number is PZSHUTCM2307030004 and PZSHUTCM2310200003. The results showed that TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip) had definite therapeutic effect on MASH mice, but TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) was ineffective. The analysis showed that the prototype concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum and liver of mice in TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) was significantly lower than TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip), suggesting that the oral administration of TA-Ⅲ may be metabolized by gut microbiota. The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of streptomycin (Str) treated mice was higher than normal mice. Combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, it was found that the abundance of Akkermansia_muciniphila (A. muciniphila) was significantly reduced in the Str group. In vitro experiments showed that A. muciniphila could metabolize TA-Ⅲ. In conclusion, gut microbiota is an important factor affecting the efficacy of TA-Ⅲ administration through the gastrointestinal tract, in which A. muciniphila may play an important role.

, correspAuthors=Hou-kai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jin HUANG, Ling-yun PAN, Xin-xin GAO, Wei-ze ZHU, Hou-kai LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200383186351018221, articleId=1200383183712800878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肠道菌群对知母皂苷A-Ⅲ的代谢及其药效的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

知母皂苷A-Ⅲ (timosaponin A-Ⅲ, TA-Ⅲ) 腹腔注射给药对于高脂饮食诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD) 具有治疗作用, 而口服给药则无效, 提示肠道菌群可能影响TA-Ⅲ的口服生物利用度。代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) 是MASLD发展的炎症浸润阶段。本文将探讨TA-Ⅲ不同给药方式对MASH小鼠的治疗作用差异及其与肠道菌群代谢药物的关系。本研究利用缺乏胆碱、限定L-氨基酸的高脂饮食(choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet, CDAHFD) 诱导MASH小鼠模型, 比较TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1) 腹腔注射(intraperitoneal injection, ip) 和TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1) 灌胃给药(intragastric administration, ig) 的治疗效果, 并分析两种给药方式下大鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ的浓度。在此基础上, 通过小鼠肠道菌群体外代谢TA-Ⅲ实验和体内联合抗生素干预小鼠的药代动力学实验等方法验证小鼠肠道菌群对TA-Ⅲ的代谢作用; 最后比较不同抗生素干预条件下, 灌胃给药后小鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ的浓度, 结合16S rRNA测序分析, 发现可能参与TA-Ⅲ代谢的关键菌。本文动物实验过程遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定, 动物伦理批准编号为: PZSHUTCM2307030004, PZSHUTCM2310200003。结果显示, TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射给药对MASH小鼠有明确治疗作用, 而十倍剂量的口服给药无效; 分析发现, TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药(100 mg·kg-1, ig) 在小鼠血清和肝脏中原型浓度显著低于腹腔注射(10 mg·kg-1, ip), 提示口服TA-Ⅲ后可能经肠道菌群代谢。链霉素(streptomycin, Str) 干预的小鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ浓度高于正常小鼠, 结合16S rRNA基因测序分析发现Akkermansia_muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 丰度在Str组显著减少, 且体外实验表明A. muciniphila可以代谢TA-Ⅲ。上述结果表明, 肠道菌群是影响TA-Ⅲ经胃肠道给药药效的重要因素, 其中A. muciniphila可能扮演了重要角色。

, correspAuthors=李后开, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李后开, Tel: 86-21-51322729, E-mail:
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Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 934695., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200431558340505714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家中医药管理局“青年岐黄学者”, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1200431558462140538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, awardId=21XD1403500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200431550413271816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200431550421660426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, companyId=1200431550413271816, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200431550430049036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, companyId=1200431550413271816, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200431555068949479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KrnZyoqz9LpWG2aYh22yYQ==, figureFileBig=O7MKaCsmoHcLeHD10saYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431555186390000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Comparison of the therapeutic effect of timosaponin A-Ⅲ (TA-Ⅲ) on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ip) and intragastric administration (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ig). A: Body weight; B: Liver index; C: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); D: Hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining; E: Steatosis score. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. Chow: Mice in chow group were supplied with chow diet for 9 weeks; CDAHFD: Mice in CDAHFD group were supplied with choline-deficient, <i>L</i>-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) for 9 weeks; TA-Ⅲ-ip: Mice were given TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ip); TA-Ⅲ-ig: Mice were given TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ig) , figureFileSmall=KrnZyoqz9LpWG2aYh22yYQ==, figureFileBig=O7MKaCsmoHcLeHD10saYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431555404493816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QgoTn6dQ95OVlK3I9fXMIQ==, figureFileBig=X7r6DLYppGmkKBKymeA24g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431555542904833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= UPLC-MS/MS method of TA-Ⅲ, sarsapogenin (SG) and acacetin (ACA). A: Ion pairs of TA-Ⅲ and SG; B: The chromatograms of TA-Ⅲ, SG and ACA , figureFileSmall=QgoTn6dQ95OVlK3I9fXMIQ==, figureFileBig=X7r6DLYppGmkKBKymeA24g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431556721504268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EUyR6q59lu0R3oqUOGqSLA==, figureFileBig=VNzLd5Z2zzYrN+2hwWyL1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431556872499219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Bioavailability of TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ip) and TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>, ig) in rats. The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in rat serum at different time points. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=EUyR6q59lu0R3oqUOGqSLA==, figureFileBig=VNzLd5Z2zzYrN+2hwWyL1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431556968968218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FyDmLzXmkJteQCfMzxCm+A==, figureFileBig=4byAuf0CM7Al3ngePIoutg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431557103185958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Metabolism of TA-Ⅲ by mouse gut microbiota <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. A: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ and SG in the incubation solution, <i>n</i> = 4, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M6">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. B: The concentrations of TA-Ⅲ and SG in mouse serum and liver, <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M7">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. Con-0 h: The initial concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in control (Con) group; Con-24 h: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in the control group at 24 h; Mouse-0 h: The initial concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in mouse group; Mouse-24 h: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in the mouse group at 24 h; Con-TA-Ⅲ: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in the control group; ABX-TA-Ⅲ: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in the antibiotics (ABX) group; Con-SG: The concentration of SG in the control group; ABX-SG: The concentration of SG in the antibiotics group , figureFileSmall=FyDmLzXmkJteQCfMzxCm+A==, figureFileBig=4byAuf0CM7Al3ngePIoutg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431557254180913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5yeY9dbmw0drvYcpFwwrMw==, figureFileBig=0e/7mbDytRlDBlxUow7QVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431557375815737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= <i>Akkermansia_muciniphila</i> (<i>A. maciniphila</i>) have the ability to metabolize TA-Ⅲ. A: TA-Ⅲ concentration in serum and liver of mice at 12 h, <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M8">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>; B: Percent of community abundance on Genus level, <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M9">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>; C: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA in mice, <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M10">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>; D: Metabolism of TA-Ⅲ by <i>A.</i> <i>maciniphila</i> <i>in vitro</i>, <i>n</i> = 4, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M11">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. Van: Mice in vancomycin group were given vancomycin for 5 days; Str: Mice in streptomycin (Str) group were given streptomycin for 5 days; <i>A. maciniphila</i>-0 h: The initial concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in <i>A. maciniphila</i> group; <i>A. maciniphila</i>-24 h: The concentration of TA-Ⅲ or SG in the control group at 24 h , figureFileSmall=5yeY9dbmw0drvYcpFwwrMw==, figureFileBig=0e/7mbDytRlDBlxUow7QVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200431557510033479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter TA-Ⅲ-ip TA-Ⅲ-ig
Cmax / ng·L-1 0.65 ± 0.21 0.14 ± 0.04**
tmax / h 1.08 ± 0.49 8.33 ± 3.67**
AUC0-t / ng·L-1·h-1 8.33 ± 2.69 2.47 ± 0.30**
AUC0-∞ / ng·L-1·h-1 10.16 ± 2.86 8.32 ± 3.96
t1/2 / h 9.79 ± 1.89 43.77 ± 21.21**
), ArticleFig(id=1200431557715554384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip) and TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) in rats. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs TA-Ⅲ-ip

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter TA-Ⅲ-ip TA-Ⅲ-ig
Cmax / ng·L-1 0.65 ± 0.21 0.14 ± 0.04**
tmax / h 1.08 ± 0.49 8.33 ± 3.67**
AUC0-t / ng·L-1·h-1 8.33 ± 2.69 2.47 ± 0.30**
AUC0-∞ / ng·L-1·h-1 10.16 ± 2.86 8.32 ± 3.96
t1/2 / h 9.79 ± 1.89 43.77 ± 21.21**
), ArticleFig(id=1200431557887520859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Con ABX
Cmax / ng·L-1 0.22 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.05**
tmax / h 3.60 ± 2.19 12.00 ±0.00**
AUC0-t / ng·L-1·h-1 3.93 ± 0.19 6.49 ± 0.66**
AUC0-∞ / ng·L-1·h-1 8.75 ± 2.48 19.75 ± 2.40**
t1/2 / h 22.47 ± 5.22 9.20 ± 2.29**
), ArticleFig(id=1200431558021738595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1200383183712800878, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) in Con and ABX group mice. n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs Con. Con: Mice in control group were unntreated; ABX: Mice in ABX group were given antibiotics for 5 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Con ABX
Cmax / ng·L-1 0.22 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.05**
tmax / h 3.60 ± 2.19 12.00 ±0.00**
AUC0-t / ng·L-1·h-1 3.93 ± 0.19 6.49 ± 0.66**
AUC0-∞ / ng·L-1·h-1 8.75 ± 2.48 19.75 ± 2.40**
t1/2 / h 22.47 ± 5.22 9.20 ± 2.29**
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肠道菌群对知母皂苷A-Ⅲ的代谢及其药效的影响
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黄雯瑾 , 潘凌云 , 高鑫芯 , 祝维泽 , 李后开 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(8): 2372-2380
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(8): 2372-2380
肠道菌群对知母皂苷A-Ⅲ的代谢及其药效的影响
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黄雯瑾, 潘凌云, 高鑫芯, 祝维泽, 李后开*
作者信息
  • 上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*李后开, Tel: 86-21-51322729, E-mail:
Impacts of gut microbiota on metabolism and efficacy of timosaponin A-Ⅲ
Wen-jin HUANG, Ling-yun PAN, Xin-xin GAO, Wei-ze ZHU, Hou-kai LI*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2024-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0150
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知母皂苷A-Ⅲ (timosaponin A-Ⅲ, TA-Ⅲ) 腹腔注射给药对于高脂饮食诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD) 具有治疗作用, 而口服给药则无效, 提示肠道菌群可能影响TA-Ⅲ的口服生物利用度。代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) 是MASLD发展的炎症浸润阶段。本文将探讨TA-Ⅲ不同给药方式对MASH小鼠的治疗作用差异及其与肠道菌群代谢药物的关系。本研究利用缺乏胆碱、限定L-氨基酸的高脂饮食(choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet, CDAHFD) 诱导MASH小鼠模型, 比较TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1) 腹腔注射(intraperitoneal injection, ip) 和TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1) 灌胃给药(intragastric administration, ig) 的治疗效果, 并分析两种给药方式下大鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ的浓度。在此基础上, 通过小鼠肠道菌群体外代谢TA-Ⅲ实验和体内联合抗生素干预小鼠的药代动力学实验等方法验证小鼠肠道菌群对TA-Ⅲ的代谢作用; 最后比较不同抗生素干预条件下, 灌胃给药后小鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ的浓度, 结合16S rRNA测序分析, 发现可能参与TA-Ⅲ代谢的关键菌。本文动物实验过程遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定, 动物伦理批准编号为: PZSHUTCM2307030004, PZSHUTCM2310200003。结果显示, TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射给药对MASH小鼠有明确治疗作用, 而十倍剂量的口服给药无效; 分析发现, TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药(100 mg·kg-1, ig) 在小鼠血清和肝脏中原型浓度显著低于腹腔注射(10 mg·kg-1, ip), 提示口服TA-Ⅲ后可能经肠道菌群代谢。链霉素(streptomycin, Str) 干预的小鼠血清中TA-Ⅲ浓度高于正常小鼠, 结合16S rRNA基因测序分析发现Akkermansia_muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 丰度在Str组显著减少, 且体外实验表明A. muciniphila可以代谢TA-Ⅲ。上述结果表明, 肠道菌群是影响TA-Ⅲ经胃肠道给药药效的重要因素, 其中A. muciniphila可能扮演了重要角色。

知母皂苷A-Ⅲ  /  代谢相关脂肪性肝炎  /  肠道菌群  /  药物代谢  /  Akkermansia_muciniphila

Intraperitoneal administration of timosaponin A-Ⅲ (TA-Ⅲ) has therapeutic effects on high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but oral administration has no effect. This suggests that gut microbiota may affect the oral bioavailability of TA-Ⅲ. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an inflammatory subtype of MASLD. To investigate the therapeutic effect of different administration modes of TA-Ⅲ on MASH and its relationship with gut microbiota metabolism. In this study, a MASH mouse model was induced by choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Comparing the therapeutic effect of intraperitoneal injection (10 mg·kg-1, ip) and intragastric administration (100 mg·kg-1, ig) of TA-Ⅲ. The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of rats under the two administration modes was analyzed. On this basis, the metabolic effect of gut microbiota on TA-Ⅲ in mice was verified by the experiment of metabolism of gut microbiota in vitro. The pharmacokinetic experiment of combined antibiotic intervention in mice further verified the metabolism of TA-Ⅲ by gut microbiota in mice. Finally, the concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of mice after the administration of TA-Ⅲ by intragastric administration under different antibiotic intervention conditions was compared, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was combined to find the key bacteria that may participate in the metabolism of TA-Ⅲ. The animal welfare and experimental procedures in this paper were in accordance with the provisions of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The ethics approval number is PZSHUTCM2307030004 and PZSHUTCM2310200003. The results showed that TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip) had definite therapeutic effect on MASH mice, but TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) was ineffective. The analysis showed that the prototype concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum and liver of mice in TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) was significantly lower than TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip), suggesting that the oral administration of TA-Ⅲ may be metabolized by gut microbiota. The concentration of TA-Ⅲ in serum of streptomycin (Str) treated mice was higher than normal mice. Combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, it was found that the abundance of Akkermansia_muciniphila (A. muciniphila) was significantly reduced in the Str group. In vitro experiments showed that A. muciniphila could metabolize TA-Ⅲ. In conclusion, gut microbiota is an important factor affecting the efficacy of TA-Ⅲ administration through the gastrointestinal tract, in which A. muciniphila may play an important role.

timosaponin A-Ⅲ  /  metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis  /  gut microbiota  /  drug metabolism  /  Akkermansia_muciniphila
黄雯瑾, 潘凌云, 高鑫芯, 祝维泽, 李后开. 肠道菌群对知母皂苷A-Ⅲ的代谢及其药效的影响. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2372 -2380 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0150
Wen-jin HUANG, Ling-yun PAN, Xin-xin GAO, Wei-ze ZHU, Hou-kai LI. Impacts of gut microbiota on metabolism and efficacy of timosaponin A-Ⅲ[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (8) : 2372 -2380 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0150
口服给药是临床上最常用的给药方式。口服给药的生物利用度与药物自身的性质相关, 此外还受到食物、胃肠道排空及共生的肠道微生物代谢等因素的影响。人类肠道中共生着包括厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和疣微菌门等菌群[1]。肠道微生物可与药物直接作用或产生相应的酶代谢药物[2]。值得注意的是, 肠道菌群在影响药物药代动力学和药效学中的作用一直被低估。肠道菌群能将药物转化为活性、非活性的代谢物, 从而影响口服药物的药代动力学和生物利用度[3,4]
知母是百合科植物知母的干燥根茎, 具有清热功效[5]。知母皂苷A-Ⅲ (timosaponin A-Ⅲ, TA-Ⅲ) 是从知母中提取的甾体皂苷类化合物[6], 可通过激活腺苷A1受体, 治疗饮食诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) 小鼠[7]。课题组前期研究发现TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射给药对于高脂饮食诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD) 具有治疗作用, 而口服给药则无效, 提示肠道菌群可能在影响TA-Ⅲ的生物利用度中扮演了重要的角色, 但是确切的作用尚不清楚。研究者在大鼠体内检测到TA-Ⅲ的19种代谢物, 并从尿液中提取分离出了主要代谢物菝葜皂苷元(sarsapogenin, SG)[8], 但并不明确SG是否经肠道菌群代谢产生。
本研究进一步利用缺乏胆碱、限定L-氨基酸的高脂饮食(choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet, CDAHFD) 诱导的MASH小鼠模型, 比较TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1) 腹腔注射(intraperitoneal injection, ip) 和TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1) 灌胃给药(intragastric administration, ig) 的治疗效果, 检测两种给药方式下TA-Ⅲ生物利用度的差异, 结合小鼠肠道菌群对TA-Ⅲ的体外和体内代谢实验, 以此探讨肠道菌群在TA-Ⅲ等中药皂苷代谢中的作用。
实验动物  SD大鼠, SPF级, 200~220 g, 购自上海必凯科翼生物科技有限公司, 许可证号SCXK (沪) 2018-0006; 雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 7~8周龄, SPF级, 购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司, 许可证号SYXK (沪) 2022-0012。动物均饲养于上海中医药大学实验动物中心, 饲养在温度为22~24 ℃, 相对湿度为50% ± 10%。本研究中的所有动物实验已经过上海中医药大学伦理委员会批准(批准号: PZSHUTCM2307030004, PZSHUTCM2310200003), 动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定。
菌株  Akkermansia_muciniphila (A. muciniphila) (BAA 835) 购自美国ATCC生物标准品资源中心。
药品与试剂  缺乏胆碱、限定L-氨基酸的高脂饲料(CDAHFD) (货号A06071302, 美国Research Diets公司); 谷氨酸氨基转移酶试剂盒、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶试剂盒、碱性磷酸酶试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所); 乙腈(货号40064193)、甲醇(货号40064292)、氯化钠(货号10019318)、硫酸链霉素(货号XW38107401)、氨苄青霉素钠(货号XW00695232)、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐(货号XW00528911)、磷酸二氢钾(货号10017618)、L-色氨酸(货号73-22-3) (国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 甲酸(货号F301957)、乙酸铵(货号A112057)、盐酸万古霉素(货号V105495) [阿拉丁试剂(上海) 有限公司]; 蛋白胨(货号A100636-0100)、蛋白胨D (货号A600241-0100)、蛋白胨B (货号A600214-0100)、D-(+)-葡萄糖(货号A610219)、L-精氨酸(货号A600205-0100)、牛肉浸膏粉(货号A600114-0100)、维生素K1 (货号A606528-0005)、硫代乙醇酸钠(货号A610265-0025)、可溶性淀粉(货号A500904-0500)、刃天青钠(货号A606726-0001) [生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]; 胰蛋白胨(货号211705) (赛默飞世尔科技公司); 氯化高铁血红素(货号H9039)、乙酸钠(货号S8750)、甲硝唑(货号M1547) (美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 牛肝浸粉(货号Y037, 北京鸿润宝顺科技有限公司); 脑心浸液(货号237500)、酵母提取物(货号212750) (美国BD公司); 血清消化粉(货号YR0305, 上海远慕生物科技有限公司); 知母皂苷A-Ⅲ (货号DZ0021)、菝葜皂苷元(货号DZ0010)、金合欢素(货号DJ0037) (成都德思特生物技术有限公司); 氨苄西林钠盐(货号77396C) (上海泰坦科技股份有限公司); 无内毒素质粒小提中量试剂盒(货号DP118)、粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒(货号DP328-02) [天根生化科技(北京) 有限公司]。
仪器  三重四极杆液相质谱仪(型号QTRAP5500, AB SCIEX公司); 高通量组织研磨仪(型号SKSI, 上海必横生物有限公司); 恒温厌氧箱(型号BACTRON EZ-2, 美国Shellab公司); 冷冻干燥机(型号FreeZone®, 美国Labconco公司); ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18色谱柱[沃特世科技(上海) 有限公司]; 实时定量PCR仪(型号CFX Connect, 美国Bio-Rad公司)。
TA-Ⅲ的药效学实验  将20只小鼠随机分为对照组(Chow)、模型组(CDAHFD)、TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射组(TA-Ⅲ-ip) 和TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药组(TA-Ⅲ-ig), 每组n = 5。对照组小鼠自由饮水, 正常饲料喂养9周; 模型及给药组小鼠自由饮水, 用CDAHFD饲料喂养9周[9]。给药组小鼠在CDAHFD饲料喂养的第3周开始给予TA-Ⅲ, 给药组分为TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射(10 mg·kg-1, ip) 和灌胃给药(100 mg·kg-1, ig) 两个组, 连续给药6周。6周后称取小鼠体重, 取小鼠血清及肝脏, 按试剂盒说明书检测血清中谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)[10-12]的含量, 称取肝重, 计算肝脏指数[13] =肝重(g) / 体重(g) × 100%; 将肝脏用4%多聚甲醛固定, 脱水, 石蜡包埋, 切片并进行苏木精–伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H & E), 于光镜下观察肝细胞脂肪变性。
UPLC-MS/MS的检测条件
色谱条件  ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 流速: 0.35 mL·min-1; 流动相A: 水含3 mmol·L-1乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸; 流动相B: 乙腈; 流动相梯度: 0~3 min, 20%~55% B; 3~5 min, 55%~95% B; 5~7 min, 95%~95% B; 7~8.5 min, 95%~20% B; 柱温40 ℃, 进样量2 μL。
质谱条件  电离子喷雾(ESI) 源, 采用正负离子扫描模式, 多反应监测(MRM) 模式, 喷雾电压(IS) ± 4 500 V; 毛细管加热温度550 ℃; 雾化气(GS1) 体积流量50 psi, 辅助加热气(GS2) 体积流量50 psi, 气帘气(CUR) 35 psi, 碰撞气(CAD) 7 psi; 定量分析监测的离子对为TA-Ⅲ m/z: 739.3→577.4 (DP: -20 V; CE: -47 V; EP: -10 V; CXP: -10 V) [14]; SG m/z: 417.3→273.3 (DP: 130 V; CE: 28.94 V; EP: 10 V; CXP: 10 V)[8]; 金合欢素(acacetin, ACA) 同时用作正负离子内标(internal standard, IS), 负离子模式m/z: 283.0→268.0 (DP: -143 V; CE: -40 V; EP: -10 V; CXP: -25.18 V), 正离子模式m/z: 285.3→242.1 (DP: 235.21 V; CE: 38.99 V; EP: 13.37 V; CXP: 30.92 V)[15]
标准曲线  分别精密称取TA-Ⅲ、SG、ACA对照品适量, 用甲醇溶解, 配制成质量浓度为1.00 mg·mL-1的储备液。用甲醇分别稀释标准品, TA-Ⅲ (1 000、500、250、120、60、30、15 ng·mL-1), SG (60、30、15、7.5、3.75、1.875、0.938 ng·mL-1), 浓度为横坐标(X), 待测药物峰面积与IS的峰面积之比为纵坐标(Y), 求得直线回归方程即为标准曲线。
大鼠药代动力学实验  将12只SD大鼠随机分为TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射组(10 mg·kg-1, TA-Ⅲ-ip) 和TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药组(100 mg·kg-1, TA-Ⅲ-ig), 每组n = 6, 单次给药后于0、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、10、12、24 h眼眶取血。
血清的处理  取血清50 μL, 加150 μL含内标的甲醇, 13 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清190 μL, 冷冻干燥。用50 μL甲醇溶解, 检测血清中TA-Ⅲ的含量。
肝脏的处理  称取肝脏50 mg, 加500 μL含内标的甲醇, 加磁珠研磨2 min, 13 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清450 μL, 冷冻干燥。用50 μL甲醇溶解, 检测肝脏中TA-Ⅲ的含量。
小鼠肠道菌群体外代谢TA-Ⅲ实验  取正常小鼠新鲜粪便, 加入PBSc[16] (含0.1% L-半胱氨酸的无菌磷酸盐缓冲液), 按粪便(g)∶PBSc (mL) = 1∶15的比例加入PBSc溶液, 涡旋1 min, 静置10 min。小鼠组(mouse) 取50 μL上清菌液, 接种到5 mL的GB培养基[17]中, 加入400 ng·mL-1的TA-Ⅲ。对照组(control, Con) 为只含TA-Ⅲ的GB培养基, 用于观察药物稳定性。在37 ℃的厌氧箱中培养, 于0和24 h收集培养液。取培养液100 μL加900 μL含内标的乙腈, 涡旋10 s, 13 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清200 μL, 检测培养上清中TA-Ⅲ和SG的含量。
联合抗生素干预的小鼠药代动力学实验  将80只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成Con组和联合抗生素(antibiotics, ABX) 组[18]。Con组小鼠自由饮水; ABX组中甲硝唑、新霉素、氨苄西林的干预剂量为100 mg·kg-1, 万古霉素(vancomycin, Van) 剂量为50 mg·kg-1, 抗生素现配现用, 灌胃给药, 连续干预5天。第6天给予小鼠TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig), 在给药后的0、0.083、0.5、2、6、12、24、48 h眼眶取血, 每组每个时间点n = 5, 并取小鼠肝脏, 血清及肝脏的处理方法同大鼠药代动力学实验, 检测血清及肝脏样本中TA-Ⅲ和SG的含量。
不同抗生素干预的动物实验  将20只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成4组, 分别为Con组、ABX组、链霉素(streptomycin, Str) 组、Van组, n = 5。Con组小鼠自由饮水; ABX组的干预方法同联合抗生素干预的小鼠药代动力学实验; Str和Van的干预剂量均为50 mg·kg-1, 连续干预5天。第6天给予小鼠TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig), 在给药后的12 h眼眶取血, 并取小鼠肝脏, 血清及肝脏的处理方法同大鼠药代动力学实验, 检测血清及肝脏样本中TA-Ⅲ的含量。
肠道细菌16S rRNA基因测序  小鼠用不同抗生素干预5天后, 取各组小鼠粪便。根据不同抗生素干预的动物实验结果, 选择Con组和Str组的粪便样本(n = 3) 进行肠道菌群16S rRNA基因测序[19-21], 测序委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司进行, 在美吉生物云平台进行数据分析。
粪便中A. muciniphila的定量  参考文献中的定量方法[22], 提取A. muciniphila质粒, 利用实时荧光定量PCR反应体系, 建立循环数与A. muciniphila质粒拷贝数浓度的线性关系, 提取小鼠粪便样本中的基因组DNA, 检测Con组和Str组粪便样本中A. muciniphila保守基因的拷贝数, 比较Con组和Str组粪便细菌全基因组DNA中A. muciniphila的含量。
A. muciniphila体外代谢TA-Ⅲ实验  将A. muciniphila菌冻存液接种到脑心浸液培养基中复苏。Con组为只含TA-Ⅲ (400 ng·mL-1) 的培养基, 用于观察药物稳定性。A. muciniphila组的A. muciniphila菌在37 ℃的厌氧箱中培养, 培养液中含TA-Ⅲ (400 ng·mL-1)。收集0、24 h收集培养液, 培养液的处理方法同小鼠肠道菌群体外代谢TA-Ⅲ实验, 检测培养液中TA-Ⅲ的浓度。
数据分析  数据使用GraphPad Prism 9.1.1软件进行分析与绘图, 血药浓度数据用DAS 2.0软件非房室模型对数据进行分析, 采用Student's t test或单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 对各组间差异显著性进行统计学分析, 以平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示。
结果显示(图 1A、B), 与Chow组相比, CDAHFD组小鼠体重显著下降, 肝脏指数显著上升, 血清ALT、AST、ALP指数显著上升(图 1C), 病理结果及评分显示CDAHFD组小鼠肝脏存在脂质积累。与CDAHFD组相比, TA-Ⅲ-ip组和TA-Ⅲ-ig组小鼠体重均无明显变化, TA-Ⅲ-ip可显著降低CDAHFD小鼠的肝重指数和血清ALT、AST、ALP指数, 病理结果及评分显示(图 1D、E), TA-Ⅲ-ip显著改善小鼠肝脏的脂质积累; TA-Ⅲ-ig组小鼠肝脏指数, 血清ALT、AST、ALP指数和肝脏脂质积累均无改善(图 1B~E)。综上, TA-Ⅲ (10 mg·kg-1, ip) 对CDAHFD诱导的MASH小鼠有治疗作用, 但TA-Ⅲ (100 mg·kg-1, ig) 无治疗作用。
建立了检测血清、肝脏及培养基上清样本中TA-Ⅲ和SG的UPLC-MS/MS检测方法, TA-Ⅲ和SG的离子对见图 2A、色谱峰见图 2B。用于定量的TA-Ⅲ标准曲线为y = 0.000 01x - 0.000 3, R2 = 0.997, 定量下线为15 ng·mL-1; SG的标准曲线为y = 0.000 3x + 0.011 5, R2 = 0.993, 定量下线为0.9 ng·mL-1
大鼠药代动力学血药浓度-时间曲线见(图 3), 可见TA-Ⅲ-ip组血药浓度高于TA-Ⅲ-ig组。大鼠药代动力学参数见表 1, 与TA-Ⅲ-ip组相比, TA-Ⅲ-ig组的达峰时间(tmax) 延后, 药物达峰浓度(Cmax)、药时曲线下面积(AUC0-t) 均显著减少。两种给药方式的浓度相差10倍, 所以TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药的相对生物利用度为TA-Ⅲ腹腔注射的0.029 7倍。
小鼠肠道菌群对TA-Ⅲ的体外代谢结果见图 4A。在Con组, 与0 h相比, 24 h时TA-Ⅲ的浓度未发生显著变化, 未检测到代谢物SG的生成, 结果表明原型TA-Ⅲ稳定, 未发生降解。在mouse组, 与0 h相比, 24 h时TA-Ⅲ的浓度显著下降, 且检测到了代谢物SG, 表明小鼠肠道菌群可以将TA-Ⅲ代谢。在体内, 各组小鼠血清和肝脏中TA-Ⅲ和SG的浓度见图 4B, 药代动力学参数见表 2。与Con组相比, ABX组的tmax延后, Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞均显著增加, t1/2显著缩短, 相对生物利用度为Con组的1.65倍。ABX组小鼠肝脏组织中6~12 h的药物浓度与Con组相比有上升趋势。结果显示, 小鼠肠道菌群参与了TA-Ⅲ的代谢, 并影响了TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药时小鼠血清及肝脏中的药物浓度及生物利用度。
不同抗生素干预小鼠对TA-Ⅲ的代谢结果显示(图 5A), 与Con组相比, TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药(100 mg·kg-1, ig) 12 h后, Van组小鼠血药浓度及肝脏组织中的TA-Ⅲ浓度无显著变化; Str组和ABX组的小鼠血药浓度显著上升, Str组肝脏组织中的药物浓度有上升趋势。因此, 经Str干预丰度减少菌群可能为代谢TA-Ⅲ的关键菌群。16S rRNA测序结果显示(图 5B), 在属水平丰度排名前5的菌群中, Str组的g_Akkermansiag_norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014g_Ruminococcus丰度减少, 这些丰度减少的菌群可能参与了TA-Ⅲ的代谢。来源于丰度排名第2, g_AkkermansiaA. muciniphila, 在Str组粪便细菌全基因组DNA中的含量显著减少(图 5C)。A. muciniphila与TA-Ⅲ的体外代谢结果发现(图 5D), 与0 h相比, 不含菌的Con组在24 h时TA-Ⅲ浓度稳定, 未发生降解; A. muciniphila组在24 h时TA-Ⅲ浓度显著下降, 且有代谢物SG生成。以上结果表明, A. muciniphila是参与TA-Ⅲ代谢的菌群之一。
人类肠道微生物的数量庞大, 约有100万亿个细菌, 这些肠道菌群所编码的基因是宿主的150倍之多[23]。肠道微生物编码参与表达的酶, 可与药物作用产生还原反应、水解反应等不同的反应[24], 对药物产生多种影响。柳氮磺吡啶、奥沙拉嗪、巴柳氮经肠道菌群代谢转化为对肠炎有治疗作用的5-aminosalicylic acid[25-27]。研究报道, 肠道微生物表达的二肽基肽酶可以降低胰高血糖素样肽-1的活性, 并发现了选择性抑制二肽基肽酶的daurisoline-d4抑制剂, 可以改善糖尿病小鼠的葡萄糖耐量[28]。本文发现小鼠肠道菌群对TA-Ⅲ的代谢影响了其在血清和肝脏中的浓度, 并且口服TA-Ⅲ使其对CDAHFD诱导的MASH小鼠治疗作用消失, 提示肠道菌群对药物的代谢影响了药物的生物利用度, 进而影响药物的疗效。
皂苷类化合物可以通过酸催化水解、碱催化水解、酶催化水解等反应转化为苷元。如肠道菌群产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶可以将人参皂苷Rb1转化为人参皂苷compound k。但参与TA-Ⅲ代谢的相关酶尚未有明确报道。本研究发现A. muciniphila可能是参与TA-Ⅲ代谢的关键菌, 有研究报道A. muciniphila与乙酸的生成相关[29], 而乙酸可以参与苷的水解反应, 所以A. muciniphila对TA-Ⅲ的代谢作用可能与其产生乙酸, 从而促进了TA-Ⅲ的水解相关。
A. muciniphila是一种潜在的益生菌, 对肥胖、糖尿病、代谢功能障碍相关的脂肪性肝病等多种代谢性疾病具有积极的防治效果[30,31]。本研究基于16S rRNA基因测序、粪便中A. muciniphila的定量及A. muciniphila对TA-Ⅲ的体外孵育实验, 明确A. muciniphila参与了中药化合物TA-Ⅲ的代谢。受地理、饮食、药物等多种因素的影响, 不同个体体内的肠菌菌群组成存在差异[2], A. muciniphila的丰度也各不相同。因此, A. muciniphila的丰度差异可能会造成口服药物, 如TA-Ⅲ等产生不同的效应。
综上, 本研究探究了两种不同给药方式下TA-Ⅲ的效应差异, 并从肠道菌群的角度阐释TA-Ⅲ口服和腹腔注射所造成的药代动力学与生物利用度的差别, 证实肠道菌群可以将TA-Ⅲ代谢为SG, 使TA-Ⅲ在血清及肝脏中的浓度减少, 降低了TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药的生物利用度。本研究提示肠道菌群是影响TA-Ⅲ灌胃给药效果的重要因素。
作者贡献: 黄雯瑾负责所有动物实验、指标检测及文章撰写; 高鑫芯、祝维泽协助动物实验; 潘凌云负责质谱检测方法的建立与指导; 李后开负责课题设计、指导和论文修改。
利益冲突: 本研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家中医药管理局“青年岐黄学者”
  • 上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0150
  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
  • 修回日期:2024-04-26
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国家中医药管理局“青年岐黄学者”
上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500)
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    上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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